1680:
1566:
780:
1081:
519:
their production and reception have been limited to a minority of speakers. The significance of
English among today's sectarians extends far beyond its use for communication with outsiders for business and other purposes as English is the primary language for active literacy. While Amish and Mennonite sectarians can read the Bible, prayer books, and hymnals in German, most other reading materials are in English. Research has show that nonsectarian speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch have a more pronounced Pennsylvania Dutch accent when speaking English compared to sectarian speakers such as the Old Order Amish or Old Order Mennonites.
1220:
935:
2034:
1142:
881:
33:
669:
1190:
122:
2006:
1557:, an 1851 census shows many Black people and Mennonites lived near each other in a number of places and exchanged labor; the Dutch would also hire Black laborers. There were also accounts of Black families providing childcare assistance for their Dutch neighbors. These Pennsylvania Dutch were usually Plain Dutch Mennonites or Fancy Dutch Lutherans. The Black-Mennonite relationship in Canada soon evolved to the level of church membership.
806:, contrasted with the relatively stable environment of the American colonies. The availability of fertile land was a significant draw for the immigrants, who were mainly farmers and craftsmen, for whom the chance to own and cultivate their own farms was highly appealing. Positive reports from early settlers as well as active recruitment by William Penn encouraged friends and family to join them, fostering tightly-knit communities.
1767:
German culture in
Pennsylvania, with most solutions focused on schools. Helmuth saw schools as central to the future of the ethnic community. However most Lutheran clergy believed in assimilation and rejected Helmuth's call to drop English instruction. Kunze's seminary failed, but the first German college in the United States was founded in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1787 as Franklin College; it was later renamed
1392:
1371:
987:
6310:
477:, in which "deutsch" was no longer principally a linguistic and cultural term, but was increasingly used to describe all things related to Germany and its inhabitants. This development did not go unnoticed among the Pennsylvania Dutch who, in the 19th and early 20th century, referred to themselves as "Deitsche", while calling newer German immigrants "Deitschlenner" meaning "Germany-ers".
1281:
2020:
3903:
1429:, lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, invited Americans, including Mennonites and German Baptist Brethren, to settle in British North American territory and offered tracts of land to immigrant groups. This resulted in communities of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers emigrating to Canada, many to the area called the German Company Tract, a subset of land within the
1758:
Lutherans were challenged by
Moravians who actively recruited Lutherans to their schools. In the 1750s, Benjamin Franklin led a drive for free charity schools for German students, with the proviso that the schools would minimize Germanness. The leading Lutheran school in Philadelphia school had internal political problems in the 1760s, but Pastor
1591:
practices and close-knit communal living. Pennsylvania Dutch (a dialect of German) is widely spoken among them, both in daily life and religious settings. The Plain Dutch adhere strictly to their religious and community norms, emphasizing a strong cultural and religious identity with minimal integration into mainstream
American culture.
1058:, acted as his security detail, and was one of the last units deactivated after the Revolutionary War. The Marechaussee Corps was often not well received by the Continental Army, due in part to their defined duties but also due to the fact that some members of the corps spoke little or no English. Six of the provosts had even been
2519:
1595:
technologies. While they may still preserve some
Pennsylvania Dutch traditions and language, English is predominantly used in daily life and religious practices. The Church Dutch exhibit a higher degree of assimilation into American culture, while still retaining elements of their Pennsylvania Dutch heritage.
1679:
821:
arriving before 1755 of whom the majority (ca. 35,000) arrived in the five year period between 1749 and 1754. In 1790, ethnic
Germans comprised 38% of the population of Pennsylvania, or approximately 165,000 people. Of these, over half resided in the counties of Berks, Lancaster, Northampton and York.
1757:
According to
Elizabeth Pardoe, by 1748, the future of the German culture in Pennsylvania was in doubt, and most of the attention focused on German language schools. Lutheran schools in Germantown and Philadelphia thrived, but most outlying congregations had difficulty recruiting students. Furthermore
1015:
In the town halls in Dutch cities liberty bells were hung, and from the "Liberty Bell" placed in
Philadelphia by Pennsylvania Dutchmen, on July 4th 1776, freedom was proclaimed "throughout all the land and to all the inhabitants thereof." These Palatine Dutchmen gave us some of our bravest men in the
820:
The bulk of German migration to the
American colonies began in 1683 but concentrated on the first half of the 18th century. Overall, the historian Marianne Wokeck estimates that just under 81,000 German-speakers entered the port of Philadelphia between 1683 and 1775, with two thirds of the immigrants
453:
Several authors and etymological publications consider the word “Dutch” in “Pennsylvania Dutch”, which in medieval times could also be used to refer to speakers of various German dialects, to be an archaism specific to 19th-century
American English, particularly in its colloquial form. An alternative
1602:
There is little evidence specifically of Black Pennsylvania Dutch speakers during the early 19th century; following the Civil War, some Black Southerners who had moved to Pennsylvania developed close ties with the Pennsylvania Dutch community, adopting the language and assimilating into the culture.
1024:
Many Hessian prisoners, German mercenaries fighting for the British, were held in camps at the interior city of Lancaster, home to a large German community known as the Pennsylvania Dutch. Hessian prisoners were subsequently treated well, with some volunteering for extra work assignments, helping to
518:
The primary use of Pennsylvania Dutch, both historically and today, has focussed on spoken communication. Although there is a relatively large collection of written texts in the language dating back to the mid-nineteenth century (such as newspaper columns, short stories, poems, plays, and dialogues)
1616:
Today Pennsylvania Dutch culture is still prevalent in some parts of Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Dutch speak English, with some being bilingual in English and Pennsylvania Dutch. They share cultural similarities with the Mennonites in the same area. Pennsylvania Dutch English retains some German
1382:
During World War II, a platoon of Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers on patrol in Germany was once spared from being machine-gunned by Nazi soldiers who listened to them approaching. The Germans heard them speaking Pennsylvania Dutch amongst each other and assumed that they were natives of the Palatinate.
522:
In the 20th century, two linguists, Albert F. Buffington and Preston A. Barba developed a system for writing Pennsylvania Dutch that was largely based on contemporary German orthography, however this is not in common use. No prescribed norms for writing Pennsylvania Dutch exist and in practice most
1590:
The Plain Dutch consist of Anabaptist sects, including the Amish, Mennonites, and Brethren. They are known for their conservative, simple lifestyle, characterized by plain dress and limited use of modern technology. These communities typically reside in rural areas, maintaining traditional farming
1766:
from Germany in 1770 gave impetus to the Halle model in America. Kunze began training clergy and teachers in the Halle system. Reverend Heinrich Christian Helmuth arrived in 1779 and called for preaching only in German, while seeking government subsidies. A major issue was the long-term fate of
1586:
Pennsylvania Dutch society can be divided into two main groups: the sectarian "Plain Dutch" and the nonsectarian "Church Dutch" also known as "Fancy Dutch". These classifications highlight differences in religious practices, lifestyle, and degrees of assimilation into broader American society.
1235:
Many Pennsylvanians of German heritage have chosen to assimilate into Anglo-American culture, except for a significant number of Amish and Mennonite plain people who have chosen to remain insular, which has added to the modern misconception that "Pennsylvania Dutch" is synonymous with "Amish."
1598:
The primary differences between these groups lie in their religious practices, lifestyle, language use, and cultural integration. The Plain Dutch are more conservative and focused on maintaining their distinct cultural identity, whereas the Church Dutch are more assimilated and open to modern
1231:
There was rampant social & employment discrimination for anyone suspected of being German. Meritt G. Yorgey, a Pennsylvania Dutch descendant who grew up during the height of anti-German sentiment, remembers the instructions of his father: "Don't ever call yourself "Dutch" or "Pennsylvania
1594:
The Church Dutch, in contrast, belong to more mainstream Protestant denominations such as Lutheran, Reformed, United Church of Christ, and some Methodist and Baptist congregations. This group is more integrated into broader American society and is more likely to adopt modern conveniences and
1204:
Literary German disappeared from Pennsylvania Dutch life little by little, starting with schools, and then to churches and newspapers. Pennsylvania Dutch became mainly a spoken language, and as education came to only be provided in English, many Pennsylvania Dutch became bilingual.
1106:
Pennsylvania Dutch companies sometimes mixed with English-speaking companies. (The Pennsylvania Dutch had the habit of labeling anyone who did not speak Pennsylvania Dutch "English.") Many of the Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers who fought in the Civil War were recruited and trained at
2523:
1227:
The next blow to Pennsylvania Dutch came during World War I and World War II. Prior to the wars, Pennsylvania Dutch was an urban language spoken openly in the streets of towns such as Allentown, Reading, Lancaster and York; afterwards, it became relegated only to rural areas.
798:
as a haven for religious minorities, promised the religious freedom they sought. Economic hardship, marked by war, famine, and limited land access in 17th and 18th century Germany, pushed many to seek a better life in the New World, which offered abundant land and resources.
