726:
58:
583:
31:
933:
745:, with its approximately 160 genera and 2,200 species distributed worldwide, is a monophyletic group that has long occupied an unresolved position at the base of the Gunneridae. Recently, phylogenetic studies based on molecular data from the complete chloroplast genome indicate a position of Santalales at the base of the Asterids. Santalales is ecologically diverse and includes free-living plants, such as
868:
503:
355:
2981:
Moore, Michael J.; Hassan, Nasr; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Bruenn, Riva A; Croley, Matthew; Vandeventer, Alexia; Horn, James W.; Dhingra, Amit; Brockington, Samuel F.; Latvis, Maribeth; Ramdial, Jeremy; Alexandre, Roolse; Piedrahita, Ana; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E. (May 2011). "Analysis of
1171:
The initial divergence between the
Dilleniales, superrosids and superasterids must have occurred very quickly, within a period of one million years after the initial separation of the Pentapetalae from the Gunnerales. Likewise, the superrosids and superasterids show an early and very rapid divergence
285:
sequences have provided a reliable outline of the relationships among the major
Pentapetalae lineages and also provide a framework for investigating the evolutionary processes that generated a large proportion of the diversity of extant angiosperms. In light of these phylogenetic results, the current
1841:
Soltis, D. E.; Soltis, P. S.; Chase, M. W.; Mort, M. E.; Albach, D. C.; Zanis, M.; Savolainen, V.; Hahn, W. J.; Hoot, S. B.; Fay, M. F.; Axtell, M.; Swensen, S. M.; Prince, L. M.; Kress, W. J.; Nixon, K. C. (2000). "Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences".
1905:
Soltis, D.E.; Soltis, P.S.; Chase, M.W.; Mort, M.E.; Albach, D.C.; Zanis, M.; Savolainen, V.; Hahn, W.H.; Hoot, S.B.; Fay, M.F.; Axtell, M.; Swensen, S.M.; Prince, L.M.; Kress, W.J.; Nixon, K.C. (2000). "Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences".
1869:
Hilu, K.W.; Borsch, T.; MĂŒller, K.; Soltis, D.E.; Soltis, P.S.; Savolainen, V.; Chase, M.W.; Powell, M.P.; Alice, L.A.; Evans, R.; Sauquet, H.; Neinhuis, C.; Slotta, T.A.B.; Rohwer, J.G.; Campbell, C.S. (2003). "Angiosperm phylogeny based on matK sequence information".
891:
containing approximately 70 000 species, more than a quarter of the total number of angiosperm species. It has been subdivided into some 16 to 20 orders, depending on the circumscription and classification adopted. These orders, in turn, comprise about 140
350:
usually has twice as many pieces as the calyx and corona, which are arranged in two whorls. When the number of stamens is greater than twice the number of pieces of the perianth, they are arranged in fascicles or in a centrifugal spiral.
717:, with features such as the highly variable number of sepals and spirally arranged petals, is also compatible with this hypothesis. However, the position of the Berberidopsidales in the phylogenetic tree is not congruent with it.
1112:. The close relationship demonstrated at the molecular scale between Saxifragales, Vitaceae and rosids is congruent with their morphological affinities. In fact, these clades form the so-called "core of the rosids" in the
1682:(2). in addition, the following collaborated: Arne A. Anderberg, Michael J. Moore, Richard G. Olmstead, Paula J. Rudall, Kenneth J. Sytsma, David C. Tank, Kenneth Wurdack, Jenny Q.-Y. Xiang and Sue Zmarzty: 105â121.
1172:
since the lineages that led to the
Vitaceae, Saxifragales, and rosids arose within a period of only five million years, as did those that led to the appearance of the Berberidopsidales, Caryophyllales, and asterids.
2634:
Wang, Hengchang; Moore, Michael J.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Bell, Charles D.; Brockington, Samuel F.; Roolse, Alexandre; Davis, Charles C.; Latvis, Maribeth; Manchester, Steven R.; Soltis, Douglas E. (March 10, 2009).
