346:
1095:
61:
1854:
368:
807:
357:
50:
1840:
812:
535:
fell out of use in
England, when referring to a sum of money (e.g. "That costs tenpence."), but continued to be used to refer to more than one penny coin ("Here you are, a sixpence and four pennies."). It remains common in Scottish English, and is standard for all senses in American English, where,
1343:
Canada adopted 5¢ as its lowest denomination in 2012. Several nations have stopped minting equivalent value coins, and efforts have been made to end the routine use of pennies in several countries. In the UK, since 1992, one- and two-penny coins have been made from copper-plated steel (making them
899:
was so rare and valuable that even the smallest coins had such a great value that they could only be used in very large transactions and were sometimes not available at all. Around 641–670, there seems to have been a movement to use coins with lower gold content. This decreased their value and may
1314:). The new British coins (which were introduced in England in 1816), among them being the shilling, six-pence of silver, the penny, half-penny, and quarter-penny in copper, were introduced to the Cape. Later two-shilling, four-penny, and three-penny coins were added to the coinage. The size and
563:. Thus, "a threepence" (but more usually "a threepenny bit") would be a single coin of that value whereas "three pence" would be its value, and "three pennies" would be three penny coins. In British English, divisions of a penny were added to such combinations without a conjunction, as
1376:
To "give (one's) tuppence/tuppenny/two'penneth (worth)", is a commonwealth saying that uses the words for two pence to share one's opinion, idea, or point of view, regardless of whether or not others want to hear it. A similar expression using the US term of cents is
915:
after around 680 were probably known as "pennies" at the time. (The misnomer is based on a probable misreading of the Anglo-Saxon legal codes.) Their purity varied and their weight fluctuated from about 0.8 to about 1.3 grams. They continued to be minted in
771:
But despite the purity and quality of these pennies, they were often rejected by traders throughout the
Carolingian period, in favor of the gold coins used elsewhere; this led to repeated legislation against such refusal, to accept the king's currency.
559:, etc. (Other values were usually expressed in terms of shillings and pence or written as two words, which might or might not be hyphenated.) Where a single coin represented a number of pence, it was treated as a single noun, as
1270:) was a large coin—36 mm in diameter, 3.3 mm thick, and 1 oz (28 g)—and the twopence was correspondingly larger at 41 mm in diameter, 5 mm thick and 2 oz (57 g). On them was
1138:
of 1.56 grams, although, confusingly, the penny coin by then weighed about 8 grains, and had never weighed as much as this 24 grains. The last silver pence for general circulation were minted during the reign of
1340:, the mental arithmetic costs more than the penny. Changes in the market prices of metals, combined with currency inflation, have caused the metal value of penny coins to exceed their face value.
744:
2743:
2941:
1077:) by then—that the coins still in circulation were almost entirely melted down for the value of their gold. Only eight gold pennies are known to survive. It was not until the reign of
271:
and other
English kings and remained the principal currency in Europe over the next few centuries, until repeated debasements necessitated the development of more valuable coins. The
536:
however, the informal "penny" is typically only used of the coins in any case, values being expressed in "cents". The informal name for the
American cent seems to have spread from
4472:
1046:. (For instance, a "shilling" or "solidus" of grain was a measure equivalent to the amount of grain that 12 pennies could purchase.) English currency was notionally .925-fine
1879:
1373:"In for a penny, in for a pound," is a common expression used to express someone's intention to see an undertaking through, however much time, effort, or money this entails.
2909:
2687:
982:
also minted these coins under her own name. Near the end of his reign, Offa minted his coins in imitation of
Charlemagne's reformed pennies. Offa's coins were imitated by
3174:"Money and Coinage of the Age of Erasmus: An Historical and Analytical Glossary with Particular Reference to France, the Low Countries, England, the Rhineland, and Italy"
900:
have increased the number that could be minted, but these paler coins do not seem to have solved the problem of the value and scarcity of the currency. The miscellaneous
1884:
1420:
would kill a person or crack the sidewalk. However, a penny is too light and has too much air resistance to acquire enough speed to do much damage since it reaches
2182:
3092:
2826:
2975:
1254:
in 1793. Abraham
Lincoln was the first historical figure to appear on a U.S. coin when he was portrayed on the one-cent coin to commemorate his 100th birthday.
1279:
2795:
3121:
2876:
2147:
This may be the source or a development of the "See a pin and pick it up, all the day you'll have good luck" recorded in a mid-19th century edition of
3016:
2733:
3232:"The Technology and Economics of Coinage Debasements in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: With Special Reference to the Low Countries and England"
3441:
2931:
1290:'s Penny as they assumed that only the Devil used a trident. The coins were very unpopular due to their large weight and size. On 6 June 1825,
3304:
3249:
3063:
2558:
2280:
3993:
1327:
1168:
199:
2286:
3349:
2774:
2712:
4467:
4492:
3333:
3272:
3208:
3187:
3162:
3141:
3010:
1789:
1184:
1164:
272:
2683:
4184:
3680:
2899:
1094:
3411:
2849:
1894:
1889:
1815:
1613:
309:
1193:
value of the existing silver pennies caused them to be withdrawn from circulation. Merchants and mining companies, such as
4224:
3988:
3904:
3813:
1448:
676:
60:
543:
In
Britain, prior to decimalization, values from two to eleven pence were often written, and spoken as a single word, as
4091:
1802:
1362:"A penny for your thoughts" is an idiomatic way of asking someone what they are thinking about. It is first attested in
1180:
129:
2659:
3589:
1868:
305:
2619:
1118:. The need for small change was also sometimes met by simply cutting a full penny into halves or quarters. In 1527,
567:, and such constructions were also treated as single nouns. Adjectival use of such coins used the ending -penny, as
3434:
1809:
1617:
1242:
1069:). At first, the coin proved unpopular because it was overvalued for its weight; by 1265 it was so undervalued—the
680:
149:
4477:
3713:
3520:
3395:
3051:
2521:
1945:
207:
763:
introduced a new .950 or .960-fine penny with a smaller diameter. Surviving specimens have an average weight of
4164:
3973:
3941:
3753:
3675:
3541:
3525:
2178:
1247:
The United States' cent, popularly known as the "penny" since the early 19th century, began with the unpopular
1103:
999:
789:
455:
380:; a 1929 South African penny; a 2013 one-cent coin from the United States (colloquially called a penny). Worth
345:
203:
128:), it is usually the smallest denomination within a currency system. At present, it is the formal name of the
1318:
of the 1816 British coins, with the exception of the four-penny coins, were used in South Africa until 1960.
