Pennsylvania Dutch

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their production and reception have been limited to a minority of speakers. The significance of English among today's sectarians extends far beyond its use for communication with outsiders for business and other purposes as English is the primary language for active literacy. While Amish and Mennonite sectarians can read the Bible, prayer books, and hymnals in German, most other reading materials are in English. Research has show that nonsectarian speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch have a more pronounced Pennsylvania Dutch accent when speaking English compared to sectarian speakers such as the Old Order Amish or Old Order Mennonites.

1224: 939: 2038: 1146: 885: 33: 668: 1194: 2010: 1561:, an 1851 census shows many Black people and Mennonites lived near each other in a number of places and exchanged labor; the Dutch would also hire Black laborers. There were also accounts of Black families providing childcare assistance for their Dutch neighbors. These Pennsylvania Dutch were usually Plain Dutch Mennonites or Fancy Dutch Lutherans. The Black-Mennonite relationship in Canada soon evolved to the level of church membership. 805:, contrasted with the relatively stable environment of the American colonies. The availability of fertile land was a significant draw for the immigrants, who were mainly farmers and craftsmen, for whom the chance to own and cultivate their own farms was highly appealing. Positive reports from early settlers as well as active recruitment by William Penn encouraged friends and family to join them, fostering tightly-knit communities. 122: 1771:

German culture in Pennsylvania, with most solutions focused on schools. Helmuth saw schools as central to the future of the ethnic community. However most Lutheran clergy believed in assimilation and rejected Helmuth's call to drop English instruction. Kunze's seminary failed, but the first German college in the United States was founded in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1787 as Franklin College; it was later renamed

1396: 1375: 991: 6314: 476:, in which "deutsch" was no longer principally a linguistic and cultural term, but was increasingly used to describe all things related to Germany and its inhabitants. This development did not go unnoticed among the Pennsylvania Dutch who, in the 19th and early 20th century, referred to themselves as "Deitsche", while calling newer German immigrants "Deitschlenner" meaning "Germany-ers". 1285: 2024: 3907: 1433:, lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, invited Americans, including Mennonites and German Baptist Brethren, to settle in British North American territory and offered tracts of land to immigrant groups. This resulted in communities of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers emigrating to Canada, many to the area called the German Company Tract, a subset of land within the 1762:

Lutherans were challenged by Moravians who actively recruited Lutherans to their schools. In the 1750s, Benjamin Franklin led a drive for free charity schools for German students, with the proviso that the schools would minimize Germanness. The leading Lutheran school in Philadelphia school had internal political problems in the 1760s, but Pastor

1595:

practices and close-knit communal living. Pennsylvania Dutch (a dialect of German) is widely spoken among them, both in daily life and religious settings. The Plain Dutch adhere strictly to their religious and community norms, emphasizing a strong cultural and religious identity with minimal integration into mainstream American culture.

1062:, acted as his security detail, and was one of the last units deactivated after the Revolutionary War. The Marechaussee Corps was often not well received by the Continental Army, due in part to their defined duties but also due to the fact that some members of the corps spoke little or no English. Six of the provosts had even been 2523: 1599:

technologies. While they may still preserve some Pennsylvania Dutch traditions and language, English is predominantly used in daily life and religious practices. The Church Dutch exhibit a higher degree of assimilation into American culture, while still retaining elements of their Pennsylvania Dutch heritage.

1683: 820:

arriving before 1755 of whom the majority (ca. 35,000) arrived in the five year period between 1749 and 1754. In 1790, ethnic Germans comprised 38% of the population of Pennsylvania, or approximately 165,000 people. Of these, over half resided in the counties of Berks, Lancaster, Northampton and York.

1761:

According to Elizabeth Pardoe, by 1748, the future of the German culture in Pennsylvania was in doubt, and most of the attention focused on German language schools. Lutheran schools in Germantown and Philadelphia thrived, but most outlying congregations had difficulty recruiting students. Furthermore

1019:

In the town halls in Dutch cities liberty bells were hung, and from the "Liberty Bell" placed in Philadelphia by Pennsylvania Dutchmen, on July 4th 1776, freedom was proclaimed "throughout all the land and to all the inhabitants thereof." These Palatine Dutchmen gave us some of our bravest men in the

819:

The bulk of German migration to the American colonies began in 1683 but concentrated on the first half of the 18th century. Overall, the historian Marianne Wokeck estimates that just under 81,000 German-speakers entered the port of Philadelphia between 1683 and 1775, with two thirds of the immigrants

452:

Several authors and etymological publications consider the word “Dutch” in “Pennsylvania Dutch”, which in medieval times could also be used to refer to speakers of various German dialects, to be an archaism specific to 19th-century American English, particularly in its colloquial form. An alternative

1606:

There is little evidence specifically of Black Pennsylvania Dutch speakers during the early 19th century; following the Civil War, some Black Southerners who had moved to Pennsylvania developed close ties with the Pennsylvania Dutch community, adopting the language and assimilating into the culture.

1028:

Many Hessian prisoners, German mercenaries fighting for the British, were held in camps at the interior city of Lancaster, home to a large German community known as the Pennsylvania Dutch. Hessian prisoners were subsequently treated well, with some volunteering for extra work assignments, helping to

517:

The primary use of Pennsylvania Dutch, both historically and today, has focussed on spoken communication. Although there is a relatively large collection of written texts in the language dating back to the mid-nineteenth century (such as newspaper columns, short stories, poems, plays, and dialogues)

1620:

Today Pennsylvania Dutch culture is still prevalent in some parts of Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Dutch speak English, with some being bilingual in English and Pennsylvania Dutch. They share cultural similarities with the Mennonites in the same area. Pennsylvania Dutch English retains some German

1386:

During World War II, a platoon of Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers on patrol in Germany was once spared from being machine-gunned by Nazi soldiers who listened to them approaching. The Germans heard them speaking Pennsylvania Dutch amongst each other and assumed that they were natives of the Palatinate.

521:

In the 20th century, two linguists, Albert F. Buffington and Preston A. Barba developed a system for writing Pennsylvania Dutch that was largely based on contemporary German orthography, however this is not in common use. No prescribed norms for writing Pennsylvania Dutch exist and in practice most

1594:

The Plain Dutch consist of Anabaptist sects, including the Amish, Mennonites, and Brethren. They are known for their conservative, simple lifestyle, characterized by plain dress and limited use of modern technology. These communities typically reside in rural areas, maintaining traditional farming

1770:

from Germany in 1770 gave impetus to the Halle model in America. Kunze began training clergy and teachers in the Halle system. Reverend Heinrich Christian Helmuth arrived in 1779 and called for preaching only in German, while seeking government subsidies. A major issue was the long-term fate of

1590:

Pennsylvania Dutch society can be divided into two main groups: the sectarian "Plain Dutch" and the nonsectarian "Church Dutch" also known as "Fancy Dutch". These classifications highlight differences in religious practices, lifestyle, and degrees of assimilation into broader American society.

1239:

Many Pennsylvanians of German heritage have chosen to assimilate into Anglo-American culture, except for a significant number of Amish and Mennonite plain people who have chosen to remain insular, which has added to the modern misconception that "Pennsylvania Dutch" is synonymous with "Amish."

1602:

The primary differences between these groups lie in their religious practices, lifestyle, language use, and cultural integration. The Plain Dutch are more conservative and focused on maintaining their distinct cultural identity, whereas the Church Dutch are more assimilated and open to modern

1235:

There was rampant social & employment discrimination for anyone suspected of being German. Meritt G. Yorgey, a Pennsylvania Dutch descendant who grew up during the height of anti-German sentiment, remembers the instructions of his father: "Don't ever call yourself "Dutch" or "Pennsylvania

1598:

The Church Dutch, in contrast, belong to more mainstream Protestant denominations such as Lutheran, Reformed, United Church of Christ, and some Methodist and Baptist congregations. This group is more integrated into broader American society and is more likely to adopt modern conveniences and

1208:

Literary German disappeared from Pennsylvania Dutch life little by little, starting with schools, and then to churches and newspapers. Pennsylvania Dutch became mainly a spoken language, and as education came to only be provided in English, many Pennsylvania Dutch became bilingual.