404:
joined together, although gynoeciums formed by three carpels are also quite common. In cases where the gynoecium is composed of only two carpels, they overlap. In general, they present "compitum", a region of the
1159:
in the leaves, the isomerism of the androcecium and the fused carpels unite the santalales, the caryophyllales and the asterids. Likewise, leaves without stipules may be another synapomorphic character, although
2165:
Soltis, D.E.; Soltis, P.S.; Chase, M.W.; Mort, M.E.; Albach, D.C.; Zanis, M.; Savolainen, V.; Hahn, W.H.; Hoot, S.B.; Fay, M.F. (2000). "Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18 S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences".
2484:
Nickrent, D. L.; Duff, R. J.; Colwell, A. E.; Wolfe, A. D.; Young, N. D.; Steiner, K. E.; De
Pamphilis, C. W. (1998). "Molecular phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of parasitic plants".
2760:
Leebens-Mack, Jim; Raubeson, Linda A.; Cui, Liying; Kuehl, Jennifer V.; Fourcade, Matthew H.; Chumley, Timothy W.; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Jansen, Robert K.; de
Pamphilis, Claude W. (2005).
1942:
Cantino, P.D.; Doyle, J.A.; Graham, S.W.; Judd, W. S.; Olmstead, R.G.; Soltis, D. E.; Soltis, P.S.; Donoghue, M.J. (2007). "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of
Tracheophyta".
2340:
Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (2010). "Floral
Development and Anatomy of Aextoxicon punctatum (AextoxicaceaeâBerberidopsidales): An Enigmatic Tree at the Base of Core Eudicots".
530:
that go straight to the teeth; being common the tertiary scalariform venation. The leaf lamina is usually rough. Also, the leaves tend to elongate when still rolled. The
903:
in the floral receptacle, the long embryo and the distinctive mucilaginous cells. At the molecular level, the rossids are characterized by the loss of function of the
707:
Given these differences between the two genera belonging to the same family, it has been suggested that the floral development of
Berberidopsidales is a "link" in the
1080:
Analyses of complete chloroplast genome sequences allowed us to resolve the relationships among the major
Pentapetalae clades. Immediately after diverging from the
2801:
Chaw, S. M.; Chang, C. C.; Chen, H. L.; Li, W. H. (2004). "Dating the monocot-dicot divergence and the origin of core eudicots using whole chloroplast genomes".
377:
in the
Pentapetalae are characteristically tricolpate. This type of pollen grain has three or more pores within grooves called "colpos". In contrast, most other
3051:
2097:
2467:
1670:
Bremer, Brigitta; Bremer, KĂ„re; Chase, Mark W.; Fay, Michael F.; Reveal, James L.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Stevens, Peter F. (2009).
2982:
the Plastid Inverted Repeat for 244 Species: Insights into Deeper-Level Angiosperm Relationships from a Long, Slowly Evolving Sequence Region".
2319:
2259:
2124:
Savolainen, V.; Chase, M.W.; Hoot, S.B.; Morton, C.M.; Soltis, D.E.; Bayer, C.; Fay, M.F.; De Bruijn, A.Y.; Sullivan, S.; Qiu, Y.L. (2000).
2946:
2474:. From Botany 2008: Botany without Borders, annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 97.
1977:
Soltis, P.S.; Soltis, D.E.; Chase, M.W. (1999). "Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from multiple genes as a tool for comparative biology".
2744:
2589:
2107:
2567:
1800:
Savolainen, V.; Chase, M. W.; Morton, C. M.; Soltis, D. E.; Bayer, C.; Fay, M. F.; De Bruijn, A.; Sullivan, S.; Qiu., Y.L. (2000).
2932:
601:
is an order formally accepted only in the most recent phylogenetic classifications of angiosperms, comprising two small families,
725:
2064:
3089:
1779:
2911:
704:
and a haplostomous androcecium. Female flowers have the same type of perianth, but the number of pieces is more variable.