4487:
4008:
3998:
3868:
1315:
1172:
1107:
862:
793:
707:
291:
118:
70:
4256:
4003:
3929:
3685:
3515:
1778:
1676:
1519:
1442:
983:
38:
31:
2870:
1761:
1189:
Throughout the 18th century, the
British government did not mint pennies for general circulation and the
4422:
4266:
4169:
3690:
3670:
3510:
3505:
3427:
2955:
2511:
1772:
1457:
1417:
1291:
1140:
1119:
1084:
1079:
646:
521:
195:
4214:
1651:
1359:. A proverbial expression of this is "Find a penny, pick it up, and all the day you'll have good luck."
1221:
in 1797. Typically, 1 lb. of copper produced 24 pennies. In 1860, the copper penny was replaced with a
2805:
806:
4497:
4261:
3983:
3551:
3296:
Good Money: Birmingham Button Makers, the Royal Mint, and the
Beginnings of Modern Coinage, 1775–1821
1488:
1393:
1115:
1088:
1058:
628:
284:
2601:
1469:
4341:
4306:
4158:
3604:
2960:
1716:
1051:
1042:) but during this period neither larger unit was minted. Instead, they functioned only as notional
912:
833:
820:
283:
in 1797. Despite the decimalization of currencies in the United States and, later, throughout the
4482:
4452:
4097:
3978:
3878:
3649:
2738:
2078:
1859:
1710:
1557:
1484:
1436:
431:
430:. The etymology of the term "penny" is uncertain, although cognates are common across almost all
235:. It may also be informally used to refer to any similar smallest-denomination coin, such as the
229:
218:
4219:
4174:
1406:
49:
3373:
4356:
4118:
4110:
4014:
3723:
3578:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3300:
3268:
3245:
3204:
3183:
3173:
3158:
3137:
3086:
3059:
3006:
3002:
2820:
2423:
2407:
2375:
2276:
2266:
1687:
1664:
1658:
1536:
1421:
1333:
991:
748:
222:
3241:
3231:
3055:
3041:
2764:
2545:
2391:
2359:
4523:
4457:
4417:
4376:
4351:
4336:
4326:
4316:
4291:
4286:
4114:
4077:
4067:
4025:
3947:
3773:
3718:
3634:
3584:
2611:
2086:
2057:
1706:
1621:
1515:
493:
177:
161:
3405:
2708:
2562:
4447:
4271:
4250:
4128:
4106:
3798:
3546:
3489:
3381:
2103:
2095:
2070:
2053:
1899:
1782:
1745:
1582:
1210:
1206:
1152:
1047:
1043:
987:
932:
719:
703:
642:
602:
597:. From this abbreviation, it is common to speak of pennies and values in pence as "p". In
459:
327:
313:
276:
191:
181:
528:, the British and Irish coins were marked "new penny" until 1982 and 1985, respectively.
356:
4371:
4239:
4234:
3738:
3629:
3619:
3561:
3389:
2254:
2119:
2049:
1873:
1606:
1299:
1198:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1009:
935:
888:
731:
668:
653:
537:
514:
497:
400:
377:
268:
4528:
4517:
4442:
4396:
4366:
4361:
4311:
4229:
4057:
3958:
3953:
3914:
3863:
3695:
3624:
3261:
3115:
3110:
2135:
1647:
1542:
1528:
1507:
1389:
1368:
Dialogue
Conteinying the Nomber in Effect of All the Proverbes in the Englishe Tongue
781:
725:
694:
598:
247:
225:
121:
74:
1098:
A worn medieval penny, probably dating from the reigns of Henry VI–VII, AD 1413–1461
1054:, but the weight and value of the silver penny steadily declined from 1300 onwards.
