743:
1673:
1852:
1051:
1756:
1792:
700:
31:
1441:
1486:
1840:
1768:
1582:
339:
1816:
1828:
1150:
1804:
888:
616:
1780:
1339:
813:
coverage of the links between the house and colonialism and slavery (see below). The Trust's 2022 Penrhyn Castle website records: "we are accelerating plans to reinterpret the stories of the painful and challenging histories attached to
Penrhyn Castle. This will take time as we want to ensure that changes we make are sustained and underpinned by high quality research." A large collection of Douglas-Pennant family papers is held by
710:(1764–1840) inherited the Penrhyn Estate on Richard Pennant's death in 1808. He continued the approach adopted by his second cousin: developing the Penrhyn Quarry; opposing the abolition of slavery; serving in Parliament; and building at Penrhyn. Dawkins-Pennant's ambitions for his castle, however, far exceeded those of Richard Pennant for his: the building that
1362:. The hall acts as a junction, to the left entry is to the keep and the family apartments, to the right, the service wing, and ahead stand the state apartments of the main block. A 20th century critic described it as, "about as homely as a railway terminus, admirably suited to house an exhibition of locomotives, or outsize dinosaurs." The stained glass is by
346:
1300:, and its length, at 440 ft (134 m), which makes it impossible to be viewed in its entirety, disguises variations in the plan caused by the Pennants' desire to incorporate, rather than demolish, elements both of the original medieval house, and Wyatt's earlier castle. The main building material is local
1401:
constructed entirely of slate and a range of bookcases and furniture designed by Hopper. Haslam, Orbach and
Voelcker consider the library the precursor for a long subsequent history of "masculine rooms millionaires". The room still contains the basis of a "good gentleman's library", despite sales of
847:
For much of the 20th century, conservation bodies such as the Trust largely ignored the issues of slavery and colonialism in relation to their properties. This position began to change at the very end of the century. In 1995, Alaistair
Hennesey published a pioneering article on Penrhyn and slavery in
1221:
recorded his impressions after a visit in 1841: "a vast pile of a building, and certainly very grand, but altogether, though there are some fine things and some good rooms in the house, the most gloomy place I ever saw, and I would not live there if they made me a present of the castle". Some modern
1453:
These two rooms served a range of purposes. Their primary function as rooms for consumption alternated depending on whether the
Pennants were receiving guests; the larger and more formal Dining Room was used when they were, the Breakfast Room when the family was alone at the castle. Their secondary
510:
at their quarries, their tenure saw bitter strikes over union recognition and workers' rights, culminating in the Great Strike of 1900–1903, the longest dispute in
British industrial history. Little development took place at the castle, which was not the family's principal residence and was mainly
714:
created for him between 1820 and 1837 is one of the largest castles in
Britain. The cost of the construction of this vast house is uncertain, and difficult to quantify as many of the materials came from the family's own forests and quarries and much of the labour from their industrial workforce.
1601:
of the early 19th century and generally regarded as the masterpiece of its architect, Thomas Hopper." Other listed structures within the estate, all of which are Grade II with the exception of the Grand Lodge which is designated Grade II*, include: the Grand Lodge itself, the Port Lodge and its
812:
in 1951. It has worked to conserve the house and its setting, and to develop its attraction to visitors. In 2019/2020 Penrhyn received 139,614 such visitors, an increase over the two previous years (118,833 and 109,395). In the 21st century, the Trust has sought to develop its understanding and
788:, who inherited the title and estates in 1927, died in June 1949, when the castle and estate passed to his niece, Lady Janet Pelham, who, following family tradition, adopted the surname of Douglas-Pennant. In 1951, the castle and 40,000 acres (160 km) of land were accepted by the
655:, an army officer. Richard expended his sugar profits on the creation and subsequent development of his North Wales estate, centred on Penrhyn. Recognising the potential for the industrialisation of slate production, he greatly expanded the activities of his main slate mine,
734:: "a pendulum is attached to each which continues to vibrate for ten minutes after the sound has ceased, to remind the sluggish of their duty." He was even more impressed by the scale of Dawkins-Pennant's ambition; reflecting that castle building, which in the time of
1022:
was the longest labour dispute in
British history, and left a legacy of lasting bitterness. Its origins lay in earlier instances of industrial unrest relating to the refusal of Lord Penrhyn and his agent to recognise the North Wales Quarrymen's Union. In 2018 local
1131:
Ownership of the art collection at
Penrhyn remained with the Douglas-Pennant family after the castle passed into the ownership of the Trust. Elements have passed directly to the Trust over the following seventy years as the family have ceded ownership in lieu of
944:
presented at
Penrhyn after a visit in 2016. She examined the prevalent history of the Pennants as social, industrial and agrarian improvers and noted the absence of discussion of the slave-owning origins of their wealth. In 2020, the naming of a road in
1212:
Hopper designed all the principal interiors in a rich but restrained Norman style, with much fine plasterwork and wood and stone carving. The castle also has some specially designed Norman-style furniture, including a one-ton slate bed made for
1103:
The collection was almost entirely the work of Edward
Douglas-Pennant, who began collecting paintings in the middle of the 19th century; the collection was catalogued by his granddaughter, Alice Douglas-Pennant. His interests were predominantly
1296:, which contained accommodation for the Pennant family; the central block which contains the state rooms; and the service wing and stables. The castle runs on a north–south axis. The scale is immense, its seventy roofs cover an area of over an
742:
1639:
1454:
function was to serve as picture galleries for much of the large collection of paintings assembled by Edward Douglas-Pennant; the other main reception rooms offering little space for picture hanging due to their design and decoration.
639:
and by the beginning of the late 18th century the family had accumulated sufficient funds to return to England, invest their profits in the development of their English and Welsh estates, and manage their West Indian properties as
738:
could only be carried out by "mighty" kings, was by the early 19th century, "executed, as a plaything, — only with increased size, magnificence and expense, — by a simple country-gentleman, whose father very likely sold cheeses."
663:
on the North Wales coast as the centre of his operations that saw the Bethesda quarries become the world's largest producer of slate by the early 19th century. The profits from sugar and slate enabled Pennant to commission
832:
If they passed the vote of abolition they actually struck at seventy millions of property, they ruined the colonies, and by destroying an essential nursery of seamen, gave up the dominion of the sea at a single glance
852:. Of Penrhyn, Hennesey wrote, "there is no building which illustrates so graphically the role which slave plantation profits played in the growth of British economic power." In 2009 the Trust organised a symposium,
2771:
511:
used as a holiday home in the summer months, but the interior was enhanced by Edward Douglas-Pennant's creation of a major collection of paintings. These provided the setting for entertaining guests, who included
479:, a group of parliamentarians opposed to the abolition of slavery, on which Richard Pennant had served as chairman. Dawkins-Pennant received significant compensation when, in 1833, emancipation of slaves in the
4689:
3640:
3118:
2716:
3076:
2534:
1244:. He was a versatile architect, whose dictum, "it is an architect's business to understand all styles, and to be prejudiced in favour of none", saw him build in the Neo-Norman style, at Penrhyn and at
1422:
but the decorative style is lighter and more feminine, reflecting its use as a domain for the female members of the Pennant household. Much of the furniture is again by Hopper. The room has large
1672:
3176:
2503:
1493:
The keep provided accommodation for the family, and important guests, arranged as a series of suites on each of its four main floors. In one of these is the slate bed, intended to accommodate
1346:
The house is entered through a low entrance gallery. This leads into the Grand Hall, which Pevsner considers "a strikingly inventive piece of architecture". Of double height, it resembles the
1201:
series, describe it as "one of the most enormous houses in Britain" and note its "wholeheartedly Romanesque" style. Coflein records that Hopper and Dawkins-Pennant selected the Neo-Norman, or
3515:
1851:
651:(1737–1808), acquired the Penrhyn estate in the 18th century, in part from his father, John Pennant, a Liverpool merchant, and in part from his wife, Ann Susannah Pennant, the only child of
3045:
2919:
659:, and invested heavily in the development of the transportation infrastructure necessary for the export of his slate products. A major road-building operation culminated in the creation of
5444:
1465:
considers the Grand Staircase, "in many ways the greatest architectural achievement at Penrhyn." It took over ten years to construct, rises the full height of the house culminating in a
2972:
2477:
2088:
873:
2802:
2674:
3147:
2945:
2859:
4741:
3598:
3737:
1378:, describes the library at Penrhyn as "not just gargantuan, but exotically and astonishingly opulent." The room is very large and bisected by four, flattened arches. These are
687:
in 1783. Between 1780 and 1790 he made over thirty speeches defending the slave trade against abolitionist attacks, and became so influential that he was made chairman of the
5379:
4999:
Draper, Nicholas (2013). "Slave ownership and the British country house: the records of the Slave Compensation Commission as evidence". In Madge Dresser; Andrew Hann (eds.).
1136:. Ten paintings were transferred in this way in 2008. In 2016 some forty further works were accepted by the Welsh Government and now form part of the permanent collection.