1110:

Pennsylvania Dutch companies sometimes mixed with English-speaking companies. (The Pennsylvania Dutch had the habit of labeling anyone who did not speak Pennsylvania Dutch "English.") Many of the Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers who fought in the Civil War were recruited and trained at

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The next blow to Pennsylvania Dutch came during World War I and World War II. Prior to the wars, Pennsylvania Dutch was an urban language spoken openly in the streets of towns such as Allentown, Reading, Lancaster and York; afterwards, it became relegated only to rural areas.

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as a haven for religious minorities, promised the religious freedom they sought. Economic hardship, marked by war, famine, and limited land access in 17th and 18th century Germany, pushed many to seek a better life in the New World, which offered abundant land and resources.

1753:

Over sixty percent of the immigrants who arrived in Pennsylvania from Germany or Switzerland in the 1700s and 1800s were Lutherans and they maintained good relations with those of the German Reformed Church. The two groups founded Franklin College (now

365:

The Pennsylvania Dutch are either monolingual English speakers or bilingual speakers of both English and the Pennsylvania Dutch language, which is also commonly referred to as Pennsylvania German. Linguistically it consists of a mix of

1794:. Historically, Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania Dutch Jews often had overlapping bonds in German-American business and community life. Due to this historical bond there are several mixed-faith cemeteries in 1496:. Many of the pioneers arriving from Pennsylvania after November 1803 bought land in a sixty thousand-acre section established by a group of Mennonites from Lancaster County Pennsylvania, called the German Company Lands. 793:), Switzerland, and Alsace, moved to the USA seeking better opportunities and a safer, more tolerant environment. Many, including Amish and Mennonites, faced religious persecution in Europe. Pennsylvania, established by 1730:, mostly of the Lutheran, or Evangelical and Reformed churches, who tended to assimilate more easily into the American mainstream. By the late 1700s, other denominations were also represented in smaller numbers. 4013: 1733:

Among immigrants from the 1600s and 1700s, those known as the Pennsylvania Dutch included Mennonites, Swiss Brethren (also called Mennonites by the locals) and Amish but also Anabaptist-Pietists such as

1537:. Berczy arrived with approximately one hundred and ninety German families from Pennsylvania and settled here. Others later moved to other locations in the general area, including a hamlet they founded, 1603:

influences. In time the Fancy Dutch came to control much of the best agricultural lands, ran many newspapers and maintained their German-inspired architecture when founding new towns in Pennsylvania.

1271:, emphasizing German-American immigrant ties to the "Fatherland". The Nazi propaganda effort failed in the Pennsylvania Dutch community, as the Pennsylvania Dutch felt no sense of loyalty to Germany. 1029:

replace local men serving in the Continental Army. Due to shared German heritage and abundance of land, many Hessian soldiers stayed and settled in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country after the war's end.

850:

The Germans who immigrated to the United States saw themselves as related though distinct from later (post-1830) waves of German-speaking immigrants. The Pennsylvania Dutch referred to themselves as

1107:

also had a high percentage of German immigrants and Pennsylvania-born men of German heritage on its rosters; the regiment's K Company was formed with the intent of it being an "all-German company."

842:

be suffered to swarm into our settlements, and by herding together establish their language and manners to the exclusion of ours? Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a colony of

3937: 5262: 5245: 5469: 2378: 860: 812:, were made to work on plantations or perform other work to pay off the costs of the sponsor or shipping company which had advanced the cost of their transatlantic voyage. In 1764, the 457:“deitsch”, which in the Pennsylvania German language refers to the Pennsylvania Dutch or Germans in general. Some authors however, have described this hypothesis as a misapprehension. 1205:

took steps to replace Pennsylvania German schools with English-only schools. The Pennsylvania Dutch fought to retain German as an official language in Pennsylvania to little success.

514:

being most closely related. The language is both commonly referred to as ″Pennsylvania Dutch″ and ″Pennsylvania German″, with the latter being more common in scholarly publications.

4006: 846:, who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of us Anglifying them, and will never adopt our language or customs, any more than they can acquire our complexion. 2980: 1533:, a German entrepreneur and artist, had settled in upstate New York and in May 1794, he was able to obtain sixty-four acres in Markham Township, near the current city of 453:

interpretation commonly found among laypersons and scholars alike is that the “Dutch” in “Pennsylvania Dutch” is a anglicization or corruption of the Pennsylvania German

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which have been significantly influenced by English, primarily in terms of vocabulary. Based on dialect features, Pennsylvania Dutch can be classified as a variety of

370:

which have been significantly influenced by English, primarily in terms of vocabulary. Based on dialect features, Pennsylvania Dutch can be classified as a variety of

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History of the Mohawk Valley, Gateway to the West, 1614-1925 Covering the Six Counties of Schenectady, Schoharie, Montgomery, Fulton, Herkimer, and Oneida · Volume 1

2691: Marianne Sophia Wokeck: Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999, pp. 44-47 6372: 2503:

Joachim Scharloth, Nils Langer, Stephan Elspaß & Wim Vandenbussche: Germanic Language Histories 'from Below' (1700-2000), De Gruyter, 2011, pp. 166.

2332:

Joachim Scharloth, Nils Langer, Stephan Elspaß & Wim Vandenbussche: Germanic Language Histories 'from Below' (1700-2000), De Gruyter, 2011, pp. 166.

6342: 330:, and settled in Pennsylvania during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. While most were from the Palatinate region of Germany, a lesser number were from other 947: 2834: 2150: 4207: 3768:

Donner, William W. " 'Neither Germans nor Englishmen, but Americans': Education, Assimilation, and Ethnicity among Nineteenth Century Pennsylvania Germans,"

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Corps were utilized in a variety of ways, including intelligence gathering, route security, enemy prisoner of war operations, and even combat during the

808:

About three fourths of all Germans in Pennsylvania were subject to several years of indentured servitude contracts. These indentured servants, known as

2426:

Nicoline van der Sijs:Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages. Amsterdam University Press, 2009, page 15.

6367: 4636: 3707: 1645:) meaning "it's all gone". They also sometimes leave out the verb in phrases turning "the trash needs to go out" in to "the trash needs out" (German: 3938:"Why the Pennsylvania German still prevails in the eastern section of the State", by George Mays, M.D.. Reading, Pa., Printed by Daniel Miller, 1904 2370: 1569: 3911: 2905: 778: 6154: 1295: 1202: 1014:, in their brave defense of home, did such valiant service in promoting a love of real freedom to the preserving and hence making of our country. 3812: 2435:

Sally McMurry: Architecture and Landscape of the Pennsylvania Germans, 1720-1920. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated, 2011, page 2.

2091: 1252: 2787:" (biography), in "History, Art & Archives." Washington, D.C.: United States House of Representatives, retrieved online December 18, 2022. 5639: 4121: 3243: 1450: 1067: 987:(1750–1801), a Lutheran pastor, became a major patriot and politician, rising to be elected as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. 6387: 5877: 5433: 1743: 202: 1488:

area adjacent to the northwest. Settlement started in 1800 by Joseph Schoerg and Samuel Betzner, Jr. (brothers-in-law), Mennonites, from

854:

and would refer to Germans who arrived after the period of almost non-existent emigration between 1760 and 1830 from the German lands as

6402: 6207: 5882: 5483: 5442: 4840: 2408:

Robert Hendrickson (2000). The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms. United States of America: Infobase Publishing. p. 723.