4502:
4386:
4346:
4321:
4301:
4199:
4154:
3935:
3899:
3883:
3654:
3450:
2936:
2841:
2149:
1909:
1845:
1702:
1670:
1641:
1410:
1378:
1363:
1337:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1267:
1202:
1144:
1127:
1037:
959:
884:
851:
797:
589:. It followed the amount, e.g. "11d". It has been replaced since decimalization by
264:
217:
is also used in reference to various historical currencies, also derived from the
3319:
3294:
3235:
3198:
3177:
3152:
3131:
3045:
2996:
2995:
Gullbekk, Svein H. (2014), "Vestfold: A Monetary Perspective on the Viking Age",
2640:
641:
The medieval silver penny was modeled on similar coins in antiquity, such as the
4427:
4381:
4296:
4189:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4124:
4102:
4081:
4020:
3909:
3843:
3768:
3763:
3748:
3743:
3355:
1985:
1904:
1720:
1627:
1307:
1263:
1176:
1135:
1123:
995:
967:
953:
925:
917:
901:
847:
760:
699:
525:
404:
240:
496:"). Recently, it has been proposed that it may represent an early borrowing of
4462:
4437:
4391:
4244:
4204:
4194:
4036:
4030:
3924:
3848:
3828:
1835:
1631:
1251:
1218:
1148:
1131:
1062:
979:
785:
476:
468:
367:
280:
3237:
Money in the Pre-Industrial World: Bullion, Debasements, and Coin Substitutes
3125:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–116.
1355:
In British and American culture, finding a penny is traditionally considered
4412:
4179:
3968:
3858:
3808:
3793:
3788:
3733:
3703:
3352:– Blog post & video covering the importance of retaining copper pennies.
3282:
2980:
2770:
2655:
2061:
1578:
1403:
1385:
1283:
1271:
1214:
1134:
of 5760 grains (making a penny 5760/240 = 24 grains) and establishing a new
1002:. As in the Frankish Empire, all these pennies were notionally fractions of
892:
811:
672:
594:
236:
180:
and are often viewed as an expensive burden to merchants, banks, government
173:
30:
This article is about the coin. For other uses of "penny" or "pennies", see
3364:– Pictures of English silver pennies from Anglo-Saxon times to the present.
3001:, Studies in Early Medieval Britain and Ireland, Farnham: Ashgate, p.
2734:"Around the Nation; Treasurer Says Zinc Penny May Save $ 50 Million a Year"
2605:
4432:
3963:
3919:
3873:
3609:
3594:
3484:
3469:
3358:– A visualisation of what exponential numbers of pennies would look like.
3154:
Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000–1700
2976:"What would happen if you were hit by a penny falling from a skyscraper?"
1588:
1194:
1003:
904:
736:
656:
636:
584:
144:
106:
3367:
3361:
3220:
A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum: Anglo-Saxon Series,
4138:
3783:
3758:
3728:
3599:
2615:
1821:
1563:
1501:
1463:
1275:
1190:
1070:
715:
232:
17:
2515:
3853:
3803:
3708:
3464:
3388:
2470:
2468:
1915:
1739:
1681:
1637:
1248:
1222:
921:
908:
664:
660:
649:
632:
251:
2998:
Early Medieval Monetary History: Studies in Memory of Mark Blackburn
462:
4281:
4209:
3833:
3818:
3778:
3639:
3614:
3556:
3404:
3240:, Pickering & Chatto, republished 2016 by Routledge, pp.
1287:
1093:
579:
517:
484:
1143:
around 1660. Since then, they have only been coined for issue as
4276:
3838:
3823:
3644:
3479:
3474:
3377:
2932:"Why Winkle and Tuppence are acceptable euphemisms for children"
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1356:
1230:
973:
896:
870:
838:
825:
756:
752:
606:
425:
419:
413:
407:
94:
3423:
3419:
2796:"Federal Budget 2012: Pennies to Be Withdrawn from Circulation"
1336:
that may be higher than a penny. It has been claimed that, for
2903:
1226:
3179:
The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 1 to 141: 1484 to 1500
2311:, London: Statesman Publishing, 16 December 1966, p. 896
2129:
2123:
1384:
In British English, to "spend a penny" means to urinate. Its
3114:
1912:, equivalent in Japan used between the 19th century and 1953
1370:, at a time when the penny was still a sterling silver coin.
861:–1003. The cross made cutting the coin into half-pennies or
471:
putting up collateral as a pledge for repayment of loans); *
390:
of 1 USD (US dollar). As a decimal, it is written as $ 0.01.
3200:
Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation
2956:"Could a Penny Dropped off a Skyscraper Actually Kill You?"
1065:
which had the nominal value of 1 shilling 8 pence (i.e. 20
3321:
Studies in Numismatic Method: Presented to Philip Grierson
3182:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 311–349,
2799:
942:
757–796), modeled on Pepin's system. His first series was
4087:
4073:
4063:
4053:
2656:"Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery Information Centre"
3370:– Pictures of English copper pennies from 1797 to 1860.
931:
The first Carolingian-style pennies were introduced by
1609:(1921–71) and 1/100 of a Guernsey pound (1971–present)
610:. Elsewhere, it is usually written with a simple
4473:
Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena
3316:"On the Rejection of Good Coin in Carolingian Europe"
2654:
Severn Internet Services – www.severninternet.co.uk.
1724:
1392:
commonly charged a pre-decimal penny, beginning with
1205:
to fill the need for small change. Finally, amid the
450:. Common suggestions include that it was originally *
1233:). Each pound of bronze was coined into 48 pennies.
290:
No penny is currently formally subdivided, although
4405:
4046:
3892:
3663:
3570:
3534:
3498:
3457:
2900:"What's the Origin of "A Penny for Your Thoughts"?"
2474:
1880:
Efforts to eliminate the penny in the United States
1073:value of its gold being worth 2 shillings (i.e. 24
160:) as well as the informal Irish designation of the
3324:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.
3260:
2257:(2013). "Ne'er-a-Face: A Note on the Etymology of
2035:, the later of which gave rise to the modern form.
