447:
127:
67:
97:
1794:
50:
919:
677:, but there were no serious casualties. The village school was demolished, and the community was left without teaching facilities. Tongareva's Women's Craft Guild loaned their meeting house; however, this meant that five classes ranging from 3 to 16 years old had to be taught in a single room. New Zealand Aid paid completely for a new school to be constructed, called Meitaki Poria.
134:
104:
74:
372:
329:
with a circumference of approximately 77 km (48 mi), enclosing a lagoon with an area of 233 square kilometres (90 sq mi). The atoll is atop the highest submarine volcano in the Cook
Islands, rising 4,876 metres (15,997 ft) from the ocean floor. The atoll is low-lying, with a
567:
took hundreds of
Tongarevans aboard, ostensibly to transport them to a nearby island as agricultural workers. The Tongarevans went willingly: coconut blight had led to famine, while the local missionaries saw work overseas as a way of bring money to the atoll to pay for larger churches. Once on
952:
The locally produced Rito hats are woven from fibre from young coconut leaves, which are stripped, boiled and dried, resulting in a fine white leaf. Called rito weaving, the traditional items woven are Sunday church fans, small baskets and hats, the hats originally being copies of the ones the
875:
All of the habitable islets were previously occupied, with
Moananui home to two rival settlements. Following the arrival of the missionaries, the population concentrated around the churches in four villages. Two of these villages were subsequently abandoned due to depopulation by slavers.
1000:. Provision of diesel fuel required two long sea voyages: Auckland to Rarotonga, then onwards to the northern Cooks Islands (ships travelled 7,000 km each way). To save fuel, electricity was always turned off overnight (11 pm to 6 am). The New Zealand Government (
664:
struck an uncharted reef on 22 July 1942 and was severely damaged with flooded engine rooms and abandoned in Taruia Pass while on an island charting assignment in support of the construction. The ship was later salvaged by the Navy and commissioned for naval use.
1008:
was for NZ$ 20 million. The build was by PowerSmart Solar of New
Zealand. Construction began on 23 February 2015, each village was solar powered by the end of May 2015. Some work is possibly still ongoing for all northern atolls to be on renewable energy.
866:
Penrhyn was formerly one of the most densely inhabited atolls in
Polynesia, with an estimated pre-European population of 2,000. Depopulation by slavers reduced this to just 88 people, and its population on annexation by New Zealand was just 420.
984:(yam). Every morning (except on Sundays), men from the island head out in small tin boats to spear or trawl for fish for their families. The islanders' diet is supplemented with imported rice and flour shipped in from
1456:
1228:
534:
ran aground at
Penrhyn during a storm in January 1853, resulting in some of the crew being stranded on the island for almost a year. One of them, the trader Edward Henry Lamont, documented his stay in
1899:
1894:
972:
spread around the lagoon, and a virus killed the pearl oysters. The stocks never recovered, and the final harvest was in 2003, resulting in significant losses of equipment, outlay and resources.
614:
317:, approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi) to the southwest. Once one of the most heavily populated atolls, it was almost completely depopulated by Peruvian slavers in 1864.
1001:
469:, using part of his thigh as bait, and has been inhabited since the time of creation. Other legends tell of the island being visited by various ancestors of Tangiia-nui of
637:
began work on a runway in July 1942, with aviation gasoline storage tanks added to the completed field. Two additional runways were added later. During the war, U.S. Navy
1909:
1162:
1463:
587:
on 22 March 1888. The island was considered to have a strategic location on the route of a proposed Trans-Pacific telegraphic connection between Canada and
Australia.
937:
A large passage in the lagoon allows inter-island ships to enter the lagoon, and the island has become popular as a stopover for yachts crossing the
Pacific from
626:
1251:
980:
The present population of the island relies on the ocean for most of their food as well as locally grown plants such as coconut, pawpaw, breadfruit and
572:, Peru, where they were sold for between $ 100 and $ 200 each. Further slaving expeditions followed, and in total, 472 Tongarevans were sold in Peru.