2052: 1917: 1104: 1089: 441:

Differing explanations exist on why the Pennsylvania Dutch are referred to as “Dutch”, which typically refers to the inhabitants of the

6033: 6028: 3962: 3828:(University of Pennsylvania Press; 2011) 250 studies their houses, churches, barns, outbuildings, commercial buildings, and landscapes 2512:

Glenn G. Gilbert: Studies in Contact Linguistics: Essays in Honor of Glenn G. Gilbert, Austria, P. Lang, 2006, pp. 130.

933: 6239: 5604: 5152: 5010: 3889: 3840: 3518: 3253: 2586: 2353: 1662: 1180: 919: 464:

predates the emergence of a distinct German national identity, which did not form until the late 18th century. The formation of the

67: 3947: 1165:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

904:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

52:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

4943: 4200: 3632: 1353: 3508: 6392: 5994: 3957: 3209: 1703: 1325: 1066:

prisoners of war prior to their recruitment. Because the provost corps completed many of the same functions as the modern U.S.

206: 1084: 6412: 6352: 5847: 4936: 3642: 3579: 1848: 1779: 1310: 1135: 813: 413: 1755: 1223: 6417: 5672: 5453: 5092: 4930: 4853: 1914:(1864–1944), Labor leader, three-term Pennsylvania House of Representatives member, and two-time Vice Presidential nominee 1772: 1739: 1489: 1332: 1267:

Before World War II, the Nazi Party sought to gain the loyalty of the German-American community, and established pro-Nazi

490:

Although speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch can be found among both sectarians and nonsectarians, most speakers belong to the

3927: 1103:

Some regiments like the 153rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry were entirely composed of Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers. The

4967: 2314:

Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, pp. 1-2; pp. 60-66; pp. 342-343.

1614: 1055: 315: 287: 110: 1798:, including Allentown's Fairview Cemetery, where German-Americans of both the Jewish and Protestant faiths are buried. 6362: 6234: 6023: 4974: 4193: 4085: 2120: 1795: 485: 182: 84: 5852: 3922: 1782:

have often maintained a special relationship due to their common German language and cultural heritage. Because both

3869:

Roeber, A. G. "In German Ways? Problems and Potentials of Eighteenth-Century German Social and Emigration History",

2880: 1339: 1100:

had German-speaking or Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking members on their rosters, the majority of whom were Fancy Dutch.

6038: 5629: 5310: 4039: 3634:

Moravian Architecture and Town Planning: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Other Eighteenth-Century American Settlements

3571:

Moravian Architecture and Town Planning: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Other Eighteenth-Century American Settlements

3402: 2838: 2147: 2080: 1159: 938: 898: 718: 686: 676: 382: 186: 46: 2712:

America and the Germans, Volume 1: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred Year History--Immigration, Language, Ethnicity

1667:

The Pennsylvania Dutch have some foods that are uncommon outside of places where they live. Some of these include

969:(1702-1782), was a journalist and printer based in Philadelphia, and published an early German translation of the 6407: 6382: 6180: 5908: 5552: 5501: 5109: 4900: 4764: 4738: 4294: 3786: 3379:

Lee C. Hopple, "Spatial organization of the southeastern Pennsylvania plain Dutch group culture region to 1975."

3310:"BUILDING COMMUNITY ON THE FRONTIER : the Mennonite contribution to shaping the Waterloo settlement to 1861" 2068: 1821: 1763: 1038: 507: 371: 5448: 1041:

under Captain Bartholomew von Heer, a Prussian who had served in a similar unit in Europe before immigrating to

6377: 4169: 3309: 1512: 1446: 1438: 1411: 1400: 1321: 1154: 1123: 958: 893: 511: 375: 238: 41: 3569: 3159: 3664:

Elizabeth Lewis Pardoe, "Poor children and enlightened citizens: Lutheran education in America, 1748-1800."

6285: 6098: 5753: 5315: 4878: 4131: 3482: 2494:

Michael T. Putnam: Studies on German-Language Islands, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, pp. 375

2457: 2323:

Michael T. Putnam: Studies on German-Language Islands, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, pp. 375

2252: 2146:"It is interesting to note that nearly all men recruited into the Provost Corps were Pennsylvania German." - 1812: 1692: 966: 710: 694: 690: 6202: 6197: 5373: 5208: 5195: 4951: 4871: 4787: 1988: 1978: 1973: 1791: 1767: 1419: 1145: 884: 250: 218: 32: 5685: 2576: 2343: 647:, the use of the Pennsylvania Dutch language declined, except among the more insular and tradition-bound 6397: 5903: 5741: 5383: 5378: 5358: 5003: 4864: 4710: 4653: 4551: 4444: 4349: 4304: 4148: 4116: 4090: 4043: 2920: 1538: 1218: 1042: 706: 702: 636: 5765: 5729: 5327: 4797: 4782: 4536: 1621:

grammar and literally translated vocabulary, some phrases include "outen or out'n the lights" (German:

667: 5702: 2729: 6270: 6043: 5787: 5719: 5707: 5496: 5190: 4772: 4648: 4541: 4477: 4459: 4369: 4354: 4049: 3975: 2634:

Black Communities and Urban Development in America, 1720-1990: The Colonial and early national period

2179:

The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial Pennsylvania A Study of the So-called Pennsylvania Dutch

2126: 2115: 2015: 1876: 1844: 1747: 1735: 1719: 1516: 1500: 1454: 1415: 1379: 1268: 1119: 1079: 984: 943: 802: 790: 502:, speaking both Pennsylvania Dutch and English natively. The Pennsylvania Dutch language is a mix of 416: 335: 246: 127: 5925: 355: 6318: 5987: 5872: 5746: 5712: 5587: 5398: 5363: 4858: 4833: 4516: 4464: 4449: 4399: 4289: 4275: 3711: 2835:"Von Heer's Provost Corps Marechausee: The Army's Military Police. An All Pennsylvania German Unit" 2812: 2742: 2043: 1941: 1929: 1477: 962: 801:

Europe’s, and especially Germany's, political instability, with frequent wars like the devastating

652: 495: 390: 323: 3811:

Larkin, Rian. "Plain, Fancy and Fancy-Plain: The Pennsylvania Dutch in the 21st Century." (2018).

3732: 3541: 965:; the nonviolent Plain Dutch minority did not fight in the war. Heinrich Miller of the Holy Roman 6159: 6137: 6011: 5898: 5867: 5857: 5651: 5572: 5388: 5332: 5267: 5218: 5185: 5173: 5168: 5140: 5104: 4792: 4658: 4626: 4621: 4611: 4601: 4585: 4556: 4546: 4526: 4506: 4420: 4379: 4344: 4230: 4216: 3409: 3337: 2469: 1969: 1775:. The Moravians settled Bethlehem and nearby areas and established schools for Native Americans. 1542: 1508: 1469: 1465: 1430: 1414:-Germantown area of Pennsylvania, emigrated to then colonial Nova Scotia in 1766 and founded the 1248: 1097: 995: 783: 714: 454: 386: 274: 5533: 3392:

Rian Larkin, "Plain, Fancy and Fancy-Plain: The Pennsylvania Dutch in the 21st Century." (2018).

2485:

Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, pp. 3–4.

