1669:
1555:
769:
1070:
508:
their production and reception have been limited to a minority of speakers. The significance of
English among today's sectarians extends far beyond its use for communication with outsiders for business and other purposes as English is the primary language for active literacy. While Amish and Mennonite sectarians can read the Bible, prayer books, and hymnals in German, most other reading materials are in English. Research has show that nonsectarian speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch have a more pronounced Pennsylvania Dutch accent when speaking English compared to sectarian speakers such as the Old Order Amish or Old Order Mennonites.
1209:
924:
2023:
1131:
870:
22:
658:
1179:
111:
1995:
1546:, an 1851 census shows many Black people and Mennonites lived near each other in a number of places and exchanged labor; the Dutch would also hire Black laborers. There were also accounts of Black families providing childcare assistance for their Dutch neighbors. These Pennsylvania Dutch were usually Plain Dutch Mennonites or Fancy Dutch Lutherans. The Black-Mennonite relationship in Canada soon evolved to the level of church membership.
795:, contrasted with the relatively stable environment of the American colonies. The availability of fertile land was a significant draw for the immigrants, who were mainly farmers and craftsmen, for whom the chance to own and cultivate their own farms was highly appealing. Positive reports from early settlers as well as active recruitment by William Penn encouraged friends and family to join them, fostering tightly-knit communities.
1756:
German culture in
Pennsylvania, with most solutions focused on schools. Helmuth saw schools as central to the future of the ethnic community. However most Lutheran clergy believed in assimilation and rejected Helmuth's call to drop English instruction. Kunze's seminary failed, but the first German college in the United States was founded in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1787 as Franklin College; it was later renamed
1381:
1360:
976:
6299:
466:, in which "deutsch" was no longer principally a linguistic and cultural term, but was increasingly used to describe all things related to Germany and its inhabitants. This development did not go unnoticed among the Pennsylvania Dutch who, in the 19th and early 20th century, referred to themselves as "Deitsche", while calling newer German immigrants "Deitschlenner" meaning "Germany-ers".
1270:
2009:
3892:
1418:, lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, invited Americans, including Mennonites and German Baptist Brethren, to settle in British North American territory and offered tracts of land to immigrant groups. This resulted in communities of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers emigrating to Canada, many to the area called the German Company Tract, a subset of land within the
1747:
Lutherans were challenged by
Moravians who actively recruited Lutherans to their schools. In the 1750s, Benjamin Franklin led a drive for free charity schools for German students, with the proviso that the schools would minimize Germanness. The leading Lutheran school in Philadelphia school had internal political problems in the 1760s, but Pastor
1580:
practices and close-knit communal living. Pennsylvania Dutch (a dialect of German) is widely spoken among them, both in daily life and religious settings. The Plain Dutch adhere strictly to their religious and community norms, emphasizing a strong cultural and religious identity with minimal integration into mainstream
American culture.
1047:, acted as his security detail, and was one of the last units deactivated after the Revolutionary War. The Marechaussee Corps was often not well received by the Continental Army, due in part to their defined duties but also due to the fact that some members of the corps spoke little or no English. Six of the provosts had even been
2508:
1584:
technologies. While they may still preserve some
Pennsylvania Dutch traditions and language, English is predominantly used in daily life and religious practices. The Church Dutch exhibit a higher degree of assimilation into American culture, while still retaining elements of their Pennsylvania Dutch heritage.
1668:
810:
arriving before 1755 of whom the majority (ca. 35,000) arrived in the five year period between 1749 and 1754. In 1790, ethnic
Germans comprised 38% of the population of Pennsylvania, or approximately 165,000 people. Of these, over half resided in the counties of Berks, Lancaster, Northampton and York.
1746:
According to
Elizabeth Pardoe, by 1748, the future of the German culture in Pennsylvania was in doubt, and most of the attention focused on German language schools. Lutheran schools in Germantown and Philadelphia thrived, but most outlying congregations had difficulty recruiting students. Furthermore
1004:
In the town halls in Dutch cities liberty bells were hung, and from the "Liberty Bell" placed in
Philadelphia by Pennsylvania Dutchmen, on July 4th 1776, freedom was proclaimed "throughout all the land and to all the inhabitants thereof." These Palatine Dutchmen gave us some of our bravest men in the
809:
The bulk of German migration to the
American colonies began in 1683 but concentrated on the first half of the 18th century. Overall, the historian Marianne Wokeck estimates that just under 81,000 German-speakers entered the port of Philadelphia between 1683 and 1775, with two thirds of the immigrants
442:
Several authors and etymological publications consider the word “Dutch” in “Pennsylvania Dutch”, which in medieval times could also be used to refer to speakers of various German dialects, to be an archaism specific to 19th-century
American English, particularly in its colloquial form. An alternative
1591:
There is little evidence specifically of Black Pennsylvania Dutch speakers during the early 19th century; following the Civil War, some Black Southerners who had moved to Pennsylvania developed close ties with the Pennsylvania Dutch community, adopting the language and assimilating into the culture.
1013:
Many Hessian prisoners, German mercenaries fighting for the British, were held in camps at the interior city of Lancaster, home to a large German community known as the Pennsylvania Dutch. Hessian prisoners were subsequently treated well, with some volunteering for extra work assignments, helping to
507:
The primary use of Pennsylvania Dutch, both historically and today, has focussed on spoken communication. Although there is a relatively large collection of written texts in the language dating back to the mid-nineteenth century (such as newspaper columns, short stories, poems, plays, and dialogues)
1605:
Today Pennsylvania Dutch culture is still prevalent in some parts of Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Dutch speak English, with some being bilingual in English and Pennsylvania Dutch. They share cultural similarities with the Mennonites in the same area. Pennsylvania Dutch English retains some German
1371:
During World War II, a platoon of Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers on patrol in Germany was once spared from being machine-gunned by Nazi soldiers who listened to them approaching. The Germans heard them speaking Pennsylvania Dutch amongst each other and assumed that they were natives of the Palatinate.
511:
In the 20th century, two linguists, Albert F. Buffington and Preston A. Barba developed a system for writing Pennsylvania Dutch that was largely based on contemporary German orthography, however this is not in common use. No prescribed norms for writing Pennsylvania Dutch exist and in practice most
1579:
The Plain Dutch consist of Anabaptist sects, including the Amish, Mennonites, and Brethren. They are known for their conservative, simple lifestyle, characterized by plain dress and limited use of modern technology. These communities typically reside in rural areas, maintaining traditional farming
1755:
from Germany in 1770 gave impetus to the Halle model in America. Kunze began training clergy and teachers in the Halle system. Reverend Heinrich Christian Helmuth arrived in 1779 and called for preaching only in German, while seeking government subsidies. A major issue was the long-term fate of
1575:
Pennsylvania Dutch society can be divided into two main groups: the sectarian "Plain Dutch" and the nonsectarian "Church Dutch" also known as "Fancy Dutch". These classifications highlight differences in religious practices, lifestyle, and degrees of assimilation into broader American society.
1224:
Many Pennsylvanians of German heritage have chosen to assimilate into Anglo-American culture, except for a significant number of Amish and Mennonite plain people who have chosen to remain insular, which has added to the modern misconception that "Pennsylvania Dutch" is synonymous with "Amish."
1587:
The primary differences between these groups lie in their religious practices, lifestyle, language use, and cultural integration. The Plain Dutch are more conservative and focused on maintaining their distinct cultural identity, whereas the Church Dutch are more assimilated and open to modern
1220:
There was rampant social & employment discrimination for anyone suspected of being German. Meritt G. Yorgey, a Pennsylvania Dutch descendant who grew up during the height of anti-German sentiment, remembers the instructions of his father: "Don't ever call yourself "Dutch" or "Pennsylvania
1583:
The Church Dutch, in contrast, belong to more mainstream Protestant denominations such as Lutheran, Reformed, United Church of Christ, and some Methodist and Baptist congregations. This group is more integrated into broader American society and is more likely to adopt modern conveniences and
1193:
Literary German disappeared from Pennsylvania Dutch life little by little, starting with schools, and then to churches and newspapers. Pennsylvania Dutch became mainly a spoken language, and as education came to only be provided in English, many Pennsylvania Dutch became bilingual.
1095:
Pennsylvania Dutch companies sometimes mixed with English-speaking companies. (The Pennsylvania Dutch had the habit of labeling anyone who did not speak Pennsylvania Dutch "English.") Many of the Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers who fought in the Civil War were recruited and trained at
2512:
1216:
The next blow to Pennsylvania Dutch came during World War I and World War II. Prior to the wars, Pennsylvania Dutch was an urban language spoken openly in the streets of towns such as Allentown, Reading, Lancaster and York; afterwards, it became relegated only to rural areas.
787:
as a haven for religious minorities, promised the religious freedom they sought. Economic hardship, marked by war, famine, and limited land access in 17th and 18th century Germany, pushed many to seek a better life in the New World, which offered abundant land and resources.
1738:
Over sixty percent of the immigrants who arrived in Pennsylvania from Germany or Switzerland in the 1700s and 1800s were Lutherans and they maintained good relations with those of the German Reformed Church. The two groups founded Franklin College (now
355:
The Pennsylvania Dutch are either monolingual English speakers or bilingual speakers of both English and the Pennsylvania Dutch language, which is also commonly referred to as Pennsylvania German. Linguistically it consists of a mix of
1779:. Historically, Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania Dutch Jews often had overlapping bonds in German-American business and community life. Due to this historical bond there are several mixed-faith cemeteries in
1481:. Many of the pioneers arriving from Pennsylvania after November 1803 bought land in a sixty thousand-acre section established by a group of Mennonites from Lancaster County Pennsylvania, called the German Company Lands.