617:. The distinctive characters of the order are largely related to its anatomy, such as the presence of crystalsâespecially
2762:"Identifying the Basal Angiosperm Node in Chloroplast Genome Phylogenies: Sampling One's Way Out of the Felsenstein Zone"
2465:
Analysis of an 83-gene, 86-taxon plastid genome data set resolves relationships among several deep-level eudicot lineages
1733:
358:
217:
971:
clade of the angiosperms, or, as it is inappropriately called, "most evolved". The group most likely originated in the
57:
899:
The rosids share a few morphological characteristics that distinguish them from other groups, such as the presence of
1752:"Phylogeny of basal eudicots based on three molecular data sets: atpB, rbcL, and 18S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences"
1672:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
1084:, the Pentapetalae diverged into three major subclades: (i) the Dileniaceae, (ii) the superrosid clade including the
3056:
538:
are jointed near the apex and persist after the flower falls off; the flowers are usually conspicuous, with ruffled
2094:
1148:
190:
2464:
2222:"Floral Development of Berberidopsis corallina: a Crucial Link in the Evolution of Flowers in the Core Eudicots"
1151:
may also characterize the superrosid clade. Thus, the "psyllulate" pollen or with a granular structure of the
682:
to larger, brightly colored inner tepals. The androcecium consists of a ring of stamens and there are three
666:
591:
2208:
3084:
3019:
1802:"Phylogenetics of flowering plants based upon a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL gene sequences"
2810:
2648:
2379:
2126:"Phylogenetics of flowering plants based on combined analysis of platid atpB and rbcL gene sequences"
1986:
872:
450:
446:
39:
2281:
2221:
438:
2368:"Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots"
2366:
Moore, M.J.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Bell, Charles D.; Burleigh, J. Gordon; Soltis, Douglas E. (2010).
1646:
The names lamiids (for euasterids I) and campanulids (for euasterids II) were suggested by Bremer
2999:
2903:
2834:
2714:
2697:
Scotland, Robert W.; Wortley, Alexandra H. (2003). "How many species of seed plants are there?".
2520:
2446:
2010:
1959:
1771:
1161:
1141:
1013:âthat is, they admit only one plane of symmetryâthat are pollinated by insects. In addition, the
606:
52:
807:. In 2010, however, new molecular data have made it possible to revise that conclusion, so that
409:
where the stylar canals of the different carpels are united in a single cavity and in which the
89:
2282:"Are Petals Sterile Stamens or Bracts? The Origin and Evolution of Petals in the Core Eudicots"
658:
3079:
2957:
2826:
2783:
2740:
2676:
2609:
2559:
2407:
2311:
2251:
2147:
2045:
2002:
1887:
1823:
1431:
1097:
650:
598:
571:
535:
470:
390:
240:
232:, was not able to recognize this group. In fact, the circumscription of the Pentapetalae as a
142:
2991:
2895:
2818:
2773:
2706:
2666:
2656:
2601:
2551:
2512:
2500:
2438:
2397:
2387:
2301:
2293:
2241:
2233:
2175:
2137:
2037:
1994:
1951:
1915:
1879:
1851:
1813:
1763:
1693:
1683:
1117:
1113:
968:
956:
893:
626:
555:
339:
229:
221:
79:
582:
30:
2588:
Nickrent, Daniel L.; Malécot, Valéry; Vidal-Russell, Romina; Der, Joshua P. (April 2010).
2539:
2471:
2426:
2111:
2101:
1737:
1207:
1179:
summarizes the phylogenetic relationships within the Pentapetalae clade and this clade.
1168:
lack them; thus, the ancestral status of Berberidopsidales and asterids is still unclear.
820:
812:
776:
622:
511:
434:
426:
331:
282:
202:
2617:
2104:
1069:
of eudicots, which unfortunately cannot be attributed to any extant group, belong to the
955:
that includes approximately 80 000 species, grouped in 13 orders and more than a hundred
2814:
2652:
2383:
1990:
932:
896:. Together with the asterids, they constitute the two largest groups of eudicotyledons.