1749:
Over sixty percent of the immigrants who arrived in Pennsylvania from Germany or Switzerland in the 1700s and 1800s were Lutherans and they maintained good relations with those of the German Reformed Church. The two groups founded Franklin College (now
366:
The Pennsylvania Dutch are either monolingual English speakers or bilingual speakers of both English and the Pennsylvania Dutch language, which is also commonly referred to as Pennsylvania German. Linguistically it consists of a mix of
1790:. Historically, Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania Dutch Jews often had overlapping bonds in German-American business and community life. Due to this historical bond there are several mixed-faith cemeteries in
1492:. Many of the pioneers arriving from Pennsylvania after November 1803 bought land in a sixty thousand-acre section established by a group of Mennonites from Lancaster County Pennsylvania, called the German Company Lands.
794:), Switzerland, and Alsace, moved to the USA seeking better opportunities and a safer, more tolerant environment. Many, including Amish and Mennonites, faced religious persecution in Europe. Pennsylvania, established by
1726:, mostly of the Lutheran, or Evangelical and Reformed churches, who tended to assimilate more easily into the American mainstream. By the late 1700s, other denominations were also represented in smaller numbers.
4009:
1729:
Among immigrants from the 1600s and 1700s, those known as the Pennsylvania Dutch included Mennonites, Swiss Brethren (also called Mennonites by the locals) and Amish but also Anabaptist-Pietists such as
1533:. Berczy arrived with approximately one hundred and ninety German families from Pennsylvania and settled here. Others later moved to other locations in the general area, including a hamlet they founded,
1599:
influences. In time the Fancy Dutch came to control much of the best agricultural lands, ran many newspapers and maintained their German-inspired architecture when founding new towns in Pennsylvania.
1267:, emphasizing German-American immigrant ties to the "Fatherland". The Nazi propaganda effort failed in the Pennsylvania Dutch community, as the Pennsylvania Dutch felt no sense of loyalty to Germany.
1025:
replace local men serving in the Continental Army. Due to shared German heritage and abundance of land, many Hessian soldiers stayed and settled in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country after the war's end.
851:
The Germans who immigrated to the United States saw themselves as related though distinct from later (post-1830) waves of German-speaking immigrants. The Pennsylvania Dutch referred to themselves as
1103:
also had a high percentage of German immigrants and Pennsylvania-born men of German heritage on its rosters; the regiment's K Company was formed with the intent of it being an "all-German company."
843:
be suffered to swarm into our settlements, and by herding together establish their language and manners to the exclusion of ours? Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a colony of
3933:
5258:
5241:
5465:
2374:
813:, were made to work on plantations or perform other work to pay off the costs of the sponsor or shipping company which had advanced the cost of their transatlantic voyage. In 1764, the
458:“deitsch”, which in the Pennsylvania German language refers to the Pennsylvania Dutch or Germans in general. Some authors however, have described this hypothesis as a misapprehension.
1201:
took steps to replace Pennsylvania German schools with English-only schools. The Pennsylvania Dutch fought to retain German as an official language in Pennsylvania to little success.
515:
being most closely related. The language is both commonly referred to as ″Pennsylvania Dutch″ and ″Pennsylvania German″, with the latter being more common in scholarly publications.
4002:
847:, who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of us Anglifying them, and will never adopt our language or customs, any more than they can acquire our complexion.
2976:
1529:, a German entrepreneur and artist, had settled in upstate New York and in May 1794, he was able to obtain sixty-four acres in Markham Township, near the current city of
454:
interpretation commonly found among laypersons and scholars alike is that the “Dutch” in “Pennsylvania Dutch” is a anglicization or corruption of the Pennsylvania German
3995:
6333:
2856:
507:
which have been significantly influenced by English, primarily in terms of vocabulary. Based on dialect features, Pennsylvania Dutch can be classified as a variety of
371:
which have been significantly influenced by English, primarily in terms of vocabulary. Based on dialect features, Pennsylvania Dutch can be classified as a variety of
5957:
3039:
History of the Mohawk Valley, Gateway to the West, 1614-1925 Covering the Six Counties of Schenectady, Schoharie, Montgomery, Fulton, Herkimer, and Oneida · Volume 1
2687: Marianne Sophia Wokeck: Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999, pp. 44-47
6368:
2499:
Joachim Scharloth, Nils Langer, Stephan Elspaß & Wim Vandenbussche: Germanic Language Histories 'from Below' (1700-2000), De Gruyter, 2011, pp. 166.
2328:
Joachim Scharloth, Nils Langer, Stephan Elspaß & Wim Vandenbussche: Germanic Language Histories 'from Below' (1700-2000), De Gruyter, 2011, pp. 166.
6338:
331:, and settled in Pennsylvania during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. While most were from the Palatinate region of Germany, a lesser number were from other
943:
2830:
2146:
4203:
3764:
Donner, William W. " 'Neither Germans nor Englishmen, but Americans': Education, Assimilation, and Ethnicity among Nineteenth Century Pennsylvania Germans,"
6353:
6343:
5517:
3147:
1050:
Corps were utilized in a variety of ways, including intelligence gathering, route security, enemy prisoner of war operations, and even combat during the
1291:
809:
About three fourths of all Germans in Pennsylvania were subject to several years of indentured servitude contracts. These indentured servants, known as
2422:
Nicoline van der Sijs:Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages. Amsterdam University Press, 2009, page 15.
6363:
4632:
3703:
1641:) meaning "it's all gone". They also sometimes leave out the verb in phrases turning "the trash needs to go out" in to "the trash needs out" (German:
3934:"Why the Pennsylvania German still prevails in the eastern section of the State", by George Mays, M.D.. Reading, Pa., Printed by Daniel Miller, 1904
2366:
1565:
3907:
2901:
779:
6150:
1198:
1010:, in their brave defense of home, did such valiant service in promoting a love of real freedom to the preserving and hence making of our country.
3808:
2431:
Sally McMurry: Architecture and Landscape of the Pennsylvania Germans, 1720-1920. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated, 2011, page 2.
2087:
1248:
2783:" (biography), in "History, Art & Archives." Washington, D.C.: United States House of Representatives, retrieved online December 18, 2022.
5635:
4117:
3239:
1446:
1063:
983:(1750–1801), a Lutheran pastor, became a major patriot and politician, rising to be elected as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.
6383:
5873:
5429:
1739:
203:
1484:
area adjacent to the northwest. Settlement started in 1800 by Joseph Schoerg and Samuel Betzner, Jr. (brothers-in-law), Mennonites, from
855:
and would refer to Germans who arrived after the period of almost non-existent emigration between 1760 and 1830 from the German lands as
6398:
6203:
5878:
5479:
5438:
4836:
2404:
Robert Hendrickson (2000). The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms. United States of America: Infobase Publishing. p. 723.
2048:
1913:
1100:
1085:
442:
Differing explanations exist on why the Pennsylvania Dutch are referred to as “Dutch”, which typically refers to the inhabitants of the
6029:
6024:
3958:
3824:(University of Pennsylvania Press; 2011) 250 studies their houses, churches, barns, outbuildings, commercial buildings, and landscapes
2508:
Glenn G. Gilbert: Studies in Contact Linguistics: Essays in Honor of Glenn G. Gilbert, Austria, P. Lang, 2006, pp. 130.
929:
6235:
5600:
5148:
5006:
3885:
3836:
3514:
3249:
2582:
2349:
1658:
1176:
915:
465:
predates the emergence of a distinct German national identity, which did not form until the late 18th century. The formation of the
67:
3943:
1161:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
900:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
52:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
4939:
4196:
3628:
1349:
3504:
6388:
5990:
3953:
3205:
1699:
1321:
1062:
prisoners of war prior to their recruitment. Because the provost corps completed many of the same functions as the modern U.S.
207:
1080:
6408:
6348:
5843:
4932:
3638:
3575:
1844:
1775:
1306:
1131:
814:
414:
1751:
1219:
6413:
5668:
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5088:
4926:
4849:
1910:(1864–1944), Labor leader, three-term Pennsylvania House of Representatives member, and two-time Vice Presidential nominee
1768:
1735:
1485:
1328:
1263:
Before World War II, the Nazi Party sought to gain the loyalty of the German-American community, and established pro-Nazi
491:
Although speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch can be found among both sectarians and nonsectarians, most speakers belong to the
3923:
1155:
1099:
Some regiments like the 153rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry were entirely composed of Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers. The
894:
46:
4963:
2310:
Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, pp. 1-2; pp. 60-66; pp. 342-343.
1610:
1051:
316:
288:
110:
1794:, including Allentown's Fairview Cemetery, where German-Americans of both the Jewish and Protestant faiths are buried.
