436:
116:
56:
86:
1783:
39:
908:
666:, but there were no serious casualties. The village school was demolished, and the community was left without teaching facilities. Tongareva's Women's Craft Guild loaned their meeting house; however, this meant that five classes ranging from 3 to 16 years old had to be taught in a single room. New Zealand Aid paid completely for a new school to be constructed, called Meitaki Poria.
123:
93:
63:
361:
318:
with a circumference of approximately 77 km (48 mi), enclosing a lagoon with an area of 233 square kilometres (90 sq mi). The atoll is atop the highest submarine volcano in the Cook
Islands, rising 4,876 metres (15,997 ft) from the ocean floor. The atoll is low-lying, with a
556:
took hundreds of
Tongarevans aboard, ostensibly to transport them to a nearby island as agricultural workers. The Tongarevans went willingly: coconut blight had led to famine, while the local missionaries saw work overseas as a way of bring money to the atoll to pay for larger churches. Once on
941:
The locally produced Rito hats are woven from fibre from young coconut leaves, which are stripped, boiled and dried, resulting in a fine white leaf. Called rito weaving, the traditional items woven are Sunday church fans, small baskets and hats, the hats originally being copies of the ones the
864:
All of the habitable islets were previously occupied, with
Moananui home to two rival settlements. Following the arrival of the missionaries, the population concentrated around the churches in four villages. Two of these villages were subsequently abandoned due to depopulation by slavers.
989:. Provision of diesel fuel required two long sea voyages: Auckland to Rarotonga, then onwards to the northern Cooks Islands (ships travelled 7,000 km each way). To save fuel, electricity was always turned off overnight (11 pm to 6 am). The New Zealand Government (
653:
struck an uncharted reef on 22 July 1942 and was severely damaged with flooded engine rooms and abandoned in Taruia Pass while on an island charting assignment in support of the construction. The ship was later salvaged by the Navy and commissioned for naval use.
997:
was for NZ$ 20 million. The build was by PowerSmart Solar of New
Zealand. Construction began on 23 February 2015, each village was solar powered by the end of May 2015. Some work is possibly still ongoing for all northern atolls to be on renewable energy.
855:
Penrhyn was formerly one of the most densely inhabited atolls in
Polynesia, with an estimated pre-European population of 2,000. Depopulation by slavers reduced this to just 88 people, and its population on annexation by New Zealand was just 420.
973:(yam). Every morning (except on Sundays), men from the island head out in small tin boats to spear or trawl for fish for their families. The islanders' diet is supplemented with imported rice and flour shipped in from
1445:
1217:
523:
ran aground at
Penrhyn during a storm in January 1853, resulting in some of the crew being stranded on the island for almost a year. One of them, the trader Edward Henry Lamont, documented his stay in
1888:
1883:
961:
spread around the lagoon, and a virus killed the pearl oysters. The stocks never recovered, and the final harvest was in 2003, resulting in significant losses of equipment, outlay and resources.
603:
306:, approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi) to the southwest. Once one of the most heavily populated atolls, it was almost completely depopulated by Peruvian slavers in 1864.
990:
458:, using part of his thigh as bait, and has been inhabited since the time of creation. Other legends tell of the island being visited by various ancestors of Tangiia-nui of
626:
began work on a runway in July 1942, with aviation gasoline storage tanks added to the completed field. Two additional runways were added later. During the war, U.S. Navy
1898:
1151:
1452:
576:
on 22 March 1888. The island was considered to have a strategic location on the route of a proposed Trans-Pacific telegraphic connection between Canada and
Australia.
926:
A large passage in the lagoon allows inter-island ships to enter the lagoon, and the island has become popular as a stopover for yachts crossing the
Pacific from
615:
1240:
969:
The present population of the island relies on the ocean for most of their food as well as locally grown plants such as coconut, pawpaw, breadfruit and
561:, Peru, where they were sold for between $ 100 and $ 200 each. Further slaving expeditions followed, and in total, 472 Tongarevans were sold in Peru.