228:, geographic distribution, and other attributes. Classical systematics, based solely on
2671:
2636:
2402:
2367:
2306:
2246:
1453:
1105:
1046:
952:
888:
852:
828:
780:
772:
767:
734:
634:
458:
406:
315:
248:
225:
163:
3073:
1688:
1671:
1650:. (2002) and later suggested fabiids (for eurosids I) and malvids (for eurosids II).
1396:
1034:
1003:
936:
921:
848:
832:
788:
527:
461:
point of view, this group of plants present cyanogenesisâthat is, they biosynthesize
386:
378:
278:
208:. They comprise an extremely large and diverse group accounting for about 65% of the
205:
3003:
2884:"A combined cladistic analysis of angiosperms using rbcL and nonmolecular data sets"
2524:
2450:
967:, they constitute the two largest groups of eudicotyledons. They represent the most
393:âhave monoculcate pollen, with a single pore located in a groove called a "sulcus".
2838:
2072:
2014:
1290:
1199:
1085:
1050:
1038:
824:
808:
792:
747:
687:
519:
418:
362:
291:
260:
256:
134:
310:
As the name of the clade suggests, the Pentapetalae have a characteristic type of
2735:
Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Endress, Peter K.; Chase, Mark W. (2005).
1751:
1065:
The age of this clade has been estimated at 113 to 116 million years. The oldest
2883:
2555:
1525:
1277:
1258:
1066:
1007:
996:
976:
904:
856:
844:
796:
765:
parasites, including the well-known and economically important sandalwood tree (
757:
410:
213:
120:
3042:
2516:
2442:
2207:
Takhtajan A. 1997. Diversity and classification of flowering plants. New York:
2114:
version 7 (May 2006) and updated regularly since then. Access date: 08/22/2011.
1002:
The plants belonging to this clade are characterized by being herbaceous, with
2822:
2142:
2125:
2028:
MagallĂłn, S.; Castillo, A. (2009). "Angiosperm diversification through time".
1818:
1801:
1512:
1409:
1235:
1165:
1121:
1101:
1081:
1074:
1070:
1054:
984:
975:, about 50 million years ago, and its success is related to its adaptation to
960:
940:
867:
840:
784:
752:
742:
713:
692:
642:
602:
502:
482:
474:
382:
295:
252:
244:
152:
2613:
1730:
2778:
2761:
2661:
2392:
1203:
1176:
1137:
1133:
1026:
992:
988:
900:
836:
816:
804:
800:
708:
614:
462:
397:
354:
335:
299:
2830:
2787:
2680:
2563:
2411:
2315:
2255:
2179:
2151:
2049:
2006:
1919:
1891:
1883:
1855:
1827:
751:, as well as (hemi)parasites. Among the latter are species that parasitize
609:, which together include only three genera and four species distributed in
298:
clades and those that arose in parallel in both, and then to explore their
2427:"Molecular phylogenetic relationships of Olacaceae and related Santalales"
2071:(in Spanish). Argentina: Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Archived from
201:
that were informally referred to as the "core eudicots" in some papers on
3036:
2297:
2237:
1500:
1478:
1465:
1327:
1156:
1109:
1089:
1042:
1022:
972:
948:
701:
454:
453:. Another anatomical characteristic of Pentapetalae is the presence of a
327:
319:
268:
264:
198:
179:
44:
2041:
1963:
2907:
2718:
2605:
1775:
1698:
1541:
1356:
1315:
1211:
1129:
1125:
1030:
683:
547:
478:
466:
401:
236:
is based on strong evidence obtained from DNA molecular analysis data.