767:although some estimate the original ideal mass at
467:"pawn" (in the sense of a pledge or debt, as in a
1413:. Other companies followed with similar products.
1399:"Tuppence" - Old British slang word for ‘vagina’.
412:, a development of numerous variations including
3287:, National Bank of Belgium Museum, November 2006
659:. Forms of these seem to have reached as far as
275:remained a silver coin until the expense of the
2064:
1948:notes two families of variants, one comprising
1685:
1416:A common myth is that a penny dropped from the
1091:established a common gold currency in England.
1505:
1282:due to its large size and raised rim, but the
1278:in her hand. The English called this coin the
3435:
2872:Mother Goose's Chimes, Rhymes, & Melodies
2459:
2273:Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs
2089:
1743:
1526:
1446:
8:
2641:"Penny History - Americans for Common Cents"
2113:
2107:
1885:History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)
1668:
1561:
1540:
1467:
1035:
1015:
723:
601:, it is common to abbreviate cents with the
206:were withdrawn from circulation in 1992 and
37:"Pence" redirects here. For other uses, see
2447:
2275:, No. 259. Walter de Gruyter. p. 467.
1819:
1027:
1007:
582:
500:
487:
376:From top to bottom: a penny depicting King
78:
3442:
3428:
3420:
3091:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3079:The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th centuries)
2825:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2559:"The Cartwheel Penny and Twopence of 1797"
2208:, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press
1935:"He sal haf a penny til his noynsankys..."
865:(quarter-pennies) easier. (Note spelling
531:From the 16th century, the regular plural
117:) in various countries. Borrowed from the
2678:
2676:
2419:
1332:Handling and counting penny coins entail
869:in inscription, using Anglo-Saxon letter
475:as a form of the West Germanic word for "
2371:
2351:
2349:
2321:
2319:
1213:to mint copper pennies and twopences at
176:, pennies have lost virtually all their
3073:Blackburn, M.A.S.; et al. (1986),
2766:Coins cost more to make than face value
2403:
2261:, with an Appendix on the Etymology of
2170:
1928:
1595:coin ("Guernsey penny", 1830–1921) and
479:", presumably owing to its shape; and *
3084:
2818:
2541:
2265:". In Patrizia Noel Aziz Hanna (ed.).
190:is also the informal name of the cent
2498:
2486:
2387:
2355:
2340:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
675:, seems to have fallen off after the
593:, usually written without a space or
27:Unit of currency in various countries
7:
3994:Russian traditions and superstitions
2118:) for the occurrence of "denarius" (
1328:Withdrawal of low-denomination coins
751:seems to have been about 489.5
312:have previously been minted and the
287:, the name remains in informal use.
134:
2879:from the original on 9 January 2012
2808:from the original on 6 October 2016
2763:Hagenbaugh, Barbara (10 May 2006),
2435:
1675:(1917–1918) and (1918–1924) during
110:
98:
2746:from the original on 11 April 2012
2585:
1262:The penny that was brought to the
755:, each penny weighed about 2
25:
4493:Superstitions in Muslim societies
2912:from the original on 23 July 2011
2898:Corrado, John (11 October 2001),
2777:from the original on 7 March 2009
3299:, University of Michigan Press,
2944:from the original on 2022-09-16.
2852:from the original on 22 May 2009
2684:"South African History of Coins"
1852:
1838:
928:as late as the mid-9th century.
810:
805:
446:with the individualizing suffix
366:
355:
344:
59:
48:
3681:Superstition in the Philippines
3314:Suchodolski, Stanislaw (1983),
3284:Islam and the Carolingian Penny
3218:Keary, Charles Francis (2005),
3019:from the original on 2016-05-30
2794:Smith, Joanna (30 March 2012),
2715:from the original on 2008-05-30
2690:from the original on 2011-11-28
2662:from the original on 2012-02-21
2622:from the original on 2011-02-25
2524:from the original on 2016-02-10
2289:from the original on 2017-02-25
2185:from the original on 2012-09-04
1114:) found date from the reign of
939:
854:, moneyer Eadwold, Canterbury,
824:Draped bust of Aethelred left.
124:(hence its former abbreviation
3412:New International Encyclopedia
3133:A History of Money from AD 800
1895:One-cent coin (disambiguation)
1890:Legal Tender Modernization Act
887:kingdoms initially copied the
722:with a standardized .940-fine
520:was represented on nearly all
1:
4468:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
4225:End-of-the-day betting effect
3989:Ravens of the Tower of London
3905:Barbary macaques in Gibraltar
3172:Ferguson, Wallace K. (1974),
2077:in reference to the coin and
1765:
1751:
1730:
1693:
1569:
1548:
1492:
1475:
1344:magnetic) instead of bronze.
855:
850:silver "Long Cross" penny of
483:as a very early borrowing of
77:(bottom) with legend reading
4092:Seventh son of a seventh son
2329:, 12 March 1831, p. 133
2179:"Canada's Last Penny Minted"
2130:
2114:
1424:after falling about 50 feet.
1209:, the government authorized
1169:Predecimal British halfpenny
399:is first attested in a 1394
250:was originally a 0.940-fine
3197:Frassetto, Michael (2003),
3075:Medieval European Coinage,
2840:Lewis, Mark (5 July 2002).
2237:Oxford English Dictionary,
1869:Coins of the pound sterling
1201:, began to issue their own
184:and the public in general.