640:
bombers were stationed on the island, along with about a thousand support personnel. A communications link through the island was established by the
598:
U.S. military operations involving the islands. On 11 June 1980, in connection with establishing the maritime boundary between the Cook
Islands and
1351:
1716:
115:
1665:
531:, which had begun missionary activities in the Cook Islands from 1821, sent a group of three Polynesian missionaries to Penrhyn in 1854.
165:
1878:
516:
55:
641:
1903:
85:
286:. The northernmost island in the group, it is located at 1,365 km (848 mi) north-north-east of the capital island of
1616:
1284:. United States Army in World War II. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 169, 171, 233.
1913:
1552:
993:) decided to assist the Cook Islands Government by funding solar power arrays in all the northern atolls. The Aid programme
985:
Electricity has been supplied by a generator in each village (Omoka 65 KVA, Te Tautua 35 KVA); these have been installed by
435:
319:
maximum elevation of less than 5 metres (16 ft). The total land area is 9.84 square kilometres (3.80 sq mi).
892:
1643:
1332:. United States Army in World War II. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 475ā476.
1059:
1010:
594:. That claim had never been recognised by Britain and the Cook Islands. New Zealand sovereignty was recognised during
1305:"Limits in the Seas No. 100; Maritime Boundaries: United StatesāCook Islands and United StatesāNew Zealand (Tokelau)"
1114:"Development of coral reefs and human settlement: Archaeological research in the Northern Cook Islands and Rarotonga"
923:
are subject to frequent cancellations due to a lack of passengers or lack of fuel on
Penrhyn for the return flight.
1857:
1709:
1113:
957:, was previously the only significant economic activity on the island. Pearl farming began in 1997ā1998. In 2000,
942:
sailors wore. Weaving is an economic activity in both villages; both traditional and artificial dyes may be used.
1015:
528:
492:
commanded by Captain William Crofton Sever, passed by the island on 8 August while returning from delivering the
487:
1418:"The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade acts in the world to make New Zealanders safer and more prosperous"
1478:
622:
was determined for a tour of suitable islands for local labour that could help build an airfield. U.S. Navy
1893:
1503:
534:
409:
1657:
1837:
1792:
1746:
1733:
1702:
1179:
1145:
896:
583:, until independence in 1965 when residents chose self-government in free association with New Zealand.
275:
1362:
1001:
The Omoka solar farm and Te Tautua solar farm now provide 126 kW and 42 kW respectively.
512:
505:
557:
board, they were shackled in the hold and guarded day and night. 253 survived the voyage to reach
1263:
291:
1201:
Doug Munro (1997). "Peruvian Slave trade in the Pacific islands". In Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.).
1093:. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences
1304:
1842:
1333:
1285:
919:, with its initial 3,000-meter runway reduced to 1,700 meters. Weekly flights to the atoll by
916:
591:
501:
440:
419:
394:
379:
326:
1908:
1125:
881:
619:
384:
374:
356:
1751:
1647:
1387:
954:
648:
38:
986:
950:
873:
637:
599:
451:
414:
1328:
Thompson, George Raynor; Harris, Dixie R.; Oakes, Pauline M.; Terrett, Dulany (1957).
1872:
935:
920:
587:
322:
The atoll rim consists of 18 major islets. Clockwise, from the northwest, these are:
283:
153:
907:
1782:
1725:
958:
627:
595:
570:
569:
Penrhyn was officially annexed for Great Britain by Captain Sir William Wiseman of
549:
279:
222:
200:
1560:
1090:
1035:"Tongareva (Penrhyn) Atoll ā Cook Islands ā Northern Group, South Pacific Ocean"
931:
663:
580:
493:
447:
389:
315:
247:
1330:
The Technical ServicesāThe Signal Corps: The Test (December 1941 to July 1943)
1129:
888:
399:
1680:
1667:
1640:
1067:
618:
initial path at some risk so that an alternate route was directed. In March,
482:("Tonga floating in space", "Tonga-in-the-skies" and "Away from the South").