209:
128:
124:
1955:
1340:
1302:
1093:
1014:
1010:
964:
917:
884:
876:
729:
646:
618:
586:
543:
506:
486:
442:
422:
374:
367:
347:
330:
perfectly differentiated. The sepals are innervated by three or more
311:
287:
272:
174:
146:
3013:
2899:
2710:
2637:"Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests"
1767:
696:
has unisexual and pentamerous flowers. Male flowers have a distinct
2995:
2540:"The first mistletoes: Origins of aerial parasitism in Santalales"
1998:
1152:
1018:
980:
866:
724:
697:
679:
675:
671:
638:
630:
610:
581:
567:
551:
539:
430:
414:
353:
343:
323:
233:
167:
156:
69:
910:
762:
654:
563:
559:
531:
523:
3017:
775:
classification system recognized seven families in Santalales:
413:
can change direction of growth from one carpel to another. The
2065:"OrganizaciĂłn del cuerpo de la planta. Tema 2: Hoja. Glosario"
2501:"A molecular phylogeny of the feathery mistletoe Misodendrum"
1729:
Stevens, P.F. 2006. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, versiĂłn 7.
979:. Four of the largest families of angiosperms belong to this
771:), whose aromatic wood is a component of many perfumes. The
711:
of the Gunneridae flower, and that the floral morphology of
959:, and between a third and a quarter of the total number of
2854:
An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants
1144:
that forms from the outer integument or both integuments.
2463:
Moore M., Bell C., Soltis P. S., Soltis D. E.. 2008.
290:
is to identify the characters that are unique to the
678:, but exhibit a gradual transition from small outer
546:
that are reflexed in the bud, usually having porous
3026:
1096:, and (iii) the superasterid clade composed of the
400:of Pentapetalae plants is usually composed of five
239:The Pentapetalae clade is composed of the orders
2945:Cole, Theodor C. H.; Hilger, Hartmut H. (2013).
2882:Nandi, O.I.; Chase, M.W.; Endress, P.K. (1998).
2869:Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants
425:, finally, commonly terminates in a style and a
2641:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2193:Baillon, H. (1870). "Histoire des Plantes II".
1750:Hoot, S. B; MagallĂłn, S.; Crane, P. R. (1999).
755:or shoots, such as the mistletoes of the genus
2488:Kluwer, Boston, Massachusetts, EEUU.: 211â241.
8:
570:is persistent, sometimes acrescent, and the
2538:Vidal-Russell, R.; Nickrent, D. L. (2008).
2499:Vidal-Russell, R.; Nickrent, D. L. (2007).
2486:In Soltis D. E., Soltis P. S., Doyle J. J.
526:with usually strong and parallel secondary
338:âoriginating in the vascular system of the
3014:
2737:Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms
2197:(in French). Paris: ElaeagnacĂ©es: 487â495.
1731:http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/
1033:. The flowers are often arranged in tight
29:
20:
2777:
2670:
2660:
2401:
2391:
2305:
2245:
2141:
1817:
1697:
1687:
1120:classification systems. They all have an
286:challenge for scientists in this area of
2935:, version 9. Accessed September 1, 2011.
2590:"A revised classification of Santalales"
2168:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1844:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1676:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1665:
1663:
1025:are joined together forming a tube. The
931:
501:
445:and pistil, pentapetalous plants have a
16:Group of eudicots known as core eudicots
2984:International Journal of Plant Sciences
2342:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1756:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
1659:
107:DE Soltis, PS Soltis & WS Judd 2007
2730:
2728:
2692:
2690:
2629:
2627:
2544:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2425:Malécot, V.; Nickrent, D. L. (2008).
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
7:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
441:. Regarding the interaction between
1518:
1493:
1471:
1446:
1424:
1402:
1333:
1308:
1283:
1273:
1251:
1228:
1190:
1182:
433:is dry and dehiscent, when it is a
2280:Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (2007).
2220:Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (2004).
14:
2739:. Sunderland, MA, EEUU: Sinauer.
1017:are arranged in a circle and the
637:are of a particular type called "
621:âin the leaves and petioles, the
2871:. New York: Columbia Univ Press.
2856:. New York: Columbia Univ Press.