6358:
6230:
6019:
4970:
4189:
4081:
2116:
1791:
486:
183:
84:
5848:
3918:
1778:
have often maintained a special relationship due to their common German language and cultural heritage. Because both
1150:
889:
41:
3865:
Roeber, A. G. "In German Ways? Problems and Potentials of Eighteenth-Century German Social and Emigration History",
2876:
1335:
1096:
had German-speaking or Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking members on their rosters, the majority of whom were Fancy Dutch.
6034:
5625:
5306:
4035:
3630:
Moravian Architecture and Town Planning: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Other Eighteenth-Century American Settlements
3567:
Moravian Architecture and Town Planning: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Other Eighteenth-Century American Settlements
3398:
2834:
2143:
2076:
934:
719:
687:
677:
383:
187:
2708:
America and the Germans, Volume 1: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred Year History--Immigration, Language, Ethnicity
1663:
The Pennsylvania Dutch have some foods that are uncommon outside of places where they live. Some of these include
965:(1702-1782), was a journalist and printer based in Philadelphia, and published an early German translation of the
6403:
6378:
6176:
5904:
5548:
5497:
5105:
4896:
4760:
4734:
4290:
3782:
3375:
Lee C. Hopple, "Spatial organization of the southeastern Pennsylvania plain Dutch group culture region to 1975."
3306:"BUILDING COMMUNITY ON THE FRONTIER : the Mennonite contribution to shaping the Waterloo settlement to 1861"
2064:
1817:
1759:
1034:
508:
372:
5444:
1037:
under Captain Bartholomew von Heer, a Prussian who had served in a similar unit in Europe before immigrating to
6373:
4165:
3305:
1508:
1442:
1434:
1407:
1396:
1317:
1119:
954:
512:
376:
239:
3565:
3155:
3660:
Elizabeth Lewis Pardoe, "Poor children and enlightened citizens: Lutheran education in America, 1748-1800."
6281:
6094:
5749:
5311:
4874:
4127:
3478:
2490:
Michael T. Putnam: Studies on German-Language Islands, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, pp. 375
2453:
2319:
Michael T. Putnam: Studies on German-Language Islands, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, pp. 375
2248:
2142:"It is interesting to note that nearly all men recruited into the Provost Corps were Pennsylvania German." -
1808:
1688:
962:
711:
695:
691:
6198:
6193:
5369:
5204:
5191:
4947:
4867:
4783:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1787:
1763:
1415:
1141:
880:
251:
219:
32:
5681:
2572:
2339:
648:, the use of the Pennsylvania Dutch language declined, except among the more insular and tradition-bound
6393:
5899:
5737:
5379:
5374:
5354:
4999:
4860:
4706:
4649:
4547:
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4144:
4112:
4086:
4039:
2916:
1534:
1214:
1038:
707:
703:
637:
5761:
5725:
5323:
4793:
4778:
4532:
1617:
grammar and literally translated vocabulary, some phrases include "outen or out'n the lights" (German:
668:
5698:
2725:
6266:
6039:
5783:
5715:
5703:
5492:
5186:
4768:
4644:
4537:
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4455:
4365:
4350:
4045:
3971:
2630:
Black Communities and Urban Development in America, 1720-1990: The Colonial and early national period
2175:
The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial Pennsylvania A Study of the So-called Pennsylvania Dutch
2122:
2111:
2011:
1872:
1840:
1743:
1731:
1715:
1512:
1496:
1450:
1411:
1375:
1264:
1115:
1075:
980:
939:
803:
791:
503:, speaking both Pennsylvania Dutch and English natively. The Pennsylvania Dutch language is a mix of
417:
336:
247:
127:
5921:
356:
6314:
5983:
5868:
5742:
5708:
5583:
5394:
5359:
4854:
4829:
4512:
4460:
4445:
4395:
4285:
4271:
3707:
2831:"Von Heer's Provost Corps Marechausee: The Army's Military Police. An All Pennsylvania German Unit"
2808:
2738:
2039:
1937:
1925:
1473:
958:
802:
Europe’s, and especially Germany's, political instability, with frequent wars like the devastating
653:
496:
391:
324:
3807:
Larkin, Rian. "Plain, Fancy and Fancy-Plain: The Pennsylvania Dutch in the 21st Century." (2018).
3728:
3537:
961:; the nonviolent Plain Dutch minority did not fight in the war. Heinrich Miller of the Holy Roman
6155:
6133:
6007:
5894:
5863:
5853:
5647:
5568:
5384:
5328:
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4542:
4522:
4502:
4416:
4375:
4340:
4226:
4212:
3405:
3333:
2465:
1965:
1771:. The Moravians settled Bethlehem and nearby areas and established schools for Native Americans.
1538:
1504:
1465:
1461:
1426:
1410:-Germantown area of Pennsylvania, emigrated to then colonial Nova Scotia in 1766 and founded the
1244:
1093:
991:
784:
715:
455:
387:
275:
5529:
3388:
Rian Larkin, "Plain, Fancy and Fancy-Plain: The Pennsylvania Dutch in the 21st Century." (2018).
2481:
Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, pp. 3–4.
1746:. Calvinist Palatines and several other denominations were also represented to a lesser extent.
1342:
390:. The main division among Pennsylvania Dutch is that between sectarians (those belonging to the
3689:
Samuel R. Zeiser, "Moravians and Lutherans: Getting beyond the Zinzendorf-Muhlenberg Impasse",
2977:
History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5; prepared in compliance with acts of the legislature
1189:
398:
or related groups) and nonsectarians, sometimes colloquially referred to as ″Church Dutch″ or ″
121:
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6160:
6068:
5642:
5578:
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3634:
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2915:(2). Fort Leonard Wood: Military Police Regimental Association: 8. Spring 2015. Archived from
2850:
2578:
2345:
2070:
1943:
1481:
1469:
1114:
Pennsylvania Dutch regiments composed a large portion of the Federal Forces who fought in the
1059:
1055:
1017:
947:
828:
2696:
Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.3-4
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3665:
3599:
3427:
3095:
2098:
1953:
1883:
1605:
1520:
1457:
1438:
790:
The Pennsylvania Dutch, primarily German-speaking immigrants from Germany (particularly the
723:
3096:"Biography – SIMCOE, JOHN GRAVES – Volume V (1801–1820) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
2395:
Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2
1786:
languages, there are strong similarities between the two languages and a limited degree of
6296:
6286:
6256:
5676:
5573:
5563:
5524:
5196:
5110:
5093:
5066:
4823:
4807:
4754:
4700:
4568:
4527:
4390:
4324:
4231:
4019:
2150:
2053:
1980:
1907:
1898:(1922–2014), Hall of Fame baseball player and Pittsburgh Pirates and New York Mets legend.
1500:
1489:
1477:
1430:
1400:
1252:
860:
683:
500:
492:
332:
215:
211:
2795:
Papers Read Before the Herkimer County Historical Society During the Years... Volumes 1-2
1694:
The Pennsylvania Dutch maintain numerous religious affiliations; the greatest number are
3776:
3531:
3275:
3213:
1066:, it is considered a predecessor of the current United States Military Police Regiment.
6099:
5976:
5316:
5301:
5278:
5234:
5200:
5141:
5038:
4773:
4306:
4160:
4071:
3845:(1957). 890pp; comprehensive review of German influence on Americans esp 19th century.
2025:
1855:
1828:
1813:
1804:
1742:
congregations. Other settlers of that era were of the Moravian Church while a few were
1718:. The Anabaptist groups espoused a simple lifestyle, and their adherents were known as
1569:
1526:
1007:
973:. Miller, having Swiss ancestry, often wrote about Swiss history and myth, such as the
824:
743:
474:
447:
406:
267:
235:
159:
3678:
Missionary of moderation: Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the Lutheran Church in America
827:
held much anti-Palatine sentiment in the Pennsylvania Colony. Below is a quotation of
660:
remains the largest ancestry claimed by Pennsylvanians, according to the 2008 census.
6327:
5771:
5654:
5246:
5229:
5208:
5054:
4132:
3846:
2058:
1989:
1931:
1849:
1822:
1003:
810:
739:
699:
528:
466:
462:
437:
312:
231:
163:
2980:, Vol. I, pp. 1150-1190. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: B. Singerly, State Printer, 1869.
1391:
1370:
986:
6291:
6271:
6251:
6055:
5620:
5122:
4249:
4170:
4091:
4061:
1959:
1947:
1901:
1889:
1719:
1581:
1516:
974:
795:
649:
645:
304:
17:
3177:
2675:
German Footprints in America, Four Centuries of Immigration and Cultural Influence
1054:. The Marechausee also provided security for Washington's headquarters during the
656:. Many German cultural practices continue in Pennsylvania in the present-day, and
3959:
Several digitized books on Pennsylvania Dutch arts and crafts, design, and prints
3829:
Foreigners in Their Own Land: Pennsylvania Germans in the Early American Republic
1992:(1696–1760), colonial diplomat between Pennsylvania and Native American nations.