651:
bombers were stationed on the island, along with about a thousand support personnel. A communications link through the island was established by the
609:
U.S. military operations involving the islands. On 11 June 1980, in connection with establishing the maritime boundary between the Cook
Islands and
1362:
1727:
126:
1676:
542:, which had begun missionary activities in the Cook Islands from 1821, sent a group of three Polynesian missionaries to Penrhyn in 1854.
176:
1889:
527:
66:
652:
1914:
96:
297:. The northernmost island in the group, it is located at 1,365 km (848 mi) north-north-east of the capital island of
1627:
1295:. United States Army in World War II. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 169, 171, 233.
1924:
1563:
1004:) decided to assist the Cook Islands Government by funding solar power arrays in all the northern atolls. The Aid programme
996:
Electricity has been supplied by a generator in each village (Omoka 65 KVA, Te Tautua 35 KVA); these have been installed by
446:
330:
maximum elevation of less than 5 metres (16 ft). The total land area is 9.84 square kilometres (3.80 sq mi).
903:
1654:
1343:. United States Army in World War II. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 475ā476.
1070:
1021:
605:. That claim had never been recognised by Britain and the Cook Islands. New Zealand sovereignty was recognised during
1316:"Limits in the Seas No. 100; Maritime Boundaries: United StatesāCook Islands and United StatesāNew Zealand (Tokelau)"
1125:"Development of coral reefs and human settlement: Archaeological research in the Northern Cook Islands and Rarotonga"
934:
are subject to frequent cancellations due to a lack of passengers or lack of fuel on
Penrhyn for the return flight.
1868:
1720:
1124:
968:, was previously the only significant economic activity on the island. Pearl farming began in 1997ā1998. In 2000,
953:
sailors wore. Weaving is an economic activity in both villages; both traditional and artificial dyes may be used.
1026:
539:
503:
commanded by Captain William Crofton Sever, passed by the island on 8 August while returning from delivering the
498:
1429:"The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade acts in the world to make New Zealanders safer and more prosperous"
1489:
633:
was determined for a tour of suitable islands for local labour that could help build an airfield. U.S. Navy
1904:
1514:
545:
420:
1668:
1848:
1803:
1757:
1744:
1713:
1190:
1156:
907:
594:, until independence in 1965 when residents chose self-government in free association with New Zealand.
286:
1373:
1012:
The Omoka solar farm and Te Tautua solar farm now provide 126 kW and 42 kW respectively.
523:
516:
568:
board, they were shackled in the hold and guarded day and night. 253 survived the voyage to reach
1274:
302:
1212:
Doug Munro (1997). "Peruvian Slave trade in the Pacific islands". In Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.).
1104:. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences
1315:
1853:
1344:
1296:
930:, with its initial 3,000-meter runway reduced to 1,700 meters. Weekly flights to the atoll by
927:
602:
512:
451:
430:
405:
390:
337:
1919:
1136:
892:
630:
395:
385:
367:
1762:
1658:
1398:
965:
659:
49:
997:
961:
884:
648:
610:
462:
425:
1339:
Thompson, George Raynor; Harris, Dixie R.; Oakes, Pauline M.; Terrett, Dulany (1957).
1883:
946:
931:
598:
333:
The atoll rim consists of 18 major islets. Clockwise, from the northwest, these are:
294:
164:
918:
1793:
1736:
969:
638:
606:
581:
580:
Penrhyn was officially annexed for Great Britain by Captain Sir William Wiseman of
560:
290:
233:
211:
1571:
1101:
1046:"Tongareva (Penrhyn) Atoll ā Cook Islands ā Northern Group, South Pacific Ocean"
942:
674:
591:
504:
458:
400:
326:
258:
17:
1341:
The Technical ServicesāThe Signal Corps: The Test (December 1941 to July 1943)
1140:
899:
410:
1691:
1678:
1651:
1078:
629:
initial path at some risk so that an alternate route was directed. In March,
493:("Tonga floating in space", "Tonga-in-the-skies" and "Away from the South").