4545:
3879:Numbers in Chinese culture
3396:Collier's New Encyclopedia
3293:Selgin, George A. (2008),
3267:, New York: Dorset Press,
3151:Cipolla, Carlo M. (1993),
2475:Blackburn & al. (1986)
2124:
2108:
1788:United Kingdom: penny, as
1388:is literal: coin-operated
1325:
1322:Criticism of continued use
1243:Penny (United States coin)
1240:
1162:
839:
826:
779:
692:
626:
513:, "Face"), as the face of
210:were demonetised in 1990.
208:New Zealand one-cent coins
36:
29:
4478:Post hoc ergo propter hoc
3714:Ghosts in Bengali culture
3103:An Old English Dictionary
3047:The Encyclopedia of Money
2875:, H.B. Ashmead, c. 1861,
2102:in reference to "money".
1946:Oxford English Dictionary
1409:introduced its "Weejuns"
1294:, the governor, issued a
1000:Archbishops of Canterbury
846:
804:
574:The British abbreviation
204:Australian one-cent coins
4165:Auspicious wedding dates
3942:Icelandic magical staves
3754:Puppy pregnancy syndrome
3676:Superstition in Pakistan
3542:Superstition in Ethiopia
3526:Theatrical superstitions
3157:, Taylor & Francis,
1165:Predecimal British penny
1151:given to the elderly on
1130:, replacing it with the
895:; at the time, however,
790:History of the halfpenny
200:removed from circulation
4488:Superstition in Judaism
4009:Spilling water for luck
3999:Superstition in Britain
3350:Copper Penny Importance
3230:Munro, John H. (2012),
3203:, Bloomsbury Academic,
3122:Encyclopædia Britannica
3101:Bosworth; et al.,
2065:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
794:Farthing (English coin)
501:
463:
426:
420:
414:
408:
326:¢) remains in use as a
4257:Four eleven forty-four
4004:Superstition in Serbia
3686:Japanese superstitions
3521:Sailors' superstitions
3516:List of bad luck signs
3259:Scott, Martin (1964),
3130:Chown, John F (1994),
2517:Coin and Bullion Pages
2099:
2090:
2082:
2074:
1820:
1744:
1725:
1686:
1677:Second Polish Republic
1669:
1562:
1541:
1527:
1520:Falkland Islands penny
1506:
1468:
1447:
1443:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1286:referred to it as the
1099:
1036:
1028:
1016:
1008:
735:
724:
583:
488:
150:American one-cent coin
79:
39:Pence (disambiguation)
32:Penny (disambiguation)
4423:Astrology and science
4170:Baseball superstition
3691:Superstition in Korea
3671:Superstition in India
3511:List of lucky symbols
3506:List of superstitions
3384:(September 10, 2012).
3356:The MegaPenny Project
3136:, London: Routledge,
3054:: ABC Clio, pp.
3040:Allen, Larry (2009),
2044:Germanic cognates of
1826:(10th–13th centuries)
1558:Various German states
1418:Empire State Building
1292:Lord Charles Somerset
1097:
714:aiming to reorganize
708:major currency reform
522:Carthaginian currency
4498:Traditional medicine
3984:Rabbit rabbit rabbit
3042:"Carolingian Reform"
2711:. Currencyhelp.net.
1900:Penny sizes of nails
1654:(8th–16th centuries)
1394:the Great Exhibition
1225:one (95% copper, 4%
998:, as well as by two
515:Carthaginian goddess
434:and suggest a base *
285:British Commonwealth
279:prompted the use of
267:. It was adopted by
202:in 2012. Similarly,
194:in Canada, although
4307:Maternal impression
4159:Number of the Beast
3930:The Goodman's Croft
3605:Curse of Tippecanoe
2961:Scientific American
2567:, Royal Mint Museum
2204:Slater, J. (1952),
1803:1/100 British pound
1801:(1707–1971) and as
1612:Ireland: penny, as
1407:G.H. Bass & Co.
913:Anglo-Saxon England
873:in place of modern
827:+ÆĐELRED REX ANGLOR
403:text, a variant of
4483:Questionable cause
4453:Magic and religion
4215:Davy Jones' Locker
3979:Powder of sympathy
3650:White lighter myth
2739:The New York Times
2709:"Currencyhelp.net"
2607:Historian's Corner
2448:Suchodolski (1983)
1860:Numismatics portal
1711:Saint Helena penny
1350:In popular culture
1100:
432:Germanic languages
330:in some contexts.
219:Carolingian system
4511:
4510:
4357:Sign of the horns
4262:Gambler's conceit
4119:triskaidekaphobia
4111:The Thirteen Club
4015:The Scottish Play
3724:Kuai Kuai culture
3579:Ascalapha odorata
3306:978-0-472-11631-7
3251:978-1-84893-230-2
3065:978-1-59884-251-7
2905:The Straight Dope
2460:Bosworth & al
2309:The New Statesman
2282:978-3-11-030109-0
2268:Germania Semitica
2206:Early Scots Texts
1665:Kingdom of Poland
1620:(1971–2002), and
1618:1/100 Irish pound
1616:(1928–68) and as
1614:1/240 Irish pound
1422:terminal velocity
1334:transaction costs
1185:British halfpenny
891:, the late Roman
881:
880:
749:Carolingian pound
578:derived from the
565:sixpence-farthing
248:Carolingian penny
167:
155:
137:
16:(Redirected from
4536:
4458:Magical thinking
4418:Apotropaic magic
4352:Shoes on a table
4327:Numismatic charm
4292:Law of contagion
4287:Knocking on wood
4185:Bread and butter
4115:thirteenth floor
4078:Four-leaf clover
4068:Three on a match
4026:Tycho Brahe days
3948:In bocca al lupo
3774:Okiagari-koboshi
3635:Oscar love curse
3585:Bermuda Triangle
3444:
3437:
3430:
3421:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3374:US Lincoln Penny
3338:
3309:
3288:
3277:
3266:
3254:
3225:
3213:
3192:
3167:
3146:
3126:
3118:
3105:
3096:
3090:
3082:
3068:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2742:, 1 April 1981,
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2598:
2592:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2555:
2549:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2512:"The Gold Penny"
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2420:Frassetto (2003)
2417:
2411:
2401:
2395:
2385:
2379:
2369:
2363:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2228:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2175:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2093:
2068:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1825:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1770:
1767:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1707:Ascension Island
1698:
1695:
1691:
1674:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1532:
1516:Falkland Islands
1511:
1497:
1494:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1452:
1300:British Sterling
1266:(in what is now
1199:Parys Mining Co.