783:), Switzerland, and Alsace, moved to the USA seeking better opportunities and a safer, more tolerant environment. Many, including Amish and Mennonites, faced religious persecution in Europe. Pennsylvania, established by
1715:, mostly of the Lutheran, or Evangelical and Reformed churches, who tended to assimilate more easily into the American mainstream. By the late 1700s, other denominations were also represented in smaller numbers.
3998:
1718:
Among immigrants from the 1600s and 1700s, those known as the Pennsylvania Dutch included Mennonites, Swiss Brethren (also called Mennonites by the locals) and Amish but also Anabaptist-Pietists such as
1522:. Berczy arrived with approximately one hundred and ninety German families from Pennsylvania and settled here. Others later moved to other locations in the general area, including a hamlet they founded,
1588:
influences. In time the Fancy Dutch came to control much of the best agricultural lands, ran many newspapers and maintained their German-inspired architecture when founding new towns in Pennsylvania.
1256:, emphasizing German-American immigrant ties to the "Fatherland". The Nazi propaganda effort failed in the Pennsylvania Dutch community, as the Pennsylvania Dutch felt no sense of loyalty to Germany.
1014:
replace local men serving in the Continental Army. Due to shared German heritage and abundance of land, many Hessian soldiers stayed and settled in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country after the war's end.
840:
The Germans who immigrated to the United States saw themselves as related though distinct from later (post-1830) waves of German-speaking immigrants. The Pennsylvania Dutch referred to themselves as
1092:
also had a high percentage of German immigrants and Pennsylvania-born men of German heritage on its rosters; the regiment's K Company was formed with the intent of it being an "all-German company."
832:
be suffered to swarm into our settlements, and by herding together establish their language and manners to the exclusion of ours? Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a colony of
3922:
5247:
5230:
5454:
2363:
802:, were made to work on plantations or perform other work to pay off the costs of the sponsor or shipping company which had advanced the cost of their transatlantic voyage. In 1764, the
447:“deitsch”, which in the Pennsylvania German language refers to the Pennsylvania Dutch or Germans in general. Some authors however, have described this hypothesis as a misapprehension.
1190:
took steps to replace Pennsylvania German schools with English-only schools. The Pennsylvania Dutch fought to retain German as an official language in Pennsylvania to little success.
504:
being most closely related. The language is both commonly referred to as ″Pennsylvania Dutch″ and ″Pennsylvania German″, with the latter being more common in scholarly publications.
3991:
836:, who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of us Anglifying them, and will never adopt our language or customs, any more than they can acquire our complexion.
2965:
1518:, a German entrepreneur and artist, had settled in upstate New York and in May 1794, he was able to obtain sixty-four acres in Markham Township, near the current city of
443:
interpretation commonly found among laypersons and scholars alike is that the “Dutch” in “Pennsylvania Dutch” is a anglicization or corruption of the Pennsylvania German
3984:
6322:
2845:
496:
which have been significantly influenced by English, primarily in terms of vocabulary. Based on dialect features, Pennsylvania Dutch can be classified as a variety of
360:
which have been significantly influenced by English, primarily in terms of vocabulary. Based on dialect features, Pennsylvania Dutch can be classified as a variety of
5946:
3028:
History of the Mohawk Valley, Gateway to the West, 1614-1925 Covering the Six Counties of Schenectady, Schoharie, Montgomery, Fulton, Herkimer, and Oneida · Volume 1
2676: Marianne Sophia Wokeck: Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999, pp. 44-47
6357:
2488:
Joachim Scharloth, Nils Langer, Stephan Elspaß & Wim Vandenbussche: Germanic Language Histories 'from Below' (1700-2000), De Gruyter, 2011, pp. 166.
2317:
Joachim Scharloth, Nils Langer, Stephan Elspaß & Wim Vandenbussche: Germanic Language Histories 'from Below' (1700-2000), De Gruyter, 2011, pp. 166.
6327:
320:, and settled in Pennsylvania during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. While most were from the Palatinate region of Germany, a lesser number were from other
932:
2819:
2135:
4192:
3753:
Donner, William W. " 'Neither Germans nor Englishmen, but Americans': Education, Assimilation, and Ethnicity among Nineteenth Century Pennsylvania Germans,"
6342:
6332:
5506:
3136:
1039:
Corps were utilized in a variety of ways, including intelligence gathering, route security, enemy prisoner of war operations, and even combat during the
1280:
798:
About three fourths of all Germans in Pennsylvania were subject to several years of indentured servitude contracts. These indentured servants, known as
2411:
Nicoline van der Sijs:Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages. Amsterdam University Press, 2009, page 15.
6352:
4621:
3692:
1630:) meaning "it's all gone". They also sometimes leave out the verb in phrases turning "the trash needs to go out" in to "the trash needs out" (German:
3923:"Why the Pennsylvania German still prevails in the eastern section of the State", by George Mays, M.D.. Reading, Pa., Printed by Daniel Miller, 1904
2355:
1554:
3896:
2890:
768:
6139:
1187:
999:, in their brave defense of home, did such valiant service in promoting a love of real freedom to the preserving and hence making of our country.
3797:
2420:
Sally McMurry: Architecture and Landscape of the Pennsylvania Germans, 1720-1920. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated, 2011, page 2.
2076:
1237:
2772:" (biography), in "History, Art & Archives." Washington, D.C.: United States House of Representatives, retrieved online December 18, 2022.
5624:
4106:
3228:
1435:
1052:
972:(1750–1801), a Lutheran pastor, became a major patriot and politician, rising to be elected as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.
6372:
5862:
5418:
1728:
192:
1473:
area adjacent to the northwest. Settlement started in 1800 by Joseph Schoerg and Samuel Betzner, Jr. (brothers-in-law), Mennonites, from
844:
and would refer to Germans who arrived after the period of almost non-existent emigration between 1760 and 1830 from the German lands as
6387:
6192:
5867:
5468:
5427:
4825:
2393:
Robert Hendrickson (2000). The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms. United States of America: Infobase Publishing. p. 723.
2037:
1902:
1089:
1074:
431:
Differing explanations exist on why the Pennsylvania Dutch are referred to as “Dutch”, which typically refers to the inhabitants of the
6018:
6013:
3947:
3813:(University of Pennsylvania Press; 2011) 250 studies their houses, churches, barns, outbuildings, commercial buildings, and landscapes
2497:
Glenn G. Gilbert: Studies in Contact Linguistics: Essays in Honor of Glenn G. Gilbert, Austria, P. Lang, 2006, pp. 130.
918:
6224:
5589:
5137:
4995:
3874:
3825:
3503:
3238:
2571:
2338:
1647:
1165:
904:
454:
predates the emergence of a distinct German national identity, which did not form until the late 18th century. The formation of the
56:
3932:
1150:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
889:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
41:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
4928:
4185:
3617:
1338:
3493:
6377:
5979:
3942:
3194:
1688:
1310:
1051:
prisoners of war prior to their recruitment. Because the provost corps completed many of the same functions as the modern U.S.
196:
1069:
6397:
6337:
5832:
4921:
3627:
3564:
1833:
1764:
1295:
1120:
803:
403:
1740:
1208:
6402:
5657:
5438:
5077:
4915:
4838:
1899:(1864–1944), Labor leader, three-term Pennsylvania House of Representatives member, and two-time Vice Presidential nominee
1757:
1724:
1474:
1317:
1252:
Before World War II, the Nazi Party sought to gain the loyalty of the German-American community, and established pro-Nazi
480:
Although speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch can be found among both sectarians and nonsectarians, most speakers belong to the
3912:
1144:
1088:
Some regiments like the 153rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry were entirely composed of Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers. The
883:
35:
4952:
2299:
Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, pp. 1-2; pp. 60-66; pp. 342-343.
1599:
1040:
305:
277:
99:
1783:, including Allentown's Fairview Cemetery, where German-Americans of both the Jewish and Protestant faiths are buried.
6347:
6219:
6008:
4959:
4178:
4070:
2105:
1780:
475:
172:
73:
5837:
3907:
1767:
have often maintained a special relationship due to their common German language and cultural heritage. Because both
1139:
878:
30:
3854:
Roeber, A. G. "In German Ways? Problems and Potentials of Eighteenth-Century German Social and Emigration History",
2865:
1324:
1085:
had German-speaking or Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking members on their rosters, the majority of whom were Fancy Dutch.
6023:
5614:
5295:
4024:
3619:
Moravian Architecture and Town Planning: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Other Eighteenth-Century American Settlements
3556:
Moravian Architecture and Town Planning: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Other Eighteenth-Century American Settlements
3387:
2823:
2132:
2065:
923:
708:
676:
666:
372:
176:
2697:
America and the Germans, Volume 1: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred Year History--Immigration, Language, Ethnicity
1652:
The Pennsylvania Dutch have some foods that are uncommon outside of places where they live. Some of these include
954:(1702-1782), was a journalist and printer based in Philadelphia, and published an early German translation of the
6392:
6367:
6165:
5893:
5537:
5486:
5094:
4885:
4749:
4723:
4279:
3771:
3364:
Lee C. Hopple, "Spatial organization of the southeastern Pennsylvania plain Dutch group culture region to 1975."
3295:"BUILDING COMMUNITY ON THE FRONTIER : the Mennonite contribution to shaping the Waterloo settlement to 1861"
2053:
1806:
1748:
1023:
497:
361:
5433:
1026:
under Captain Bartholomew von Heer, a Prussian who had served in a similar unit in Europe before immigrating to
6362:
4154:
3294:
1497:
1431:
1423:
1396:
1385:
1306:
1108:
943:
501:
365:
228:
3554:
3144:
3649:
Elizabeth Lewis Pardoe, "Poor children and enlightened citizens: Lutheran education in America, 1748-1800."