5332:
2763:
1315:
is of exceptional quality. The main entrance to the castle is by way of a long drive which transverses the length of the castle before doubling back and passing through a
2191:
1093:
2560:
2002:
stayed at the castle during a rare visit to Wales in 1859. The Queen reportedly declined to sleep in the specially-commissioned slate bed, as it reminded her of a tomb.
1744:
takes place in the grounds of the castle each Saturday morning, starting and finishing at the castle gates. The fee to enter the castle grounds is waived for runners.
3015:
179:
3545:
1982:
1700:(PQR), one of the earliest industrial railways in the world. In 1951 a museum of railway relics was created in the stable block. The first locomotive donated was
1634:, constructed in the 1840s and with a capacity of 200,000 gallons (900 cubic metres). Its purpose is uncertain, it may have been for use by the castle's in-house
980:-type fantasy? Does it do critical social history? Or is it a place of escapism where there is a resistance to being confronted with the unsettling realities of
5000:
3203:
2708:
1469:, its only illumination, and is built of a variety of grey stones decorated with "an orgy of fantastic carving". Haslam, Orbach and Voelcker think it Hopper's
3068:
2526:
1042:
reported that some inhabitants of the town still declined to visit Penrhyn Castle and resentment against the Douglas-Pennants remained into the 21st-century.
5429:
1897:
By the mid-19th century, the Penrhyn quarries alone were generating around £100,000 income per year, so the build costs were well within the Pennants' means.
1708:
working on the PQR. A number of other historically significant British narrow-gauge locomotives and other artefacts have since been added to the collection.
424:
merchant, and in part from his wife, Ann Susannah Pennant née Warburton, the daughter of an army officer. Pennant derived great wealth from his ownership of
5165:
1606:
and its walled garden, an estate house, the estate manager's house, the estate kennels, nine buildings at the home farm, and the wall surrounding the park.
5394:
968:, led the Trust to acknowledge that these protests had given their efforts a greater impetus. Writing at the time of the interim report's publication, Dr
5164:
Huxtable, Sally-Anne (2020). "Wealth, Power and the Global Country House". In Sally-Anne Huxtable; Corrine Fowler; Cristo Kefalas; Emma Slocombe (eds.).
3414:
3172:
2499:
1541:
room. Many functions are allocated their own towers, all designed by Hopper to reinforce the impression of a multi-turreted castle. These include the
1382:, as is the ceiling, but grained and polished to appear as wood. Their decoration, and the design of the arches, draws on that found at the genuinely
1010:
775:
771:
755:
499:
491:
5439:
5399:
3508:
923:
909:
4000:
494:, through his marriage to Dawkins-Pennant's elder daughter, Juliana. Douglas, who assumed the name Douglas-Pennant, was elevated to the peerage as
3041:
2911:
2888:
1755:
1004:
I decline altogether to sanction the interference of anybody (corporate or individual) between employer and employed in the working of the quarry
785:
472:
5167:
Interim Report on the Connections between Colonialism and Properties now in the Care of the National Trust, including links with Historic Slavery
4825:
2422:
1791:
902:
Interim Report on the Connections between Colonialism and Properties now in the Care of the National Trust, Including Links with Historic Slavery
770:
in 1866. In accordance with his father-in-law's wishes, he assembled a major collection of pictures for the castle. He was succeeded by his son,
723:
926:
decried the report and stimulated criticism across a range of British media outlets. A complaint against the Trust's report was lodged with the
4714:
2588:
1920:
839:
338:
2968:
5321:
5296:
5253:
5229:
5204:
5154:
5130:
5084:
5059:
5038:
5010:
4989:
4961:
4933:
2473:
2084:
1414:
of the medieval house, which Samuel Wyatt had previously incorporated into his late 18th-century remodelling. It follows the library in its
3257:
2794:
2670:
1868:
3140:
1803:
1553:
tower. The stables are similarly designed to present the appearance of a fortress gatehouse. On the wider estate are located an extensive
3387:
3361:
3335:
3309:
3283:
2941:
2851:
1725:
468:
4737:
3486:
1597:
listing designation describes it as "one of the most important country houses in Wales; a superb example of the relatively short-lived
1092:
in 2007, but could not meet the £40m asking price. The painting was subsequently sold to an overseas collector after the lifting of an
1050:
3594:
1914:, on whether to include details of the slave-owning origins of the fortune used to purchase the estate, was referenced in an article,
759:
648:
507:
433:
417:
3733:
908:
for being deprived of 764 slaves, being paid £14,683 17s 2d. The report itself provoked a strong reaction. The Common Sense Group of
4772:
4659:
4628:
4597:
4566:
4535:
4504:
4473:
4442:
4411:
4380:
4349:
4318:
4287:
4256:
4225:
4194:
4163:
4132:
4101:
4070:
3711:
2304:
1177:, or keep, containing the family rooms, through the main block built around the earlier house, to the service wing and the stables.
922:
preoccupations. A clique of powerful, privileged liberals must not be allowed to rewrite our history in their image." The columnist
861:
627:, he built up one of the largest estates on the island, eventually comprising four or five slave plantations for the cultivation of
758:(1800–1886), who, on inheriting the estate in 1840, adopted the hyphenated surname of Douglas-Pennant. Edward, the grandson of the
4654:
4623:
4592:
4561:
4530:
4499:
4468:
4437:
4406:
4375:
4344:
4313:
4282:
4251:
4158:
4127:
2828:
2635:
1767:
5419:
5286:
5116:
4220:
4189:
4096:
4065:
3669:
3571:
2299:
2121:
1386:
809:
793:
72:
2330:
1839:
1598:
1573:, his career demonstrating how to "gain a whole world of rich commissions by eclectic dexterity, and still lose his own soul."
1383:
1202:
1084:
539:
4923:
2187:
5384:
5140:
4981:
2556:
1736:
1214:
1166:
4767:
1906:
The challenges around coverage of the links between historic buildings, their owners and colonialism and slavery extend to
1565:, are particularly dismissive of Hopper's Grand Lodge, and of Hopper more generally. The lodge is condemned as "misapplied
5434:
3230:
3007:
1681:
1667:
1526:
767:
2221:
1815:
623:
The fortunes of the Pennant family were begun in the late-17th century by a former soldier, Gifford Pennant. Settling in
4896:
3440:
1198:
4870:
3541:
1602:
walls, the Tal-y-bont Lodge, the walls to the flower garden, the relocated remnants of the original medieval chapel, a
1209:. Pevsner describes the castle as "a serious work of architecture", noting the "dauntingly fine masonry" construction.
1027:
councillors accused the Trust of failing to fully recognise the contribution of slate workers to the castle's history.
956:
Although it had already begun consideration of the links between its properties and the British colonial heritage, the
5414:
5409:
1779:
1513:, Penrhyn is exceptionally well provided for through its range of service buildings. Rooms within the house include a
1206:
877:
719:'s estimation suggests the castle cost the Pennant family around £150,000, equivalent to some £50m in current values.
3199:
1952:
concluded that the Trust's Interim Report was carefully researched and in accordance with its charitable objectives.
1827:
1257:
1218:
905:
865:
707:
699:
484:
452:
5389:
5122:
2032:
being placed at the other end. The second mirror is a later replacement, installed when the organ was dismantled.
1961:
1237:
1229:
1105:
711:
456:
107:
1165:
Penrhyn is among the most admired of the numerous mock castles built in the United Kingdom in the 19th century;
1934:
1878:
1873:
1063:
965:
946:
892:
636:
1497:
on her visit in 1859, but within which she refused to sleep. Many of the rooms are carpeted with high-quality
1013:
revoking the recognition agreement with the North Wales Quarrymen's Union that led to the Great Strike of 1900
30:
2451:
1650:
1627:
1554:
520:
437:
4798:
3410:
1440:
2115:
1999:
1697:
1581:
1570:
1269:
1265:
957:
5313:
5076:
3996:
1510:
1485:
1477:, "antiquarian and anarchic, intended to play on the emotions as novels and poems were doing in words."
1097:
937:
881:
735:
1226:, John B. Hilling describes the castle as "nightmarishly oppressive, a most uninviting place to live".
1088:. In 2007 the painting was put up for sale. The Dutch Culture Ministry tried to buy it for Amsterdam's
542:
style, it is considered one of the most important country houses in Wales and as among the best of the
4848:
4821:
2415:
969:
5404:
1717:
1693:
1542:
1415:
869:
688:
672:
476:
464:
35:
Penrhyn Castle - the keep to the right, the main block in the centre and the service wing to the left
4710:
2709:"Leading Caribbean scholar appointed director of UCL centre examining the impact of British slavery"
1646:
1113:
953:
provoked protests over the perceived links with Penrhyn Castle, "the capital of slavery in Wales."