2069:MorfologĂa de Plantas Vasculares
1689:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
1077:, just 96â94 million years old.
56:
2914:from the original on 2022-06-23
2570:from the original on 2023-11-25
2322:from the original on 2022-11-07
2262:from the original on 2022-11-07
1782:from the original on 2023-10-29
267:and all members of the clades
1:
465:that by hydrolysis originate
2105:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
534:is usually vivid brown. The
447:gametophytic incompatibility
359:Scanning electron microscope
2954:Flowering Plant Systematics
2556:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.016
963:species. Together with the
455:closed root apical meristem
429:that is not decurrent. The
216:, with wide variability in
3106:
2517:10.1600/036364407782250643
2443:10.1600/036364408783887384
2063:GonzĂĄles, A.M; Arbo, M.M.
1740:Access date: May 10, 2010.
2823:10.1007/s00239-003-2564-9
2209:Columbia University Press
1539:
1523:
1516:
1498:
1491:
1476:
1469:
1451:
1444:
1429:
1422:
1407:
1400:
1354:
1338:
1331:
1313:
1306:
1288:
1281:
1271:
1256:
1249:
1233:
1226:
1196:
1188:
346:have only one trace. The
318:of five pieces each. The
230:morphological information
191:phylogenetic nomenclature
117:
112:
53:Scientific classification
51:
37:
28:
23:
2867:Takhtajan, A.L. (1997).
1029:is formed by two welded
522:are recognized by their
170:ex Bercht. & J.Presl
159:ex Bercht. & J.Presl
2662:10.1073/pnas.0813376106
2393:10.1073/pnas.0907801107
2143:10.1093/sysbio/49.2.306
1819:10.1093/sysbio/49.2.306
1061:Evolution and phylogeny
913:and the absence of the
667:Berberidopsis corallina
592:Berberidopsis corallina
463:cyanogenetic glycosides
2947:"Angiosperm Phylogeny"
2180:10.1006/bojl.2000.0380
1920:10.1006/bojl.2000.0380
1884:10.3732/ajb.90.12.1758
1856:10.1006/bojl.2000.0380
944:
880:
738:
595:
516:
439:loculicidal dehiscence
371:
361:image of a tricolpate
243:âincluding the family
3090:Plant unranked clades
2852:Cronquist, A (1981).
2779:10.1093/molbev/msi191
2093:Stevens, P. F. 2010.
2075:on September 29, 2010
1198:(paraphyletic group:
951:are a large group of
935:
887:are a large group of
870:
728:
585:
574:are also persistent.
505:
419:axillary placentation
357:
279:Phylogenetic analyses
197:are a large group of
138:Bercht. & J.Presl
1194:basal eudicots
859:are now recognized.
629:form a ring and the
449:system based on the
2815:2004JMolE..58..424C
2653:2009PNAS..106.3853W
2384:2010PNAS..107.4623M
2042:10.3732/ajb.0800060
1991:1999Natur.402..402S
1224:core eudicots
2606:10.1002/tax.592019
2470:2022-11-10 at the
2298:10.1093/aob/mcm076
2238:10.1093/aob/mch199
2130:Systematic Biology
2110:2010-02-06 at the
2100:2019-06-09 at the
1806:Systematic Biology
1736:2001-12-02 at the
1164:have stipules and
1162:Berberidopsidaceae
1155:, the presence of
977:insect pollinators
945:
881:
739:
607:Berberidopsidaceae
596:
517:
372:
283:chloroplast genome
113:Clades and orders
3067:
3066:
3020:Taxon identifiers
2931:Stevens PF. 2011
2772:(10): 1948â1963.
2647:(10): 3853â3858.
2505:Systematic Botany
2431:Systematic Botany
2378:(10): 4623â4628.
1985:(6760): 402â404.
1908:Bot. J. Linn. Soc
1878:(12): 1758â1776.