6270:
6083:
5738:
5300:
4863:
4116:
3467:
2479:
Michael T. Putnam: Studies on German-Language Islands, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, pp. 375
2442:
2308:
Michael T. Putnam: Studies on German-Language Islands, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, pp. 375
2237:
2131:"It is interesting to note that nearly all men recruited into the Provost Corps were Pennsylvania German." -
1797:
1677:
951:
700:
684:
680:
6187:
6182:
5358:
5193:
5180:
4936:
4856:
4772:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1776:
1752:
1404:
1130:
869:
240:
208:
21:
5670:
2561:
2328:
637:, the use of the Pennsylvania Dutch language declined, except among the more insular and tradition-bound
6382:
5888:
5726:
5368:
5363:
5343:
4988:
4849:
4695:
4638:
4536:
4429:
4334:
4289:
4133:
4101:
4075:
4028:
2905:
1523:
1203:
1027:
696:
692:
626:
5750:
5714:
5312:
4782:
4767:
4521:
1606:
grammar and literally translated vocabulary, some phrases include "outen or out'n the lights" (German:
657:
5687:
2714:
6255:
6028:
5772:
5704:
5692:
5481:
5175:
4757:
4633:
4526:
4462:
4444:
4354:
4339:
4034:
3960:
2619:
Black Communities and Urban Development in America, 1720-1990: The Colonial and early national period
2164:
The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial Pennsylvania A Study of the So-called Pennsylvania Dutch
2111:
2100:
2000:
1861:
1829:
1732:
1720:
1704:
1501:
1485:
1439:
1400:
1364:
1253:
1104:
1064:
969:
928:
792:
780:
492:, speaking both Pennsylvania Dutch and English natively. The Pennsylvania Dutch language is a mix of
406:
325:
236:
116:
5910:
345:
6303:
5972:
5857:
5731:
5697:
5572:
5383:
5348:
4843:
4818:
4501:
4449:
4434:
4384:
4274:
4260:
3696:
2820:"Von Heer's Provost Corps Marechausee: The Army's Military Police. An All Pennsylvania German Unit"
2797:
2727:
2028:
1926:
1914:
1462:
947:
791:
Europe’s, and especially Germany's, political instability, with frequent wars like the devastating
642:
485:
380:
313:
3796:
Larkin, Rian. "Plain, Fancy and Fancy-Plain: The Pennsylvania Dutch in the 21st Century." (2018).
3717:
3526:
950:; the nonviolent Plain Dutch minority did not fight in the war. Heinrich Miller of the Holy Roman
6144:
6122:
5996:
5883:
5852:
5842:
5636:
5557:
5373:
5317:
5252:
5203:
5170:
5158:
5153:
5125:
5089:
4777:
4643:
4611:
4606:
4596:
4586:
4570:
4541:
4531:
4511:
4491:
4405:
4364:
4329:
4215:
4201:
3394:
3322:
2454:
1954:
1760:. The Moravians settled Bethlehem and nearby areas and established schools for Native Americans.
1527:
1493:
1454:
1450:
1415:
1399:-Germantown area of Pennsylvania, emigrated to then colonial Nova Scotia in 1766 and founded the
1233:
1082:
980:
773:
704:
444:
376:
264:
5518:
3377:
Rian Larkin, "Plain, Fancy and Fancy-Plain: The Pennsylvania Dutch in the 21st Century." (2018).
2470:
Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, pp. 3–4.
1735:. Calvinist Palatines and several other denominations were also represented to a lesser extent.
1331:
379:. The main division among Pennsylvania Dutch is that between sectarians (those belonging to the
3678:
Samuel R. Zeiser, "Moravians and Lutherans: Getting beyond the Zinzendorf-Muhlenberg Impasse",
2966:
History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5; prepared in compliance with acts of the legislature
1178:
387:
or related groups) and nonsectarians, sometimes colloquially referred to as ″Church Dutch″ or ″
110:
6177:
6149:
6057:
5631:
5567:
5547:
5542:
5491:
5476:
5423:
5395:
5378:
5322:
5262:
5257:
5163:
4941:
4788:
4738:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4648:
4628:
4616:
4601:
4565:
4551:
4546:
4506:
4496:
4475:
4470:
4455:
4439:
4415:
4410:
4374:
4359:
4349:
4308:
4266:
4252:
3870:
3821:
3775:
3623:
3560:
3499:
3234:
2904:(2). Fort Leonard Wood: Military Police Regimental Association: 8. Spring 2015. Archived from
2839:
2567:
2334:
2059:
1932:
1470:
1458:
1103:
Pennsylvania Dutch regiments composed a large portion of the Federal Forces who fought in the
1048:
1044:
1006:
936:
817:
2685:
Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.3-4
5847:
5827:
5805:
5709:
5619:
5604:
5594:
5577:
5532:
5524:
5496:
5400:
5353:
5338:
5272:
5240:
5213:
5208:
5118:
4981:
4875:
4703:
4669:
4591:
4400:
4369:
4344:
4303:
4284:
4225:
4111:
4085:
4065:
4055:
3976:
3758:
3721:
3654:
3588:
3416:
3084:
2087:
1942:
1872:
1594:
1509:
1446:
1427:
779:
The Pennsylvania Dutch, primarily German-speaking immigrants from Germany (particularly the
712:
3085:"Biography – SIMCOE, JOHN GRAVES – Volume V (1801–1820) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
2384:
Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2
1775:
languages, there are strong similarities between the two languages and a limited degree of
6285:
6275:
6245:
5665:
5562:
5552:
5513:
5185:
5099:
5082:
5055:
4812:
4796:
4743:
4689:
4557:
4516:
4379:
4313:
4220:
4008:
2139:
2042:
1969:
1896:
1887:(1922–2014), Hall of Fame baseball player and Pittsburgh Pirates and New York Mets legend.
1489:
1478:
1466:
1419:
1389:
1241:
849:
672:
489:
481:
321:
204:
200:
2784:
Papers Read Before the Herkimer County Historical Society During the Years... Volumes 1-2
1683:
The Pennsylvania Dutch maintain numerous religious affiliations; the greatest number are
3765:
3520:
3264:
3202:
1055:, it is considered a predecessor of the current United States Military Police Regiment.
6088:
5965:
5305:
5290:
5267:
5223:
5189:
5130:
5027:
4762:
4295:
4149:
4060:
3834:(1957). 890pp; comprehensive review of German influence on Americans esp 19th century.
2014:
1844:
1817:
1802:
1793:
1731:
congregations. Other settlers of that era were of the Moravian Church while a few were
1707:. The Anabaptist groups espoused a simple lifestyle, and their adherents were known as
1558:
1515:
996:
962:. Miller, having Swiss ancestry, often wrote about Swiss history and myth, such as the
813:
732:
463:
436:
395:
256:
224:
148:
3667:
Missionary of moderation: Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the Lutheran Church in America
816:
held much anti-Palatine sentiment in the Pennsylvania Colony. Below is a quotation of
649:
remains the largest ancestry claimed by Pennsylvanians, according to the 2008 census.
6316:
5760:
5643:
5235:
5218:
5197:
5043:
4121:
3835:
2047:
1978:
1920:
1838:
1811:
992:
799:
728:
688:
517:
455:
451:
426:
301:
220:
152:
2969:, Vol. I, pp. 1150-1190. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: B. Singerly, State Printer, 1869.
1380:
1359:
975:
6280:
6260:
6240:
6044:
5609:
5111:
4238:
4159:
4080:
4050:
1948:
1936:
1890:
1878:
1708:
1570:
1505:
963:
784:
638:
634:
293:
3166:
2664:
German Footprints in America, Four Centuries of Immigration and Cultural Influence
1043:. The Marechausee also provided security for Washington's headquarters during the
645:. Many German cultural practices continue in Pennsylvania in the present-day, and
3948:
Several digitized books on Pennsylvania Dutch arts and crafts, design, and prints
3818:
Foreigners in Their Own Land: Pennsylvania Germans in the Early American Republic
1981:(1696–1760), colonial diplomat between Pennsylvania and Native American nations.
6197:
6093:
6049:
6039:
5939:
5387:
3865:
Von Feilitzsch, Heinrich Carl Philipp; Bartholomai, Christian Friedrich (1997).
2979:
2769:
2070:
1884:
1866:
1772:
1712:
1684:
1657:
1653:
1566:
1531:
1449:
and Pennsylvania moved north to Canada, primarily to the area that would become
1269:
1097:
1035:
630:
493:
432:
388:
357:
341:
260:
188:
2709:
John B. Stoudt "The German Press in Pennsylvania and the American Revolution."
2242:
Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Acquisition, attrition and change
966:
legend, to provide a context for patriot support in the conflict with Britain.
6265:
6250:
6116:
5743:
5680:
5104:
3849:
Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America
2402:
Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, p.16.
1990:
1857:
1823:
1696:
1692:
1287:
422:
156:
3767:
The German Allied Troops in the North American War of Independence, 1776–1783
1660:, pepper cabbage, filling and jello salads such as strawberry pretzel salad.
6298:
6202:
5501:
5034:
4833:
4730:
1908:
744:
410:
337:
252:
212:
2998:
A Civil War History of the 47th Regiment of Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers
512:
speakers orientate themselves on both German and English spelling systems.
