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1062:"It is possible that the Sogdian aristocratic culture of that time preserved some memory of the glorious days of Khingila, the first Hephthalite conqueror of India. The profile of Rustam, shown on different paintings at Pendzhikent, is very distinct from the other depictions in the Sogdian art, and resembles the Hephthalite prototypes. The portraits feature narrow skulls, V-shaped eyebrows, hooked noses and heavy jaws, and thus closely resemble some portraits of Khingila on the coins(Grenet 2002, 218-219)."
403:
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322:
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sites. Images of both sexes in single- and double-lapelled outfits appear in large sites like
Samarkand, Pendjikent and Xinjiang. Knauer suggests that the political ascendance of the Western Turks resulted in the adoption of lapels through a diffusion of nomadic Turkic tribes which later became assimilated.
312:
All rulers had no reported dynasties, the first ruler had a
Chionite-Hephthalite and the second ruler had a Turkic name. There is no conclusive evidence that "Queen Nana" was involved in the minting of the Penjikent coins. There is conflicting information about the father of Čekin Čur Bilgä, known as
329:
Scenes of festivities abound in the murals. The men sitting in oriental manner are dressed in Turkic long coats with lapels similar to garments found in the Altai. Lapels were not common in
Parthian, Kushan, or Sasanian caftans, however they do appear in the art of Hepthalite, Sogdian and Buddhist
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129:
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The religious affiliation of the
Penjikent population is uncertain. The local cults are thought to be a mix of Christian, Buddhist, Zoroastrian Iranian and Indian deities.
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is mirrored in a series of murals of the "Blue Hall" ("Rustemiada") at
Penjikent dating to the first half of the 8th century. They are mainly hosted in the
1142:"The Winged Crown and the Triple-crescent Crown in the Sogdian Funerary Monuments from China: Their Relation to the Hephthalite Occupation of Central Asia"
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Arms and Armour as
Indicators of Cultural Transfer: The Steppes and the Ancient World from Hellenistic Times to the Early Middle Ages
932:
2079:
776:
Ermolenko L.N., Soloviev A.I., Kurmankulov Z.K. An Old Turkic Statue at Borili, Ulytau Hills, Central
Kazakhstan: Cultural Realia.
154:
1328:
391:, narrow skulls, V-shaped eyebrows, a hooked nose and heavy jaw (of Hephthalite prototype) and thus reminding some portraits of
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1948:
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is thought to be shown in numerous activities and battles, both against human and mythical opponents, and is shown with an
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The production of paintings started in the end of the 5th century CE and stopped in 722 CE with the invasion of the
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984:, I. Šafiʿī, p.146, in Shodoznavstvo, 2018, No. 82, pp. 125–16 ISSN 2415-8712 (on-line); ISSN 1682-671X (print)
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on coins, perhaps even having close identity with him. This choice follows from the emblematic look of the
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influences of Greek decorative styles along with local
Zoroastrian, Christian, Buddhist and Indic cults.
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1020:
A Man's Caftan and
Leggings from the North Caucasus of the Eighth to Tenth Century: A Genealogical Study
245:
elites and likely other foreign merchant groups of heterogeneous origin. Significant similarities with
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272:, from which they received iconographical and stylistic influence. Also visible is a great variety of
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Penjikent donors, Temple II, 5th to early 6th century (circa 500). They are similar to the donors of
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858:"Classical elements in Sogdian art: Aesop's fables represented in the mural paintings at Penjikent"
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Azarpay, Guitty; Belenickij, Aleksandr M.; Maršak, Boris Il'ič; Dresden, Mark J. (January 1981).
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237:. The murals reveal the cosmopolitan nature of the Penjikent society that was mainly composed of
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The triple-crescent crown in this
Penjikent murals (top left corner), is considered as a late
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221:. Numerous murals were recovered from the site, and many of them are now on display in the
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Multi-armed deity in armour: "A King of the Demons". Room 19/ Sector XXVI. 8th century CE.
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Penjikent, figures with halos, first half of the 8th century. Sector XXIV. Chamber 1.
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murals, starting from the late 5th to early 6th century CE, and are preceded by the
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376:, Hall 49, and are believed to be of Sogdian, Turkic or Kushan-Hephthalite origin.
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Pyčwtt, who ruled Penjikent at the beginning of the 7th century and around 658 AD.
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Kageyama (Kobe City University of Foreign Studies, Kobe, Japan), Etsuko (2007).
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265:
116:
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Penjikent murals, detail, banquet with double-lapelled outfits, 5th-8th century
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Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
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2149:
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2001:
1878:
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1817:
1423:
1022:": Metropolitan Museum Journal, v. 36 (2001) Knauer, Elfriede R. (2001)
516:
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2016:
1943:
1893:
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512:
401:
320:
2548:
2310:
1358:
287:, and many works of art were damaged or destroyed at that time.