914:
460:
455:, who adopted the surname Dawkins-Pennant. From 1822 to 1837 Dawkins-Pennant engaged the architect
398:
4190:"Walls and attached structures to terraced flower garden at Penrhyn Castle (Grade II) (3660)"
3384:"Sacra Conversazione with Saints Jerome, Justina, Ursula and Bernardino of Siena – Item NT1420347"
2883:
5424:
2025:
1949:
1427:
1075:
961:
941:
927:
680:
596:
584:
563:
528:
409:
3253:
1557:
and a range of gate lodges. Not all of these structures have appealed to architectural critics.
1149:
904:. The appendix to the report recorded that George Hay Dawkins-Pennant was compensated under the
615:
5341:
5317:
5292:
5270:
5249:
5225:
5200:
5174:
5150:
5126:
5090:
5080:
5055:
5034:
5006:
4985:
4957:
4929:
2110:
1986:
1623:
1566:
1518:
1498:
1321:
1035:
919:
887:
814:
641:
624:
600:
3383:
3357:
3331:
3305:
3279:
1964:
denied that the name was chosen to celebrate Penrhyn, saying that it was chosen as being the
1430:, who visited in the 1830s, described one as "the largest mirror ever made in this country".
5103:
4593:"Engine House attached to south side of threshing barn at Home Farm (Grade II) (23451)"
3674:
3478:
2607:
2597:
1911:
1705:
1363:
1289:
1158:
1121:
857:
425:
3008:"Lawyer and black rights activist wants name changed saying it honours a Welsh slave owner"
583:
In the 15th century, the Penrhyn estate was the centre of a large landholding developed by
4943:
1731:
1689:
1590:
1338:
1133:
1071:
751:
535:
441:
292:
254:
216:
141:
56:
4283:"Kitchen garden wall and attached outbuildings at Penrhyn Castle (Grade II) (33375)"
4128:"Parapet/Boundary Walls on Port Lodge approach to Penrhyn Castle (Grade II) (23376)"
3707:
1249:
5282:
5221:
2824:
2627:
1965:
1721:
1685:
1522:
1494:
1474:
1277:
1253:
1245:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1019:
997:
981:
933:
880:
and their value as a research tool for exploring links between the slave trade and the
797:
656:
652:
632:
588:
555:
524:
512:
503:
480:
444:
estates, and also for development of Penrhyn Castle. In the 1780s Pennant commissioned
405:
367:
117:
3567:
2584:"Race, Gender and Knowledge (XXG): How the Global Encyclopaedia Deals with Inequality"
2114:
808:
The National Trust has held custodianship of Penrhyn Castle since its transfer by the
506:, and of the supporting infrastructure throughout North-West Wales. Firmly opposed to
5373:
5364:
5196:
5186:
5030:
5020:
4971:
3595:"Penrhyn Castle's slavery fortune and how it paid for the North Wales slate industry"
2764:"With its slavery list, the National Trust makes a welcome entry to the 21st century"
2671:"Red walls, green walls: British identity, rural racism and British colonial history"
2326:
2029:
1615:
1261:
1241:
1178:
849:
763:
684:
547:
495:
383:
375:
4469:"H-shaped Cowhouse Range to north of main yard at Home Farm (Grade II) (23452)"
1916:
Race, Gender and Knowledge (XXG): How the Global Encyclopaedia Deals with Inequality
5239:
4655:"Penrhyn Park boundary wall (partly in Llandygai community) (Grade I) (22957)"
1635:
1619:
1558:
1466:
1117:
665:
660:
451:
On Pennant's death in 1808, the Penrhyn estate was inherited by his second cousin,
445:
5359:
3693:
1907:
475:, followed his cousin as a long-standing opponent of emancipation, serving on the
128:
416:
on the site. In the 18th century, the Penrhyn estate came into the possession of
3306:"Italian Landscape with a House, Gate, Tower and Distant Hills – Item NT1420360"
3200:"Row over 'snub' of slate workers whose toil helped build slave-owner's retreat"
1622:, and much planting. A conifer was planted by Queen Victoria and another by the
1569:" while Hopper himself is censured as a model for the then-coming generation of
1379:
1170:
1109:
1089:
1058:
Penrhyn Castle houses one of the finest art collections in Wales, with works by
1024:
977:
789:
779:
604:
567:
559:
429:
413:
391:
3678:
3226:
1640:
Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales
750:
The elder of Dawkins-Pennant's two daughters, Juliana, married an aristocratic
5345:
5178:
5094:
4562:"Barn Range between main and outer yards at Home Farm (Grade II) (23454)"
3663:
2213:
1530:
1411:
1390:
1273:
1030:
The 120th anniversary of the strike saw the opening of a commemorative trail,
628:
516:
4849:"Watchmen trailer provides first glimpse of Penrhyn Castle in new HBO series"
3436:
3069:"National Trust hastens projects exposing links of country houses to slavery"
2527:"National Trust hastens projects exposing links of country houses to slavery"
1437:
panelling and furniture, although much is in fact ebonised rather than real.
87:
74:
5307:
5274:
5144:
4953:
4892:
4862:
1969:
1631:
1419:
1398:
1355:
1316:
1305:
1233:
1125:
1079:
1067:
1059:
731:
676:
592:
551:
421:
379:
52:
5334:
The Slave Trade and the British Empire - An Audit of Commemoration in Wales
5190:
5070:
5049:
4975:
4947:
2912:"National Trust chair denies 'woke takeover' after complaints from members"
5264:
5243:
5215:
5024:
2969:"Building the nation's trust - connecting a charity's work to its purpose"
2942:"Charity Commission finds that National Trust did not breach charity law"
1351:
1169:
called it, "the outstanding instance of Norman revival." The castle is a
603:, Gwilym regained them by 1406 and began the construction of a fortified
4681:
3632:
3110:
2612:
5118:
The Architecture of Wales: From the First to the Twenty-First Centuries
4624:"Cowhouses and Barn in outer yard at Home Farm (Grade II) (33459)"
1741:
1423:
1394:
1312:
1224:
The Architecture of Wales: From the First to the Twenty-First Centuries
691:, an informal alliance of some 50 MPs dedicated to opposing abolition.
387:
3819:
3817:
3815:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
607:
and adjoining chapel at Penrhyn, which became his family's main home.
2628:"Penrhyn: Sugar & Slate Project-Archives and Special Collections"
2447:
1643:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1514:
1359:
1308:
1301:
1174:
1173:
composition that stretches over 450 ft (137 m) from a tall
1154:
985:
543:
401:
5245:
Trumpet At A Distant Gate: The Lodge as Prelude to the Country House
2602:
2583:
1288:
The castle is arranged in three main parts: the donjon, modelled on
912:
MPs challenged the Trust's priorities; writing in a joint letter to
778:, who lost his eldest son, and two half-brothers, as casualties in
3863:
3861:
3859:
2450:. ALVA – Association of Leading Visitor Attractions. p. 423.
2012:
1989:, caused the Gallery staff to fear for the safety of the pictures.
1671:
1603:
1580:
1484:
1439:
1434:
1337:
1293:
1148:
1049:
973:
886:
741:
698:
614:
394:
60:
936:, Professor of Colonial History and the Memory of Slavery at the
4794:
4763:
4650:
4619:
4588:
4557:
4526:
4495:
4464:
4433:
4402:
4371:
4340:
4309:
4278:
4247:
4216:
4185:
4154:
4123:
4092:
4061:
2295:
1594:
1550:
1509:
Even by the standards of large, highly variegated, 19th-century
1462:
1347:
1297:
746:
Edward Douglas-Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn of the second creation
716:
668:
to rebuild the medieval house as a "castellated Gothic" castle.
3892:
3890:
3888:
3834:
3832:
5288:
Post-Conflict Memorialization: Missing Memorials Absent Bodies
4032:
4030:
3358:"The Holy Family with Saint John the Baptist – Item NT1420359"
3141:"Interpreting the slave trade - The Penrhyn Castle exhibition"
2500:"Addressing our histories of colonialism and historic slavery"
1280:. Penrhyn Castle is generally considered to be his best work.
1039:
558:'s attempts to explore the links between their properties and
5217:
In Trust for the Nation: Paintings from National Trust Houses
2064:
2062:
3173:"Penrhyn Castle and the Great Penrhyn Quarry Strike 1900-03"
1981:
The nocturnal wanderings around the castle of the alcoholic
1740:. It has also been used as a television filming location. A
1638:
in the event of a fire. The park is listed Grade II* on the
1402:
some of the most important and valuable books in the 1950s.
4066:"Grand Lodge and forecourt walling (Grade II*) (3661)"
2795:"Cream teas at dawn: Inside the war for the National Trust"
2214:"George Hay Dawkins Pennant Profile & Legacies Summary"
1444:
A view up to the lantern at the apex of the Grand Staircase
918:, "History must neither be sanitised nor rewritten to suit
546:
castles in Britain. Its art collection, including works by
2852:"Britain's idyllic country houses reveal a darker history"
2350:
2348:
1692:
was closely associated with the development of industrial
730:, published in 1831. He noted the ingenious design of the
538:, recognised as Thomas Hopper's finest work. Built in the
4977:
A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600-1840
4500:"Cart Shelter Range at Home Farm (Grade II) (23448)"
3907:
3905:
3227:"Great Strike trail marks 120 years since quarry dispute"
554:
is of international importance. In the 21st century, the
436:. His wealth was used in part for the development of the
5069:
Haslam, Richard; Orbach, Julian; Voelcker, Adam (2009).