3891:
3832:
German Culture in America: Philosophical and Literary Influences 1600–1900
3109:
946:. The Fancy Dutch population generally supported the Patriot cause in the
5765:
5755:
4891:
4709:
4421:
3352:
In Search of Promised Lands: A Religious History of Mennonites in Ontario
2997:
2081:
748:
740:
720:
716:
144:
140:
2563:
Foreigners in their own land: Pennsylvania Germans in the early republic
2330:
Foreigners in their own land: Pennsylvania Germans in the early republic
6170:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5787:
5777:
5004:
4128:
3859:
2458:
2094:
1768:
1519:
1484:
Fewer of the Pennsylvania Dutch settled in what would later become the
1408:
752:
736:
646:
317:
309:
289:
232:
160:
136:
3791:
1763:
In Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania Dutch
6207:
5903:
5898:
5675:
5582:
4716:
4170:
3495:
Making Authentic Pennsylvania Dutch Furniture: With Measured Drawings
1543:
942:
The Pennsylvania Dutch composed nearly half of the population of the
661:
Diagram indicating Pennsylvania Dutch settlement in the United States
349:
333:
297:
3869:. Translated by Burgoyne, Bruce E. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books.
3167:"The Walter Bean Grand River Trail – Waterloo County: The Beginning"
3937:
3786:
Grubb, Farley. "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820",
2954:. United States of America: Stackpole Books. pp. 5, 6, 9, 216.
2547:
A Pennsylvania Dutch Boy And the Truth About the Pennsylvania Dutch
987:
The Pennyslvania Dutch contribution to the war effort was notable:
6212:
5988:
5719:
4231:
1700:
1673:
1667:
1553:
1379:
1358:
1207:
1177:
1068:
974:
922:
767:
675:
and in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, a large area that includes
656:
399:
384:
329:
216:
3965:
3933:
FamilyHart Pennsylvania Dutch Genealogy Family Pages and Database
3811:
Architecture and Landscape of the Pennsylvania Germans, 1720–1920
3441:
1081:
Nearly all of the regiments from Pennsylvania that fought in the
711:. Smaller enclaves include Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking areas in
5915:
5782:
4973:
3779:
1614:) meaning "turn off the lights", "it's gonna make wet" (German:
1477:. Other settlers followed mostly from Pennsylvania typically by
724:
459:
132:
5961:
4977:
4174:
3980:
3943:
Pennsylvania Dutch Family History, Genealogy, Culture, and Life
3927:
2356:"At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire"
1263:
1124:
863:
15:
3060:. United States of America: Infobase Publishing. p. 724.
2257:
The House of the Black Ring: A Romance of the Seven Mountains
2194:
Pennsylvania Germans An Interpretive Encyclopedia · Volume 63
1893:(1820–1892), sea captain, shipowner, shipbuilder, businessman
1438:. Today, the Pennsylvania Dutch language is mostly spoken by
1212:
An Anti-German sign reading "No German customers wanted here"
991:
In the marked influence for right and freedom of these early
3918:
German-American Heritage Museum of the USA in Washington, DC
2984:
47th Pennsylvania Volunteers: One Civil War Regiment's Story
2604:
Bridging the Chesapeake, A 'Fool Idea' That Unified Maryland
2549:. United States of America: Xlibris US. pp. 17, 18, 19.
1929:(1888–1941), composer, film director, producer, screenwriter
371:
Geographically, Pennsylvania Dutch are largely found in the
439:, which is only distantly related to Pennsylvania German.
3013:
Gettysburg Unearthed: The Excavation of a Haunted History
1526:, named for its grist mill; that community is now called
1512:
were higher profile settlers in Markham and Stouffville.
91:
5957:
2782:
A. T. Smith; Herkimer County Historical Society (1899).
2433:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 241
1622:) meaning "it's going to rain", and "it's all" (German:
1430:, and particularly in the northern areas of the current
860:
Pennsylvania Dutch during the American Revolutionary War
394:
Notable Americans of Pennsylvania Dutch descent include
3917:
3589:"Pennsylvania's Crazy Quilt of German Religious Groups"
3417:"Pennsylvania's Crazy Quilt of German Religious Groups"
3137:"Kitchener-Waterloo Ontario History – To Confederation"
2755:: A Revolutionary Journalist's Use of the Swiss Past",
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
1966:(1871–1932), businessman, son of Clement Studebaker Sr.
1561:
meeting Amish and Mennonites in Lancaster, Pennsylvania
1291:
3806:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016.
3388:"African Americans and the German Language in America"
3030:. United States of America: S. J. Clarke. p. 475.
1598:
noted a community of "Pennsylvania German Negroes" in
822:
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind (1751)
820:'s complaints about the Palatine refugees in his work
3902:
3804:
Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language
3058:
The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms
3015:. United States of America: AuthorHouse. p. 172.
2589:
Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language
931:
in 1777, Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers fought with the
6233:
6158:
6132:
5995:
5930:
5876:
5798:
5656:
5467:
5447:
5411:
5331:
5283:
5146:
5070:
5063:
5054:
5011:
4908:
4805:
4657:
4579:
4484:
4393:
4322:
4208:
4142:
4094:
4043:
4016:
3844:(2nd ed 1982); massive listing, but no annotations.
3718:"GERMAN JEWS' TIES WITH PA. DUTCH EXPLORED IN TALK"
3131:
3129:
3127:
2591:. United States of America: JHU Press. p. 404.
2333:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 13.
1022:Pennsylvania Dutch were recruited for the American
246:
182:
166:
124:
89:
3748:Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia
2507:American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau.
1422:, in the Township of Waterloo, which later became
3842:Bibliography of German Culture in America to 1940
3345:
3343:
3189:
3187:
2666:. McFarland Incorporated Publishers. p. 155.
2636:. Germantown Historical Society. pp. 12, 13.
2222:United States. Department of Agriculture (1918).
1875:(1729–1804), first Treasurer of the United States
1434:. Some members of the two communities formed the
1182:Pennsylvania Dutch have a long literary tradition
806:was founded to protect the German redemptioners.
520:(1873-1950) on how to spell Pennsylvania German:
3790:Vol. 20, No. 3 (Winter, 1990), pp. 417–436
3045:. United States of America: Arcadia. p. 22.
2866:"Bartholomew von Heer and the Marechausse Corps"
2244:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 11.
488:. Nearly all Amish and Mennonites are naturally
3938:Alsatian Roots of Pennsylvania Dutch Firestones
3928:The Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center
3680:Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society
3272:Waterloo Historical Society 1930 Annual Meeting
3001:. Allentown, Pennsylvania: L. G. Schmidt, 1986.
2699:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 51.
1002:
989:
826:
450:The migration of the Pennsylvania Dutch to the
2952:Damn Dutch: Pennsylvania Germans at Gettysburg
2950:David L. Valuska, Christian B. Keller (2004).
2711:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
2211:. Organization of American States. p. 21.
2179:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2003
1911:(1711–1787), physician in the Continental Army
1384:Many Pennsylvania Dutch Mennonites arrived in
5973:
5641:
4989:
4186:
3992:
3950:from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
3746:Bronner, Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown, eds.
2226:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 5.
1075:79th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment
671:The Pennsylvania Dutch live primarily in the
8:
5937:
5109:
5041:
5025:
5018:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2844:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2509:"American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates"
2196:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 3.
1869:(1935–2015), celebrity chef, cookbook author
1826:(1748–1829), Representative for Pennsylvania
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1296:introducing citations to additional sources
84:
5947:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
3809:McMurry, Sally, and Nancy Van Dolsen, eds.
2822:. The Continental Line, Inc. Archived from
2649:The Past as Prelude: New Orleans, 1718-1968
2181:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 92.
1445:From 1800 to the 1830s, some Mennonites in
619:you just follow whatever model you please.
72:For the language spoken by this group, see
5980:
5966:
5958:
5067:
5060:
4996:
4982:
4974:
4193:
4179:
4171:
3999:
3985:
3977:
3840:Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schult.
2859:
2857:
2855:
2813:
2811:
2447:The Eve of German Nationalism (1789–1812).
2274:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 105.
2192:Joshua R. Brown; Simon J. Bronner (2017).
1945:(1788–1848), 10th Governor of Pennsylvania
1602:for whom German was their first language.
1488:in areas that would later be the towns of
597:in beautiful Pennsylvania Dutch language!
583:Sag mir mal, wie sollen wir buchstabieren,
539:Sag mir mal, wie sollen wir buchstabieren?
109:
83:
3525:. J.B. Lippincott & Company. p.
2224:Weekly News Letter to Crop Correspondents
1951:(1759–1813), 3rd Governor of Pennsylvania
1923:(1780–1869), 8th Governor of Pennsylvania
1854:– 1730), miller, author, Mennonite bishop
1198:Anti-German sentiment and Americanization
1166:Learn how and when to remove this message
1111:, the bloodiest battle of the Civil War.
905:Learn how and when to remove this message
69:Ethnic group of the eastern United States
57:Learn how and when to remove this message
3858:, Oct 1987, Vol. 44 Issue 4, pp 750–774
3750:(Johns Hopkins UP, 2017), xviii, 554 pp.
3548:
3546:
3538:Seventh Day Baptists pennsylvania dutch.
3519:Gibbons, Phebe Earle (August 28, 1882).
3222:
3220:
2453:Bd. 12, Nr. 2, S. 256–284, hier S. 257 (
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
1771:and the Pennsylvania Dutch language are
1286:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1005:war of the American Revolution, notably
679:, in the area stretching in an arc from
553:That always makes a bit of an argument.
514:
6323:German-American culture in Pennsylvania
6140:List of U.S. states by Amish population
5527:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
5521:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
3913:Overview of Pennsylvania German Culture
3616:Murtagh, William J. (August 28, 1967).
3553:Murtagh, William J. (August 28, 1967).
3259:
3257:
2885:
2883:
2695:Frank Trommler, Joseph McVeigh (2016).
2621:. Gardland Publisher. pp. 63, 228.
2511:. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from
2154:
2124:
1059:Pennsylvania Dutch during the Civil War
586:Tell me, how should you orthographize,
324:areas of Germany and Europe, including
3961:Deitscherei.org—Fer der Deitsch Wandel
3522:"Pennsylvania Dutch": And Other Essays
2980:About the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers
2837:
2632:Pennsylvania State University (1978).