249:
clothing, weapon items, hairstyles and ritual cups are noted by
1287:
1086:
Mode, Markus; Tubach, Jürgen; Vashalomidze, G. Sophia (2006).
407:
The complete “Rostam“ cycle, in the Hermitage Museum, Hall 49.
209:
are among the most famous murals of the pre-Islamic period in
643:
Injured Amazon carried on a stretched by two male attendants.
1266:. New Haven : Yale University Press. pp. 127–128.
546:
Deity from Temple II, 5th to early 6th century (circa 500).
1004:
The Hephthalites: Archaeological And Historical Analysis
399:, who ruled in that same area until the 7th century CE.
1263:
Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources
1119:. New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 127.
1116:
Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources
342:
Men banquet, pigment on plaster. Pendjikent, Tajikistan
951:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
796:
Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art
782:
https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2016.44.4.102-113
778:
Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia
2579:
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2344:
2251:
2193:
2030:
1962:
1849:
1831:
1728:
1690:
1683:
1647:
1321:
430:, with an elongated skull of Hephthalite prototype.
112:
98:
53:
45:
18:
584:Horse-riding warriors, Penjikent, Hermitage Museum
975:Aramaic Traces Through Coins in the Iranian world
954:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 124, 181.
472:Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, 6th-8th centuries.
457:Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, 6th-8th centuries.
364:It is thought that the narrative of the Iranian
762:The City of Panjikent and Sogdian Town-Planning
256:The murals of Penjikent are the earliest known
892:. Apa Publications (UK) Limited. p. 521.
799:. University of California Press. p. 93.
354:Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, 6th-8th centuries
302:Čekin Čur Bilgä (beginning of the 8th century)
1299:
889:Insight Guides Silk Road (Travel Guide eBook)
760:The Sogdians: Influencers on the Silk Roads,
8:
1239:. Paris: Louvre Editions. pp. 149–153.
1188:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1066:"THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS"
571:National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan
474:National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan
299:Čamughyan/Gamaukyan (end of the 7th century)
231:National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan
107:National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan
764:by Alexander Brey. Smithsonian Institution.
295:There are three known rulers of Penjikent:
1687:
1306:
1292:
1284:
1149:Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology
15:
2617:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
1008:http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-12565
915:B. I. Marshak and N. N. Negmatov. p.242.
935:An Interview with Pavel Lurje, May 2020.
186:
161:
136:
2464:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1354:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
753:
674:
605:
559:
487:
416:
332:
2719:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
1181:
994:
992:
990:
772:
770:
569:Panjikent mural (6th-7th century CE).
442:Panjikent mural (6th-7th century CE).
1002:Pendzhikent. Wall painting. Rustam.)
948:Rezakhani, Khodadad (15 March 2017).
943:
941:
933:Panjikent, the Central Asian Pompeii.
7:
913:Sogdiana* Sughd and Adjacent Regions
881:
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875:
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847:
845:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
2674:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
1092:(in German). Reichert. p. 86.
832:"PANJIKANT – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
2669:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
1670:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1237:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
14:
2080:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
1035:. The Blue Hall, Hermitage Museum
144:Show map of West and Central Asia
704:
692:
677:
648:
636:
624:
608:
589:
577:
562:
539:
527:
519:. Penjikent 7th–8th century CE.
505:
490:
465:
450:
435:
419:
347:
335:
185:
178:
160:
153:
135:
128:
26:
2679:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
1949:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
2714:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
2659:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
886:Guides, Insight (April 2017).
662:, before King Key Khosrow and
619:marker. 7th-early 8th century.
285:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
1:
1665:Silk Road transmission of art
699:Horsemen with pointed helmet.
2664:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
1206:"Les fouilles de Pendjikent"
1006:by Aydogdy Kurbanov, 2010.
2771:
1064:Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2014).
856:Compareti, Matteo (2012).
2165:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
122:
25:
2612:Mogao Christian painting
2185:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
1899:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
1889:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
1161:10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.302540
931:Voices On Central Asia:
684:Wealthy Arab, Palace of
2709:Saksanokhur gold buckle
2597:Hephthalite silver bowl
2474:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
1514:Second Turkic Khaganate
1315:History of Central Asia
1235:Frantz, Grenet (2022).
1222:10.3406/crai.1990.14842
1204:Marshak, Boris (1990).
169:Show map of Tokharistan
83:39.486792°N 67.620477°E
32:Penjikent mural in the
2689:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
2449:Alexandria Prophthasia
1474:First Turkic Khaganate
1409:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1260:Sims, Eleanor (2002).
1113:Sims, Eleanor (2002).
780:. 2016;44(4):102-113.