2884:"The 'war on woke': who should shape Britain's history?"
2134:
2132:
619:
Richard Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn of the first creation
502:, continued the development of their slate interests at
4822:"The Fall of the House of Usher - Welsh National Opera"
4438:"Southern Cottage at Home Farm (Grade II) (23447)"
4407:"Northern Cottage at Home Farm (Grade II) (23444)"
1473:
and see parallels with the contemporaneous approach in
874:
Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery
587:. The land had originally been granted to his ancestor
266:
Walls and attached structures to terraced flower garden
1561:
and Earnshaw, in their study of lodges and gatehouses
1501:
and with walls papered in handmade Chinese wallpaper.
1222:
critics have been similarly unimpressed; in his study
4531:"Threshing Barn at Home Farm (Grade II) (23450)"
3254:"Art to help heal Penrhyn Castle's slate strike pain"
448:
to undertake a reconstruction of the medieval house.
5075:. The Buildings of Wales. New Haven, US and London:
3971:
3823:
3806:
3794:
2261:
1232:(1776–1856) made his reputation as architect to the
1193:. Haslam, Orbach and Voelcker, in their 2009 volume
483:
was eventually achieved, through the passing of the
4738:"Penrhyn Castle's mysterious underground reservoir"
1676:
Penrhyn Castle Railway Museum in the former stables
316:
308:
300:
290:
278:
270:
262:
252:
240:
232:
224:
214:
202:
194:
186:
177:
165:
157:
149:
139:
123:
113:
103:
66:
48:
40:
23:
3662:
2993:
2882:
2474:"Penrhyn Castle and the transatlantic slave trade"
2085:"Penrhyn Castle and the transatlantic slave trade"
1720:used Penrhyn as the location for their filming of
1304:, lined internally with brick and externally with
774:, in 1886. He was, in turn, succeeded by his son,
599:. Despite losing his lands temporarily during the
5149:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Antique Collectors' Club.
3437:"£35m Rembrandt painting goes on show in Cardiff"
5445:Registered historic parks and gardens in Gwynedd
5360:Penrhyn Castle information at the National Trust
3411:"UK places export ban on $ 54 million Rembrandt"
1684:is a narrow gauge railway museum. The Pennant's
1205:style, as opposed to the increasing fashionable
1054:Adam Pynacker - Landscape with an Arched Gateway
4949:The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy
3509:"Cultural Gifts Scheme and Acceptances in Lieu"
3479:"How lords wrecked war-time effort to save art"
1002:
830:
180:National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens
3959:
3947:
3935:
3923:
3896:
3867:
3838:
3782:
3097:
2402:
2378:
2366:
2242:
2162:
2150:
2068:
964:demonstrations, including the toppling of the
726:recorded his visit to Penrhyn in his memoirs,
1642:. The castle and its grounds are part of the
679:, and sat for the city until elevated to the
304:Kitchen garden wall and attached outbuildings
8:
4048:
4036:
3673:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3280:"The Thames at Westminster – Item NT1420346"
2881:Barker, Alex; Foster, Peter (11 June 2021).
2582:Moore, Lucy; Nevell, Richard (19 May 2021).
2028:'s visit, only one mirror was installed, an
566:have seen the castle feature in the ensuing
3568:"Penrhyn Paintings accepted for the nation"
523:. The castle passed from the family to the
5380:Buildings and structures completed in 1837
4159:"Tal-y-bont Lodge (Grade II) (22925)"
1630:. The gardens contain a large underground
817:and was catalogued between 2015 and 2017.
29:
20:
4021:
2673:. Renewal - Journal of social democracy.
2611:
2601:
2390:
1618:style of gardening, with specimen trees,
1614:The castle grounds are an example of the
776:Edward Douglas-Pennant, 3rd Baron Penrhyn
772:George Douglas-Pennant, 2nd Baron Penrhyn
500:George Douglas-Pennant, 2nd Baron Penrhyn
4925:Chinese Wallpaper in Britain and Ireland
4376:"Estate Kennels (Grade II) (22955)"
3542:"Penrhyn paintings saved for the nation"
3472:
3470:
3409:Muñoz-Alonso, Lorena (19 October 2015).
3035:
3033:
2762:Bennett, Catherine (27 September 2020).
2749:
2695:
2354:
2290:
2174:
2041:Mowl and Earnshaw term the Grand Lodge,
2011:Hopper served as the county surveyor of
496:1st Baron Penrhyn of the second creation
5285:; Gandolfo, Luisa; Galai, Yoav (2021).
4252:"Maes-y-Gerddi (Grade II) (23372)"
4221:"Chapel remains (Grade II) (3658)"
3983:
3911:
3879:
3850:
3758:
3670:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3332:"The Ruins Of Baalbec – Item NT1420381"
3042:"It is the capital of slavery in Wales"
2656:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2218:Legacies of British Slave-ownership UCL
2138:
2079:
2077:
2058:
1890:
1809:Carved stonework on the Grand Staircase
1751:
1585:The castellated entrance to the stables
1124:were stored at the castle to avoid the
1096:. In 2016 it was placed on loan to the
796:, and ownership was transferred to the
786:Hugh Douglas-Pennant, 4th Baron Penrhyn
459:who rebuilt the house in the form of a
289:
251:
213:
176:
4899:from the original on 22 September 2022
3770:
3619:
2862:from the original on 13 September 2022
2827:. Edward Leigh.org. 11 November 2020.
2737:
2589:Bulletin of the History of Archaeology
2480:from the original on 13 September 2022
2300:"Penrhyn Castle (Grade I) (3659)"
2091:from the original on 13 September 2022
1921:Bulletin of the History of Archaeology
1410:The Drawing Room is the reconstructed
1217:when she visited in 1859. The diarist
972:wrote of the Trust's approach, "Is it
490:In 1840, the Penrhyn estate passed to
345:
5146:English Country Houses: Late Georgian
5002:Slavery and the British Country House
4873:from the original on 24 November 2020
4801:from the original on 3 September 2022
4744:from the original on 4 September 2022
4717:from the original on 3 September 2022
4345:"Plas y Coed (Grade II) (23370)"
4003:from the original on 3 September 2022
3601:from the original on 23 February 2023
3521:from the original on 10 December 2021
3461:
3390:from the original on 12 February 2023
3364:from the original on 12 February 2023
3338:from the original on 12 February 2023
3312:from the original on 12 February 2023
3286:from the original on 12 February 2023
3198:Wyn-Williams, Gareth (20 July 2018).
3048:from the original on 3 September 2022
3018:from the original on 3 September 2022
2975:from the original on 4 September 2022
2944:. Charity Commission. 11 March 2021.
2922:from the original on 4 September 2022
2891:from the original on 11 December 2022
2774:from the original on 24 November 2020
2563:from the original on 4 September 2022
2506:from the original on 8 September 2022
2448:"List of leading visitor attractions"
2333:from the original on 3 September 2022
2224:from the original on 18 February 2017
1939:was named after Pennant's wife, Anne.
1078:. The collection formerly included a
1018:The Great Strike of 1900–1903 at the
854:Slavery and the British Country House
408:. In the 15th century his descendant
353:Location of Penrhyn Castle in Gwynedd
315:
307:
299:
277:
269:
261:
239:
231:
223:
201:
193:
185:
164:
156:
148:
138:
7:
5054:. London, UK: National Trust Books.
3593:Davies, Christopher (7 March 2022).
1869:Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
1120:a large number of pictures from the
722:The German aristocrat and traveller
463:castle. Dawkins-Pennant, who sat as
404:. The Penrhyn estate was founded by
5430:Grade I listed buildings in Gwynedd
5365:Illustrated Guide to Penrhyn Castle
4828:from the original on 10 August 2022
4314:"Y Berllan (Grade II) (23373)"
4097:"Port Lodge (Grade II) (3662)"
3740:from the original on 29 August 2022
3714:from the original on 29 August 2022
3574:from the original on 28 August 2022
3570:. Welsh Government. 13 March 2017.
3548:from the original on 28 August 2022
3489:from the original on 28 August 2022
3443:from the original on 28 August 2022
3417:from the original on 28 August 2022
3260:from the original on 29 August 2022
3233:from the original on 29 August 2022
3206:from the original on 29 August 2022
3153:from the original on 28 August 2022
2948:from the original on 29 August 2022
2805:from the original on 29 August 2022
2793:Hinscliff, Gaby (16 October 2021).
2719:from the original on 6 January 2023
2677:from the original on 28 August 2022
2638:from the original on 28 August 2022
2428:from the original on 8 January 2022
2194:from the original on 29 August 2022
498:in 1866. He, and his son and heir,
434:attempts to abolish the slave trade
5395:National Trust properties in Wales
3972:Haslam, Orbach & Voelcker 2009
3824:Haslam, Orbach & Voelcker 2009
3807:Haslam, Orbach & Voelcker 2009
3795:Haslam, Orbach & Voelcker 2009
3179:from the original on 1 August 2022
2910:Stubley, Peter (9 November 2020).