2077:Fraktur (Pennsylvania German folk art)
1905:(1816–1881), 4th Governor of Minnesota
1881:(1885–1966), actress, gossip columnist
1860:(1750–1818), auctioneer, organizer of
1530:, in the township that is now part of
1469:in Waterloo County, Ontario, plus the
1260:Pennsylvania Dutch during World War II
572:schieben wir gerade mal auf die Seite.
6358:German-Jewish culture in Pennsylvania
3195:"History of Markham, Ontario, Canada"
2770:Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus Conrad
1638:), in alignment with German grammar.
1436:Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference
1426:. Some still live in the area around
1229:Pennsylvania Dutch during World War I
1186:Immediately after the Civil War, the
772:A portrayal of colonial Palatines in
605:Brauchen wir keine Zeit zu verlieren,
536:Saagt mer mol, wie soll mer schpelle.
7:
6328:German diaspora in the United States
3788:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
3622:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3559:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3227:Ruprecht, Tony (December 14, 2010).
2868:. Journal of the American Revolution
550:Das macht immer ein bisschen Streit;
308:region. They largely originate from
125:Regions with significant populations
6193:List of Amish and their descendants
3774:. Joel Munsell's Sons, Albany, NY.
3492:Shea, John G. (December 27, 2012).
3468:"The Germans Come to North America"
3274:. Waterloo Historical Society. 1930
2757:Yearbook of German-American Studies
2038:List of Amish and their descendants
1090:47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
848:, literally "Germany-ers", compare
580:Saagt, wie soll mer buchschtawiere,
6343:Culture of Lancaster, Pennsylvania
6333:German-Canadian culture in Ontario
2606:. Archway Publishing. p. 426.
2354:Elliott, Hannah (March 26, 2012).
2272:Folk Music: A Regional Exploration
1367:was of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry
919:Germans in the American Revolution
641:, such as the Old Order Amish and
569:schiebt mer graad mol uf die Seit.
564:What you don't want to deal with,
542:So tell me, how should you spell?
14:
6225:Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch
3971:The Pennsylvania German Newspaper
3072:The Settlers of Monckton Township
2818:Valuska, David L., Ph.D. (2007).
2651:. Pelican Publishing. p. 37.
2366:from the original on May 27, 2012
1723:and those who belonged to German
1648:Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch
1115:Decline of the Pennsylvania Dutch
1033:During the Revolutionary War the
613:macht mer's ewwe yuscht so nooch.
594:in der schönen deutschen Sprache!
6353:German diaspora in North America
6297:
3908:Lancaster County tourism website
3890:
3693:"Yiddish and Pennsylvania Dutch"
3074:, Omemee ON: 250th Publications.
2864:Ruppert, Bob (October 1, 2014).
2798:"Lititz – Keeping History Alive"
2451:Journal of the History of Ideas.
2259:. Penn State Press. p. 218.
2021:
2007:
1993:
1395:An early group, mainly from the
1279:relies largely or entirely on a
1268:
1221:German." You're just American."
1129:
1077:, composed of Pennsylvania Dutch
1018:Pennsylvania Dutch Provost Corps
868:
616:machen wir es eben just so nach.
602:Brauch mer noh ke Zeit verliere,
591:in de scheene deitsche Schproch!
547:Sel macht immer bissel Schtreit;
409:, and the family of businessman
20:
6001:(by number of church districts)
3903:The Pennsylvania German Society
3897:German diaspora in Pennsylvania
3323:"York County (Ontario, Canada)"
2786:. Macmillan. pp. 171, 300.
2751:A. G.. Roeber, "Henry Miller's
2634:Germantown Crier, Volumes 30-32
2209:Americas (English Ed.) Volume 8
2207:University of Michigan (1956).
1841:(1822–1909), writer, translator
1820:(1849–1925), writer, journalist
1741:Franklin & Marshall College
1414:After the American Revolution,
1411:clan descends from this group.
751:, and the Canadian province of
575:you just push off to the side.
561:was wir nun nicht haben wollen,
304:, most predominantly in the US
3867:Diaries of Two Ansbach Jaegers
3536:– via Internet Archive.
3354:. MennoMedia, Inc. p. 14.
3110:"Ontario's Mennonite Heritage"
3043:The Pennsylvania Dutch Country
2545:Merritt George Yorgey (2008).
1834:President of the United States
1751:resolved them. The arrival of
1121:German Society of Pennsylvania
804:German Society of Pennsylvania
608:No point in wasting any time,
1:
4253:German Mennonites from Russia
3442:"What is Pennsylvania Dutch?"
2732:immigrantentrepreneurship.org
2560:Steven M. Nolt (March 2008).
2327:Steven M. Nolt (March 2008).
2166:. Abigdon Press. p. 254.
1848:
1814:(1873–1950), poet, playwright
1758:Franklin and Marshall College
1475:Franklin County, Pennsylvania
3856:William & Mary Quarterly
3820:, Penn State U. Press, 2002
3770:. Translated from German by
2240:; Joseph C. Salmons (2015).
1917:(1878–1956), writer, scholar
1796:(1759–1808), founder of the
558:was ner nau net hawwe welle,
368:being most closely related.
6373:Mennonitism in Pennsylvania
6220:Pennsylvania Dutch language
5428:Alsatians and Lotharingians
3056:Robert Hendrickson (2000).
2930:Donald B. Kraybill (2003).
2891:"Order of the Marechaussee"
2662:Sudie Doggett Wike (2022).
2429:Hostetler, John A. (1993),
2177:William J. Frawley (2003).
2106:Old German Baptist Brethren
1972:(1833–1917), co-founder of
1957:(1831–1901), co-founder of
1805:(1949–present), founder of
1376:Canadian Pennsylvania Dutch
956:Declaration of Independence
476:Pennsylvania Dutch language
74:Pennsylvania Dutch language
6419:
6388:Pennsylvania Dutch culture
4850:Alabama Creoles and Cajuns
3682:, 1994, Vol. 28, pp. 15–29
3350:Samuel J. Steiner (2015).
3141:Kitchener.foundlocally.com
3011:John G. Sabol Jr. (2007).
2617:Kenneth L. Kusmer (1991).
2255:Fred Lewis Pattee (2015).
2138:November 27, 2022, at the
2066:Michael Werner (publisher)
1711:; this contrasts with the
1645:
1564:
1201:
1118:
1062:
960:Philadelphische Staatsbote
916:
677:South Central Pennsylvania
667:Pennsylvania Dutch Country
664:
473:
420:
373:Pennsylvania Dutch Country
177:Pennsylvania Dutch English
71:
6294:
6166:Amish religious practices
6080:Jamesport/Bloomfield (MO)
4826:White Hispanic and Latino
3764:Eelking, Max von (1893).
3639:– via Google Books.
3576:– via Google Books.
3508:– via Google Books.
3250:– via Google Books.
2759:, 1990, Vol. 25, pp 57–76
2054:Helen Reimensnyder Martin
1749:Henry Melchior Muhlenberg
1538:Canadian Black Mennonites
979:Nicholas Herkimer at the
288:, are an ethnic group in
251:
187:
171:
129:
108:
4773:Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots
4155:Kiautschou German pidgin
4107:Argentinian Swiss German
2934:. JHU Press. p. 45.
2050:, historian and linguist
1691:with a lesser number of
1498:Markham Village, Ontario
1424:Waterloo County, Ontario
1386:Waterloo County, Ontario
1109:Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
958:(1776) in his newspaper
944:Province of Pennsylvania
502:Palatine German dialects
366:Palatine German dialects
6304:Christianity portal
6271:Literature on the Amish
5448:Multinational dimension
3665:Leonard R. Riforgiato,
3498:. Courier Corporation.
2932:The Amish and the State
2587:Mark L. Louden (2016).
2238:Janne Bondi Johannessen
2101:Schwenkfeldian (church)
1798:Evangelical Association
1721:German Baptist Brethren
1138:Some of this article's
952:Principality of Waldeck
877:Some of this article's
653:Geographic distribution
284:), also referred to as
282:Pennsylvanisch Deitsche
281:
93:Pennsylvanisch Deitsche
92:
29:Some of this article's
6378:North Carolina culture
6188:Women in Amish society
6183:Health among the Amish
5938:
5642:
5369:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5110:
5042:
5026:
5019:
3955:In Pennsylvania German
3757:75.2 (2008): 197-226.
3653:68.2 (2001): 162-201.
3293:Elizabeth Bloomfield.
3171:www.walterbeantrail.ca
3041:Irwin Richman (2004).
3026:Nelson Greene (1925).
2802:lancastercountymag.com
2602:David W. Guth (2017).
1974:Studebaker Corporation
1964:Clement Studebaker Jr.
1959:Studebaker Corporation
1807:Auntie Anne's Pretzels
1777:mutual intelligibility
1753:John Christopher Kunze
1729:German Reformed Church
1680:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1562:
1405:Moncton, New Brunswick
1403:, site of present-day
1392:
1368:
1254:German-American Bunden
1238:27th Infantry Division
1213:
1183:
1078:
1011:
1001:
984:
939:
853:
838:
776:
764:Immigration to America
662:
310:German-speaking people
209:Church of the Brethren
6398:West Virginia culture
6338:Amish in Pennsylvania
4029:Namibian Black German
4011:spoken outside Europe
3587:Donald F. Durnbaugh.
3415:Donald F. Durnbaugh.
3366:Pennsylvania Folklife
2986:. Pennsylvania: 2014.