1750:. Calvinist Palatines and several other denominations were also represented to a lesser extent. 1346: 389:. The main division among Pennsylvania Dutch is that between sectarians (those belonging to the 3693:

Samuel R. Zeiser, "Moravians and Lutherans: Getting beyond the Zinzendorf-Muhlenberg Impasse",

2981:

History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5; prepared in compliance with acts of the legislature

1193: 397:

or related groups) and nonsectarians, sometimes colloquially referred to as ″Church Dutch″ or ″

6192: 6164: 6072: 5646: 5582: 5562: 5557: 5506: 5491: 5438: 5410: 5393: 5337: 5277: 5272: 5178: 4956: 4803: 4753: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4679: 4663: 4643: 4631: 4616: 4580: 4566: 4561: 4521: 4511: 4490: 4485: 4470: 4454: 4430: 4425: 4389: 4374: 4364: 4323: 4281: 4267: 3885: 3836: 3790: 3638: 3575: 3514: 3249: 2919:(2). Fort Leonard Wood: Military Police Regimental Association: 8. Spring 2015. Archived from 2854: 2582: 2349: 2074: 1947: 1485: 1473: 1118:

Pennsylvania Dutch regiments composed a large portion of the Federal Forces who fought in the

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Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.3-4

5862: 5842: 5820: 5724: 5634: 5619: 5609: 5592: 5547: 5539: 5511: 5415: 5368: 5353: 5287: 5255: 5228: 5223: 5133: 4996: 4890: 4718: 4684: 4606: 4415: 4384: 4359: 4318: 4299: 4240: 4126: 4100: 4080: 4070: 3991: 3773: 3736: 3669: 3603: 3431: 3099: 2102: 1957: 1887: 1609: 1524: 1461: 1442: 789:

The Pennsylvania Dutch, primarily German-speaking immigrants from Germany (particularly the

722: 3100:"Biography – SIMCOE, JOHN GRAVES – Volume V (1801–1820) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography" 2399:

Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2

1790:

languages, there are strong similarities between the two languages and a limited degree of

6300: 6290: 6260: 5680: 5577: 5567: 5528: 5200: 5114: 5097: 5070: 4827: 4811: 4758: 4704: 4572: 4531: 4394: 4328: 4235: 4023: 2154: 2057: 1984: 1911: 1902:(1922–2014), Hall of Fame baseball player and Pittsburgh Pirates and New York Mets legend. 1504: 1493: 1481: 1434: 1404: 1256: 864: 682: 499: 491: 331: 214: 210: 2799:

Papers Read Before the Herkimer County Historical Society During the Years... Volumes 1-2

1698:

The Pennsylvania Dutch maintain numerous religious affiliations; the greatest number are

3780: 3535: 3279: 3217: 1070:, it is considered a predecessor of the current United States Military Police Regiment. 6103: 5980: 5320: 5305: 5282: 5238: 5204: 5145: 5042: 4777: 4310: 4164: 4075: 3849:(1957). 890pp; comprehensive review of German influence on Americans esp 19th century. 2029: 1859: 1832: 1817: 1808: 1746:

congregations. Other settlers of that era were of the Moravian Church while a few were

1722:. The Anabaptist groups espoused a simple lifestyle, and their adherents were known as 1573: 1530: 1011: 977:. Miller, having Swiss ancestry, often wrote about Swiss history and myth, such as the 823: 742: 473: 446: 405: 266: 234: 158: 3682:

Missionary of moderation: Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the Lutheran Church in America

826:

held much anti-Palatine sentiment in the Pennsylvania Colony. Below is a quotation of

659:

remains the largest ancestry claimed by Pennsylvanians, according to the 2008 census.

6331: 5775: 5658: 5250: 5233: 5212: 5058: 4136: 3850: 2062: 1993: 1935: 1853: 1826: 1007: 809: 738: 698: 527: 465: 461: 436: 307: 230: 162: 2984:, Vol. I, pp. 1150-1190. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: B. Singerly, State Printer, 1869. 1395: 1374: 990: 121: 6295: 6275: 6255: 6059: 5624: 5126: 4253: 4174: 4095: 4065: 1963: 1951: 1905: 1893: 1723: 1585: 1520: 978: 794: 648: 644: 299: 17: 3181: 2679:

German Footprints in America, Four Centuries of Immigration and Cultural Influence

1058:. The Marechausee also provided security for Washington's headquarters during the 655:. Many German cultural practices continue in Pennsylvania in the present-day, and 3963:

Several digitized books on Pennsylvania Dutch arts and crafts, design, and prints

3833:

Foreigners in Their Own Land: Pennsylvania Germans in the Early American Republic

1996:(1696–1760), colonial diplomat between Pennsylvania and Native American nations. 6212: 6108: 6064: 6054: 5954: 5402: 3880:

Von Feilitzsch, Heinrich Carl Philipp; Bartholomai, Christian Friedrich (1997).

2994: 2784: 2085: 1899: 1881: 1787: 1727: 1699: 1672: 1668: 1581: 1546: 1464:

and Pennsylvania moved north to Canada, primarily to the area that would become

1284: 1112: 1050: 640: 503: 442: 398: 367: 351: 270: 198: 2724:

John B. Stoudt "The German Press in Pennsylvania and the American Revolution."

2257:

Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Acquisition, attrition and change

981:

legend, to provide a context for patriot support in the conflict with Britain.

6280: 6265: 6131: 5758: 5695: 5119: 3864:

Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America

2417:

Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, p.16.

2005: 1872: 1838: 1711: 1707: 1302: 432: 166: 3782:

The German Allied Troops in the North American War of Independence, 1776–1783

1675:, pepper cabbage, filling and jello salads such as strawberry pretzel salad. 6313: 6217: 5516: 5049: 4848: 4745: 1923: 754: 420: 347: 262: 222: 3013:

A Civil War History of the 47th Regiment of Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers

522:

speakers orientate themselves on both German and English spelling systems.

3906: 3847:

German Culture in America: Philosophical and Literary Influences 1600–1900

3124: 961:. The Fancy Dutch population generally supported the Patriot cause in the 5780: 5770: 4906: 4724: 4436: 3367:

In Search of Promised Lands: A Religious History of Mennonites in Ontario

3012: 2096: 758: 750: 730: 726: 154: 150: 2578:

Foreigners in their own land: Pennsylvania Germans in the early republic

2345:

Foreigners in their own land: Pennsylvania Germans in the early republic

6185: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5802: 5792: 5019: 4143: 3874: 2473: 2109: 1783: 1534: 1499:

Fewer of the Pennsylvania Dutch settled in what would later become the

1423: 762: 746: 656: 327: 319: 303: 242: 170: 146: 3806: 1778:

In Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania Dutch

6222: 5918: 5913: 5690: 5597: 4731: 4185: 3510:

Making Authentic Pennsylvania Dutch Furniture: With Measured Drawings

1558: 957:

The Pennsylvania Dutch composed nearly half of the population of the

671:

Diagram indicating Pennsylvania Dutch settlement in the United States

359: 343: 311: 3884:. Translated by Burgoyne, Bruce E. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books. 3182:"The Walter Bean Grand River Trail – Waterloo County: The Beginning" 3952: 3801:

Grubb, Farley. "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820",

2969:. United States of America: Stackpole Books. pp. 5, 6, 9, 216. 2562:

A Pennsylvania Dutch Boy And the Truth About the Pennsylvania Dutch

1002:

The Pennyslvania Dutch contribution to the war effort was notable:

6227: 6003: 5734: 4246: 1715: 1688: 1682: 1568: 1394: 1373: 1222: 1192: 1083: 989: 937: 777: 685:

and in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, a large area that includes

666: 409: 394: 339: 226: 3980: 3948:

FamilyHart Pennsylvania Dutch Genealogy Family Pages and Database

3826:

Architecture and Landscape of the Pennsylvania Germans, 1720–1920

3456: 1096:

Nearly all of the regiments from Pennsylvania that fought in the

721:. Smaller enclaves include Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking areas in 5930: 5797: 4988: 3794: 1629:) meaning "turn off the lights", "it's gonna make wet" (German: 1492:. Other settlers followed mostly from Pennsylvania typically by 734: 469: 142: 5976: 4992: 4189: 3995: 3958:

Pennsylvania Dutch Family History, Genealogy, Culture, and Life

3942: 2371:"At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire" 1278: 1139: 878: 26: 3075:. United States of America: Infobase Publishing. p. 724. 2272:

The House of the Black Ring: A Romance of the Seven Mountains

2209:

Pennsylvania Germans An Interpretive Encyclopedia · Volume 63

1908:(1820–1892), sea captain, shipowner, shipbuilder, businessman 1453:. Today, the Pennsylvania Dutch language is mostly spoken by 1227:

An Anti-German sign reading "No German customers wanted here"

1006:

In the marked influence for right and freedom of these early

3933:

German-American Heritage Museum of the USA in Washington, DC

2999:

47th Pennsylvania Volunteers: One Civil War Regiment's Story

2619:

Bridging the Chesapeake, A 'Fool Idea' That Unified Maryland

2564:. United States of America: Xlibris US. pp. 17, 18, 19. 1944:(1888–1941), composer, film director, producer, screenwriter 381:

Geographically, Pennsylvania Dutch are largely found in the

449:, which is only distantly related to Pennsylvania German. 3028:

Gettysburg Unearthed: The Excavation of a Haunted History

1541:, named for its grist mill; that community is now called 1527:

were higher profile settlers in Markham and Stouffville.