6208:
6104:
6060:
6050:
5950:
5398:
3876:
Von Feilitzsch, Heinrich Carl Philipp; Bartholomai, Christian Friedrich (1997).
2990:
2780:
2081:
1895:
1877:
1783:
1723:
1695:
1668:
1664:
1577:
1542:
1460:
and Pennsylvania moved north to Canada, primarily to the area that would become
1280:
1108:
1046:
641:
504:
443:
399:
368:
352:
271:
199:
2720:
John B. Stoudt "The German Press in Pennsylvania and the American Revolution."
2253:
Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Acquisition, attrition and change
977:
legend, to provide a context for patriot support in the conflict with Britain.
6276:
6261:
6127:
5754:
5691:
5115:
3860:
Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America
2413:
Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, p.16.
2001:
1868:
1834:
1707:
1703:
1298:
433:
167:
3778:
The German Allied Troops in the North American War of Independence, 1776–1783
1671:, pepper cabbage, filling and jello salads such as strawberry pretzel salad.
6309:
6213:
5512:
5045:
4844:
4741:
1919:
755:
421:
348:
263:
223:
3009:
A Civil War History of the 47th Regiment of Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers
523:
speakers orientate themselves on both German and English spelling systems.
3902:
3843:
German Culture in America: Philosophical and Literary Influences 1600–1900
3120:
957:. The Fancy Dutch population generally supported the Patriot cause in the
5776:
5766:
4902:
4720:
4432:
3363:
In Search of Promised Lands: A Religious History of Mennonites in Ontario
3008:
2092:
759:
751:
731:
727:
155:
151:
2574:
Foreigners in their own land: Pennsylvania Germans in the early republic
2341:
Foreigners in their own land: Pennsylvania Germans in the early republic
6181:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5798:
5788:
5015:
4139:
3870:
2469:
2105:
1779:
1530:
1495:
Fewer of the Pennsylvania Dutch settled in what would later become the
1419:
763:
747:
657:
328:
320:
300:
243:
171:
147:
3802:
1774:
In Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania Dutch
6218:
5914:
5909:
5686:
5593:
4727:
4181:
3506:
Making Authentic Pennsylvania Dutch Furniture: With Measured Drawings
1554:
953:
The Pennsylvania Dutch composed nearly half of the population of the
672:
Diagram indicating Pennsylvania Dutch settlement in the United States
360:
344:
308:
3880:. Translated by Burgoyne, Bruce E. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books.
3178:"The Walter Bean Grand River Trail – Waterloo County: The Beginning"
3948:
3797:
Grubb, Farley. "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820",
2965:. United States of America: Stackpole Books. pp. 5, 6, 9, 216.
2558:
A Pennsylvania Dutch Boy And the Truth About the Pennsylvania Dutch
998:
The Pennyslvania Dutch contribution to the war effort was notable:
6223:
5999:
5730:
4242:
1711:
1684:
1678:
1564:
1390:
1369:
1218:
1188:
1079:
985:
933:
778:
686:
and in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, a large area that includes
667:
410:
395:
340:
227:
3976:
3944:
FamilyHart Pennsylvania Dutch Genealogy Family Pages and Database
3822:
Architecture and Landscape of the Pennsylvania Germans, 1720–1920
3452:
1092:
Nearly all of the regiments from Pennsylvania that fought in the
722:. Smaller enclaves include Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking areas in
5926:
5793:
4984:
3790:
1625:) meaning "turn off the lights", "it's gonna make wet" (German:
1488:. Other settlers followed mostly from Pennsylvania typically by
735:
470:
143:
5972:
4988:
4185:
3991:
3954:
Pennsylvania Dutch Family History, Genealogy, Culture, and Life
3938:
2367:"At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire"
1274:
1135:
874:
26:
3071:. United States of America: Infobase Publishing. p. 724.
2268:
The House of the Black Ring: A Romance of the Seven Mountains
2205:
Pennsylvania Germans An Interpretive Encyclopedia · Volume 63
1904:(1820–1892), sea captain, shipowner, shipbuilder, businessman
1449:. Today, the Pennsylvania Dutch language is mostly spoken by
1223:
An Anti-German sign reading "No German customers wanted here"
1002:
In the marked influence for right and freedom of these early
3929:
German-American Heritage Museum of the USA in Washington, DC
2995:
47th Pennsylvania Volunteers: One Civil War Regiment's Story
2615:
Bridging the Chesapeake, A 'Fool Idea' That Unified Maryland
2560:. United States of America: Xlibris US. pp. 17, 18, 19.
1940:(1888–1941), composer, film director, producer, screenwriter
382:
Geographically, Pennsylvania Dutch are largely found in the
450:, which is only distantly related to Pennsylvania German.
3024:
Gettysburg Unearthed: The Excavation of a Haunted History
1537:, named for its grist mill; that community is now called
1523:
were higher profile settlers in Markham and Stouffville.
102:
5968:
2793:
A. T. Smith; Herkimer County Historical Society (1899).
2444:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 241
1633:) meaning "it's going to rain", and "it's all" (German:
1441:, and particularly in the northern areas of the current
871:
Pennsylvania Dutch during the American Revolutionary War
405:
Notable Americans of Pennsylvania Dutch descent include
3928:
3600:"Pennsylvania's Crazy Quilt of German Religious Groups"
3428:"Pennsylvania's Crazy Quilt of German Religious Groups"
3148:"Kitchener-Waterloo Ontario History – To Confederation"
2766:: A Revolutionary Journalist's Use of the Swiss Past",
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
1977:(1871–1932), businessman, son of Clement Studebaker Sr.
1572:
meeting Amish and Mennonites in Lancaster, Pennsylvania
1302:
3817:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016.
3399:"African Americans and the German Language in America"
3041:. United States of America: S. J. Clarke. p. 475.
1609:
noted a community of "Pennsylvania German Negroes" in
833:
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind (1751)
831:'s complaints about the Palatine refugees in his work
3913:
3815:
Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language
3069:
The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms
3026:. United States of America: AuthorHouse. p. 172.
2600:
Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language
942:
in 1777, Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers fought with the
6244:
6169:
6143:
6006:
5941:
5887:
5809:
5667:
5478:
5458:
5422:
5342:
5294:
5157:
5081:
5074:
5065:
5022:
4919:
4816:
4668:
4590:
4495:
4404:
4333:
4219:
4153:
4105:
4054:
4027:
3855:(2nd ed 1982); massive listing, but no annotations.
3729:"GERMAN JEWS' TIES WITH PA. DUTCH EXPLORED IN TALK"
3142:
3140:
3138:
2602:. United States of America: JHU Press. p. 404.
2344:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 13.
1033:Pennsylvania Dutch were recruited for the American
257:
193:
177:
135:
100:
3759:Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia
2518:American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau.
1433:, in the Township of Waterloo, which later became
3853:Bibliography of German Culture in America to 1940
3356:
3354:
3200:
3198:
2677:. McFarland Incorporated Publishers. p. 155.
2647:. Germantown Historical Society. pp. 12, 13.
2233:United States. Department of Agriculture (1918).
1886:(1729–1804), first Treasurer of the United States
1445:. Some members of the two communities formed the
1193:Pennsylvania Dutch have a long literary tradition
817:was founded to protect the German redemptioners.
531:(1873-1950) on how to spell Pennsylvania German:
3801:Vol. 20, No. 3 (Winter, 1990), pp. 417–436
3056:. United States of America: Arcadia. p. 22.
2877:"Bartholomew von Heer and the Marechausse Corps"
2255:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 11.
499:. Nearly all Amish and Mennonites are naturally
3949:Alsatian Roots of Pennsylvania Dutch Firestones
3939:The Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center
3691:Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society
3283:Waterloo Historical Society 1930 Annual Meeting
3012:. Allentown, Pennsylvania: L. G. Schmidt, 1986.
2710:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 51.
1013:
1000:
837:
461:The migration of the Pennsylvania Dutch to the
2963:Damn Dutch: Pennsylvania Germans at Gettysburg
2961:David L. Valuska, Christian B. Keller (2004).
2722:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
2222:. Organization of American States. p. 21.
2190:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2003
1922:(1711–1787), physician in the Continental Army
1395:Many Pennsylvania Dutch Mennonites arrived in
5984:
5652:
5000:
4197:
4003:
3961:from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
3757:Bronner, Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown, eds.
2237:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 5.
1086:79th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment
682:The Pennsylvania Dutch live primarily in the
8:
5948:
5120:
5052:
5036:
5029:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2855:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2520:"American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates"
2207:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 3.
1880:(1935–2015), celebrity chef, cookbook author
1837:(1748–1829), Representative for Pennsylvania
1643:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1307:introducing citations to additional sources
95:
5958:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
3820:McMurry, Sally, and Nancy Van Dolsen, eds.