2831:from the original on 3 August 2022
2557:"Penrhyn Castle - A brief history"
2262:Haslam, Orbach & Voelcker 2009
1651:Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales
1426:mirrors at either end. The author
838:– Richard Pennant speaking in the
418:Richard Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn
14:
5026:Life in the English Country House
5005:. Swindon, UK: English Heritage.
4928:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
4773:National Historic Assets of Wales
4768:"Penrhyn Castle (PGW(Gd)40(GWY))"
4660:National Historic Assets of Wales
4629:National Historic Assets of Wales
4598:National Historic Assets of Wales
4567:National Historic Assets of Wales
4536:National Historic Assets of Wales
4505:National Historic Assets of Wales
4474:National Historic Assets of Wales
4443:National Historic Assets of Wales
4412:National Historic Assets of Wales
4381:National Historic Assets of Wales
4350:National Historic Assets of Wales
4319:National Historic Assets of Wales
4288:National Historic Assets of Wales
4257:National Historic Assets of Wales
4226:National Historic Assets of Wales
4195:National Historic Assets of Wales
4164:National Historic Assets of Wales
4133:National Historic Assets of Wales
4102:National Historic Assets of Wales
4071:National Historic Assets of Wales
3225:Herd, George (22 November 2022).
3079:from the original on 13 July 2022
3067:Davies, Caroline (22 June 2020).
3006:Wightwick, Abbie (24 July 2020).
2669:Fowler, Corinne (29 March 2020).
2537:from the original on 13 July 2022
2525:Davies, Caroline (22 June 2020).
2454:from the original on 29 July 2015
2305:National Historic Assets of Wales
1529:, and the kitchen, with separate
1374:Mark Purcell, in his 2019 study,
1354:of a church. The ceiling forms a
900:In 2020, the Trust published its
862:University of the West of England
724:Hermann, Fürst von Pückler-Muskau
228:Grand Lodge and forecourt walling
5192:Wales: Churches, Houses, Castles
4682:"Penrhyn Castle Gardens (86440)"
3736:. History of Parliament Online.
3477:Ezard, John (12 December 2002).
2994:Otele, Gandolfo & Galai 2021
2190:. History of Parliament Online.
2122:Dictionary of National Biography
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1433:The Ebony Room is named for its
1145:Overview and architectural style
876:), discussed the records of the
397:, constructed in the style of a
344:
337:
5440:Grade I listed museum buildings
5400:Historic house museums in Wales
5269:. Swindon, UK: National Trust.
5173:. Swindon, UK: National Trust.
4820:Walsh, Stephen (21 June 2014).
3540:Clark, Rhodri (23 March 2006).
3040:Harris, Sharon (26 July 2020).
1325:in front of the central block.
3252:Herd, George (15 April 2017).
3111:"Penrhyn Slate Quarry (40564)"
2850:Knight, Sam (16 August 2021).
1737:The Fall of the House of Usher
1449:Dining Room and Breakfast Room
1:
5340:. Cardiff: Welsh Government.
4736:Crump, Eryl (19 March 2016).
3999:. Axminster Heritage Centre.
3710:. People's Collection Wales.
3044:. Barry & District News.
2188:"Richard Pennant (1736-1808)"
1704:, one of the three remaining
1682:Penrhyn Castle Railway Museum
1668:Penrhyn Castle Railway Museum
1100:for a period of three years.
878:Slave Compensation Commission
768:Peerage of the United Kingdom
432:and was a strong opponent of
420:, in part from his father, a
5312:. New Haven, US and London:
5102:Hennesey, Alaistair (1995).
5051:Houses of the National Trust
4847:Leaver, Joel (20 May 2019).
3734:"George Hay Dawkins Pennant"
3694:UK public library membership
3664:"Hopper, Thomas (1776–1856)"
2125:. Vol. 44. p. 320.
1140:Architecture and description
671:Richard Pennant was elected
5291:. London: Springer Nature.
1910:. A 2020 discussion on the
1857:The Victorian Walled Garden
1727:La chute de la maison Usher
1406:Drawing Room and Ebony Room
1236:for whom Hopper designed a
872:(inaugural director of the
5461:
5242:; Earnshaw, Brian (1985).
4711:"Queen of Romania's hotel"
3439:. BBC News. 5 April 2016.
1712:Popular culture and events
1665:
1199:Pevsner Buildings of Wales
995:
906:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
866:London School of Economics
708:George Hay Dawkins-Pennant
703:George Hay Dawkins-Pennant
5309:The Country House Library
5123:University of Wales Press
5115:Hilling, John B. (2018).
4922:de Bruijn, Emile (2017).
2825:"Letter to the Telegraph"
1962:Vale of Glamorgan Council
1773:Penrhyn Castle - exterior
1761:Penrhyn Castle - exterior
1626:. There is a substantial
1563:Trumpet at a Distant Gate
1376:The Country House Library
766:(second creation) in the
332:
328:
324:
286:
248:
210:
173:
135:
28:
5214:Laing, Alistair (1995).
4049:Mowl & Earnshaw 1985
4037:Mowl & Earnshaw 1985
3633:"Penrhyn Castle (16687)"
2116:"Pennant, Richard"
1985:, in the company of his
1879:List of gardens in Wales
1874:List of castles in Wales
1696:, and in particular the
1157:modelled on the keep at
966:statue of Edward Colston
864:, which was held at the
637:Chief Justice of Jamaica
5420:Country houses in Wales
5331:Wakelin, Peter (2021).
5263:National Trust (1991).
5048:Greeves, Lydia (2008).
2416:"Annual Report 2019/20"
1591:Grade I listed building
1240:in the Gothic style at
1181:draws comparisons with
728:Tour of a German Prince
695:19th and 20th centuries
611:17th and 18th centuries
536:Grade I listed building
5306:Purcell, Mark (2019).
5248:. London: Waterstone.
3679:10.1093/ref:odnb/13763
3514:. Arts Council. 2017.
1797:Penrhyn Castle in 2011
1698:Penrhyn Quarry Railway
1677:
1586:
1490:
1445:
1397:. The room contains a
1358:supported by compound
1343:
1162:
1055:
1006:
958:murder of George Floyd
897:
856:, in conjunction with
835:
762:, was created the 1st
747:
704:
620:
371:
16:Country house in Wales
5385:Mock castles in Wales
5314:Yale University Press
5077:Yale University Press
4713:. historypoints.org.
3146:. Brunel University.
2634:. Bangor University.
1694:narrow-gauge railways
1675:
1584:
1488:
1443:
1341:
1152:
1098:National Museum Wales
1053:
976:and tea and a bit of
938:University of Bristol
890:
756:Edward Gordon Douglas
745:
736:William the Conqueror
702:
618:
492:Edward Gordon Douglas
485:Slavery Abolition Act
438:slate mining industry
5435:Toy museums in Wales
4740:. North Wales Live.
3661:Port, M. H. (2004).
3597:. North Wales Live.
1912:Lydney Park Talkpage
1718:Welsh National Opera
1577:Listing designations
1571:Victorian architects
868:. At the conference
689:West India Committee
673:Member of Parliament
534:Penrhyn Castle is a
477:West India Committee
465:Member of Parliament
5141:Hussey, Christopher
4851:. North Wales Live.
4797:. Gwynedd Council.
3960:National Trust 1991
3948:National Trust 1991
3936:National Trust 1991
3924:National Trust 1991
3897:National Trust 1991
3868:National Trust 1991
3839:National Trust 1991
3783:National Trust 1991
3773:, pp. 433–434.
3098:National Trust 1991
2887:. Financial Times.
2403:National Trust 1991
2379:National Trust 1991
2367:National Trust 1991
2243:National Trust 1991
2163:National Trust 1991
2151:National Trust 1991
2069:National Trust 1991
1918:, published in the
1785:The Grand Staircase
1647:World Heritage Site
1610:Gardens and grounds
1114:Sacra conversazione
915:The Daily Telegraph
760:14th Earl of Morton
752:Grenadier Guardsman
647:Edward's grandson,
517:the Prince of Wales
84: /
5415:Castles in Gwynedd
5410:Museums in Gwynedd
3386:. National Trust.
3360:. National Trust.
3334:. National Trust.
3308:. National Trust.
3282:. National Trust.
3175:. National Trust.
2559:. National Trust.
2502:. National Trust.
2476:. National Trust.
2421:. National Trust.
2111:Lloyd, John Edward
2087:. National Trust.
2026:Catherine Sinclair
2015:for over 40 years.