102: 5972: 2797:

A. T. Smith; Herkimer County Historical Society (1899).

2448:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 241 1637:) meaning "it's going to rain", and "it's all" (German: 1445:, and particularly in the northern areas of the current 875:

Pennsylvania Dutch during the American Revolutionary War

404:

Notable Americans of Pennsylvania Dutch descent include

3932: 3604:"Pennsylvania's Crazy Quilt of German Religious Groups" 3432:"Pennsylvania's Crazy Quilt of German Religious Groups" 3152:"Kitchener-Waterloo Ontario History – To Confederation" 2770:: A Revolutionary Journalist's Use of the Swiss Past", 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 1981:(1871–1932), businessman, son of Clement Studebaker Sr. 1576:

meeting Amish and Mennonites in Lancaster, Pennsylvania

1306: 3821:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. 3403:"African Americans and the German Language in America" 3045:. United States of America: S. J. Clarke. p. 475. 1613:

noted a community of "Pennsylvania German Negroes" in

832:

Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind (1751)

830:'s complaints about the Palatine refugees in his work 3917: 3819:

Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language

3073:

The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms

3030:. United States of America: AuthorHouse. p. 172. 2604:

Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language

946:

in 1777, Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers fought with the

6248: 6173: 6147: 6010: 5945: 5891: 5813: 5671: 5482: 5462: 5426: 5346: 5298: 5161: 5085: 5078: 5069: 5026: 4923: 4820: 4672: 4594: 4499: 4408: 4337: 4223: 4157: 4109: 4058: 4031: 3859:(2nd ed 1982); massive listing, but no annotations. 3733:"GERMAN JEWS' TIES WITH PA. DUTCH EXPLORED IN TALK" 3146: 3144: 3142: 2606:. United States of America: JHU Press. p. 404. 2348:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 13. 1037:Pennsylvania Dutch were recruited for the American 256: 192: 176: 134: 100: 3763:Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia 2522:American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. 1437:, in the Township of Waterloo, which later became 3857:Bibliography of German Culture in America to 1940 3360: 3358: 3204: 3202: 2681:. McFarland Incorporated Publishers. p. 155. 2651:. Germantown Historical Society. pp. 12, 13. 2237:United States. Department of Agriculture (1918). 1890:(1729–1804), first Treasurer of the United States 1449:. Some members of the two communities formed the 1197:Pennsylvania Dutch have a long literary tradition 816:was founded to protect the German redemptioners. 530:(1873-1950) on how to spell Pennsylvania German: 3805:Vol. 20, No. 3 (Winter, 1990), pp. 417–436 3060:. United States of America: Arcadia. p. 22. 2881:"Bartholomew von Heer and the Marechausse Corps" 2259:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 11. 498:. Nearly all Amish and Mennonites are naturally 3953:Alsatian Roots of Pennsylvania Dutch Firestones 3943:The Schwenkfelder Library & Heritage Center 3695:Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society 3287:Waterloo Historical Society 1930 Annual Meeting 3016:. Allentown, Pennsylvania: L. G. Schmidt, 1986. 2714:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 51. 1017: 1004: 836: 460:The migration of the Pennsylvania Dutch to the 2967:Damn Dutch: Pennsylvania Germans at Gettysburg 2965:David L. Valuska, Christian B. Keller (2004). 2726:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 2226:. Organization of American States. p. 21. 2194:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2003 1926:(1711–1787), physician in the Continental Army 1399:Many Pennsylvania Dutch Mennonites arrived in 5988: 5656: 5004: 4201: 4007: 3965:from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries 3761:Bronner, Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown, eds. 2241:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 5. 1090:79th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment 681:The Pennsylvania Dutch live primarily in the 8: 5952: 5124: 5056: 5040: 5033: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2859:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2524:"American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates" 2211:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 3. 1884:(1935–2015), celebrity chef, cookbook author 1841:(1748–1829), Representative for Pennsylvania 1647: 1639: 1631: 1623: 1311:introducing citations to additional sources 95: 5962:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 3824:McMurry, Sally, and Nancy Van Dolsen, eds. 2837:. The Continental Line, Inc. Archived from 2664:The Past as Prelude: New Orleans, 1718-1968 2196:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 92. 1460:From 1800 to the 1830s, some Mennonites in 629:you just follow whatever model you please. 83:For the language spoken by this group, see 5995: 5981: 5973: 5082: 5075: 5011: 4997: 4989: 4208: 4194: 4186: 4014: 4000: 3992: 3855:Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schult. 2874: 2872: 2870: 2828: 2826: 2462:The Eve of German Nationalism (1789–1812). 2289:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 105. 2207:Joshua R. Brown; Simon J. Bronner (2017). 1960:(1788–1848), 10th Governor of Pennsylvania 1617:for whom German was their first language. 1503:in areas that would later be the towns of 607:in beautiful Pennsylvania Dutch language! 593:Sag mir mal, wie sollen wir buchstabieren, 549:Sag mir mal, wie sollen wir buchstabieren? 120: 94: 3540:. J.B. Lippincott & Company. p. 2239:Weekly News Letter to Crop Correspondents 1966:(1759–1813), 3rd Governor of Pennsylvania 1938:(1780–1869), 8th Governor of Pennsylvania 1869:– 1730), miller, author, Mennonite bishop 1213:Anti-German sentiment and Americanization 1181:Learn how and when to remove this message 1126:, the bloodiest battle of the Civil War. 920:Learn how and when to remove this message 80:Ethnic group of the eastern United States 68:Learn how and when to remove this message 3873:, Oct 1987, Vol. 44 Issue 4, pp 750–774 3765:(Johns Hopkins UP, 2017), xviii, 554 pp. 3563: 3561: 3553:Seventh Day Baptists pennsylvania dutch. 3534:Gibbons, Phebe Earle (August 28, 1882). 3237: 3235: 2468:Bd. 12, Nr. 2, S. 256–284, hier S. 257 ( 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 1786:and the Pennsylvania Dutch language are 1301:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1020:war of the American Revolution, notably 689:, in the area stretching in an arc from 563:That always makes a bit of an argument. 524: 6338:German-American culture in Pennsylvania 6155:List of U.S. states by Amish population 5542:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 5536:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 3928:Overview of Pennsylvania German Culture 3631:Murtagh, William J. (August 28, 1967). 3568:Murtagh, William J. (August 28, 1967). 3274: 3272: 2900: 2898: 2710:Frank Trommler, Joseph McVeigh (2016). 2636:. Gardland Publisher. pp. 63, 228. 2526:. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from 2169: 2139: 1074:Pennsylvania Dutch during the Civil War 596:Tell me, how should you orthographize, 334:areas of Germany and Europe, including 3976:Deitscherei.org—Fer der Deitsch Wandel 3537:"Pennsylvania Dutch": And Other Essays 2995:About the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers 2852: 2647:Pennsylvania State University (1978). 2092:Fraktur (Pennsylvania German folk art) 1920:(1816–1881), 4th Governor of Minnesota 1896:(1885–1966), actress, gossip columnist 1875:(1750–1818), auctioneer, organizer of 1545:, in the township that is now part of 1484:in Waterloo County, Ontario, plus the 1275:Pennsylvania Dutch during World War II 582:schieben wir gerade mal auf die Seite. 