1671:
1557:
1524:German Mills, Ontario
1383:
1362:
1211:
1204:Anti-German sentiment
1202:Further information:
1181:
1119:Further information:
1072:
1063:Further information:
1053:Military Police Corps
1041:Battle of Springfield
1028:Reading, Pennsylvania
978:
926:
917:Further information:
771:
660:
627:anti-German sentiment
421:Further information:
296:and other regions of
265:Missouri Rhinelanders
247:Related ethnic groups
6403:Pennsylvania culture
6256:Amish preaching soup
5868:United Arab Emirates
5176:Transylvanian Saxons
4463:Norwegian Minnesotan
4143:Asia and the Pacific
3899:at Wikimedia Commons
3755:Pennsylvania History
3651:Pennsylvania History
3230:Toronto's Many Faces
3070:Bowser, Les (2016).
2826:on November 27, 2022
2515:on February 11, 2020
2162:Oscar Kuhns (2009).
2001:United States portal
1830:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1733:Seventh Day Baptists
1634:der Abfall muss raus
1610:die Lichter loeschen
1502:Stouffville, Ontario
1486:Greater Toronto Area
1440:Old Order Mennonites
1401:Township of Monckton
1365:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1307:"Pennsylvania Dutch"
1292:improve this article
1105:Battle of Gettysburg
1065:Battle of Gettysburg
1030:, prior to the war.
970:Frederick Muhlenberg
937:Pennsylvania Militia
929:Battle of Germantown
643:Old Order Mennonites
486:Old Order Mennonites
407:Dwight D. Eisenhower
286:Pennsylvania Germans
130:German Pennsylvania
117:Flag of Pennsylvania
6068:New Wilmington (PA)
5455:Central and Eastern
5359:Italy (South Tyrol)
4819:Non-Hispanic whites
4122:Paraná Volga German
3830:Pochmann, Henry A.
3697:Yiddish Book Center
3368:29.1 (1979): 13-26.
3205:on January 15, 2013
2911:on December 8, 2015
2270:Norm Cohen (2005).
2029:Philadelphia portal
1927:Victor Schertzinger
1915:Harry Hess Reichard
1592:An 1892 article in
1508:and brother-in-law
1236:of New York in the
1073:Battle flag of the
948:American Revolution
525:Pennsylvania German
521:
402:food conglomerate,
381:Old Order Mennonite
278:Pennsylvania German
241:Jehovah's Witnesses
100:Pennsylvania German
86:
6348:Culture of Ontario
6098:Fredericktown (OH)
5600:Pennsylvania Dutch
4844:French Louisianian
4246:Pennsylvania Dutch
4202:European Americans
4071:Pennsylvania Dutch
3395:Max Kade Institute
3112:. Wampumkeeper.com
2647:H. Carter (1968).
1955:Clement Studebaker
1832:(1890–1969), 34th
1681:
1563:
1528:Thornhill, Ontario
1494:Pickering, Ontario
1416:John Graves Simcoe
1393:
1369:
1240:broke through the
1214:
1188:federal government
1184:
1083:American Civil War
1079:
1045:Battle of Yorktown
985:
981:Battle of Oriskany
940:
777:
663:
515:
377:Ohio Amish Country
274:Pennsylvania Dutch
173:Pennsylvania Dutch
85:Pennsylvania Dutch
6310:
6309:
6178:Amish way of life
6110:Missouri/Illinois
6002:
5955:
5954:
5926:
5925:
5463:
5462:
5263:Russian Mennonite
4971:
4970:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4942:White Southerners
4931:
4924:
4899:
4894:
4878:
4871:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4828:
4821:
4791:
4752:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4698:
4560:
4465:
4458:
4456:Norwegian Dakotan
4424:
4298:
4269:
4267:Hungarian Ohioans
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4168:
4167:
3895:Media related to
3772:J. G. Rosengarten
2978:Snyder, Laurie. "
2713:59 (1938): 74–90
2060:Anna Balmer Myers
1933:Evelyn Ay Sempier
1862:Fries's Rebellion
1496:, and especially
1357:
1356:
1342:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1007:Nicholas Herkimer
915:
914:
907:
818:Benjamin Franklin
793:Thirty Years' War
781:Palatinate region
774:Fraktur art style
691:westward through
623:
622:
398:, founder of the
326:Baden-Württemberg
270:
269:
257:Ohio Rhinelanders
67:
66:
59:
6410:
6393:Virginia culture
6368:Maryland culture
6302:
6301:
6054:Dover (Delaware)
6014:Elkhart-LaGrange
6000:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5959:
5943:
5894:Papua New Guinea
5732:Kapitaï and Koba
5698:Kapitaï and Koba
5647:
5525:Los Lagos Region
5507:British Columbia
5115:
5068:
5061:
5047:
5031:
5022:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4975:
4958:
4951:
4946:
4927:
4920:
4897:
4890:
4876:Creoles of color
4874:
4869:
4864:Louisiana Creole
4862:
4855:
4848:
4824:
4817:
4787:
4748:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4694:
4556:
4485:Southeast Europe
4461:
4454:
4420:
4294:
4265:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4172:
4112:Brazilian German
4102:Alemán Coloniero
4086:Wisconsin German
4066:Hutterite German
4001:
3994:
3987:
3978:
3967:Hiwwe wie Driwwe
3894:
3880:
3802:Louden, Mark L.
3783:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3722:The Morning Call
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3689:
3683:
3676:
3670:
3663:
3657:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3596:Journals.psu.edu
3593:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3421:Journals.psu.edu
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3392:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3269:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3201:. Archived from
3191:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3143:. Archived from
3133:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3081:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3002:
2995:Schmidt, Lewis.
2993:
2987:
2976:
2970:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2895:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2861:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2773:
2766:
2760:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2728:"Henrich Miller"
2723:
2717:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2142:
2133:David L. Valuska
2129:
2088:Hiwwe wie Driwwe
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1943:Francis R. Shunk
1873:Michael Hillegas
1853:
1850:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1595:The New York Sun
1510:Abraham Stouffer
1479:Conestoga wagons
1447:Upstate New York
1428:Markham, Ontario
1407:. The extensive
1390:Conestoga wagons
1352:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1300:
1272:
1264:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1133:
1125:
1100:, Pennsylvania.
910:
903:
899:
896:
890:
872:
864:
522:
498:Rhine Franconian
362:Rhine Franconian
113:
103:
95:
87:
62:
55:
51:
48:
42:
24:
16:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6363:Indiana culture
6313:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6296:
6290:
6276:Amish Mennonite
6246:Amish furniture
6229:
6154:
6128:
6104:Kansas/Oklahoma
5999:
5991:
5986:
5956:
5951:
5922:
5872:
5794:
5652:
5519:Los Ríos Region
5459:
5443:
5407:
5332:Southern Europe
5327:
5301:North Schleswig
5284:Northern Europe
5279:
5142:
5083:Sudeten Germans
5050:
5007:
5002:
4972:
4967:
4904:
4886:French Canadian
4813:White Americans
4806:Other Europeans
4801:
4750:Irish Traveller
4653:
4580:Southern Europe
4575:
4480:
4394:Northern Europe
4389:
4318:
4280:Liechtensteiner
4204:
4199:
4169:
4164:
4138:
4090:
4056:Alsatian German
4039:
4035:Nataler Deutsch
4025:Namibian German
4012:
4005:
3887:
3877:
3864:
3763:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3677:
3673:
3664:
3660:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3531:
3529:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3472:Anabaptists.org
3466:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3147:on May 25, 2017
3135:
3134:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2994:
2990:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2726:Patrick Erben.
2725:
2724:
2720:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2543:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2279:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2140:Wayback Machine
2130:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2043:German American
2027:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1970:John Studebaker
1897:James H. Maurer
1851:
1789:
1689:German Reformed
1666:
1650:
1644:
1573:
1565:Main articles:
1552:
1540:
1490:Altona, Ontario
1432:Waterloo Region
1420:Haldimand Tract
1378:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1301:
1299:
1285:
1273:
1262:
1250:
1248:Interwar period
1242:Hindenburg Line
1231:
1206:
1200:
1172:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1134:
1123:
1117:
1067:
1061:
1020:
921:
911:
900:
894:
891:
888:
873:
862:
828:Why should the
814:Anglo-Americans
766:
761:
673:Delaware Valley
669:
655:
528:Standard German
494:German dialects
482:Old Order Amish
478:
472:
429:
419:
358:German dialects
346:Alsace–Lorraine
322:German-speaking
229:Yorker Brethren
197:German Reformed
175:
131:
120:
104:
97:
82:
77:
70:
63:
52:
46:
43:
40:
25:
12:
11:
5:
6416:
6414:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6315:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6119:
6117:Tobe Hostetler
6114:
6111:
6108:
6107:Milverton (ON)
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6055:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6029:Swartzentruber
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6005:
6003:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5962:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5911:German Samoans
5908:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5891:
5886:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5690:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5522:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5439:United Kingdom
5436:
5431:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5412:Western Europe
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5306:Potato Germans
5303:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5241:North Caucasus
5238:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5183:
5178:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5147:Eastern Europe
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5107:
5102:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5078:Czech Republic
5074:
5072:
5071:Central Europe
5065:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5028:Reichsdeutsche
5023:
5020:Bundesdeutsche
5015:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4925:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4872:
4860:
4853:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4658:Western Europe
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4323:Eastern Europe
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4209:Central Europe
4206:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4150:Barossa German
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4061:Bernese German
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4033:South Africa:
4031:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3886:
3885:External links
3883:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3862:
3852:
3847:Roeber, A. G.