1950:Charity Commission
1678:
1587:
1521:, offices for the
1505:Service structures
1491:
1446:
1428:Catherine Sinclair
1387:Church of St Peter
1344:
1203:Romanesque Revival
1167:Christopher Hussey
1163:
1076:Bonifazio Veronese
1056:
962:Black Lives Matter
942:dominant narrative
928:Charity Commission
898:
748:
705:
642:absentee landlords
621:
597:Llywelyn the Great
585:Gwilym ap Griffith
540:Romanesque Revival
529:National Land Fund
453:George Hay Dawkins
412:built a fortified
410:Gwilym ap Griffith
317:Reference no.
279:Reference no.
241:Reference no.
203:Reference no.
166:Reference no.
88:53.2259°N 4.0946°W
5323:978-0-300-24868-5
5298:978-3-030-54887-2
5255:978-0-947-75205-7
5231:978-0-707-80260-2
5206:978-0-713-99893-1
5156:978-1-851-49032-5
5132:978-1-786-83285-6
5086:978-0-300-14169-6
5061:978-1-905-40066-9
5040:978-0-140-05406-4
5012:978-1-848-02064-1
4991:978-0-719-53328-0
4963:978-0-330-32188-4
4935:978-1-781-30054-1
4893:"Penrhyn parkrun"
4824:. The Arts Desk.
3870:, pp. 44–46.
3692:(Subscription or
2996:, pp. 43–46.
1706:steam locomotives
1499:Axminster Carpets
1489:The State Bedroom
1475:Gothic Literature
1085:Catrina Hooghsaet
1032:Slate and Strikes
821:Slavery and slate
815:Bangor University
685:1st Baron Penrhyn
635:, rose to become
521:William Gladstone
426:slave plantations
361:
360:
5452:
5390:Gardens in Wales
5349:
5339:
5327:
5302:
5278:
5259:
5235:
5210:
5182:
5172:
5160:
5136:
5111:
5104:"Penrhyn Castle"
5098:
5065:
5044:
5016:
4995:
4967:
4944:Cannadine, David
4939:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4863:"Penrhyn Castle"
4859:
4853:
4852:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3997:"Penrhyn Castle"
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3900:
3894:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3827:
3821:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3708:"Penrhyn Castle"
3704:
3698:
3697:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3666:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3474:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3145:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3014:. Wales Online.
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2967:Nieri, Richard.
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2632:www.bangor.ac.uk
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2605:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2327:"Penrhyn Castle"
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2292:
2265:
2259:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1983:4th Lord Penrhyn
1979:
1973:
1959:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1821:The Drawing Room
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1624:Queen of Romania
1589:The castle is a
1364:Thomas Willement
1290:Hedingham Castle
1248:in Ireland; the
1219:Charles Greville
1159:Hedingham Castle
1122:National Gallery
1110:Spanish pictures
1106:Dutch landscapes
1014:
970:Katie Donnington
858:English Heritage
843:
840:House of Commons
564:historic slavery
348:
347:
341:
131:
129:Official website
99:
98:
96:
95:
94:
93:53.2259; -4.0946
89:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
33:
21:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5370:
5369:
5356:
5337:
5330:
5324:
5305:
5299:
5283:Otele, Olivette
5281:
5262:
5256:
5238:
5232:
5213:
5207:
5185:
5170:
5163:
5157:
5139:
5133:
5114:
5101:
5087:
5068:
5062:
5047:
5041:
5019:
5013:
4998:
4992:
4970:
4964:
4942:
4936:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4902:
4900:
4895:. Parkrun.org.
4891:
4890:
4886:
4876:
4874:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4776:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4539:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4035:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3910:
3903:
3895:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3813:
3805:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3683:
3681:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3544:. WalesOnline.
3539:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3476:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3413:. Artnet News.
3408:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2916:The Independent
2909:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2752:, Introduction.
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2715:. 3 July 2019.
2707:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2603:10.5334/bha-660
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2294:
2293:
2268:
2260:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2130:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2024:At the time of
2023:
2019:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1980:
1976:
1960:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1933:The slave ship
1932:
1928:
1908:Knowledge (XXG)
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1846:
1845:The Grand Lodge
1843:
1834:
1831:
1822:
1819:
1810:
1807:
1798:
1795:
1786:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1762:
1759:
1750:
1732:Edgar Allan Poe
1714:
1670:
1664:
1659:
1612:
1579:
1515:butler's pantry
1507:
1483:
1460:
1458:Grand Staircase
1451:
1408:
1372:
1336:
1331:
1286:
1147:
1142:
1134:inheritance tax
1072:Perino del Vaga
1048:
1016:
1008:
1000:
994:
960:and subsequent
940:, explored the
891:The slave ship
870:Nicholas Draper
845:
837:
828:
823:
806:
697:
649:Richard Pennant
613:
581:
576:
442:Caernarfonshire
372:Castell Penrhyn
357:
356:
355:
354:
351:
350:
349:
296:
293:Listed Building
258:
255:Listed Building
220:
217:Listed Building
182:
145:
142:Listed Building
127:
92:
90:
86:
83:
78:
75:
73:
71:
70:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5458:
5456:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5355:
5354:External links
5352:
5351:
5350:
5328:
5322:
5303:
5297:
5279:
5266:Penrhyn Castle
5260:
5254:
5236:
5230:
5222:National Trust
5211:
5205:
5187:Jenkins, Simon
5183:
5161:
5155:
5137:
5131:
5112:
5099:
5085:
5066:
5060:
5045:
5039:
5029:. London, UK:
5021:Girouard, Mark
5017:
5011:
4996:
4990:
4980:. London, UK:
4972:Colvin, Howard
4968:
4962:
4952:. London, UK:
4940:
4934:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4884:
4854:
4839:
4812:
4786:
4755:
4728:
4702:
4673:
4642:
4611:
4580:
4549:
4518:
4487:
4456:
4425:
4394:
4363:
4332:
4301:
4270:
4239:
4208:
4177:
4146:
4115:
4084:
4053:
4051:, p. 159.
4041:
4039:, p. 160.
4026:
4024:, p. 166.
4022:de Bruijn 2017
4014:
3988:
3986:, p. 216.
3976:
3974:, p. 403.
3964:
3952:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3914:, p. 250.
3901:
3884:
3882:, p. 240.
3872:
3855:
3853:, p. 152.
3843:
3828:
3826:, p. 402.
3811:
3809:, p. 401.
3799:
3797:, p. 400.
3787:
3775:
3763:
3761:, p. 174.
3751:
3725:
3699:
3653:
3624:
3622:, p. 181.
3612:
3585:
3559:
3532:
3500:
3466:
3464:, p. 233.
3454:
3428:
3401:
3375:
3349:
3323:
3297:
3271:
3244:
3217:
3202:. Daily Post.
3190:
3164:
3139:Gwyn, Marian.
3131:
3102:
3090:
3059:
3029:
2998:
2986:
2971:. Shoosmiths.
2959:
2933:
2902:
2873:
2856:The New Yorker
2842:
2816:
2785:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2700:
2688:
2661:
2649:
2619:
2574:
2548:
2517:
2491:
2465:
2439:
2407:
2395:
2391:Cannadine 1992
2383:
2371:
2359:
2357:, p. 264.
2344:
2318:
2266:
2264:, p. 399.
2247:
2235:
2205:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2141:, p. 213.
2128:
2102:
2073:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2034:
2017:
2004:
1991:
1974:
1966:Welsh language
1954:
1941:
1926:
1899:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1722:Claude Debussy
1713:
1710:
1666:Main article:
1663:
1662:Railway Museum
1660:
1658:
1655:
1611:
1608:
1599:Norman Revival
1578:
1575:
1523:estate manager
1519:servants' hall
1511:country houses
1506:
1503:
1495:Queen Victoria
1482:
1479:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1407:
1404:
1399:billiard table
1371:
1368:
1342:The Grand Hall
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1322:cour d'honneur
1285:
1282:
1278:Llanover House
1270:Amesbury Abbey
1254:Craven Cottage
1246:Gosford Castle
1215:Queen Victoria
1207:Gothic Revival
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1064:Richard Wilson
1047:
1046:Art collection
1044:
1020:Penrhyn Quarry
1001:
998:Penrhyn quarry
996:Main article:
993:
990:
988:and slavery?"
951:Ffordd Penrhyn
934:Olivette Otele
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
805:
802:
798:National Trust
696:
693:
657:Penrhyn Quarry
653:Hugh Warburton
612:
609:
601:Glyndŵr Rising
589:Ednyfed Fychan
580:
577:
575:
572:
556:National Trust
525:National Trust
513:Queen Victoria
508:trade unionism
504:Penrhyn Quarry
481:British Empire
406:Ednyfed Fychan
364:Penrhyn Castle
359:
358:
352:
343:
342:
336:
335:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
314:
313:
310:
306:
305:
302:
298:
297:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
276:
275:
272:
268:
267:
264:
260:
259:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
206:PGW(Gd)40(GWY)
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
153:Penrhyn Castle
151:
147:
146:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
118:National Trust
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
68:
64:
63:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
24:Penrhyn Castle
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5457:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5335:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5240:Mowl, Timothy
5237:
5233:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5198:
5197:Penguin Books
5194:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5169:
5168:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5113:
5109:
5108:History Today
5105:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5032:
5031:Penguin Books
5028:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5004:
5003:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4850:
4843:
4840:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4813:
4800:
4796:
4795:"Wales Slate"
4790:
4787:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4729:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3962:, p. 52.