6373:German-Jewish culture in Pennsylvania 3210:"History of Markham, Ontario, Canada" 2785:Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus Conrad 1653:), in alignment with German grammar. 1451:Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference 1441:. Some still live in the area around 1244:Pennsylvania Dutch during World War I 1201:Immediately after the Civil War, the 782:A portrayal of colonial Palatines in 615:Brauchen wir keine Zeit zu verlieren, 546:Saagt mer mol, wie soll mer schpelle. 7: 6343:German diaspora in the United States 3803:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 3637:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 3574:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 3242:Ruprecht, Tony (December 14, 2010). 2883:. Journal of the American Revolution 560:Das macht immer ein bisschen Streit; 318:region. They largely originate from 135:Regions with significant populations 6208:List of Amish and their descendants 3789:. Joel Munsell's Sons, Albany, NY. 3507:Shea, John G. (December 27, 2012). 3483:"The Germans Come to North America" 3289:. Waterloo Historical Society. 1930 2772:Yearbook of German-American Studies 2053:List of Amish and their descendants 1105:47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment 858:, literally "Germany-ers", compare 590:Saagt, wie soll mer buchschtawiere, 6358:Culture of Lancaster, Pennsylvania 6348:German-Canadian culture in Ontario 2621:. Archway Publishing. p. 426. 2369:Elliott, Hannah (March 26, 2012). 2287:Folk Music: A Regional Exploration 1382:was of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry 934:Germans in the American Revolution 651:, such as the Old Order Amish and 579:schiebt mer graad mol uf die Seit. 574:What you don't want to deal with, 552:So tell me, how should you spell? 25: 6240:Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch 3986:The Pennsylvania German Newspaper 3087:The Settlers of Monckton Township 2833:Valuska, David L., Ph.D. (2007). 2666:. Pelican Publishing. p. 37. 2381:from the original on May 27, 2012 1738:and those who belonged to German 1663:Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch 1130:Decline of the Pennsylvania Dutch 1048:During the Revolutionary War the 623:macht mer's ewwe yuscht so nooch. 604:in der schönen deutschen Sprache! 6368:German diaspora in North America 6312: 3923:Lancaster County tourism website 3905: 3708:"Yiddish and Pennsylvania Dutch" 3089:, Omemee ON: 250th Publications. 2879:Ruppert, Bob (October 1, 2014). 2813:"Lititz – Keeping History Alive" 2466:Journal of the History of Ideas. 2274:. Penn State Press. p. 218. 2036: 2022: 2008: 1410:An early group, mainly from the 1294:relies largely or entirely on a 1283: 1236:German." You're just American." 1144: 1092:, composed of Pennsylvania Dutch 1033:Pennsylvania Dutch Provost Corps 883: 626:machen wir es eben just so nach. 612:Brauch mer noh ke Zeit verliere, 601:in de scheene deitsche Schproch! 557:Sel macht immer bissel Schtreit; 419:, and the family of businessman 31: 6016:(by number of church districts) 3918:The Pennsylvania German Society 3912:German diaspora in Pennsylvania 3338:"York County (Ontario, Canada)" 2801:. Macmillan. pp. 171, 300. 2766:A. G.. Roeber, "Henry Miller's 2649:Germantown Crier, Volumes 30-32 2224:Americas (English Ed.) Volume 8 2222:University of Michigan (1956). 1856:(1822–1909), writer, translator 1835:(1849–1925), writer, journalist 1756:Franklin & Marshall College 1429:After the American Revolution, 1426:clan descends from this group. 761:, and the Canadian province of 585:you just push off to the side. 571:was wir nun nicht haben wollen, 314:, most predominantly in the US 3882:Diaries of Two Ansbach Jaegers 3551:– via Internet Archive. 3369:. MennoMedia, Inc. p. 14. 3125:"Ontario's Mennonite Heritage" 3058:The Pennsylvania Dutch Country 2560:Merritt George Yorgey (2008). 1849:President of the United States 1766:resolved them. The arrival of 1136:German Society of Pennsylvania 814:German Society of Pennsylvania 618:No point in wasting any time, 1: 4268:German Mennonites from Russia 3457:"What is Pennsylvania Dutch?" 2747:immigrantentrepreneurship.org 2575:Steven M. Nolt (March 2008). 2342:Steven M. Nolt (March 2008). 2181:. Abigdon Press. p. 254. 1863: 1829:(1873–1950), poet, playwright 1773:Franklin and Marshall College 1490:Franklin County, Pennsylvania 3871:William & Mary Quarterly 3835:, Penn State U. Press, 2002 3785:. Translated from German by 2255:; Joseph C. Salmons (2015). 1932:(1878–1956), writer, scholar 1811:(1759–1808), founder of the 568:was ner nau net hawwe welle, 378:being most closely related. 6388:Mennonitism in Pennsylvania 6235:Pennsylvania Dutch language 5443:Alsatians and Lotharingians 3071:Robert Hendrickson (2000). 2945:Donald B. Kraybill (2003). 2906:"Order of the Marechaussee" 2677:Sudie Doggett Wike (2022). 2444:Hostetler, John A. (1993), 2192:William J. Frawley (2003). 2121:Old German Baptist Brethren 1987:(1833–1917), co-founder of 1972:(1831–1901), co-founder of 1820:(1949–present), founder of 1391:Canadian Pennsylvania Dutch 971:Declaration of Independence 486:Pennsylvania Dutch language 85:Pennsylvania Dutch language 6434: 6403:Pennsylvania Dutch culture 4865:Alabama Creoles and Cajuns 3697:, 1994, Vol. 28, pp. 15–29 3365:Samuel J. Steiner (2015). 3156:Kitchener.foundlocally.com 3026:John G. Sabol Jr. (2007). 2632:Kenneth L. Kusmer (1991). 2270:Fred Lewis Pattee (2015). 2153:November 27, 2022, at the 2081:Michael Werner (publisher) 1726:; this contrasts with the 1660: 1579: 1216: 1133: 1077: 975:Philadelphische Staatsbote 931: 687:South Central Pennsylvania 677:Pennsylvania Dutch Country 674: 483: 430: 383:Pennsylvania Dutch Country 187:Pennsylvania Dutch English 82: 6309: 6181:Amish religious practices 6095:Jamesport/Bloomfield (MO) 4841:White Hispanic and Latino 3779:Eelking, Max von (1893). 3654:– via Google Books. 3591:– via Google Books. 3523:– via Google Books. 3265:– via Google Books. 2774:, 1990, Vol. 25, pp 57–76 2069:Helen Reimensnyder Martin 1764:Henry Melchior Muhlenberg 1553:Canadian Black Mennonites 994:Nicholas Herkimer at the 306:and other regions of the 298:, are an ethnic group in 261: 197: 181: 139: 119: 4788:Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots 4170:Kiautschou German pidgin 4122:Argentinian Swiss German 2949:. JHU Press. p. 45. 2065:, historian and linguist 1706:with a lesser number of 1513:Markham Village, Ontario 1439:Waterloo County, Ontario 1401:Waterloo County, Ontario 1124:Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 973:(1776) in his newspaper 959:Province of Pennsylvania 512:Palatine German dialects 376:Palatine German dialects 6319:Christianity portal 6286:Literature on the Amish 5463:Multinational dimension 3680:Leonard R. Riforgiato, 3513:. Courier Corporation. 2947:The Amish and the State 2602:Mark L. Louden (2016). 2253:Janne Bondi Johannessen 2116:Schwenkfeldian (church) 1813:Evangelical Association 1736:German Baptist Brethren 1153:Some of this article's 967:Principality of Waldeck 892:Some of this article's 663:Geographic distribution 294:), also referred to as 292:Pennsylvanisch Deitsche 291: 104:Pennsylvanisch Deitsche 103: 40:Some of this article's 6393:North Carolina culture 6203:Women in Amish society 6198:Health among the Amish 5953: 5657: 5384:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5125: 5057: 5041: 5034: 3970:In Pennsylvania German 3772:75.2 (2008): 197-226. 3668:68.2 (2001): 162-201. 3308:Elizabeth Bloomfield. 3186:www.walterbeantrail.ca 3056:Irwin Richman (2004). 3041:Nelson Greene (1925). 2817:lancastercountymag.com 2617:David W. Guth (2017). 