3845:
3838:
3828:
3816:Nolt, Steven,
3814:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3784:
3761:
3751:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3709:
3684:
3671:
3658:
3642:
3628:
3608:
3579:
3565:
3542:
3511:
3504:
3484:
3459:
3448:. May 24, 2014
3433:
3407:
3379:
3370:
3357:
3339:
3314:
3285:
3253:
3239:
3216:
3199:Guidingstar.ca
3183:
3158:
3123:
3101:
3076:
3063:
3048:
3033:
3018:
3003:
2988:
2971:
2957:
2937:
2922:
2879:
2851:
2807:
2789:
2774:
2761:
2744:
2718:
2702:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2654:
2639:
2624:
2609:
2594:
2579:
2572:
2566:. p. 13.
2552:
2526:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2435:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2346:
2339:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2277:
2262:
2247:
2229:
2214:
2199:
2184:
2169:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2018:
2015:Germany portal
2004:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1903:Stephen Miller
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1845:Heinrich Funck
1842:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1818:Solomon DeLong
1815:
1809:
1803:Anne F. Beiler
1800:
1794:Jacob Albright
1790:
1788:
1787:Notable people
1785:
1665:
1662:
1646:Main article:
1643:
1640:
1600:Lebanon County
1559:George W. Bush
1551:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1516:William Berczy
1377:
1374:
1355:
1354:
1290:. Please help
1276:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1249:
1246:
1234:Palatine Dutch
1230:
1227:
1199:
1196:
1174:
1173:
1140:listed sources
1137:
1135:
1128:
1116:
1113:
1060:
1057:
1019:
1016:
913:
912:
879:listed sources
876:
874:
867:
861:
858:
830:Palatine boors
765:
762:
760:
757:
733:North Carolina
665:Main article:
654:
651:
621:
620:
617:
614:
610:
609:
606:
603:
599:
598:
595:
592:
588:
587:
584:
581:
577:
576:
573:
570:
566:
565:
562:
559:
555:
554:
551:
548:
544:
543:
540:
537:
533:
532:
529:
526:
474:Main article:
471:
468:
464:semantic shift
462:resulted in a
437:Dutch language
418:
415:
404:U.S. President
396:Henry J. Heinz
268:
267:
249:
248:
244:
243:
225:River Brethren
185:
184:
180:
179:
169:
168:
164:
163:
149:North Carolina
127:
126:
122:
121:
114:
106:
105:
90:
80:
68:
65:
64:
31:listed sources
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6415:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6305:
6300:
6293:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:Somerset (PA)
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6062:Nappanee (IN)
6061:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6050:Swiss (Allen)
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6040:Swiss (Adams)
6038:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5978:
5976:
5971:
5969:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:Dar es Salaam
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5646:
5645:
5644:Colonia Tovar
5640:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5595:United States
5593:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5291:Baltic states
5289:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5045:
5044:Volksdeutsche
5040:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5005:German people
4999:
4994:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4930:
4929:San Francisco
4926:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:Luxembourgian
4756:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4558:Alaskan Serbs
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:South America
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:North America
4042:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4007:Varieties of
4002:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3876:0-7884-0655-8
3872:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:0-271-02199-3
3823:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3612:
3609:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3580:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3505:9780486157627
3501:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3485:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3396:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3242:
3240:9781459718043
3236:
3232:
3231:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3176:September 30,
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2867:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2573:9780271034447
2569:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2431:Amish Society
2426:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2340:9780271034447
2336:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2048:Preston Barba
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2019:
2016:
2005:
2002:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1979:Conrad Weiser
1977:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:(1933–2008),
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:Joseph Ritner
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:H. L. Fischer
1837:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:John Birmelin
1810:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1781:Lehigh County
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1351:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309: –
1308:
1304:
1303:Find sources:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1281:single source
1277:This section
1275:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1170:
1167:
1159:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1024:Provost corps
1017:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
982:
977:
973:
971:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
934:
933:United States
930:
925:
920:
909:
906:
898:
886:
885:
880:
875:
871:
866:
865:
859:
857:
855:
854:Deutschländer
851:
847:
846:Deitschlenner
843:
837:
835:
831:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
805:
801:
800:redemptioners
796:
794:
789:
786:
782:
775:
770:
763:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:West Virginia
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:Lehigh Valley
686:
682:
678:
674:
668:
659:
652:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
618:
615:
612:
611:
607:
604:
601:
600:
596:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
579:
578:
574:
571:
568:
567:
563:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
535:
534:
530:
527:
524:
523:
519:
518:John Birmelin
513:
509:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
477:
469:
467:
465:
461:
457:
456:German Empire
453:
452:United States
448:
446:
440:
438:
434:
428:
427:Anglicization
424:
416:
414:
412:
408:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:United States
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:Schwenkfelder
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
178:
174:
170:
165:
162:
158:
154:
153:West Virginia
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
128:
123:
118:
112:
107:
101:
94:
88:
79:
75:
61:
58:
50:
38:
37:
32:
27:
23:
18:
17:
6383:Ohio culture
6281:Beachy Amish
6261:Barn raising
6241:Jakob Ammann
6133:Distribution
6121:
6077:Ashland (OH)
6071:Daviess (IN)
5997:Affiliations
5739:South Africa
5599:
5112:Walddeutsche
4696:Jersey Dutch
4245:
4239:German Texan
4160:Unserdeutsch
4134:Plautdietsch
4117:Ostpommersch
4081:Texas German
4076:Plautdietsch
4051:Amana German
3970:
3966:
3866:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3831:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3787:
3766:
3754:
3747:
3741:Bibliography
3726:. Retrieved
3712:
3700:. Retrieved
3687:
3679:
3674:
3666:
3661:
3650:
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3618:
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3595:
3582:
3570:. Retrieved
3555:
3537:
3530:. Retrieved
3521:
3514:
3494:
3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3471:
3462:
3450:. Retrieved
3445:
3436:
3424:. Retrieved
3420:
3410:
3398:. Retrieved
3382:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3351:
3330:. Retrieved
3326:
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3301:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3271:
3244:. Retrieved
3229:
3207:. Retrieved
3203:the original
3198:
3174:. Retrieved
3170:
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3145:the original
3140:
3114:. Retrieved
3104:
3092:. Retrieved
3089:Biographi.ca
3088:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3042:
3036:
3027:
3021:
3012:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2983:
2974:
2964:
2960:
2951:
2931:
2925:
2913:. Retrieved
2906:the original
2901:
2897:
2870:. Retrieved
2830:November 11,
2828:. Retrieved
2824:the original
2801:
2792:
2783:
2777:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2737:February 19,
2735:. Retrieved
2731:
2721:
2710:
2705:
2696:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2627:
2618:
2612:
2603:
2597:
2588:
2582:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:the original
2502:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2359:
2349:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2271:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2193:
2187:
2178:
2172:
2163:
2157:
2127:
2086:
1949:Simon Snyder
1937:Miss America
1891:William Kohl
1879:Hedda Hopper
1762:
1745:
1737:
1717:
1695:, including
1682:
1654:shoo-fly pie
1651:
1631:
1623:
1618:es wird nass
1615:
1607:
1604:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:Plain people
1541:
1514:
1506:Peter Reesor
1483:
1444:
1413:
1394:
1370:
1345:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1302:
1278:
1251:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1192:
1185:
1162:
1153:
1142:
1102:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1036:Marechaussee
1034:
1032:
1021:
1012:
1003:
990:
986:
968:
964:William Tell
959:
955:
941:
901:
892:
881:
845:
841:
839:
833:
829:
827:
821:
812:
808:
797:
790:
785:William Penn
778:
709:Chambersburg
670:
639:Plain people
635:World War II
624:
510:
506:
479:
449:
441:
430:
393:
370:
354:
340:in Germany,
306:Mid-Atlantic
294:Pennsylvania
285:
273:
271:
81:Ethnic group
78:
53:
44:
33:
6198:Hochstetler
6159:Way of life
6101:Kalona (IA)
6074:Kenton (IN)
6065:Arthur (IL)
6058:Andy Weaver
5940:Ostsiedlung
5889:New Zealand
5863:Philippines
5705:Ivory Coast
5590:Puerto Rico
5543:El Salvador
5434:Netherlands
5388:Gottscheers
5188:(including
5138:Switzerland
4922:Los Angeles
4639:Sammarinese
4622:before 1880
4537:Montenegrin
4430:Greenlandic
4335:Azerbaijani
3446:Padutch.net
3233:. Dundurn.
2915:December 5,
2898:The Dragoon
2097:handwriting
2071:John Schmid
1885:Ralph Kiner
1867:Betty Groff
1852: 1697
1773:High German
1743:) in 1787.
1713:Fancy Dutch
1709:Plain Dutch
1693:Anabaptists
1676:woman from
1658:funnel cake
1626:es ist alle
1567:Fancy Dutch
1532:York Region
1143:may not be
1098:Camp Curtin
882:may not be
631:World War I
500:, with the
490:ambilingual
433:Netherlands
389:Fancy Dutch
364:, with the
342:Switzerland
261:Fancy Dutch
34:may not be
6317:Categories
6266:Rumspringa
6251:Amish doll
6123:and others
5853:Kyrgyzstan
5843:Kazakhstan
5744:Afrikaners
5538:Costa Rica
5502:Hutterites
5364:Yugoslavia
5344:Azerbaijan
5253:Bessarabia
5012:Historical
4916:California
4634:Portuguese
4527:Macedonian
4445:Lithuanian
4355:Circassian
4340:Belarusian
3724:. May 1987
3635:August 28,
3629:0812216377
3601:August 28,
3572:August 28,
3566:0812216377
3532:August 28,
3477:August 28,
3452:August 28,
3426:August 28,
3332:August 28,
3307:August 28,
3246:August 28,
3209:August 28,
3151:August 28,
3094:August 28,
2872:August 29,
2753:Staatsbote
2149:References
1858:John Fries
1824:George Ege
1697:Mennonites
1463:St. Jacobs
1397:Roxborough
1363:President
1318:newspapers
993:Hollanders
423:Theodiscus
348:region of
344:, and the
316:region of
314:Palatinate
157:California
6286:New Order
6203:Stoltzfus
6036:Geauga II
6009:Lancaster
5884:Australia
5637:Venezuela
5620:Palatines
5568:Nicaragua
5548:Guatemala
5477:Argentina
5258:Black Sea
5204:Satu Mare
5164:Black Sea
5035:Palatines
4953:Louisiana
4909:By region
4834:Melungeon
4789:Wisconsin
4502:Bulgarian
4450:Norwegian
4435:Icelandic
4385:Ukrainian
4275:Kashubian
4261:Hungarian
4023:Namibia:
3327:Gameo.org
3278:March 13,
3265:"History"
2443:Hans Kohn
2091:newspaper
1909:Bodo Otto
1678:Lancaster
1455:Kitchener
1451:Cambridge
1348:June 2024
1288:talk page
1244:in 1917.