3961:
3956:
3953:
3950:, p. 61.
3949:
3944:
3941:
3938:, p. 66.
3937:
3932:
3929:
3926:, p. 50.
3925:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3899:, p. 48.
3898:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3841:, p. 42.
3840:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3788:
3785:, p. 27.
3784:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3752:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3657:
3654:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3586:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3517:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3455:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3100:, p. 86.
3099:
3094:
3091:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3060:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2874:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2750:Huxtable 2020
2746:
2743:
2740:, p. 18.
2739:
2734:
2731:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2696:Hennesey 1995
2692:
2689:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2659:, p. 41.
2658:
2653:
2650:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2405:, p. 35.
2404:
2399:
2396:
2393:, p. 79.
2392:
2387:
2384:
2381:, p. 32.
2380:
2375:
2372:
2369:, p. 20.
2368:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2355:Girouard 1980
2351:
2349:
2345:
2332:
2329:. DiCamillo.
2328:
2322:
2319:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2245:, p. 19.
2244:
2239:
2236:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2177:, p. 14.
2176:
2175:Huxtable 2020
2171:
2168:
2165:, p. 11.
2164:
2159:
2156:
2153:, p. 14.
2152:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:Prince Albert
1998:Victoria and
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:tour de force
1468:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:Margam Castle
1259:
1258:Tudor Revival
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:Carlton House
1239:
1235:
1234:Prince Regent
1231:
1230:Thomas Hopper
1227:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:Simon Jenkins
1176:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1005:
999:
991:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
929:
925:
924:Charles Moore
921:
917:
916:
911:
907:
903:
896:
895:
889:
885:
883:
882:country house
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:History Today
844:
841:
834:
825:
820:
818:
816:
811:
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:Baron Penrhyn
761:
757:
753:
744:
740:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
713:
712:Thomas Hopper
709:
701:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
681:Irish peerage
678:
674:
669:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
617:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
578:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:Palma Vecchio
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:Thomas Hopper
454:
449:
447:
443:
440:on Pennant's
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:
396:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:country house
373:
369:
365:
340:
331:
327:
323:
319:
311:
303:
301:Official name
294:
285:
281:
274:11 March 1981
273:
265:
263:Official name
256:
247:
243:
235:
227:
225:Official name
218:
209:
205:
197:
189:
187:Official name
181:
172:
168:
160:
152:
150:Official name
143:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
109:
108:Thomas Hopper
106:
102:
97:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
44:Country house
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5333:
5308:
5287:
5265:
5244:
5216:
5191:
5166:
5145:
5117:
5107:
5071:
5050:
5025:
5001:
4976:
4948:
4924:
4901:. Retrieved
4887:
4875:. Retrieved
4866:
4865:. Flog It!.
4857:
4842:
4830:. Retrieved
4815:
4803:. Retrieved
4789:
4777:. Retrieved
4771:
4758:
4746:. Retrieved
4731:
4719:. Retrieved
4705:
4693:. Retrieved
4685:
4676:
4664:. Retrieved
4658:
4645:
4633:. Retrieved
4627:
4614:
4602:. Retrieved
4596:
4583:
4571:. Retrieved
4565:
4552:
4540:. Retrieved
4534:
4521:
4509:. Retrieved
4503:
4490:
4478:. Retrieved
4472:
4459:
4447:. Retrieved
4441:
4428:
4416:. Retrieved
4410:
4397:
4385:. Retrieved
4379:
4366:
4354:. Retrieved
4348:
4335:
4323:. Retrieved
4317:
4304:
4292:. Retrieved
4286:
4273:
4261:. Retrieved
4255:
4242:
4230:. Retrieved
4224:
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4193:
4180:
4168:. Retrieved
4162:
4149:
4137:. Retrieved
4131:
4118:
4106:. Retrieved
4100:
4087:
4075:. Retrieved
4069:
4056:
4044:
4017:
4005:. Retrieved
3991:
3984:Jenkins 2008
3979:
3967:
3955:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3912:Greeves 2008
3880:Purcell 2019
3875:
3851:Purcell 2019
3846:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3759:Hilling 2018
3754:
3742:. Retrieved
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3702:
3682:. Retrieved
3668:
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3636:
3627:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3588:
3576:. Retrieved
3562:
3550:. Retrieved
3535:
3523:. Retrieved
3503:
3491:. Retrieved
3483:The Guardian
3482:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3326:
3314:. Retrieved
3300:
3288:. Retrieved
3274:
3262:. Retrieved
3256:. BBC News.
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3229:. BBC News.
3220:
3208:. Retrieved
3193:
3181:. Retrieved
3167:
3155:. Retrieved
3134:
3122:. Retrieved
3114:
3105:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3073:The Guardian
3072:
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3020:. Retrieved
3011:
3001:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2962:
2950:. Retrieved
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
2915:
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2855:
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2819:
2807:. Retrieved
2799:The Guardian
2798:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2768:The Guardian
2767:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2712:
2703:
2698:, p. 1.
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2664:
2657:Wakelin 2021
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2631:
2622:
2613:10871/128693
2593:
2587:
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2531:The Guardian
2530:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2335:. Retrieved
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2303:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2217:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2182:
2170:
2158:
2146:
2139:Jenkins 2008
2120:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2071:, p. 5.
2042:
2037:
2020:
2007:
1994:
1977:
1957:
1944:
1936:Lady Penrhyn
1935:
1929:
1924:in May 2021.
1919:
1915:
1902:
1893:
1735:
1726:
1715:
1701:
1686:slate quarry
1679:
1636:fire brigade
1613:
1588:
1562:
1508:
1492:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1432:
1409:
1375:
1373:
1345:
1320:
1287:
1266:Palladianism
1250:cottage orné
1238:conservatory
1228:
1223:
1211:
1194:
1164:
1130:
1118:World War II
1112:and Italian
1102:
1083:
1057:
1031:
1029:
1017:
1011:Lord Penrhyn
1007:
1003:
955:
950:
932:
913:
910:Conservative
901:
899:
894:Lady Penrhyn
893:
853:
846:
836:
831:
807:
804:21st century
794:death duties
784:
749:
727:
721:
706:
670:
666:Samuel Wyatt
661:Port Penrhyn
646:
622:
582:
579:Early owners
568:culture wars
533:
489:
450:
446:Samuel Wyatt
363:
362:
282:3 March 1966
236:3 March 1966
198:3 March 1966
190:Penrhyn Park
161:3 March 1966
18:
5405:Toy museums
5121:. Cardiff:
4982:John Murray
4877:25 November
4805:3 September
4748:4 September
4721:3 September
4695:3 September
4666:3 September
4635:3 September
4604:3 September
4573:3 September
4542:3 September
4511:3 September
4480:3 September
4449:3 September
4418:3 September
4387:3 September
4356:3 September
4325:3 September
4294:3 September
4263:3 September
4232:3 September
4201:3 September
4170:3 September
4139:3 September
4108:3 September
4077:3 September
4007:3 September
3771:Colvin 1978
3620:Hussey 1988
3605:23 February
3578:3 September
3552:4 September
3493:3 September
3447:4 September
3421:4 September
3394:12 February
3368:12 February
3342:12 February
3316:12 February
3290:12 February
3083:3 September
3052:3 September
3022:3 September
3012:Walesonline
2979:4 September
2926:4 September
2895:4 September
2778:24 November
2738:Draper 2013
2681:3 September
2642:3 September
2567:4 September
2541:3 September
2510:3 September
2484:3 September
2432:3 September
2337:3 September
1987:St. Bernard
1833:The Library
1730:, based on
1567:historicism
1551:housemaids'
1527:housekeeper
1171:picturesque
1090:Rijksmuseum
1025:Plaid Cymru
978:Jane Austen
920:'snowflake'
792:in lieu of
780:World War I
631:. His son,
605:manor house
560:colonialism
430:West Indies
414:manor house
312:24 May 2000
219:– Grade II*
91: /
67:Coordinates
5374:Categories
5346:8760335359
5220:. London:
5195:. London:
5179:1266189564
5095:1023292902
4779:6 February
3696:required.)
3684:23 January
3462:Laing 1995
2228:14 October
2053:References
1620:rhododenra
1547:dung tower
1531:still room
1412:Great hall
1391:Tickencote
1334:Grand Hall
1274:Jacobethan
1094:export ban
810:government
732:bell pulls
629:sugar cane
544:Revivalist
515:, her son
473:New Romney
461:Neo-Norman
309:Designated
295:– Grade II
271:Designated
257:– Grade II
233:Designated
195:Designated
158:Designated
76:53°13′33″N
5425:Llandygai
4954:Pan Books
4903:28 August
3744:29 August
3718:29 August
3646:28 August
3525:28 August
3264:29 August
3237:29 August
3210:29 August
3183:29 August
3157:28 August
3124:29 August
2952:29 August
2866:29 August
2835:30 August
2809:29 August
2723:6 January
2311:28 August
2198:29 August
2095:29 August
2043:Llandegai
1970:peninsula
1968:word for
1734:'s story
1724:'s opera
1716:In 2014,
1632:reservoir
1628:home farm
1616:Victorian
1555:Home Farm
1543:ice tower
1420:panelling
1356:triforium
1317:gatehouse
1306:limestone
1252:style at
1116:. During
1080:Rembrandt
1068:Carl Haag
1060:Canaletto
677:Liverpool
593:Seneschal
552:Canaletto
531:in 1951.