409:
368:and the epic cycle of
326:
194:Show map of Tajikistan
2499:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
1874:Karsakpay inscription
1329:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
405:
383:, a mythical king of
324:
2306:Kutlug Timur Minaret
1841:Noin-Ula burial site
1639:Chinese Central Asia
658:and the Princess of
251:comparative research
88:39.486792; 67.620477
49:5th century - 722 CE
2699:Siberian Ice Maiden
2489:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
1904:Petrovka settlement
1634:Soviet Central Asia
1559:Great Seljuq Empire
207:murals of Penjikent
79: /
2649:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2602:Chilek silver bowl
2469:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2145:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
1934:Talapty Settlement
1720:Filippovka kurgans
1609:Khanate of Bukhara
1569:Khwarazmian Empire
1494:Ikhshids of Sogdia
1339:Afanasievo culture
1202:Also described in
1046:"Hermitage Museum"
980:2022-03-22 at the
732:Afrasiab paintings
410:
327:
2727:
2726:
2704:Ai-Khanoum plaque
2575:
2574:
2379:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
1655:Central Asian art
1629:Russian Turkestan
1624:Chinese Turkestan
1524:Abbasid Caliphate
1488:Anxi Protectorate
1434:Kushano-Sasanians
1399:Macedonian Empire
1394:Achaemenid Empire
1364:Andronovo culture
1344:Sintashta culture
1273:978-0-300-09038-3
1155:: 20, drawing e.
1126:978-0-300-09038-3
1099:978-3-89500-529-9
961:978-1-4744-0030-5
921:978-92-3-103211-0
899:978-1-78671-699-6
836:iranicaonline.org
806:978-0-520-03765-6
281:Abbasid Caliphate
203:
202:
2762:
2694:Seal of Khingila
2622:Penjikent murals
2243:Kalai Kafirnigan
2130:Koi Krylgan Kala
1939:Turkistan (city)
1924:Steppe Geoglyphs
1688:
1619:Khanate of Khiva
1579:Chagatai Khanate
1534:Saffarid dynasty
1519:Uyghur Khaganate
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1301:
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1171:. Archived from
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499:Hermitage Museum
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459:Hermitage Museum
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444:Hermitage Museum
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379:The protagonist
374:Hermitage Museum
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308:(until 722 A.D.)
227:Saint Petersburg
223:Hermitage Museum
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103:Hermitage Museum
99:Present location
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38:Saint Petersburg
34:Hermitage Museum
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20:Penjikent murals
16:
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2759:
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2729:
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2723:
2684:Afrasiab murals
2627:Sampul tapestry
2571:
2567:Shahr-e Sukhteh
2557:Bandian complex
2543:
2519:Musalla Complex
2399:Tapa-i Kafariha
2340:
2261:Cave of Dzhebel
2247:
2189:
2026:
1958:
1954:Araltobe kurgan
1845:
1827:
1753:Kizilgaha caves
1724:
1710:Pazyryk burials
1692:Southern Russia
1679:
1643:
1529:Tahirid dynasty
1499:Tokhara Yabghus
1404:Seleucid Empire
1379:Pazyryk culture
1334:Yamnaya culture
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982:Wayback Machine
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389:elongated skull
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2633:Sogdian Daēnās
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2607:Gardez Ganesha
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2429:Takht-e Rostam
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2364:Dilberjin Tepe
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2075:Dalverzin Tepe
2072:
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2045:Akchakhan-Kala
2042:
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1803:Dunhuang Caves
1800:
1798:Bezeklik Caves
1795:
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1763:Subashi Temple
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1614:Durrani Empire
1611:
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1604:Timurid Empire
1601:
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1349:Vakhsh culture
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1279:
1272:
1252:
1246:978-8412527858
1245:
1227:
1195:
1178:on 2020-11-11.