191:
178:
1858:
1782:
1772:
985:
888:
508:
486:
470:
310:
298:
590:
The Cook Islands were a British protectorate 1888 to 1900, when annexed to
1193:. Cook Islands Library and Museum (web: Victoria University of Wellington)
1838:
1777:
1767:
1752:
482:
461:
are believed to have lived on Penrhyn since 900 or 1000 AD. According to
314:
1663:
887:, on the western rim of the atoll, north of the airport. The village of
1863:
1843:
1822:
634:
347:
306:
1314:
Office of The Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (2013).
1538:
938:
569:
478:
435:
415:
362:
357:
352:
342:
1462:. Cook Islands Statistical Office. 2018. p. 46. Archived from
371:
1817:
917:
880:
645:
474:
466:
445:
380:
1602:
556:
In the early 1860s, Penrhyn was almost completely depopulated by
1812:
1348:
1300:
1214:
The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Volume 1; Volume 7
699:
557:
1709:
1705:
1603:"Commercial Solar Power ā Off-Grid Solar ā Solar Power Systems"
988:
or Hawai'i. The boats are infrequent (usually every 3 months).
617:
acknowledging that Penrhyn was under Cook Islands sovereignty.
1519:. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs Limited. pp. 134ā135
1592:
Ru Taime, formerly Ministry of Marine Resources at Tongareva
1252:"Language, culture, and the impact of 'Slavers in Paradise'"
1045:
949:
company visits the island approximately every three months.
694:
879:
Today, Penrhyn Atoll has two villages. The main village of
1428:
1191:"Discoverers of the Cook Islands and the Names They Gave"
496:
Europeans first encountered the island in 1788, when the
895:(also known as Pokerere or Tautua), on the eastern rim.
1363:"Section 3 ā Publications, US Army Corps of Engineers"
1229:"Blackbirds: Shackled inside the slave ships to Peru"
1100:
Liu Chuang; Shi Ruixiang; Chen Lijun (January 2019).
454:
meets the inhabitants of Penrhyn Atoll, 30 April 1816
1539:"Mahina Expeditions ā Offshore Cruising Instruction"
1427:
Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and.
655:. American forces were withdrawn in September 1946.
1900:
Former regions and territories of the United States
1895:
Pacific islands claimed under the Guano Islands Act
1831:
1802:
1743:
1129:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
615:
Cook IslandsāUnited States Maritime Boundary Treaty
254:
246:
241:
225:
217:
207:
170:
160:
155:
37:
1433:New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
926:The World War II airstrip is still used today as
625:In early 1942, Japanese advances had placed the
1494:. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum. p. 9
673:In February 2010, much of Omoka was damaged by
511:. It was later visited by the Russian explorer
1273:Central Intelligence Agency (13 August 2013).
902:, with 92% of the population belonging to the
601:claimed sovereignty over the island under the
1721:
1451:
1449:
1293:The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Japan
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1161:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
515:in April 1816, and then by the American brig
8:
1216:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. pp. 503ā504.
883:, the seat of Penrhyn Island Council, is on
685:
32:
1628:"Cook Islands solar energy projects opened"
1403:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1728:
1714:
1706:
684:
31:
1286:
1284:
1254:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1564:"Cook Islands Government Online: Pearls"
1422:
1420:
522:, under command of Lieutenant Commander
370:
1037:
906:, while the remaining 8% adhere to the
1457:"Cook Islands 2016 Census Main Report"
1154:
1002:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
536:Wild Life among the Pacific Islanders
7:
1910:Cook IslandsāUnited States relations
1652:Photos and information about Penrhyn
1405:. Naval History and Heritage Command
1189:Kloosterman, Alphons M. J. (1976).
898:The inhabitants of the island are
528:United States Exploring Expedition
489:. The Polynesians named the atoll
25:
221:9.8 km (3.8 sq mi)
1792:
1669:Older map, but with more details
132:
125:
102:
95:
72:
65:
48:
627:South Pacific air ferry route's
563:expeditions. In 1862, the ship
133:
103:
73:
1275:"Cook Islands, World Factbook"
1250:Rachel Yates (4 August 2017).
1227:Jonathan Milne (5 July 2020).