422:Liverpool
380:Llandygai
144:– Grade I
104:Architect
79:4°05′41″W
53:Llandygai
5275:66698292
5189:(2008).
5143:(1988).
5023:(1980).
4974:(1978).
4946:(1992).
4897:Archived
4871:Archived
4832:29 March
4826:Archived
4799:Archived
4742:Archived
4715:Archived
4001:Archived
3738:Archived
3712:Archived
3599:Archived
3572:Archived
3546:Archived
3516:Archived
3487:Archived
3441:Archived
3415:Archived
3388:Archived
3362:Archived
3336:Archived
3310:Archived
3284:Archived
3258:Archived
3231:Archived
3204:Archived
3177:Archived
3148:Archived
3077:Archived
3046:Archived
3016:Archived
2973:Archived
2946:Archived
2920:Archived
2889:Archived
2860:Archived
2829:Archived
2803:Archived
2772:Archived
2717:Archived
2713:UCL News
2675:Archived
2636:Archived
2596:(1): 4.
2561:Archived
2535:Archived
2504:Archived
2478:Archived
2452:Archived
2423:Archived
2331:Archived
2222:Archived
2192:Archived
2113:(1895).
2089:Archived
1863:See also
1690:Bethesda
1549:and the
1525:and the
1481:Bedrooms
1416:vaulting
1352:transept
1329:Interior
1284:Exterior
1161:in Essex
1036:Bethesda
860:and the
790:Treasury
527:via the
49:Location
5072:Gwynedd
4916:Sources
4867:BBC One
4686:Coflein
3637:Coflein
3115:Coflein
2220:. UCL.
1748:Gallery
1742:parkrun
1702:Charles
1467:lantern
1395:Rutland
1380:plaster
1370:Library
1360:columns
1319:into a
1313:masonry
1197:in the
1195:Gwynedd
1191:Eastnor
1187:Arundel
1183:Windsor
842:in 1789
826:Slavery
625:Jamaica
574:History
428:in the
388:Gwynedd
374:) is a
124:Website
5344:
5320:
5295:
5273:
5252:
5228:
5203:
5177:
5153:
5129:
5093:
5083:
5058:
5037:
5009:
4988:
4960:
4932:
4690:RCAHMW
3690:
3641:RCAHMW
3119:RCAHMW
2458:17 May
2045:Lodge.
1649:, the
1644:UNESCO
1593:. Its
1545:, the
1539:pastry
1535:pantry
1384:Norman
1311:. The
1309:ashlar
1302:rubble
1272:; and
1175:donjon
1155:donjon
1074:, and
1038:. The
982:empire
974:scones
633:Edward
469:Newark
402:castle
399:Norman
384:Bangor
57:Bangor
5338:(PDF)
5171:(PDF)
3519:(PDF)
3512:(PDF)
3151:(PDF)
3144:(PDF)
2426:(PDF)
2419:(PDF)
2030:organ
2013:Essex
1885:Notes
1657:Other
1604:bothy
1435:ebony
1294:Essex
1126:Blitz
992:Slate
947:Barry
395:Wales
392:North
368:Welsh
320:23375
114:Owner
61:Wales
5342:OCLC
5318:ISBN
5293:ISBN
5271:OCLC
5250:ISBN
5226:ISBN
5201:ISBN
5175:OCLC
5151:ISBN
5127:ISBN
5091:OCLC
5081:ISBN
5056:ISBN
5035:ISBN
5007:ISBN
4986:ISBN
4958:ISBN
4930:ISBN
4905:2022
4879:2020
4834:2022
4807:2022
4781:2023
4764:Cadw
4750:2022
4723:2022
4697:2022
4668:2022
4651:Cadw
4637:2022
4620:Cadw
4606:2022
4589:Cadw
4575:2022
4558:Cadw
4544:2022
4527:Cadw
4513:2022
4496:Cadw
4482:2022
4465:Cadw
4451:2022
4434:Cadw
4420:2022
4403:Cadw
4389:2022
4372:Cadw
4358:2022
4341:Cadw
4327:2022
4310:Cadw
4296:2022
4279:Cadw
4265:2022
4248:Cadw
4234:2022
4217:Cadw
4203:2022
4186:Cadw
4172:2022
4155:Cadw
4141:2022
4124:Cadw
4110:2022
4093:Cadw
4079:2022
4062:Cadw
4009:2022
3746:2022
3720:2022
3686:2013
3648:2022
3607:2023
3580:2022
3554:2022
3527:2022
3495:2022
3449:2022
3423:2022
3396:2023
3370:2023
3344:2023
3318:2023
3292:2023
3266:2022
3239:2022
3212:2022
3185:2022
3159:2022
3126:2022
3085:2022
3054:2022
3024:2022
2981:2022
2954:2022
2928:2022
2897:2022
2868:2022
2837:2022
2811:2022
2780:2020
2725:2023
2683:2022
2644:2022
2569:2022
2543:2022
2512:2022
2486:2022
2460:2018
2434:2022
2339:2022
2313:2022
2296:Cadw
2230:2017
2200:2022
2097:2022
1948:The
1680:The
1595:Cadw
1559:Mowl
1537:and
1517:, a
1463:Cadw
1424:gilt
1418:and
1348:nave
1298:acre
1189:and
1153:The
986:race
717:Cadw
675:for
562:and
550:and
519:and
471:and
467:for
244:3661
169:3659
41:Type
3675:doi
2608:hdl
2598:doi
1688:at
1393:in
1389:at
1350:or
1292:in
1276:at
1268:at
1260:at
1040:BBC
1034:in
949:as
683:as
595:to
378:in
5376::
5316:.
5224:.
5199:.
5125:.
5106:.
5089:.
5079:.
5033:.
4984:.
4956:.
4869:.
4770:.
4766:.
4688:.
4684:.
4657:.
4653:.
4626:.
4622:.
4595:.
4591:.
4564:.
4560:.
4533:.
4529:.
4502:.
4498:.
4471:.
4467:.
4440:.
4436:.
4409:.
4405:.
4378:.
4374:.
4347:.
4343:.
4316:.
4312:.
4285:.
4281:.
4254:.
4250:.
4223:.
4219:.
4192:.
4188:.
4161:.
4157:.
4130:.
4126:.
4099:.
4095:.
4068:.
4064:.
4029:^
3904:^
3887:^
3858:^
3831:^
3814:^
3667:.
3639:.
3635:.
3485:.
3481:.
3469:^
3117:.
3113:.
3075:.
3071:.
3032:^
3010:.
2918:.
2914:.
2858:.
2854:.
2801:.
2797:.
2770:.
2766:.
2711:.
2630:.
2606:.
2594:31
2592:.
2586:.
2533:.
2529:.
2347:^
2302:.
2298:.
2269:^
2250:^
2216:.
2131:^
2119:.
2076:^
2061:^
1653:.
1533:,
1366:.
1264:;
1256:;
1185:,
1128:.
1108:,
1082:,
1070:,
1066:,
1062:,
1009:–
984:,
930:.
884:.
800:.
782:.
754:,
644:.
591:,
570:.
487:.
390:,
386:,
382:,
370::
59:,
55:,
5348:.
5326:.
5301:.
5277:.
5258:.
5234:.
5209:.
5181:.
5159:.
5135:.
5110:.
5097:.
5064:.
5043:.
5015:.
4994:.
4966:.
4938:.
4907:.
4881:.
4836:.
4809:.
4783:.
4752:.
4725:.
4699:.
4670:.
4639:.
4608:.
4577:.
4546:.
4515:.
4484:.
4453:.
4422:.
4391:.
4360:.
4329:.
4298:.
4267:.
4236:.
4205:.
4174:.
4143:.
4112:.
4081:.
4011:.
3748:.
3722:.
3688:.
3677::
3650:.
3609:.
3582:.
3556:.
3529:.
3497:.
3451:.
3425:.
3398:.
3372:.
3346:.
3320:.
3294:.
3268:.
3241:.
3214:.
3187:.
3161:.
3128:.
3087:.
3056:.
3026:.
2983:.
2956:.
2930:.
2899:.
2870:.
2839:.
2813:.
2782:.
2727:.
2685:.
2646:.
2616:.
2610::
2600::
2571:.
2545:.
2514:.
2488:.
2462:.
2436:.
2341:.
2315:.
2232:.
2202:.
2099:.
1972:.
366:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