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1432:Berberidopsidales
1386:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1147:Several putative
1138:nuclear formation
1098:Berberidopsidales
670:do not differ in
599:Berberidopsidales
578:Berberidopsidales
471:metabolic pathway
241:Berberidopsidales
187:
186:
171:
160:
149:
143:Berberidopsidales
139:
131:
108:
3097:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3015:
3008:
3007:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2956:. Archived from
2951:
2942:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2616:. Archived from
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2481:
2475:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2363:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2309:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2249:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2121:
2115:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1956:10.2307/25065864
1939:
1924:
1923:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1747:
1741:
1727:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1691:
1667:
1519:
1494:
1472:
1447:
1425:
1403:
1334:
1309:
1284:
1274:
1252:
1229:
1191:
1183:
623:vascular bundles
332:vascular bundles
212:richness of the
166:
155:
145:
137:
123:
106:
80:Eudicotyledoneae
61:
60:
33:
21:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3022:
3012:
3011:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2900:10.2307/2992003
2888:Ann Mo Bot Gard
2881:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2711:10.2307/3647306
2696:
2695:
2688:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2573:
2571:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2472:Wayback Machine
2462:
2458:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2365:
2364:
2349:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2112:Wayback Machine
2102:Wayback Machine
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2036:(96): 349â365.
2027:
2026:
2022:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1941:
1940:
1927:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1768:10.2307/2666215
1749:
1748:
1744:
1738:Wayback Machine
1728:
1707:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1208:Trochodendrales
1063:
1053:(heads) of the
930:
873:Rose uchiyamane
865:
821:Erythropalaceae
813:Balanophoraceae
777:Balanophoraceae
723:
690:. In contrast,
664:The flowers of
580:
512:Dillenia indica
500:
495:
417:are usually of
322:is formed by a
308:
259:, the families
105:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3048:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3009:
2996:10.1086/658923
2990:(4): 541â558.
2973:
2937:
2924:
2894:(1): 137â212.
2874:
2859:
2844:
2809:(4): 424â441.
2793:
2752:
2746:978-0878938179
2745:
2724:
2705:(1): 101â104.
2686:
2623:
2620:on 2023-03-10.
2600:(2): 538â558.
2580:
2550:(2): 523â537.
2530:
2511:(3): 560â568.
2491:
2476:
2456:
2437:(33): 97â106.
2417:
2347:
2332:
2292:(3): 621â630.
2272:
2232:(5): 741â751.
2212:
2200:
2185:
2174:(4): 381â461.
2157:
2136:(2): 306â362.
2116:
2086:
2055:
2020:
1969:
1925:
1914:(4): 381â461.
1897:
1861:
1850:(4): 381â461.
1833:
1812:(2): 306â362.
1792:
1742:
1705:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:Caryophyllales
1450:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1175:The following
1149:synapomorphies
1128:, leaves with
1106:Caryophyllales
1062:
1059:
1047:plantaginaceae
1037:, such as the
1035:inflorescences
953:eudicotyledons
929:
926:
889:eudicotyledons
864:
861:
853:Strombosiaceae
829:Misodendraceae
781:Misodendraceae
768:Santalum album
735:Santalum album
722:
719:
686:with parietal
635:leaf epidermis
579:
576:
499:
496:
494:
491:
379:spermatophytes
307:
304:
302:implications.
249:Caryophyllales
185:
184:
183:
182:
177:
172:
164:Caryophyllales
161:
150:
140:
132:
115:
114:
110:
109:
100:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3102:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:Core eudicots
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3028:/Pentapetalae
3025:
3021:
3016:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2974:
2963:on 2017-05-17
2959:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:Mol Biol Evol
2763:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2079:September 10,
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:10.1038/46528
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:(3): 822â84.