465:, the island was fished up by
325:Penrhyn is a roughly circular
165:Central-Southern Pacific Ocean
1:
1488:Te Rangi Hiroa (April 1932).
1370:U.S. Army Engineers in Hawaii
904:Cook Islands Christian Church
548:visited Penrhyn in May 1890.
309:. Its nearest neighbours are
481:. Other ancestors came from
1123:Chikamori, Masashi (1996).
1022:List of Guano Island claims
613:, the United States signed
530:in February 1841. The brig
1941:
1890:Atolls of the Cook Islands
1789:
1141:10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11533
1027:Tongareva triple junction
859:
712:ā
540:London Missionary Society
230:
146:Show map of Pacific Ocean
59:
47:
922:Aerial view of Tongareva
86:Show map of Cook Islands
1915:Former disputed islands
1513:Te Rangi Hiroa (1964).
1143:(inactive 4 April 2024)
1071:"Penrhyn, Cook Islands"
964:farming, together with
597:From 1856 to 1980, the
1832:Southern chain - other
1516:Vikings of the Sunrise
1491:Ethnology of Tongareva
1075:www.cookislands.org.uk
1006:Uira Natura ko Tokerau
923:
653:U.S. Army Signal Corps
546:Robert Louis Stevenson
455:
376:
54:Aerial view of Penrhyn
1925:Northern Cook Islands
1692:9.00556Ā°S 157.96944Ā°W
1664:Tongareva Island info
1657:10 March 2012 at the
1291:Dod, Karl C. (1987).
921:
914:Economy and resources
908:Roman Catholic Church
686:Historical population
658:The U.S. Army vessel
449:
374:
285:) is an atoll in the
192:9.00556Ā°S 157.96944Ā°W
27:Atoll in Cook Islands
1697:-9.00556; -157.96944
1630:. Scoop. 13 May 2015
375:Map of Penrhyn Atoll
197:-9.00556; -157.96944
1688: /
1568:cook-islands.gov.ck
1231:. Cook Islands News
957:Black pearl farming
945:. The inter-island
687:
524:Cadwalader Ringgold
188: /
116:Show map of Oceania
34:
1502:– via NZETC.
1469:on 31 October 2020
1379:on 5 December 2013
924:
473:on their way from
456:
377:
1877:
1876:
928:Tongareva Airport
864:
863:
603:Guano Islands Act
526:, as part of the
513:Otto von Kotzebue
452:Otto von Kotzebue
264:
263:
16:(Redirected from
1932:
1797:
1796:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1702:
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1698:
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1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1607:Powersmart Solar
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1570:. Archived from
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1444:
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1439:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1372:. Archived from
1367:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1186:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1081:on 10 March 2012
1077:. Archived from
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1042:
893:Pokerekere Islet
701:
696:
688:
631:Leif J. Sverdrup
368:Pokerekere Islet
203:
202:
200:
199:
198:
193:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
147:
136:
135:
129:
117:
106:
105:
99:
87:
76:
75:
69:
52:
35:
21:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1827:
1798:
1791:
1787:
1739:
1734:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1659:Wayback Machine
1648:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1574:on 23 July 2008
1562:
1561:
1557:
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1545:
1537:
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1532:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
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1486:
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1470:
1466:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1399:"Southern Seas"
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1365:
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1360:
1356:
1338:
1337:
1333:
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1313:
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1272:
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1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1210:
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1196:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1170:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1102:"Penrhyn Atoll"
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1018:
994:
978:
966:mother of pearl
959:
916:
873:
683:
671:
623:
578:
554:
444:
323:
237:
196:
194:
190:
187:
182:
179:
177:
175:
174:
151:
150:
149:
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145:
144:
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141:
137:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
107:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
77:
55:
43:
42:
28:
23:
22:
18:Penrhyn (atoll)
15:
12:
11:
5:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1874:
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1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1804:Southern chain
1800:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1745:Northern chain
1741:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1647:
1646:External links
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1543:www.mahina.com
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1024:
1017:
1014:
998:Australian Aid
993:
990:
977:
974:
958:
955:
915:
912:
885:Moananui Islet
872:
869:
862:
861:
857:
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649:B-24 Liberator
622:
619:
611:American Samoa
577:
576:Foreign claims
574:
553:
550:
505:first convicts
463:oral tradition
443:
440:
439:
438:
433:
428:
426:Moananui Islet
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
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287:northern group
262:
261:
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226:Administration
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3:
2:
1937:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Penrhyn atoll
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
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1869:Winslow Reef
1737:Cook Islands
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1572:the original
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681:Demographics
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242:Demographics
234:Cook Islands
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212:Cook Islands
29:
1695: /
1683:157Ā°58ā²10ā³W
962:Black pearl
943:New Zealand
675:Cyclone Pat
669:Cyclone Pat
592:New Zealand
459:Polynesians
401:Ahu a Miria
327:coral atoll
208:Archipelago
195: /
183:157Ā°58ā²10ā³W
171:Coordinates
1884:Categories
1854:Palmerston
1033:References
900:Christians
411:Moturakina
259:Polynesian
250:226 (2016)
247:Population
1859:Rarotonga
1783:Tema Reef
1773:Rakahanga
1680:9Ā°00ā²20ā³S
1523:21 August
1498:21 August
1473:19 August
1324:29 August
1258:21 August
1235:21 August
1197:29 August
1147:21 August
1135:: 45ā52.
1108:10 August
986:Rarotonga
889:Te Tautua
509:Australia
491:Tongareva
487:Rakahanga
471:Rarotonga
321:Geography
311:Rakahanga
303:9 degrees
299:Rarotonga
283:Te Pitaka
279:Hararanga
271:Tongareva
180:9Ā°00ā²20ā³S
156:Geography
41:Tongareva
1839:Aitutaki
1778:Suwarrow
1768:Pukapuka
1753:Manihiki
1655:Archived
1349:56060003
1301:66060004
1016:See also
871:Villages
641:Catalina
584:Caroline
565:Adelante
558:Peruvian
519:Porpoise
483:Aitutaki
450:Captain
315:Manihiki
161:Location
1920:Seabees
1864:Takutea
1844:Mangaia
1823:Mitiaro
1763:Penrhyn
1634:16 July
1409:17 June
1383:17 June
860:Source:
635:Seabees
552:Slavery
532:Chatham
442:History
431:Matunga
406:Atutahi
391:Patanga
348:Ruahara
338:Tokerau
307:equator
289:of the
267:Penrhyn
140:Penrhyn
110:Penrhyn
80:Penrhyn
33:Penrhyn
1849:Manuae
1758:Nassau
1347:
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1050:www.ck
992:Energy
982:puraka
939:Panama
891:is on
844:ā16.5%
833:ā28.6%
822:ā41.1%
811:+21.9%
778:ā13.2%
767:+19.2%
756:+12.8%
745:+18.2%
734:+21.2%
723:ā22.4%
570:Callao
538:. The
479:Tahiti
436:Tekasi
416:Atiati
396:Tepuka
386:Temata
363:Tuirai
358:Veseru
353:Takuua
343:Painko
281:, and
1818:Mauke
1612:8 May
1578:8 May
1548:8 May
1467:(PDF)
1460:(PDF)
1438:8 May
1377:(PDF)
1366:(PDF)
1319:(PDF)
1085:8 May
1055:8 May
881:Omoka
855:+6.1%
849:2016
838:2011
827:2006
816:2001
805:1996
800:ā6.4%
794:1986
789:ā2.6%
783:1976
772:1966
761:1961
750:1951
739:1936
728:1926
717:1916
706:1906
646:USAAF
475:Samoa
467:Vatea
381:Kavea
1813:Atiu
1636:2020
1614:2017
1580:2017
1550:2017
1525:2020
1500:2020
1475:2020
1440:2017
1411:2013
1385:2013
1345:LCCN
1326:2013
1297:LCCN
1260:2020
1237:2020
1199:2013
1163:link
1149:2020
1110:2020
1087:2017
1057:2017
976:Food
695:Pop.
691:Year
644:and
639:PBY
582:HMS
517:USS
485:and
313:and
218:Area
1137:doi
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