1173:British farthing
1082:
1044:units of account
1041:
1033:
1021:
1013:
977:
965:
962:
951:
950:
946:
941:
860:
857:
842:
841:
840:+EADǷOLD MO CÆNT
829:
828:
814:
809:
802:
801:
770:
766:
729:
713:
677:Roman withdrawal
588:
504:
491:
466:
429:
423:
417:
411:
389:
388:
384:
370:
359:
348:
325:
324:
320:
303:
302:
298:
263:
262:
258:
178:purchasing power
165:
162:1 euro cent coin
153:
136:
133:
112:
100:
82:
71:Australian penny
63:
52:
21:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4448:Fortune-telling
4401:
4272:Human sacrifice
4267:Good luck charm
4251:Flying Dutchman
4220:Dead man's hand
4175:Beginner's luck
4129:Heptadecaphobia
4107:Friday the 13th
4042:
3974:Painted pebbles
3888:
3799:Hindu astrology
3659:
3566:
3530:
3494:
3490:Myth and ritual
3453:
3448:
3403:
3387:
3382:Curiosity Rover
3346:
3336:
3313:
3307:
3292:
3281:
3275:
3263:Medieval Europe
3258:
3252:
3229:
3217:
3211:
3196:
3190:
3171:
3165:
3150:
3144:
3129:
3109:
3100:
3083:
3072:
3066:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3013:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2855:
2853:
2842:"Ban The Penny"
2839:
2838:
2834:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2747:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2564:British Coinage
2557:
2556:
2552:
2540:
2536:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2489:, p. xxii.
2485:
2481:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2418:
2414:
2402:
2398:
2386:
2382:
2372:Ferguson (1974)
2370:
2366:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2283:
2255:Vennemann, Theo
2253:
2252:
2248:
2230:
2229:
2214:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2142:
2106:, however, has
2043:
2039:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1876:(pressed penny)
1858:
1853:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1808:United States:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1768:
1754:
1733:
1696:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1583:Gibraltar penny
1572:
1551:
1495:
1478:
1431:
1429:List of pennies
1352:
1330:
1324:
1280:Cartwheel penny
1260:
1245:
1239:
1211:Matthew Boulton
1207:Napoleonic Wars
1187:
1163:Main articles:
1161:
1153:Maundy Thursday
1078:
1050:at the time of
1048:sterling silver
971:
963:
957:
948:
944:
943:
858:
800:
780:Main articles:
778:
768:
764:
759:.) Around 790,
743:
720:silver standard
711:
704:Pepin the Short
697:
691:
689:Frankish Empire
681:Saxon invasions
679:and subsequent
639:
627:Main articles:
625:
620:
603:currency symbol
460:Old High German
394:
393:
392:
391:
386:
382:
381:
373:
372:
371:
362:
361:
360:
351:
350:
349:
338:
328:unit of account
322:
318:
317:
300:
296:
295:
277:Napoleonic Wars
260:
256:
255:
254:coin, weighing
192:unit of account
105:) or a unit of
87:
86:
85:
84:
73:(top). Coin of
66:
65:
64:
55:
54:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4542:
4540:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4516:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4372:Statue rubbing
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4247:
4242:
4240:Fertility rite
4237:
4235:Fear of ghosts
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4152:
4142:
4132:
4122:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4071:
4061:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3869:White elephant
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3620:Fortune cookie
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3562:Sleeping child
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3401:
3385:
3371:
3368:Copper Pennies
3365:
3362:Silver Pennies
3359:
3353:
3345:
3344:External links
3342:
3341:
3340:
3334:
3311:
3305:
3290:
3279:
3273:
3256:
3250:
3227:
3215:
3209:
3194:
3188:
3169:
3163:
3148:
3142:
3127:
3113:, ed. (1911).
3111:Chisholm, Hugh
3107:
3098:
3070:
3064:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3011:
2987:
2967:
2947:
2940:. 2017-05-05.
2923:
2890:
2862:
2832:
2786:
2755:
2725:
2700:
2672:
2646:
2632:
2593:
2578:
2550:
2534:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2477:, p. 277.