1949:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:superasterids
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1247:Pentapetalae
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1166:Aextoxicaceae
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:with jointed
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:hermaphrodite
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
942:
938:
937:Inflorescence
934:
927:
925:
923:
922:mitochondrion
919:
916:
912:
909:
906:
902:
897:
895:
890:
886:
878:
875:
874:
869:
862:
860:
858:
854:
850:
849:Schoepfiaceae
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:Schoepfiaceae
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:
764:
760:
759:
754:
750:
749:
744:
737:
736:
731:
727:
720:
718:
716:
715:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:Aextoxicaceae
600:
594:
593:
588:
584:
577:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:and numerous
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
514:
513:
508:
504:
497:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:âthrough the
468:
464:
460:
459:phytochemical
456:
452:
451:RNAase system
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:Pollen grains
370:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:Aextoxicaceae
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:phylogenetics
204:
200:
196:
192:
181:
178:
176:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
141:
136:
133:
130:
126:
122:
119:
118:
116:
111:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
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825:Loranthaceae
809:Aptandraceae
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411:pollen tubes
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363:pollen grain
342:, while the
309:
300:evolutionary
292:superasterid
281:of complete
277:
261:Dilleniaceae
257:Saxifragales
238:
195:Pentapetalae
194:
188:
135:Saxifragales
103:Pentapetalae
102:
96:
86:(unranked):
38:
18:
2095:Dilleniales
1699:10654/18083
1544:(8 orders)
1528:(7 orders)
1526:campanulids
1359:(8 orders)
1343:(8 orders)
1278:superrosids
1259:Dilleniales
1122:androcecium
1008:zygomorphic
997:Apocynaceae
905:chloroplast
857:Ximeniaceae
845:Santalaceae
799:(including
797:Santalaceae
758:Misodendrum
649:with rigid
558:containing
520:Dilleniales
498:Dilleniales
475:amino acids
457:. From the
391:paleodicots
383:gymnosperms
314:made up of
306:Description
214:angiosperms
121:Dilleniales
3074:Categories
2967:2022-11-07
2918:2022-11-14
2574:2022-11-07
2326:2022-11-07
2266:2022-11-07
1786:2022-11-14
1654:References
1513:euasterids
1410:Santalales
1236:Gunnerales
1102:Santalales
1082:Gunnerales
1075:Cenomanian
1071:Cretaceous
1055:compositae
985:Asteraceae
961:angiosperm
941:asteraceae
841:Opiliaceae
785:Opiliaceae
743:Santalales
741:The order
721:Santalales
714:Aextoxicon
693:Aextoxicon
643:androecium
639:cyclocytic
554:are small
483:isoleucine
477:, such as
381:âthat is,
336:leaf scars
296:superrosid
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222:morphology
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153:Santalales
90:Gunneridae
2933:Phylogeny
2614:0040-0262
1204:Proteales
1186:eudicots
1177:cladogram
1157:sclereids
1142:micropyle
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1118:Takhtajan
1114:Cronquist
1027:gynoecium
993:Lamiaceae
989:Rubiaceae
901:nectaries
837:Olacaceae
817:Coulaceae
805:Olacaceae
801:Viscaceae
709:evolution
659:endotesta
615:Australia
572:filaments
556:follicles
536:peduncles
493:Diversity
437:it shows
398:gynoecium
269:Asteridae
226:chemistry
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3080:Eudicots
3043:Q6071470
3037:Wikidata
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2912:Archived
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2788:15944438
2681:19223592
2568:Archived
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2525:59134940
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2320:Archived
2316:17513305
2260:Archived
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2108:Archived
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2030:Am J Bot
2007:10586878
1964:25065864
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1734:Archived
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1479:Cornales
1466:asterids
1328:eurosids
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1130:stipules
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1090:Vitaceae
1051:capitula
1043:labiatae
995:and the
973:Cenozoic
969:apotypic
957:families
949:asterids
928:Asterids
915:coxII.i3
894:families
657:present
653:and the
651:filament
387:monocots
334:âcalled
320:perianth
265:Vitaceae
199:eudicots
180:Asterids
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3057:1437201
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2380:Bibcode
2307:2533615
2286:Ann Bot
2247:4242220
2226:Ann Bot
2015:4323006
1987:Bibcode
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647:stamens
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633:of the
627:petiole
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