1156:June 2024
997:Palatines
895:June 2024
745:Wisconsin
701:Lancaster
685:Allentown
681:Bethlehem
411:Elon Musk
338:Rhineland
253:Palatines
213:Mennonite
167:Languages
47:June 2024
6150:Maryland
6089:Nebraska
6084:Michigan
6033:Geauga I
6024:Buchanan
5931:See also
5858:Pakistan
5766:Zanzibar
5756:Bagamoyo
5751:Tanzania
5671:Cameroon
5605:Nebraska
5573:Paraguay
5533:Colombia
5469:Americas
5401:Bosporus
5384:Slovenia
5349:Bulgaria
5209:Bukovina
5194:Highland
5181:Landlers
5126:Slovakia
5056:Diaspora
4960:Maryland
4947:Arkansas
4778:Scottish
4731:Huguenot
4724:Canadian
4644:Sicilian
4612:Galician
4607:Corsican
4597:Canarian
4587:Asturian
4571:Yugoslav
4542:Romanian
4532:Moldovan
4512:Croatian
4492:Albanian
4406:Estonian
4365:Georgian
4330:Armenian
4290:Silesian
4216:Austrian
3860:in JSTOR
3792:in JSTOR
3780:72081186
3400:July 30,
3302:Mhso.org
2840:cite web
2519:July 31,
2445:(1951):
2364:Archived
2136:Archived
2108:(church)
2082:Hex sign
2073:, singer
2062:, author
2056:, author
1987:See also
1725:Lutheran
1705:Brethren
1685:Lutheran
1672:A young
1664:Religion
1471:Listowel
1459:Waterloo
1145:reliable
884:reliable
842:Deitsche
749:Virginia
741:Illinois
721:Maryland
717:Delaware
713:New York
629:between
531:English
516:Poem by
470:Language
300:and the
205:Moravian
201:Catholic
193:Reformed
189:Lutheran
183:Religion
145:Virginia
141:Maryland
36:reliable
6171:Ordnung
5877:Oceania
5821:Tianjin
5816:Qingdao
5811:Beijing
5778:Baguida
5727:Senegal
5715:Nigeria
5710:Namibia
5681:Yaoundé
5632:Uruguay
5625:by city
5558:Jamaica
5487:Bolivia
5419:Belgium
5374:Croatia
5354:Georgia
5339:Armenia
5318:Finland
5296:Denmark
5273:Galicia
5248:Ukraine
5214:Dobruja
5171:Romania
5159:Moldova
5154:Belarus
5119:Galicia
5105:Olęders
5100:Vistula
5090:Hungary
4892:Acadian
4857:Isleños
4783:Walloon
4768:Occitan
4739:Frisian
4710:Acadian
4685:English
4680:Cornish
4675:British
4665:Belgian
4649:Spanish
4629:Maltese
4617:Italian
4602:Catalan
4566:Turkish
4552:Serbian
4547:Slovene
4522:Kosovan
4507:Cypriot
4497:Bosnian
4476:Swedish
4440:Latvian
4422:Findian
4416:Finnish
4411:Faroese
4375:Russian
4360:Cossack
4350:Chechen
4309:Sorbian
4129:Hunsrik
3728:June 5,
3702:June 5,
3116:May 10,
2459:2707517
2370:May 30,
2112:Pow-wow
2095:Kurrent
1769:Yiddish
1642:Cuisine
1550:Society
1520:Toronto
1409:Steeves
1332:scholar
1049:Hessian
935:in the
927:In the
759:History
753:Ontario
737:Indiana
697:Lebanon
693:Reading
687:in the
625:Due to
445:autonym
435:or the
417:Autonym
318:Germany
312:in the
290:Ontario
237:Pow-wow
233:Judaism
161:Ontario
137:Indiana
119:in 1863
6208:Troyer
6045:Troyer
6019:Holmes
5904:Rabaul
5899:Kokopo
5833:Israel
5693:Guinea
5676:Douala
5666:Angola
5658:Africa
5583:Pozuzo
5563:Mexico
5497:Canada
5492:Brazil
5482:Belize
5424:France
5396:Turkey
5379:Serbia
5323:Sweden
5313:Norway
5268:Crimea
5231:Russia
5224:Zipser
5198:Walser
5196:, and
5186:Danube
5131:Zipser
5095:Poland
5064:Europe
4937:Hawaii
4704:French
4670:Breton
4592:Basque
4401:Danish
4370:Kalmyk
4345:Lezgin
4304:Slovak
4285:Polish
4226:German
4017:Africa
4009:German
3873:
3851:(1998)
3836:online
3824:
3798:online
3778:
3759:online
3669:(1980)
3655:online
3626:
3563:
3502:
3237:
2982:," in
2715:online
2570:
2457:
2360:Forbes
2337:
1703:, and
1544:Canada
1500:, and
1467:Elmira
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1305:
983:, 1777
850:German
834:aliens
699:, and
647:German
350:France
336:, and
334:Saxony
298:Canada
96:
6234:Other
6213:Yoder
6094:Renno
5989:Amish
5848:Korea
5838:Japan
5828:India
5806:China
5720:Lagos
5688:Ghana
5615:Omaha
5610:Texas
5553:Haiti
5514:Chile
5236:Volga
5219:Regat
5190:Banat
4898:Cajun
4870:Cajun
4839:Métis
4797:Welsh
4744:Irish
4717:Cajun
4690:Dutch
4517:Greek
4380:Rusyn
4314:Swiss
4296:Texas
4232:Amish
4221:Czech
3592:(PDF)
3391:(PDF)
3298:(PDF)
3268:(PDF)
2909:(PDF)
2894:(PDF)
2455:JSTOR
2119:Notes
1701:Amish
1674:Amish
1388:, in
1339:JSTOR
1325:books
400:Heinz
385:Amish
330:Hesse
217:Amish
6145:Ohio
5916:Apia
5799:Asia
5788:Lomé
5783:Sebe
5773:Togo
5578:Peru
4763:Manx
4471:Sámi
3871:ISBN
3822:ISBN
3776:LCCN
3730:2022
3704:2022
3637:2017
3624:ISBN
3603:2017
3574:2017
3561:ISBN
3534:2017
3500:ISBN
3479:2017
3454:2017
3428:2017
3402:2023
3334:2017
3309:2017
3280:2017
3248:2017
3235:ISBN
3211:2017
3178:2018
3153:2017
3118:2013
3096:2017
2917:2015
2874:2019
2846:link
2832:2022
2739:2023
2568:ISBN
2521:2010
2449:In:
2372:2015
2335:ISBN
1939:1954
1765:Jews
1569:and
1461:and
1311:news
995:and
725:Ohio
707:and
705:York
683:and
633:and
484:and
460:1871
425:and
375:and
272:The
133:Ohio
115:The
3527:171
1727:or
1687:or
1542:In
1294:by
1107:at
703:to
458:in
391:″.
6319::
5192:,
4027:,
3720:.
3695:.
3594:.
3545:^
3470:.
3444:.
3419:.
3393:.
3342:^
3325:.
3300:.
3270:.
3256:^
3219:^
3197:.
3186:^
3169:.
3139:.
3126:^
3087:.
2940:^
2902:26
2900:.
2896:.
2882:^
2854:^
2842:}}
2838:{{
2810:^
2800:.
2730:.
2529:^
2461:).
2362:.
2358:.
2280:^
1849:c.
1699:,
1656:,
1534:.
1504:.
1492:,
1453:,
1442:.
856:.
852::
824::
755:.
747:,
743:,
739:,
735:,
731:,
727:,
723:,
719:,
715:,
695:,
413:.
383:,
352:.
332:,
328:,
292:,
280::
263:,
259:,
255:,
239:,
235:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
215:,
211:,
207:,
203:,
199:,
195:,
191:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
143:,
139:,
135:,
5981:e
5974:t
5967:v
5430:)
5426:(
5390:)
5386:(
5200:)
4997:e
4990:t
4983:v
4194:e
4187:t
4180:v
4000:e
3993:t
3986:v
3969:—
3879:.
3782:.
3732:.
3706:.
3605:.
3481:.
3456:.
3430:.
3404:.
3336:.
3311:.
3282:.
3213:.
3180:.
3155:.
3120:.
3098:.
2919:.
2876:.
2848:)
2834:.
2804:.
2768:"
2741:.
2576:.
2523:.
2374:.
2343:.
1847:(
1465:/
1457:/
1350:)
1346:(
1336:·
1329:·
1322:·
1315:·
1298:.
1284:.
1169:)
1163:(
1158:)
1154:(
1148:.
1009:.
908:)
902:(
897:)
893:(
887:.
276:(
102:)
98:(
76:.
60:)
54:(
49:)
45:(
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