2464:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2412:
2404:Cipolla (1993)
2396:
2380:
2364:
2345:
2333:
2315:
2300:
2281:
2246:
2212:
2196:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2140:
2037:
1993:and the other
1937:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1874:Elongated coin
1871:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1816:Medieval Wales
1813:
1812:(1793–present)
1806:
1805:(1971–present)
1786:
1776:
1760:South Africa:
1758:
1737:
1714:
1713:(1984–present)
1700:
1679:
1662:
1655:
1645:
1644:(1841–present)
1635:
1634:(1668–present)
1625:
1624:(2002–present)
1610:
1607:Guernsey pound
1586:
1585:(1988–present)
1576:
1555:
1534:
1523:
1522:(1974–present)
1513:
1499:
1482:
1461:
1454:
1453:(1998–present)
1440:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1414:
1400:
1397:
1390:public toilets
1382:
1374:
1371:
1360:
1351:
1348:
1323:
1320:
1259:
1256:
1241:Main article:
1238:
1235:
1160:
1159:United Kingdom
1157:
1122:abolished the
936:Offa of Mercia
879:
878:
844:
843:
830:
816:
815:
777:
774:
741:
693:Main article:
690:
687:
669:Roman currency
624:
621:
619:
616:
538:New York State
526:decimalization
456:Low Franconian
378:Offa of Mercia
375:
374:
365:
364:
363:
354:
353:
352:
343:
342:
341:
340:
339:
337:
334:
269:Offa of Mercia
221:, such as the
196:one-cent coins
68:
67:
58:
57:
56:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4541:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Folk religion
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4397:Witching hour
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:Spilling salt
4365:
4363:
4362:Something old
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Rabbit's foot
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Miasma theory
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Fear of frogs
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4058:Ace of spades
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Klabautermann
3957:
3955:
3954:Kitchen witch
3952:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:Blarney Stone
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Vastu shastra
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:Jackal's horn
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:Groundhog Day
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3406:"Penny"
3402:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3390:"Penny"
3386:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3335:0-521-22503-5
3331:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3274:0-88029-115-X
3270:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3210:9781576072639
3206:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3189:0-8020-1981-1
3185:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3164:9780203695128
3160:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3143:0-415-10279-0
3139:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3116:"Penny"
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3018:
3014:
3012:9781409456681
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2756:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:Selgin (2008)
2538:
2535:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2501:, p. 40.
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2327:Constellation
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2136:New Testament
2132:
2121:
2116:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1850:
1847:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1799:British pound
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1763:
1759:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:New Zealand:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:penny loafers
1408:
1405:
1402:In 1936 U.S.
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:micropayments
1335:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1237:United States
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:copper tokens
1200:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1181:British penny
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:The earliest
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
975:
969:
961:
955:
937:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
876:
872:
868:
864:
853:
849:
845:
836:
835:
831:
823:
822:
818:
817:
813:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:English penny
775:
773:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
738:
733:
728:
727:
721:
717:
709:
706:instituted a
705:
701:
696:
695:French denier
688:
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:. The use of
666:
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:
644:
643:Greek drachma
638:
634:
630:
622:
617:
615:
613:
609:
608:
604:
600:
599:North America
596:
592:
587:
586:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
516:
512:
508:
503:
499:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
422:
416:
410:
406:
402:
398:
379:
369:
358:
347:
335:
333:
331:
329:
315:
311:
307:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:British penny
270:
266:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
163:
159:
151:
147:
146:
141:
131:
130:British penny
127:
123:
120:
116:
108:
104:
96:
92:
83:("King Eric")
81:
76:
75:Eric Bloodaxe
72:
62:
51:
40:
33:
19:
4503:Urban legend
4387:Wishing well
4347:Ship sponsor
4331:
4322:Numerophobia
4302:Lock of hair
4249:
4200:Chain letter
4035:
4013:
3946:
3936:Himmelsbrief
3934:
3900:August curse
3884:Yantra cloth
3696:
3655:Witch window
3577:
3451:Superstition
3410:
3394:
3320:
3295:
3283:
3262:
3236:
3223:
3219:
3199:
3178:
3153:
3132:
3120:
3102:
3078:
3074:
3052:Sta. Barbara
3046:
3034:Bibliography
3021:, retrieved
2997:
2990:
2979:
2970:
2959:
2950:
2937:The Guardian
2935:
2926:
2914:, retrieved
2904:
2893:
2881:, retrieved
2871:
2865:
2854:. Retrieved
2845:
2835:
2810:, retrieved
2800:
2789:
2779:, retrieved
2765:
2758:
2748:, retrieved
2737:
2728:
2717:. Retrieved
2703:
2692:. Retrieved
2664:. Retrieved
2649:
2635:
2624:, retrieved
2606:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2569:, retrieved
2563:
2553:
2537:
2526:, retrieved
2516:
2506:
2499:Scott (1964)
2494:
2487:Keary (2005)
2482:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2415:
2399:
2388:Munro (2012)
2383:
2367:
2356:Chown (1994)
2341:Allen (2009)
2336:
2326:
2308:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2205:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2181:. CBC News.
2173:
2150:Mother Goose
2148:
2143:
2109:𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐍃
2045:
2040:
1986:Northumbrian
1940:
1931:
1846:Money portal
1703:Saint Helena
1642:Jersey penny
1592:
1379:my two cents
1367:
1364:John Heywood
1346:
1342:
1331:
1316:denomination
1312:South Africa
1304:legal tender
1296:proclamation
1268:South Africa
1261:
1258:South Africa
1246:
1188:
1145:Maundy money
1111:
1101:
1074:
1066:
1056:
930:
883:Some of the
882:
874:
866:
852:Aethelred II
837:Long cross.