1132:
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631:Mourning scene
630:
623:
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602:Female figures
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426:Assumed to be
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2639:Oxus Treasure
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2484:Dasht-e Nawar
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2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Monjukli Depe
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Konye-Urgench
2299:
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2233:Takht-i Kuwad
2231:
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2020:
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1992:Koshoy Korgon
1990:
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1758:Kumtura Caves
1756:
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1739:
1736:
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1733:
1731:
1730:Western China
1727:
1721:
1718:
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1715:Salbyk kurgan
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1705:Arzhan kurgan
1703:
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1675:Serindian art
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1574:Mongol Empire
1572:
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1564:Ghurid Empire
1562:
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1479:Western Turks
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1429:Kushan Empire
1427:
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1414:Guiyi Circuit
1412:
1410:
1407:
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1392:
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1389:Median Empire
1387:
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1369:Tagar culture
1367:
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560:
556:Battle scenes
555:
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542:
537:
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525:
522:
518:
514:
508:
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254:
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244:
240:
236:
232:
229:, and in the
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
181:
156:
131:
121:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
92:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
35:
29:
24:
21:
17:
2740:Sughd Region
2631:
2621:
2562:Mount Khajeh
2529:Qala-i-Jangi
2509:Khair Khaneh
2414:Khair Khaneh
2321:Namazga-Tepe
2276:Anau culture
2253:Turkmenistan
2170:Tavka Kurgan
2065:Balalyk Tepe
1982:Burana Tower
1972:Aigyr-Zhal 2
1864:Issyk kurgan
1599:Kart dynasty
1594:Sufi dynasty
1584:Golden Horde
1509:Oghuz Yabgus
1484:Tang dynasty
1449:Hephthalites
1374:Uyuk culture
1262:
1255:
1236:
1230:
1213:
1209:
1198:
1184:cite journal
1173:the original
1152:
1148:
1135:
1115:
1108:
1088:
1081:
1072:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1027:
1014:
970:
950:
927:
908:
888:
865:
861:
835:
795:
788:
756:
742:Balalyk tepe
596:Battle scene
484:
378:
363:
360:Rostam cycle
328:
311:
294:
278:
270:Balalyk Tepe
255:
206:
204:
19:
2755:Sogdian art
2654:Kabul hoard
2587:Sokh snakes
2539:Surkh Kotal
2504:Haji Piyada
2479:Darra-e Kur
2444:Yemshi Tepe
2439:Tillya Tepe
2434:Tepe Fullol
2424:Tepe Narenj
2419:Tapa Sardar
2409:Fondukistan
2374:Tapa Shotor
2354:Tepe Fullol
2346:Afghanistan
2175:Toprak-Kala
2160:Shahrukhiya
2110:Kampir Tepe
2100:Itchan Kala
2055:Ancient Pap
2012:Shakh Fazil
1884:Krasnyi Yar
1788:Mogao Caves
1748:Kizil Caves
1684:Archaeology
1549:Farighunids
1504:Turk Shahis
1444:Alchon Huns
727:Sogdian art
671:Ethnicities
617:Hephthalite
397:Alchon Huns
317:Festivities
274:Hellenistic
268:as seen in
266:Tukharistan
86: /
2734:Categories
2534:Rag-i-Bibi
2359:Ai-Khanoum
2291:Gonur Depe
2286:Dev-Kesken
2223:Kafir-kala
2213:Ajina tepe
2195:Tajikistan
2155:Sarmishsay
2140:Kyzyl-Kala
2120:Khalchayan
2105:Kafir-kala
2085:Fayaz Tepe
2070:Burchmulla
2032:Uzbekistan
2022:Tash Rabat
1997:Manas Ordo
1964:Kyrgyzstan
1851:Kazakhstan
1554:Ghaznavids
1459:Ustrushana
1454:Tocharians
1384:Massagetae
1216:(1): 298.
1075:: 317–334.
1033:Rustemiada
868:: 303–316.
748:References
713:Kafir-kala
686:Devashtich
385:Zabulistan
264:murals of
262:Hepthalite
247:Old Turkic
219:Tajikistan
213:, ancient
74:67°37′14″E
71:39°29′12″N
62:Tajikistan
54:Discovered
2580:Artifacts
2454:Aq Kupruk
2404:Mes Aynak
2336:Ulug Depe
2271:Altyndepe
2218:Cyropolis
2208:Penjikent
2180:Varakhsha
2115:Kara Tepe
2060:Ayaz-Kala
2050:Akhsikath
2040:Afrasiyab
1987:Issyk-Kul
1977:Balasagun
1823:Beshbalik
1700:Sintashta
1660:Silk Road
1589:Ilkhanate
1544:Ma'munids
1439:Kidarites
1169:130640638
1073:Tyragetia
737:Dilberjin
366:Shahnameh
283:, in the
211:Panjakent
58:Panjakent
2750:Sogdians
2514:Mundigak
2494:Firozkoh
2384:Shotorak
2203:Bunjikat
2095:Hazorasp
1919:Shilikty
1909:Boralday
1833:Mongolia
1768:Dunhuang
1539:Samanids
1469:Farghana
1322:Polities
1000:Fig. 38.
978:Archived
721:See also
656:Faramarz
481:Religion
393:Khingila
306:Dēwāštič
235:Dushanbe
215:Sogdiana
2459:Asqalan
2394:Bimaran
2389:Paitava
2331:Togolok
2266:Abiward
2150:Poykent
2135:Koktepe
2002:Navekat
1879:Kerderi
1869:Jankent
1818:Kashgar
1793:Tumshuq
1738:Bulayïq
1648:Culture
1464:Khuttal
1424:Xiongnu
517:Trisula
413:Details
258:Sogdian
239:Sogdian
117:Sogdian
113:Culture
46:Created
2745:Murals
2524:Nagara
2296:Jeitun
2228:Sarazm
1914:Sawran
1859:Begash
1813:Khotan
1808:Loulan
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