2833:. The Continental Line, Inc. Archived from
2660:The Past as Prelude: New Orleans, 1718-1968
2192:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 92.
1456:From 1800 to the 1830s, some Mennonites in
630:you just follow whatever model you please.
83:For the language spoken by this group, see
5991:
5977:
5969:
5078:
5071:
5007:
4993:
4985:
4204:
4190:
4182:
4010:
3996:
3988:
3851:Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schult.
2870:
2868:
2866:
2824:
2822:
2458:The Eve of German Nationalism (1789–1812).
2285:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 105.
2203:Joshua R. Brown; Simon J. Bronner (2017).
1956:(1788–1848), 10th Governor of Pennsylvania
1613:for whom German was their first language.
1499:in areas that would later be the towns of
608:in beautiful Pennsylvania Dutch language!
594:Sag mir mal, wie sollen wir buchstabieren,
550:Sag mir mal, wie sollen wir buchstabieren?
120:
94:
3536:. J.B. Lippincott & Company. p.
2235:Weekly News Letter to Crop Correspondents
1962:(1759–1813), 3rd Governor of Pennsylvania
1934:(1780–1869), 8th Governor of Pennsylvania
1865:– 1730), miller, author, Mennonite bishop
1209:Anti-German sentiment and Americanization
1177:Learn how and when to remove this message
1122:, the bloodiest battle of the Civil War.
916:Learn how and when to remove this message
80:Ethnic group of the eastern United States
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
3869:, Oct 1987, Vol. 44 Issue 4, pp 750–774
3761:(Johns Hopkins UP, 2017), xviii, 554 pp.
3559:
3557:
3549:Seventh Day Baptists pennsylvania dutch.
3530:Gibbons, Phebe Earle (August 28, 1882).
3233:
3231:
2464:Bd. 12, Nr. 2, S. 256–284, hier S. 257 (
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
1782:and the Pennsylvania Dutch language are
1297:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1016:war of the American Revolution, notably
690:, in the area stretching in an arc from
564:That always makes a bit of an argument.
525:
6334:German-American culture in Pennsylvania
6151:List of U.S. states by Amish population
5538:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
5532:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
3924:Overview of Pennsylvania German Culture
3627:Murtagh, William J. (August 28, 1967).
3564:Murtagh, William J. (August 28, 1967).
3270:
3268:
2896:
2894:
2706:Frank Trommler, Joseph McVeigh (2016).
2632:. Gardland Publisher. pp. 63, 228.
2522:. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from
2165:
2135:
1070:Pennsylvania Dutch during the Civil War
597:Tell me, how should you orthographize,
335:areas of Germany and Europe, including
3972:Deitscherei.org—Fer der Deitsch Wandel
3533:"Pennsylvania Dutch": And Other Essays
2991:About the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers
2848:
2643:Pennsylvania State University (1978).
2088:Fraktur (Pennsylvania German folk art)
1916:(1816–1881), 4th Governor of Minnesota
1892:(1885–1966), actress, gossip columnist
1871:(1750–1818), auctioneer, organizer of
1541:, in the township that is now part of
1480:in Waterloo County, Ontario, plus the
1271:Pennsylvania Dutch during World War II
583:schieben wir gerade mal auf die Seite.
6369:German-Jewish culture in Pennsylvania
3206:"History of Markham, Ontario, Canada"
2781:Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus Conrad
1649:), in alignment with German grammar.
1447:Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference
1437:. Some still live in the area around
1240:Pennsylvania Dutch during World War I
1197:Immediately after the Civil War, the
783:A portrayal of colonial Palatines in
616:Brauchen wir keine Zeit zu verlieren,
547:Saagt mer mol, wie soll mer schpelle.
7:
6339:German diaspora in the United States
3799:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
3633:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3570:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3238:Ruprecht, Tony (December 14, 2010).
2879:. Journal of the American Revolution
561:Das macht immer ein bisschen Streit;
319:region. They largely originate from
136:Regions with significant populations
6204:List of Amish and their descendants
3785:. Joel Munsell's Sons, Albany, NY.
3503:Shea, John G. (December 27, 2012).
3479:"The Germans Come to North America"
3285:. Waterloo Historical Society. 1930
2768:Yearbook of German-American Studies
2049:List of Amish and their descendants
1101:47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
859:, literally "Germany-ers", compare
591:Saagt, wie soll mer buchschtawiere,
6354:Culture of Lancaster, Pennsylvania
6344:German-Canadian culture in Ontario
2617:. Archway Publishing. p. 426.
2365:Elliott, Hannah (March 26, 2012).
2283:Folk Music: A Regional Exploration
1378:was of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry
930:Germans in the American Revolution
652:, such as the Old Order Amish and
580:schiebt mer graad mol uf die Seit.
575:What you don't want to deal with,
553:So tell me, how should you spell?
25:
6236:Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch
3982:The Pennsylvania German Newspaper
3083:The Settlers of Monckton Township
2829:Valuska, David L., Ph.D. (2007).
2662:. Pelican Publishing. p. 37.
2377:from the original on May 27, 2012
1734:and those who belonged to German
1659:Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch
1126:Decline of the Pennsylvania Dutch
1044:During the Revolutionary War the
624:macht mer's ewwe yuscht so nooch.
605:in der schönen deutschen Sprache!
6364:German diaspora in North America
6308:
3919:Lancaster County tourism website
3901:
3704:"Yiddish and Pennsylvania Dutch"
3085:, Omemee ON: 250th Publications.
2875:Ruppert, Bob (October 1, 2014).
2809:"Lititz – Keeping History Alive"
2462:Journal of the History of Ideas.
2270:. Penn State Press. p. 218.
2032:
2018:
2004:
1406:An early group, mainly from the
1290:relies largely or entirely on a
1279:
1232:German." You're just American."
1140:
1088:, composed of Pennsylvania Dutch
1029:Pennsylvania Dutch Provost Corps
879:
627:machen wir es eben just so nach.
613:Brauch mer noh ke Zeit verliere,
602:in de scheene deitsche Schproch!
558:Sel macht immer bissel Schtreit;
420:, and the family of businessman
31:
6012:(by number of church districts)
3914:The Pennsylvania German Society
3908:German diaspora in Pennsylvania
3334:"York County (Ontario, Canada)"
2797:. Macmillan. pp. 171, 300.
2762:A. G.. Roeber, "Henry Miller's
2645:Germantown Crier, Volumes 30-32
2220:Americas (English Ed.) Volume 8
2218:University of Michigan (1956).
1852:(1822–1909), writer, translator
1831:(1849–1925), writer, journalist
1752:Franklin & Marshall College
1425:After the American Revolution,
1422:clan descends from this group.
762:, and the Canadian province of
586:you just push off to the side.
572:was wir nun nicht haben wollen,
315:, most predominantly in the US
3878:Diaries of Two Ansbach Jaegers
3547:– via Internet Archive.
3365:. MennoMedia, Inc. p. 14.
3121:"Ontario's Mennonite Heritage"
3054:The Pennsylvania Dutch Country
2556:Merritt George Yorgey (2008).
1845:President of the United States
1762:resolved them. The arrival of
1132:German Society of Pennsylvania
815:German Society of Pennsylvania
619:No point in wasting any time,
1:
4264:German Mennonites from Russia
3453:"What is Pennsylvania Dutch?"
2743:immigrantentrepreneurship.org
2571:Steven M. Nolt (March 2008).
2338:Steven M. Nolt (March 2008).
2177:. Abigdon Press. p. 254.
1859:
1825:(1873–1950), poet, playwright
1769:Franklin and Marshall College
1486:Franklin County, Pennsylvania
3867:William & Mary Quarterly
3831:, Penn State U. Press, 2002
3781:. Translated from German by
2251:; Joseph C. Salmons (2015).
1928:(1878–1956), writer, scholar
1807:(1759–1808), founder of the
569:was ner nau net hawwe welle,
379:being most closely related.
6384:Mennonitism in Pennsylvania
6231:Pennsylvania Dutch language
5439:Alsatians and Lotharingians
3067:Robert Hendrickson (2000).
2941:Donald B. Kraybill (2003).
2902:"Order of the Marechaussee"
2673:Sudie Doggett Wike (2022).
2440:Hostetler, John A. (1993),
2188:William J. Frawley (2003).
2117:Old German Baptist Brethren
1983:(1833–1917), co-founder of
1968:(1831–1901), co-founder of
1816:(1949–present), founder of
1387:Canadian Pennsylvania Dutch
967:Declaration of Independence
487:Pennsylvania Dutch language
85:Pennsylvania Dutch language
6430:
6399:Pennsylvania Dutch culture
4861:Alabama Creoles and Cajuns
3693:, 1994, Vol. 28, pp. 15–29
3361:Samuel J. Steiner (2015).