832:
819:
798:Maundy money
740:) weighing ⁄
718:'s previous
698:
685:
647:Carthaginian
640:
611:
605:
590:
575:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
542:
532:
530:
524:. Following
510:
506:
480:
472:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
396:
395:
332:
289:
245:
214:
212:
187:
186:
169:
157:
148:name of the
143:
139:
125:
114:
102:
90:
88:
4428:Coincidence
4382:Toi toi toi
4297:Literomancy
4190:Break a leg
4149:Curse of 39
4082:tetraphobia
4021:Troll cross
3910:Bayern-luck
3844:Kuman Thong
3769:Maneki-neko
3764:Kanai Anzen
3749:Pichal Peri
3744:Nazar battu
3630:I'noGo tied
3458:Main topics
3378:Planet Mars
3081:, Cambridge
2916:13 February
2883:14 November
2812:8 September
2804:, Toronto,
1905:Pennyweight
1785:(1892–1900)
1775:(1961–2002)
1769: 1961
1755: 1150
1734: 1130
1721:Penny Scots
1697: 1000
1661:(1940–1967)
1648:Netherlands
1628:Isle of Man
1533:(1861–2002)
1512:(1918–1927)
1460:(1858–2012)
1439:(1911–1964)
1435:Australia:
1308:Cape Colony
1284:Capetonians
1264:Cape Colony
1177:Decimal Day
1136:pennyweight
1124:Tower pound
996:Northumbria
984:East Anglia
968:pennyweight
966:, giving a
964:(350 grams)
954:Saxon pound
926:Northumbria
918:East Anglia
885:Anglo-Saxon
848:Anglo-Saxon
769:1.76 grams.
765:1.70 grams,
761:Charlemagne
700:Charlemagne
405:Old English
306:halfpennies
281:base metals
241:Chinese fen
119:Carolingian
4518:Categories
4463:Numerology
4438:Divination
4392:Witch ball
4342:Rainmaking
4245:First-foot
4205:Cramp-ring
4195:Bullroarer
4037:Wolfssegen
4031:Witch post
3925:Cornicello
3849:Palad khik
3829:Pagtatawas
3023:2016-02-08
2856:2009-05-07
2781:2009-05-07
2750:2009-05-07
2719:2011-12-22
2694:2009-06-03
2666:2011-12-22
2658:. BMAGiC.
2626:2011-01-30
2612:Washington
2602:"Timeline"
2544:, p.
2528:2016-02-17
2436:NBB (2006)
2422:, p.
2406:, p.
2390:, p.
2358:, p.
2293:2016-02-08
2189:2012-08-30
2161:References
1632:Manx penny
1591:, as an 8-
1573: 755
1552: 755
1496: 785
1479: 830
1326:See also:
1310:(colonial
1298:that only
1252:chain cent
1219:Birmingham
1141:Charles II
1132:Troy pound
1120:Henry VIII
1080:Edward III
1063:gold penny
980:Cynethryth
978:His queen
907:minted in
859: 997
786:Gold penny
747:. (As the
702:'s father
652:, and the
561:a sixpence
557:thruppence
553:threepence
477:frying pan
469:pawnbroker
310:half cents
172:). Due to
142:) and the
4413:Apophenia
4377:Threshold
4180:Black cat
3969:Need-fire
3859:Nang Kwak
3809:Albularyo
3794:Feng shui
3789:Fan death
3734:Navaratna
3704:Chhaupadi
3552:Gris-gris
3485:Talismans
2981:USA Today
2771:USA Today
2166:Citations
2134:) in the
2079:Icelandic
2062:Old Saxon
1779:Transvaal
1622:euro cent
1579:Gibraltar
1525:Finland:
1481:–a. 1873)
1404:shoemaker
1386:etymology
1302:would be
1272:Britannia
1215:Soho Mint
1116:Henry III
1104:halfpenny
1083:that the
1061:minted a
1059:Henry III
1057:In 1257,
1004:shillings
970:of about
893:gold coin
863:farthings
623:Antiquity
336:Etymology
292:farthings
237:euro cent
213:The name
174:inflation
4433:Debunker
3964:Mooncalf
3920:Cimaruta
3874:Jin Chan
3610:Curupira
3595:Carranca
3590:Brujería
3571:Americas
3470:Evil eye
3087:citation
3017:archived
2942:Archived
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2877:archived
2850:Archived
2821:citation
2806:archived
2801:The Star
2775:archived
2744:archived
2713:Archived
2688:Archived
2660:Archived
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2522:archived
2287:Archived
2231:"penny,
2183:Archived
2131:dēnários
2125:δηνάριος
2083:peningur
2048:include
1832:See also
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1717:Scotland
1589:Guernsey
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1195:Anglesey
1147:, royal
1126:of 5400
1108:farthing
1052:Henry II
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737:denarius
657:denarius
637:Denarius
585:denarius
569:sixpenny
549:tuppence
545:twopence
458:form of
228:and the
145:de facto
122:denarius
107:currency
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4524:Pennies
4406:Related
4139:27 Club
4047:General
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3699:(ghost)
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3326:147–152
3077:Vol. 1:
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2239:3rd ed.
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2075:Pfennig
2066:penning
2058:Swedish
1990:penning
1981:peningc
1969:penincg
1957:pending
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1688:penning
1652:penning
1600:⁄
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1502:Estonia
1485:England
1470:penning
1464:Denmark
1306:in the
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1274:with a
1191:bullion
1071:bullion
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924:and in
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776:England
716:Francia
712:AD 755,
710:around
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618:History
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2020:penug
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3645:Veve
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3093:link
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