1989:Studebaker Corporation 1979:Clement Studebaker Jr. 1974:Studebaker Corporation 1822:Auntie Anne's Pretzels 1792:mutual intelligibility 1768:John Christopher Kunze 1744:German Reformed Church 1695: 1648: 1640: 1632: 1624: 1577: 1420:Moncton, New Brunswick 1418:, site of present-day 1407: 1383: 1269:German-American Bunden 1253:27th Infantry Division 1228: 1198: 1093: 1026: 1016: 999: 954: 868: 848: 786: 774:Immigration to America 672: 320:German-speaking people 219:Church of the Brethren 6413:West Virginia culture 6353:Amish in Pennsylvania 4044:Namibian Black German 4026:spoken outside Europe 3602:Donald F. Durnbaugh. 3430:Donald F. Durnbaugh. 3381:Pennsylvania Folklife 3001:. Pennsylvania: 2014. 1686: 1572: 1539:German Mills, Ontario 1398: 1377: 1226: 1219:Anti-German sentiment 1217:Further information: 1196: 1134:Further information: 1087: 1078:Further information: 1068:Military Police Corps 1056:Battle of Springfield 1043:Reading, Pennsylvania 993: 941: 932:Further information: 781: 670: 637:anti-German sentiment 431:Further information: 275:Missouri Rhinelanders 257:Related ethnic groups 6418:Pennsylvania culture 6271:Amish preaching soup 5883:United Arab Emirates 5191:Transylvanian Saxons 4478:Norwegian Minnesotan 4158:Asia and the Pacific 3914:at Wikimedia Commons 3770:Pennsylvania History 3666:Pennsylvania History 3245:Toronto's Many Faces 3085:Bowser, Les (2016). 2841:on November 27, 2022 2530:on February 11, 2020 2177:Oscar Kuhns (2009). 2016:United States portal 1845:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1748:Seventh Day Baptists 1649:der Abfall muss raus 1625:die Lichter loeschen 1517:Stouffville, Ontario 1501:Greater Toronto Area 1455:Old Order Mennonites 1416:Township of Monckton 1380:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1322:"Pennsylvania Dutch" 1307:improve this article 1120:Battle of Gettysburg 1080:Battle of Gettysburg 1045:, prior to the war. 985:Frederick Muhlenberg 952:Pennsylvania Militia 944:Battle of Germantown 653:Old Order Mennonites 496:Old Order Mennonites 417:Dwight D. Eisenhower 296:Pennsylvania Germans 140:German Pennsylvania 128:Flag of Pennsylvania 6083:New Wilmington (PA) 5470:Central and Eastern 5374:Italy (South Tyrol) 4834:Non-Hispanic whites 4137:Paraná Volga German 3845:Pochmann, Henry A. 3712:Yiddish Book Center 3383:29.1 (1979): 13-26. 3220:on January 15, 2013 2926:on December 8, 2015 2285:Norm Cohen (2005). 2044:Philadelphia portal 1942:Victor Schertzinger 1930:Harry Hess Reichard 1607:An 1892 article in 1523:and brother-in-law 1251:of New York in the 1088:Battle flag of the 963:American Revolution 535:Pennsylvania German 531: 412:food conglomerate, 391:Old Order Mennonite 288:Pennsylvania German 251:Jehovah's Witnesses 111:Pennsylvania German 97: 18:Pennsylvanian Dutch 6363:Culture of Ontario 6113:Fredericktown (OH) 5615:Pennsylvania Dutch 4859:French Louisianian 4261:Pennsylvania Dutch 4217:European Americans 4086:Pennsylvania Dutch 3410:Max Kade Institute 3127:. Wampumkeeper.com 2662:H. Carter (1968). 1970:Clement Studebaker 1847:(1890–1969), 34th 1696: 1578: 1543:Thornhill, Ontario 1509:Pickering, Ontario 1431:John Graves Simcoe 1408: 1384: 1255:broke through the 1229: 1203:federal government 1199: 1098:American Civil War 1094: 1060:Battle of Yorktown 1000: 996:Battle of Oriskany 955: 787: 673: 525: 387:Ohio Amish Country 284:Pennsylvania Dutch 183:Pennsylvania Dutch 96:Pennsylvania Dutch 6325: 6324: 6193:Amish way of life 6125:Missouri/Illinois 6017: 5970: 5969: 5941: 5940: 5478: 5477: 5278:Russian Mennonite 4986: 4985: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4957:White Southerners 4946: 4939: 4914: 4909: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4843: 4836: 4806: 4767: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4727: 4713: 4575: 4480: 4473: 4471:Norwegian Dakotan 4439: 4313: 4284: 4282:Hungarian Ohioans 4270: 4263: 4256: 4249: 4183: 4182: 3910:Media related to 3787:J. G. Rosengarten 2993:Snyder, Laurie. " 2728:59 (1938): 74–90 2075:Anna Balmer Myers 1948:Evelyn Ay Sempier 1877:Fries's Rebellion 1511:, and especially 1372: 1371: 1357: 1191: 1190: 1183: 1022:Nicholas Herkimer 930: 929: 922: 828:Benjamin Franklin 803:Thirty Years' War 791:Palatinate region 784:Fraktur art style 701:westward through 633: 632: 408:, founder of the 336:Baden-Württemberg 300:Pennsylvania, USA 280: 279: 267:Ohio Rhinelanders 78: 77: 70: 16:(Redirected from 6425: 6408:Virginia culture 6383:Maryland culture 6317: 6316: 6069:Dover (Delaware) 6029:Elkhart-LaGrange 6015: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5974: 5958: 5909:Papua New Guinea 5747:Kapitaï and Koba 5713:Kapitaï and Koba 5662: 5540:Los Lagos Region 5522:British Columbia 5130: 5083: 5076: 5062: 5046: 5037: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4990: 4973: 4966: 4961: 4942: 4935: 4912: 4905: 4891:Creoles of color 4889: 4884: 4879:Louisiana Creole 4877: 4870: 4863: 4839: 4832: 4802: 4763: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4709: 4571: 4500:Southeast Europe 4476: 4469: 4435: 4309: 4280: 4266: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4187: 4127:Brazilian German 4117:Alemán Coloniero 4101:Wisconsin German 4081:Hutterite German 4016: 4009: 4002: 3993: 3982:Hiwwe wie Driwwe 3909: 3895: 3817:Louden, Mark L. 3798: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3737:The Morning Call 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3611:Journals.psu.edu 3608: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3436:Journals.psu.edu 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3407: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3362: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3284: 3276: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3216:. Archived from 3206: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3158:. Archived from 3148: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3096: 3090: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3023: 3017: 3010:Schmidt, Lewis. 3008: 3002: 2991: 2985: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2925: 2910: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2876: 2865: 2864: 2858: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2743:"Henrich Miller" 2738: 2732: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2557: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2455: 2449: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2291: 2290: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2157: 2148:David L. Valuska 2144: 2103:Hiwwe wie Driwwe 2046: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2011: 1958:Francis R. Shunk 1888:Michael Hillegas 1868: 1865: 1651: 1643: 1635: 1627: 1610:The New York Sun 1525:Abraham Stouffer 1494:Conestoga wagons 1462:Upstate New York 1443:Markham, Ontario 1422:. The extensive 1405:Conestoga wagons 1367: 1364: 1358: 1356: 1315: 1287: 1279: 1186: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1148: 1140: 1115:, Pennsylvania. 925: 918: 914: 911: 905: 887: 879: 863: 532: 508:Rhine Franconian 372:Rhine Franconian 124: 114: 106: 98: 73: 66: 62: 59: 53: 35: 27: 21: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6378:Indiana culture 6328: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6311: 6305: 6291:Amish Mennonite 6261:Amish furniture 6244: 6169: 6143: 6119:Kansas/Oklahoma 6014: 6006: 6001: 5971: 5966: 5937: 5887: 5809: 5667: 5534:Los Ríos Region 5474: 5458: 5422: 5347:Southern Europe 5342: 5316:North Schleswig 5299:Northern Europe 5294: 5157: 5098:Sudeten Germans 5065: 5022: 5017: 4987: 4982: 4919: 4901:French Canadian 4828:White Americans 4821:Other Europeans 4816: 4765:Irish Traveller 4668: 4595:Southern Europe 4590: 4495: 4409:Northern Europe 4404: 4333: 4295:Liechtensteiner 4219: 4214: 4184: 4179: 4153: 4105: 4071:Alsatian German 4054: 4050:Nataler Deutsch 4040:Namibian German 4027: 4020: 3902: 3892: 3879: 3778: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3692: 3688: 3679: 3675: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3546: 3544: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3487:Anabaptists.org 3481: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3208: 3207: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3162:on May 25, 2017 3150: 3149: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3009: 3005: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2974: 2964: 2963: 2954: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2868: 2851: 2844: 2842: 2832: 2831: 2824: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2741:Patrick Erben. 