180:
167:
1847:
1771:
1761:
974:
877:
497:
475:
459:
299:
287:
579:
The Cook Islands were a British protectorate 1888 to 1900, when annexed to
1182:. Cook Islands Library and Museum (web: Victoria University of Wellington)
1827:
1766:
1756:
1741:
471:
450:
are believed to have lived on Penrhyn since 900 or 1000 AD. According to
303:
1652:
876:, on the western rim of the atoll, north of the airport. The village of
1852:
1832:
1811:
623:
336:
295:
1303:
Office of The Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (2013).
1527:
927:
558:
467:
424:
404:
351:
346:
341:
331:
1451:. Cook Islands Statistical Office. 2018. p. 46. Archived from
360:
1806:
906:
869:
634:
463:
455:
434:
369:
1591:
545:
In the early 1860s, Penrhyn was almost completely depopulated by
1801:
1337:
1289:
1203:
The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Volume 1; Volume 7
688:
546:
1698:
1694:
1592:"Commercial Solar Power ā Off-Grid Solar ā Solar Power Systems"
977:
or Hawai'i. The boats are infrequent (usually every 3 months).
606:
acknowledging that Penrhyn was under Cook Islands sovereignty.
1508:. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs Limited. pp. 134ā135
1581:
Ru Taime, formerly Ministry of Marine Resources at Tongareva
1241:"Language, culture, and the impact of 'Slavers in Paradise'"
1034:
938:
company visits the island approximately every three months.
683:
868:
Today, Penrhyn Atoll has two villages. The main village of
1417:
1180:"Discoverers of the Cook Islands and the Names They Gave"
485:
Europeans first encountered the island in 1788, when the
884:(also known as Pokerere or Tautua), on the eastern rim.
1352:"Section 3 ā Publications, US Army Corps of Engineers"
1218:"Blackbirds: Shackled inside the slave ships to Peru"
1089:
Liu Chuang; Shi Ruixiang; Chen Lijun (January 2019).
443:
meets the inhabitants of Penrhyn Atoll, 30 April 1816
1528:"Mahina Expeditions ā Offshore Cruising Instruction"
1416:
Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and.
644:. American forces were withdrawn in September 1946.
1889:
Former regions and territories of the United States
1884:
Pacific islands claimed under the Guano Islands Act
1820:
1791:
1732:
1118:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
604:
Cook IslandsāUnited States Maritime Boundary Treaty
243:
235:
230:
214:
206:
196:
159:
149:
144:
26:
1422:New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
915:The World War II airstrip is still used today as
614:In early 1942, Japanese advances had placed the
1483:. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum. p. 9
662:In February 2010, much of Omoka was damaged by
500:. It was later visited by the Russian explorer
1262:Central Intelligence Agency (13 August 2013).
891:, with 92% of the population belonging to the
590:claimed sovereignty over the island under the
1710:
1440:
1438:
1282:The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Japan
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1150:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
504:in April 1816, and then by the American brig
8:
1205:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. pp. 503ā504.
872:, the seat of Penrhyn Island Council, is on
674:
21:
1617:"Cook Islands solar energy projects opened"
1392:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1717:
1703:
1695:
673:
20:
1275:
1273:
1243:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1553:"Cook Islands Government Online: Pearls"
1411:
1409:
511:, under command of Lieutenant Commander
359:
1026:
895:, while the remaining 8% adhere to the
1446:"Cook Islands 2016 Census Main Report"
1143:
991:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
525:Wild Life among the Pacific Islanders
7:
1899:Cook IslandsāUnited States relations
1641:Photos and information about Penrhyn
1394:. Naval History and Heritage Command
1178:Kloosterman, Alphons M. J. (1976).
887:The inhabitants of the island are
517:United States Exploring Expedition
478:. The Polynesians named the atoll
14:
210:9.8 km (3.8 sq mi)
1781:
1658:Older map, but with more details
121:
114:
91:
84:
61:
54:
37:
616:South Pacific air ferry route's
552:expeditions. In 1862, the ship
122:
92:
62:
1264:"Cook Islands, World Factbook"
1239:Rachel Yates (4 August 2017).
1216:Jonathan Milne (5 July 2020).