3152:Kitchener.foundlocally.com
3022:John G. Sabol Jr. (2007).
2628:Kenneth L. Kusmer (1991).
2266:Fred Lewis Pattee (2015).
2149:November 27, 2022, at the
2077:Michael Werner (publisher)
1722:; this contrasts with the
1656:
1575:
1212:
1129:
1073:
971:Philadelphische Staatsbote
927:
688:South Central Pennsylvania
678:Pennsylvania Dutch Country
675:
484:
431:
384:Pennsylvania Dutch Country
188:Pennsylvania Dutch English
82:
6305:
6177:Amish religious practices
6091:Jamesport/Bloomfield (MO)
4837:White Hispanic and Latino
3775:Eelking, Max von (1893).
3650:– via Google Books.
3587:– via Google Books.
3519:– via Google Books.
3261:– via Google Books.
2770:, 1990, Vol. 25, pp 57–76
2065:Helen Reimensnyder Martin
1760:Henry Melchior Muhlenberg
1549:Canadian Black Mennonites
990:Nicholas Herkimer at the
299:, are an ethnic group in
262:
198:
182:
140:
119:
4784:Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots
4166:Kiautschou German pidgin
4118:Argentinian Swiss German
2945:. JHU Press. p. 45.
2061:, historian and linguist
1702:with a lesser number of
1509:Markham Village, Ontario
1435:Waterloo County, Ontario
1397:Waterloo County, Ontario
1120:Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
969:(1776) in his newspaper
955:Province of Pennsylvania
513:Palatine German dialects
377:Palatine German dialects
6315:Christianity portal
6282:Literature on the Amish
5459:Multinational dimension
3676:Leonard R. Riforgiato,
3509:. Courier Corporation.
2943:The Amish and the State
2598:Mark L. Louden (2016).
2249:Janne Bondi Johannessen
2112:Schwenkfeldian (church)
1809:Evangelical Association
1732:German Baptist Brethren
1149:Some of this article's
963:Principality of Waldeck
888:Some of this article's
664:Geographic distribution
295:), also referred to as
293:Pennsylvanisch Deitsche
292:
104:Pennsylvanisch Deitsche
103:
40:Some of this article's
6389:North Carolina culture
6199:Women in Amish society
6194:Health among the Amish
5949:
5653:
5380:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5121:
5053:
5037:
5030:
3966:In Pennsylvania German
3768:75.2 (2008): 197-226.
3664:68.2 (2001): 162-201.
3304:Elizabeth Bloomfield.
3182:www.walterbeantrail.ca
3052:Irwin Richman (2004).
3037:Nelson Greene (1925).
2813:lancastercountymag.com
2613:David W. Guth (2017).
1985:Studebaker Corporation
1975:Clement Studebaker Jr.
1970:Studebaker Corporation
1818:Auntie Anne's Pretzels
1788:mutual intelligibility
1764:John Christopher Kunze
1740:German Reformed Church
1691:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1573:
1416:Moncton, New Brunswick
1414:, site of present-day
1403:
1379:
1265:German-American Bunden
1249:27th Infantry Division
1224:
1194:
1089:
1022:
1012:
995:
950:
864:
849:
787:
775:Immigration to America
673:
321:German-speaking people
220:Church of the Brethren
6409:West Virginia culture
6349:Amish in Pennsylvania
4040:Namibian Black German
4022:spoken outside Europe
3598:Donald F. Durnbaugh.
3426:Donald F. Durnbaugh.
3377:Pennsylvania Folklife
2997:. Pennsylvania: 2014.
1682:
1568:
1535:German Mills, Ontario
1394:
1373:
1222:
1215:Anti-German sentiment
1213:Further information:
1192:
1130:Further information:
1083:
1074:Further information:
1064:Military Police Corps
1052:Battle of Springfield
1039:Reading, Pennsylvania
989:
937:
928:Further information:
782:
671:
638:anti-German sentiment
432:Further information:
307:and other regions of
276:Missouri Rhinelanders
258:Related ethnic groups
6414:Pennsylvania culture
6267:Amish preaching soup
5879:United Arab Emirates
5187:Transylvanian Saxons
4474:Norwegian Minnesotan
4154:Asia and the Pacific
3910:at Wikimedia Commons
3766:Pennsylvania History
3662:Pennsylvania History
3241:Toronto's Many Faces
3081:Bowser, Les (2016).
2837:on November 27, 2022
2526:on February 11, 2020
2173:Oscar Kuhns (2009).
2012:United States portal
1841:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1744:Seventh Day Baptists
1645:der Abfall muss raus
1621:die Lichter loeschen
1513:Stouffville, Ontario
1497:Greater Toronto Area
1451:Old Order Mennonites
1412:Township of Monckton
1376:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1318:"Pennsylvania Dutch"
1303:improve this article
1116:Battle of Gettysburg
1076:Battle of Gettysburg
1041:, prior to the war.
981:Frederick Muhlenberg
948:Pennsylvania Militia
940:Battle of Germantown
654:Old Order Mennonites
497:Old Order Mennonites
418:Dwight D. Eisenhower
297:Pennsylvania Germans
141:German Pennsylvania
128:Flag of Pennsylvania
6079:New Wilmington (PA)
5466:Central and Eastern
5370:Italy (South Tyrol)
4830:Non-Hispanic whites
4133:Paraná Volga German
3841:Pochmann, Henry A.
3708:Yiddish Book Center
3379:29.1 (1979): 13-26.
3216:on January 15, 2013
2922:on December 8, 2015
2281:Norm Cohen (2005).
2040:Philadelphia portal
1938:Victor Schertzinger
1926:Harry Hess Reichard
1603:An 1892 article in
1519:and brother-in-law
1247:of New York in the
1084:Battle flag of the
959:American Revolution
536:Pennsylvania German
532:
413:food conglomerate,
392:Old Order Mennonite
289:Pennsylvania German
252:Jehovah's Witnesses
111:Pennsylvania German
97:
18:Pennsylvania German
6359:Culture of Ontario
6109:Fredericktown (OH)
5611:Pennsylvania Dutch
4855:French Louisianian
4257:Pennsylvania Dutch
4213:European Americans
4082:Pennsylvania Dutch
3406:Max Kade Institute
3123:. Wampumkeeper.com
2658:H. Carter (1968).
1966:Clement Studebaker
1843:(1890–1969), 34th
1692:
1574:
1539:Thornhill, Ontario
1505:Pickering, Ontario
1427:John Graves Simcoe
1404:
1380:
1251:broke through the
1225:
1199:federal government
1195:
1094:American Civil War
1090:
1056:Battle of Yorktown
996:
992:Battle of Oriskany
951:
788:
674:
526:
388:Ohio Amish Country
285:Pennsylvania Dutch
184:Pennsylvania Dutch
96:Pennsylvania Dutch
6321:
6320:
6189:Amish way of life
6121:Missouri/Illinois
6013:
5966:
5965:
5937:
5936:
5474:
5473:
5274:Russian Mennonite
4982:
4981:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4953:White Southerners
4942:
4935:
4910:
4905:
4889:
4882:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4839:
4832:
4802:
4763:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4709:
4571:
4476:
4469:
4467:Norwegian Dakotan
4435:
4309:
4280:
4278:Hungarian Ohioans
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4179:
4178:
3906:Media related to
3783:J. G. Rosengarten
2989:Snyder, Laurie. "
2724:59 (1938): 74–90
2071:Anna Balmer Myers
1944:Evelyn Ay Sempier
1873:Fries's Rebellion
1507:, and especially
1368:
1367:
1353:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1018:Nicholas Herkimer
926:
925:
918:
829:Benjamin Franklin
804:Thirty Years' War
792:Palatinate region
785:Fraktur art style
702:westward through
634:
633:
409:, founder of the
337:Baden-Württemberg
281:
280:
268:Ohio Rhinelanders
78:
77:
70:
16:(Redirected from
6421:
6404:Virginia culture
6379:Maryland culture
6313:
6312:
6065:Dover (Delaware)
6025:Elkhart-LaGrange
6011:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5970:
5954:
5905:Papua New Guinea
5743:Kapitaï and Koba
5709:Kapitaï and Koba
5658:
5536:Los Lagos Region
5518:British Columbia
5126:
5079:
5072:
5058:
5042:
5033:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4986:
4969:
4962:
4957:
4938:
4931:
4908:
4901:
4887:Creoles of color
4885:
4880:
4875:Louisiana Creole
4873:
4866:
4859:
4835:
4828:
4798:
4759:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4705:
4567:
4496:Southeast Europe
4472:
4465:
4431:
4305:
4276:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4183:
4123:Brazilian German
4113:Alemán Coloniero
4097:Wisconsin German
4077:Hutterite German
4012:
4005:
3998:
3989:
3978:Hiwwe wie Driwwe
3905:
3891:
3813:Louden, Mark L.