2740: 2739: 2735: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2558: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2456: 2452: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2294: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2160: 2155:Wayback Machine 2145: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2058:German American 2042: 2037: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1985:John Studebaker 1912:James H. Maurer 1866: 1804: 1704:German Reformed 1681: 1665: 1659: 1588: 1580:Main articles: 1567: 1555: 1505:Altona, Ontario 1447:Waterloo Region 1435:Haldimand Tract 1393: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1316: 1314: 1300: 1288: 1277: 1265: 1263:Interwar period 1257:Hindenburg Line 1246: 1221: 1215: 1187: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1149: 1138: 1132: 1082: 1076: 1035: 936: 926: 915: 909: 906: 903: 888: 877: 859: 838:Why should the 824:Anglo-Americans 776: 771: 683:Delaware Valley 679: 665: 538:Standard German 504:German dialects 492:Old Order Amish 488: 482: 439: 429: 368:German dialects 356:Alsace–Lorraine 332:German-speaking 304:Ontario, Canada 239:Yorker Brethren 207:German Reformed 185: 141: 130: 115: 108: 93: 88: 81: 74: 63: 57: 54: 51: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6431: 6429: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6330: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6134: 6132:Tobe Hostetler 6129: 6126: 6123: 6122:Milverton (ON) 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6070: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6044:Swartzentruber 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6020: 6018: 6008: 6007: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5977: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5926:German Samoans 5923: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5607: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5537: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5454:United Kingdom 5451: 5446: 5436: 5430: 5428: 5427:Western Europe 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5321:Potato Germans 5318: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5256:North Caucasus 5253: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5198: 5193: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5162:Eastern Europe 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5122: 5117: 5107: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5093:Czech Republic 5089: 5087: 5086:Central Europe 5080: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5043:Reichsdeutsche 5038: 5035:Bundesdeutsche 5030: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4993: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4940: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4875: 4868: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4673:Western Europe 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4341: 4339: 4338:Eastern Europe 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4238: 4233: 4227: 4225: 4224:Central Europe 4221: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4165:Barossa German 4161: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4124: 4119: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4076:Bernese German 4073: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4048:South Africa: 4046: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3901: 3900:External links 3898: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3877: 3867: 3862:Roeber, A. G. 3860: 3853: 3843: 3831:Nolt, Steven, 3829: 3822: 3815: 3809: 3799: 3776: 3766: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3724: 3699: 3686: 3673: 3657: 3643: 3623: 3594: 3580: 3557: 3526: 3519: 3499: 3474: 3463:. May 24, 2014 3448: 3422: 3394: 3385: 3372: 3354: 3329: 3300: 3268: 3254: 3231: 3214:Guidingstar.ca 3198: 3173: 3138: 3116: 3091: 3078: 3063: 3048: 3033: 3018: 3003: 2986: 2972: 2952: 2937: 2894: 2866: 2822: 2804: 2789: 2776: 2759: 2733: 2717: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2669: 2654: 2639: 2624: 2609: 2594: 2587: 2581:. p. 13. 2567: 2541: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2450: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2361: 2354: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2292: 2277: 2262: 2244: 2229: 2214: 2199: 2184: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2118: 2113: 2107: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2033: 2030:Germany portal 2019: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1982: 1976: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1918:Stephen Miller 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1870: 1860:Heinrich Funck 1857: 1851: 1842: 1836: 1833:Solomon DeLong 1830: 1824: 1818:Anne F. Beiler 1815: 1809:Jacob Albright 1805: 1803: 1802:Notable people 1800: 1680: 1677: 1661:Main article: 1658: 1655: 1615:Lebanon County 1574:George W. Bush 1566: 1563: 1554: 1551: 1531:William Berczy 1392: 1389: 1370: 1369: 1305:. Please help 1291: 1289: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1264: 1261: 1249:Palatine Dutch 1245: 1242: 1214: 1211: 1189: 1188: 1155:listed sources 1152: 1150: 1143: 1131: 1128: 1075: 1072: 1034: 1031: 928: 927: 894:listed sources 891: 889: 882: 876: 873: 840:Palatine boors 775: 772: 770: 767: 743:North Carolina 675:Main article: 664: 661: 631: 630: 627: 624: 620: 619: 616: 613: 609: 608: 605: 602: 598: 597: 594: 591: 587: 586: 583: 580: 576: 575: 572: 569: 565: 564: 561: 558: 554: 553: 550: 547: 543: 542: 539: 536: 484:Main article: 481: 478: 474:semantic shift 472:resulted in a 447:Dutch language 428: 425: 414:U.S. President 406:Henry J. Heinz 278: 277: 259: 258: 254: 253: 235:River Brethren 195: 194: 190: 189: 179: 178: 174: 173: 159:North Carolina 137: 136: 132: 131: 125: 117: 116: 101: 91: 79: 76: 75: 42:listed sources 39: 37: 30: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6430: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6320: 6315: 6308: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128:Somerset (PA) 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6077:Nappanee (IN) 6076: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6065:Swiss (Allen) 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6055:Swiss (Adams) 6053: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5776:Dar es Salaam 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5661: 5660: 5659:Colonia Tovar 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Dundurn. 2930:December 5, 2913:The Dragoon 2112:handwriting 2086:John Schmid 1900:Ralph Kiner 1882:Betty Groff 1867: 1697 1788:High German 1758:) in 1787. 1728:Fancy Dutch 1724:Plain Dutch 1708:Anabaptists 1691:woman from 1673:funnel cake 1641:es ist alle 1582:Fancy Dutch 1547:York Region 1158:may not be 1113:Camp Curtin 897:may not be 641:World War I 510:, with the 500:ambilingual 443:Netherlands 399:Fancy Dutch 374:, with the 352:Switzerland 271:Fancy Dutch 45:may not be 6332:Categories 6281:Rumspringa 6266:Amish doll 6138:and others 5868:Kyrgyzstan 5858:Kazakhstan 5759:Afrikaners 5553:Costa Rica 5517:Hutterites 5379:Yugoslavia 5359:Azerbaijan 5268:Bessarabia 5027:Historical 4931:California 4649:Portuguese 4542:Macedonian 4460:Lithuanian 4370:Circassian 4355:Belarusian 3739:. 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