454:, the island was fished up by
314:Penrhyn is a roughly circular
154:Central-Southern Pacific Ocean
1:
1477:Te Rangi Hiroa (April 1932).
1359:U.S. Army Engineers in Hawaii
893:Cook Islands Christian Church
537:visited Penrhyn in May 1890.
298:. Its nearest neighbours are
470:. Other ancestors came from
1112:Chikamori, Masashi (1996).
1011:List of Guano Island claims
602:, the United States signed
519:in February 1841. The brig
1930:
1879:Atolls of the Cook Islands
1778:
1130:10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11533
1016:Tongareva triple junction
848:
701:ā
529:London Missionary Society
219:
135:Show map of Pacific Ocean
48:
36:
911:Aerial view of Tongareva
75:Show map of Cook Islands
1904:Former disputed islands
1502:Te Rangi Hiroa (1964).
1132:(inactive 4 April 2024)
1060:"Penrhyn, Cook Islands"
953:farming, together with
586:From 1856 to 1980, the
1821:Southern chain - other
1505:Vikings of the Sunrise
1480:Ethnology of Tongareva
1064:www.cookislands.org.uk
995:Uira Natura ko Tokerau
912:
642:U.S. Army Signal Corps
535:Robert Louis Stevenson
444:
365:
43:Aerial view of Penrhyn
1914:Northern Cook Islands
1681:9.00556Ā°S 157.96944Ā°W
1653:Tongareva Island info
1646:10 March 2012 at the
1280:Dod, Karl C. (1987).
910:
903:Economy and resources
897:Roman Catholic Church
675:Historical population
647:The U.S. Army vessel
438:
363:
274:) is an atoll in the
181:9.00556Ā°S 157.96944Ā°W
16:Atoll in Cook Islands
1686:-9.00556; -157.96944
1619:. Scoop. 13 May 2015
364:Map of Penrhyn Atoll
186:-9.00556; -157.96944
1677: /
1557:cook-islands.gov.ck
1220:. Cook Islands News
946:Black pearl farming
934:. The inter-island
676:
513:Cadwalader Ringgold
177: /
105:Show map of Oceania
23:
1491:– via NZETC.
1458:on 31 October 2020
1368:on 5 December 2013
913:
462:on their way from
445:
366:
1866:
1865:
917:Tongareva Airport
853:
852:
592:Guano Islands Act
515:, as part of the
502:Otto von Kotzebue
441:Otto von Kotzebue
253:
252:
1921:
1786:
1785:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1596:Powersmart Solar
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1559:. Archived from
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1361:. Archived from
1356:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1175:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1070:on 10 March 2012
1066:. Archived from
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1031:
882:Pokerekere Islet
690:
685:
677:
620:Leif J. Sverdrup
357:Pokerekere Islet
192:
191:
189:
188:
187:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
170:
136:
125:
124:
118:
106:
95:
94:
88:
76:
65:
64:
58:
41:
24:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1816:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1728:
1723:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1648:Wayback Machine
1637:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1563:on 23 July 2008
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1388:"Southern Seas"
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1159:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1091:"Penrhyn Atoll"
1088:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1007:
983:
967:
955:mother of pearl
948:
905:
862:
672:
660:
612:
567:
543:
433:
312:
226:
185:
183:
179:
176:
171:
168:
166:
164:
163:
140:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
126:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
96:
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
66:
44:
32:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1793:Southern chain
1789:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1734:Northern chain
1730:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1636:
1635:External links
1633:
1631:
1630:
1608:
1583:
1574:
1544:
1532:www.mahina.com
1519:
1494:
1469:
1434:
1405:
1379:
1343:
1320:
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1254:
1231:
1208:
1193:
1157:
1104:
1081:
1051:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1003:
987:Australian Aid
982:
979:
966:
963:
947:
944:
904:
901:
874:Moananui Islet
861:
858:
851:
850:
846:
845:
842:
839:
835:
834:
831:
828:
824:
823:
820:
817:
813:
812:
809:
806:
802:
801:
798:
795:
791:
790:
787:
784:
780:
779:
776:
773:
769:
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751:
747:
746:
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724:
721:
718:
714:
713:
710:
707:
703:
702:
699:
696:
692:
691:
686:
681:
671:
668:
659:
656:
638:B-24 Liberator
611:
608:
600:American Samoa
566:
565:Foreign claims
563:
542:
539:
494:first convicts
452:oral tradition
432:
429:
428:
427:
422:
417:
415:Moananui Islet
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
311:
308:
276:northern group
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
228:
227:
220:
217:
216:
215:Administration
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
161:
157:
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151:
147:
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142:
141:
128:
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42:
34:
33:
29:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1926:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Penrhyn atoll
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
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1561:the original
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231:Demographics
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1684: /
1672:157Ā°58ā²10ā³W
951:Black pearl
932:New Zealand
664:Cyclone Pat
658:Cyclone Pat
581:New Zealand
448:Polynesians
390:Ahu a Miria
316:coral atoll
197:Archipelago
184: /
172:157Ā°58ā²10ā³W
160:Coordinates
1873:Categories
1843:Palmerston
1022:References
889:Christians
400:Moturakina
248:Polynesian
239:226 (2016)
236:Population
1848:Rarotonga
1772:Tema Reef
1762:Rakahanga
1669:9Ā°00ā²20ā³S
1512:21 August
1487:21 August
1462:19 August
1313:29 August
1247:21 August
1224:21 August
1186:29 August
1136:21 August
1124:: 45ā52.
1097:10 August
975:Rarotonga
878:Te Tautua
498:Australia
480:Tongareva
476:Rakahanga
460:Rarotonga
310:Geography
300:Rakahanga
292:9 degrees
288:Rarotonga
272:Te Pitaka
268:Hararanga
260:Tongareva
169:9Ā°00ā²20ā³S
145:Geography
30:Tongareva
1828:Aitutaki
1767:Suwarrow
1757:Pukapuka
1742:Manihiki
1644:Archived
1338:56060003
1290:66060004
1005:See also
860:Villages
630:Catalina
573:Caroline
554:Adelante
547:Peruvian
508:Porpoise
472:Aitutaki
439:Captain
304:Manihiki
150:Location
1909:Seabees
1853:Takutea
1833:Mangaia
1812:Mitiaro
1752:Penrhyn
1623:16 July
1398:17 June
1372:17 June
849:Source:
624:Seabees
541:Slavery
521:Chatham
431:History
420:Matunga
395:Atutahi
380:Patanga
337:Ruahara
327:Tokerau
296:equator
278:of the
256:Penrhyn
129:Penrhyn
99:Penrhyn
69:Penrhyn
22:Penrhyn
1838:Manuae
1747:Nassau
1336:
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1039:www.ck
981:Energy
971:puraka
928:Panama
880:is on
833:ā16.5%
822:ā28.6%
811:ā41.1%
800:+21.9%
767:ā13.2%
756:+19.2%
745:+12.8%
734:+18.2%
723:+21.2%
712:ā22.4%
559:Callao
527:. The
468:Tahiti
425:Tekasi
405:Atiati
385:Tepuka
375:Temata
352:Tuirai
347:Veseru
342:Takuua
332:Painko
270:, and
1807:Mauke
1601:8 May
1567:8 May
1537:8 May
1456:(PDF)
1449:(PDF)
1427:8 May
1366:(PDF)
1355:(PDF)
1308:(PDF)
1074:8 May
1044:8 May
870:Omoka
844:+6.1%
838:2016
827:2011
816:2006
805:2001
794:1996
789:ā6.4%
783:1986
778:ā2.6%
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761:1966
750:1961
739:1951
728:1936
717:1926
706:1916
695:1906
635:USAAF
464:Samoa
456:Vatea
370:Kavea
1802:Atiu
1625:2020
1603:2017
1569:2017
1539:2017
1514:2020
1489:2020
1464:2020
1429:2017
1400:2013
1374:2013
1334:LCCN
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1286:LCCN
1249:2020
1226:2020
1188:2013
1152:link
1138:2020
1099:2020
1076:2017
1046:2017
965:Food
684:Pop.
680:Year
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506:USS
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