3794:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3733:The Morning Call
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3700:
3694:
3687:
3681:
3674:
3668:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3607:Journals.psu.edu
3604:
3595:
3589:
3588:
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3584:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3527:
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3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3432:Journals.psu.edu
3423:
3417:
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3414:
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3290:
3280:
3272:
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3262:
3260:
3258:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3212:. Archived from
3202:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3154:. Archived from
3144:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3092:
3086:
3079:
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3064:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3019:
3013:
3006:Schmidt, Lewis.
3004:
2998:
2987:
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2973:
2967:
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2958:
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2799:
2798:
2790:
2784:
2777:
2771:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2739:"Henrich Miller"
2734:
2728:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2697:
2694:
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2685:
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2670:
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2500:
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2239:
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2223:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2170:
2153:
2144:David L. Valuska
2140:
2099:Hiwwe wie Driwwe
2042:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1954:Francis R. Shunk
1884:Michael Hillegas
1864:
1861:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1606:The New York Sun
1521:Abraham Stouffer
1490:Conestoga wagons
1458:Upstate New York
1439:Markham, Ontario
1418:. The extensive
1401:Conestoga wagons
1363:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1311:
1283:
1275:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1144:
1136:
1111:, Pennsylvania.
921:
914:
910:
907:
901:
883:
875:
533:
509:Rhine Franconian
373:Rhine Franconian
124:
114:
106:
98:
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
35:
27:
21:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6374:Indiana culture
6324:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6307:
6301:
6287:Amish Mennonite
6257:Amish furniture
6240:
6165:
6139:
6115:Kansas/Oklahoma
6010:
6002:
5997:
5967:
5962:
5933:
5883:
5805:
5663:
5530:Los Ríos Region
5470:
5454:
5418:
5343:Southern Europe
5338:
5312:North Schleswig
5295:Northern Europe
5290:
5153:
5094:Sudeten Germans
5061:
5018:
5013:
4983:
4978:
4915:
4897:French Canadian
4824:White Americans
4817:Other Europeans
4812:
4761:Irish Traveller
4664:
4591:Southern Europe
4586:
4491:
4405:Northern Europe
4400:
4329:
4291:Liechtensteiner
4215:
4210:
4180:
4175:
4149:
4101:
4067:Alsatian German
4050:
4046:Nataler Deutsch
4036:Namibian German
4023:
4016:
3898:
3888:
3875:
3774:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3688:
3684:
3675:
3671:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3542:
3540:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3483:Anabaptists.org
3477:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3401:
3397:
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3392:
3387:
3383:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3342:
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3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3158:on May 25, 2017
3146:
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3124:
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3102:
3094:
3093:
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3001:
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2820:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2774:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2737:Patrick Erben.
2736:
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2715:
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2700:
2695:
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2247:
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2227:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2151:Wayback Machine
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2054:German American
2038:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1981:John Studebaker
1908:James H. Maurer
1862:
1800:
1700:German Reformed
1677:
1661:
1655:
1584:
1576:Main articles:
1563:
1551:
1501:Altona, Ontario
1443:Waterloo Region
1431:Haldimand Tract
1389:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1312:
1310:
1296:
1284:
1273:
1261:
1259:Interwar period
1253:Hindenburg Line
1242:
1217:
1211:
1183:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1145:
1134:
1128:
1078:
1072:
1031:
932:
922:
911:
905:
902:
899:
884:
873:
839:Why should the
825:Anglo-Americans
777:
772:
684:Delaware Valley
680:
666:
539:Standard German
505:German dialects
493:Old Order Amish
489:
483:
440:
430:
369:German dialects
357:Alsace–Lorraine
333:German-speaking
240:Yorker Brethren
208:German Reformed
186:
142:
131:
115:
108:
93:
88:
81:
74:
63:
57:
54:
51:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6427:
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6211:
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6173:
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6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6130:
6128:Tobe Hostetler
6125:
6122:
6119:
6118:Milverton (ON)
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6066:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6040:Swartzentruber
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5973:
5964:
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5960:
5955:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5922:German Samoans
5919:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5902:
5897:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
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5866:
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5460:
5456:
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5450:United Kingdom
5447:
5442:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5423:Western Europe
5420:
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5416:
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5414:
5404:
5403:
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5392:
5387:
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5372:
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5346:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5317:Potato Germans
5314:
5304:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5252:North Caucasus
5249:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5194:
5189:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5158:Eastern Europe
5155:
5154:
5152:
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1570:George W. Bush
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2442:Amish Society
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2059:Preston Barba
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2030:
2027:
2016:
2013:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1990:Conrad Weiser
1988:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:(1933–2008),
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:Joseph Ritner
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
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1888:
1885:
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1876:
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1851:
1850:H. L. Fischer
1848:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:John Birmelin
1821:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1792:Lehigh County
1789:
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1341:
1337:
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1330:
1327:
1323:
1320: –
1319:
1315:
1314:Find sources:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1292:single source
1288:This section
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1268:
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1053:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1035:Provost corps
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
993:
988:
984:
982:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
945:
944:United States
941:
936:
931:
920:
917:
909:
897:
896:
891:
886:
882:
877:
876:
870:
868:
866:
865:Deutschländer
862:
858:
857:Deitschlenner
854:
848:
846:
842:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
816:
812:
811:redemptioners
807:
805:
800:
797:
793:
786:
781:
774:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:West Virginia
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:Lehigh Valley
697:
693:
689:
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560:
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552:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
535:
534:
530:
529:John Birmelin
524:
520:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
488:
480:
478:
476:
472:
468:
467:German Empire
464:
463:United States
459:
457:
451:
449:
445:
439:
438:Anglicization
435:
427:
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423:
419:
416:
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408:
403:
401:
397:
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364:
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354:
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342:
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326:
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318:
314:
313:United States
310:
306:
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298:
294:
290:
286:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Schwenkfelder
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
189:
185:
181:
176:
173:
169:
165:
164:West Virginia
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
139:
134:
129:
123:
118:
112:
105:
99:
90:
86:
72:
69:
61:
49:
48:
43:
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
6394:Ohio culture
6292:Beachy Amish
6272:Barn raising
6252:Jakob Ammann
6144:Distribution
6132:
6088:Ashland (OH)
6082:Daviess (IN)
6008:Affiliations
5750:South Africa
5610:
5123:Walddeutsche
4707:Jersey Dutch
4256:
4250:German Texan
4171:Unserdeutsch
4145:Plautdietsch
4128:Ostpommersch
4092:Texas German
4087:Plautdietsch
4062:Amana German
3981:
3977:
3877:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3842:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3798:
3777:
3765:
3758:
3752:Bibliography
3737:. Retrieved
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3698:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3661:
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3629:
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3606:
3593:
3581:. Retrieved
3566:
3548:
3541:. Retrieved
3532:
3525:
3505:
3498:
3486:. Retrieved
3482:
3473:
3461:. Retrieved
3456:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3431:
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3393:
3384:
3376:
3371:
3362:
3341:. Retrieved
3337:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3312:
3299:
3287:. Retrieved
3282:
3255:. Retrieved
3240:
3218:. Retrieved
3214:the original
3209:
3185:. Retrieved
3181:
3172:
3160:. Retrieved
3156:the original
3151:
3125:. Retrieved
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3100:Biographi.ca
3099:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3068:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3038:
3032:
3023:
3017:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2985:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2942:
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
2917:the original
2912:
2908:
2881:. Retrieved
2841:November 11,
2839:. Retrieved
2835:the original
2812:
2803:
2794:
2788:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2748:February 19,
2746:. Retrieved
2742:
2732:
2721:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2668:
2659:
2653:
2644:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2614:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2573:
2566:
2557:
2528:. Retrieved
2524:the original
2513:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2370:
2360:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2204:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2174:
2168:
2138:
2097:
1960:Simon Snyder
1948:Miss America
1902:William Kohl
1890:Hedda Hopper
1773:
1756:
1748:
1728:
1706:, including
1693:
1665:shoo-fly pie
1662:
1642:
1634:
1629:es wird nass
1626:
1618:
1615:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:Plain people
1552:
1525:
1517:Peter Reesor
1494:
1455:
1424:
1405:
1381:
1356:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1313:
1289:
1262:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1203:
1196:
1173:
1164:
1153:
1113:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1047:Marechaussee
1045:
1043:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1001:
997:
979:
975:William Tell
970:
966:
952:
912:
903:
892:
856:
852:
850:
844:
840:
838:
832:
823:
819:
808:
801:
796:William Penn
789:
720:Chambersburg
681:
650:Plain people
646:World War II
635:
521:
517:
490:
460:
452:
441:
404:
381:
365:
351:in Germany,
317:Mid-Atlantic
305:Pennsylvania
296:
284:
282:
92:Ethnic group
89:
64:
55:
44:
6209:Hochstetler
6170:Way of life
6112:Kalona (IA)
6085:Kenton (IN)
6076:Arthur (IL)
6069:Andy Weaver
5951:Ostsiedlung
5900:New Zealand
5874:Philippines
5716:Ivory Coast
5601:Puerto Rico
5554:El Salvador
5445:Netherlands
5399:Gottscheers
5199:(including
5149:Switzerland
4933:Los Angeles
4650:Sammarinese
4633:before 1880
4548:Montenegrin
4441:Greenlandic
4346:Azerbaijani
3457:Padutch.net
3244:. Dundurn.
2926:December 5,
2909:The Dragoon
2108:handwriting
2082:John Schmid
1896:Ralph Kiner
1878:Betty Groff
1863: 1697
1784:High German
1754:) in 1787.
1724:Fancy Dutch
1720:Plain Dutch
1704:Anabaptists
1687:woman from
1669:funnel cake
1637:es ist alle
1578:Fancy Dutch
1543:York Region
1154:may not be
1109:Camp Curtin
893:may not be
642:World War I
511:, with the
501:ambilingual
444:Netherlands
400:Fancy Dutch
375:, with the
353:Switzerland
272:Fancy Dutch
45:may not be
6328:Categories
6277:Rumspringa
6262:Amish doll
6134:and others
5864:Kyrgyzstan
5854:Kazakhstan
5755:Afrikaners
5549:Costa Rica
5513:Hutterites
5375:Yugoslavia
5355:Azerbaijan
5264:Bessarabia
5023:Historical
4927:California
4645:Portuguese
4538:Macedonian
4456:Lithuanian
4366:Circassian
4351:Belarusian
3735:. May 1987
3646:August 28,
3640:0812216377
3612:August 28,
3583:August 28,
3577:0812216377
3543:August 28,
3488:August 28,
3463:August 28,
3437:August 28,
3343:August 28,
3318:August 28,
3257:August 28,
3220:August 28,
3162:August 28,
3105:August 28,
2883:August 29,
2764:Staatsbote
2160:References
1869:John Fries
1835:George Ege
1708:Mennonites
1474:St. Jacobs
1408:Roxborough
1374:President
1329:newspapers
1004:Hollanders
434:Theodiscus
359:region of
355:, and the
327:region of
325:Palatinate
168:California
6297:New Order
6214:Stoltzfus
6047:Geauga II
6020:Lancaster
5895:Australia
5648:Venezuela
5631:Palatines
5579:Nicaragua
5559:Guatemala
5488:Argentina
5269:Black Sea
5215:Satu Mare
5175:Black Sea
5046:Palatines
4964:Louisiana
4920:By region
4845:Melungeon
4800:Wisconsin
4513:Bulgarian
4461:Norwegian
4446:Icelandic
4396:Ukrainian
4286:Kashubian
4272:Hungarian
4034:Namibia:
3338:Gameo.org
3289:March 13,
3276:"History"
2454:Hans Kohn
2102:newspaper
1920:Bodo Otto
1689:Lancaster
1466:Kitchener
1462:Cambridge
1359:June 2024
1299:talk page
1255:in 1917.
1167:June 2024
1008:Palatines
906:June 2024
756:Wisconsin
712:Lancaster
696:Allentown
692:Bethlehem
422:Elon Musk
349:Rhineland
264:Palatines
224:Mennonite
178:Languages
58:June 2024
6161:Maryland
6100:Nebraska
6095:Michigan
6044:Geauga I
6035:Buchanan
5942:See also
5869:Pakistan
5777:Zanzibar
5767:Bagamoyo
5762:Tanzania
5682:Cameroon
5616:Nebraska
5584:Paraguay
5544:Colombia
5480:Americas
5412:Bosporus
5395:Slovenia
5360:Bulgaria
5220:Bukovina
5205:Highland
5192:Landlers
5137:Slovakia
5067:Diaspora
4971:Maryland
4958:Arkansas
4789:Scottish
4742:Huguenot
4735:Canadian
4655:Sicilian
4623:Galician
4618:Corsican
4608:Canarian
4598:Asturian
4582:Yugoslav
4553:Romanian
4543:Moldovan
4523:Croatian
4503:Albanian
4417:Estonian
4376:Georgian
4341:Armenian
4301:Silesian
4227:Austrian
3871:in JSTOR
3803:in JSTOR
3791:72081186
3411:July 30,
3313:Mhso.org
2851:cite web
2530:July 31,
2456:(1951):
2375:Archived
2147:Archived
2119:(church)
2093:Hex sign
2084:, singer
2073:, author
2067:, author
1998:See also
1736:Lutheran
1716:Brethren
1696:Lutheran
1683:A young
1675:Religion
1482:Listowel
1470:Waterloo
1156:reliable
895:reliable
853:Deitsche
760:Virginia
752:Illinois
732:Maryland
728:Delaware
724:New York
640:between
542:English
527:Poem by
481:Language
311:and the
216:Moravian
212:Catholic
204:Reformed
200:Lutheran
194:Religion
156:Virginia
152:Maryland
47:reliable
6182:Ordnung
5888:Oceania
5832:Tianjin
5827:Qingdao
5822:Beijing
5789:Baguida
5738:Senegal
5726:Nigeria
5721:Namibia
5692:Yaoundé
5643:Uruguay
5636:by city
5569:Jamaica
5498:Bolivia
5430:Belgium
5385:Croatia
5365:Georgia
5350:Armenia
5329:Finland
5307:Denmark
5284:Galicia
5259:Ukraine
5225:Dobruja
5182:Romania
5170:Moldova
5165:Belarus
5130:Galicia
5116:Olęders
5111:Vistula
5101:Hungary
4903:Acadian
4868:Isleños
4794:Walloon
4779:Occitan
4750:Frisian
4721:Acadian
4696:English
4691:Cornish
4686:British
4676:Belgian
4660:Spanish
4640:Maltese
4628:Italian
4613:Catalan
4577:Turkish
4563:Serbian
4558:Slovene
4533:Kosovan
4518:Cypriot
4508:Bosnian
4487:Swedish
4451:Latvian
4433:Findian
4427:Finnish
4422:Faroese
4386:Russian
4371:Cossack
4361:Chechen
4320:Sorbian
4140:Hunsrik
3739:June 5,
3713:June 5,
3127:May 10,
2470:2707517
2381:May 30,
2123:Pow-wow
2106:Kurrent
1780:Yiddish
1653:Cuisine
1561:Society
1531:Toronto
1420:Steeves
1343:scholar
1060:Hessian
946:in the
938:In the
770:History
764:Ontario
748:Indiana
708:Lebanon
704:Reading
698:in the
636:Due to
456:autonym
446:or the
428:Autonym
329:Germany
323:in the
301:Ontario
248:Pow-wow
244:Judaism
172:Ontario
148:Indiana
130:in 1863
6219:Troyer
6056:Troyer
6030:Holmes
5915:Rabaul
5910:Kokopo
5844:Israel
5704:Guinea
5687:Douala
5677:Angola
5669:Africa
5594:Pozuzo
5574:Mexico
5508:Canada
5503:Brazil
5493:Belize
5435:France
5407:Turkey
5390:Serbia
5334:Sweden
5324:Norway
5279:Crimea
5242:Russia
5235:Zipser
5209:Walser
5207:, and
5197:Danube
5142:Zipser
5106:Poland
5075:Europe
4948:Hawaii
4715:French
4681:Breton
4603:Basque
4412:Danish
4381:Kalmyk
4356:Lezgin
4315:Slovak
4296:Polish
4237:German
4028:Africa
4020:German
3884:
3862:(1998)
3847:online
3835:
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3770:online
3680:(1980)
3666:online
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2726:online
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658:German
361:France
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345:Saxony
309:Canada
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6245:Other
6224:Yoder
6105:Renno
6000:Amish
5859:Korea
5849:Japan
5839:India
5817:China
5731:Lagos
5699:Ghana
5626:Omaha
5621:Texas
5564:Haiti
5525:Chile
5247:Volga
5230:Regat
5201:Banat
4909:Cajun
4881:Cajun
4850:Métis
4808:Welsh
4755:Irish
4728:Cajun
4701:Dutch
4528:Greek
4391:Rusyn
4325:Swiss
4307:Texas
4243:Amish
4232:Czech
3603:(PDF)
3402:(PDF)
3309:(PDF)
3279:(PDF)
2920:(PDF)
2905:(PDF)
2466:JSTOR
2130:Notes
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1685:Amish
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1336:books
411:Heinz
396:Amish
341:Hesse
228:Amish
6156:Ohio
5927:Apia
5810:Asia
5799:Lomé
5794:Sebe
5784:Togo
5589:Peru
4774:Manx
4482:Sámi
3882:ISBN
3833:ISBN
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3715:2022
3648:2017
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3585:2017
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3490:2017
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3291:2017
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2928:2015
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