1820:
293:
468:
3053:
3083:
3071:
3163:
3147:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3095:
33:
670:
among individuals of
Mediterranean and African descent. The basis for this resistance may be a weakening of the red cell membrane (the erythrocyte is the host cell for the parasite) such that it cannot sustain the parasitic life cycle long enough for productive growth.
133:, the pentose phosphate pathway appears to have a very ancient evolutionary origin. The reactions of this pathway are mostly enzyme catalyzed in modern cells, however, they also occur non-enzymatically under conditions that replicate those of the
194:
Dietary pentose sugars derived from the digestion of nucleic acids may be metabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway, and the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates may be converted into glycolytic/gluconeogenic intermediates.
623:. The ratio of NADPH:NADP is the primary mode of regulation for the enzyme and is normally about 100:1 in liver cytosol. This makes the cytosol a highly-reducing environment. An NADPH-utilizing pathway forms NADP, which stimulates
198:
In mammals, the PPP occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm. In humans, it is found to be most active in the liver, mammary glands, and adrenal cortex. The PPP is one of the three main ways the body creates molecules with
3309:
3201:
3302:
664:
Several deficiencies in the level of activity (not function) of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase have been observed to be associated with resistance to the malarial parasite
1099:"Early phagocytosis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient erythrocytes parasitized by Plasmodium falciparum may explain malaria protection in G6PD deficiency"
3295:
246:, which can attack the cell. Erythrocytes, for example, generate a large amount of NADPH through the pentose phosphate pathway to use in the reduction of glutathione.
3194:
1318:
680:
65:
3187:
1790:
975:
1182:
991:
Wang YP, Zhou LS, Zhao YZ, Wang SW, Chen LL, Liu LX, Ling ZQ, Hu FJ, Sun YP, Zhang JY, Yang C, Yang Y, Xiong Y, Guan KL, Ye D (June 2014).
604:
Net reaction: 3 ribulose-5-phosphate → 1 ribose-5-phosphate + 2 xylulose-5-phosphate → 2 fructose-6-phosphate + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
3235:
624:
612:
354:
3067:
Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes).
3397:
420:
1313:
3245:
3179:
1716:
371:
345:
157:
The generation of reducing equivalents, in the form of NADPH, used in reductive biosynthesis reactions within cells (e.g.
2823:
1819:
993:"Regulation of G6PD acetylation by SIRT2 and KAT9 modulates NADPH homeostasis and cell survival during oxidative stress"
500:
3402:
1783:
362:. The hydroxyl on carbon 1 of glucose 6-phosphate turns into a carbonyl, generating a lactone, and, in the process,
2997:
2872:
2399:
1223:
942:
696:
587:
555:
535:
3371:
3240:
2902:
2583:
2145:
2132:
1587:
1264:
551:
539:
388:
3266:
3261:
2560:
2270:
2057:
1607:
1328:
1269:
1175:
1149:
518:
851:
Kruger NJ, von
Schaewen A (June 2003). "The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway: structure and organisation".
1602:
641:. SIRT2-mediated deacetylation and activation of G6PD stimulates oxidative branch of PPP to supply cytosolic
3335:
3214:
3151:
3139:
3075:
2797:
2542:
1701:
1450:
1445:
1431:
1406:
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2040:
1776:
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1256:
231:
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3123:
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1741:
1706:
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1426:
1285:
666:
581:
561:
215:
200:
176:
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2648:
2175:
1924:
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1385:
1361:
1323:
1145:
1053:
860:
591:
577:
565:
525:
513:
507:
489:
438:
407:
286:
158:
145:
ions (Fe(II)). This suggests that the origins of the pathway could date back to the prebiotic world.
3287:
896:"Non-enzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway-like reactions in a plausible Archean ocean"
3407:
2942:
2702:
2676:
2392:
1625:
1244:
1168:
691:
338:
282:
243:
180:
3350:
3155:
2459:
2420:
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2229:
1748:
1421:
1390:
1366:
1353:
529:
495:
400:
382:
165:
115:
80:
771:"The enzymatic conversion of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose-5-phosphate and ribose-5-phosphate"
292:
3058:
3006:
2974:
2255:
1870:
1620:
1416:
1260:
1218:
1213:
1120:
1079:
1022:
971:
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833:
792:
751:
257:
249:
57:
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868:
823:
782:
741:
731:
646:
467:
207:
187:
Aromatic amino acids, in turn, are precursors for many biosynthetic pathways, including the
118:
of five-carbon sugars. For most organisms, the pentose phosphate pathway takes place in the
104:
1042:"SIRT2 activates G6PD to enhance NADPH production and promote leukaemia cell proliferation"
32:
3011:
2276:
2117:
2100:
2025:
1829:
1597:
1479:
426:
359:
720:"The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Dynamics in Cancer and Its Dependency on Intracellular pH"
1155:
1057:
864:
3111:
3087:
3065:. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.
2879:
2809:
2473:
2357:
2344:
1980:
1963:
1952:
1939:
1674:
1592:
1582:
1531:
1519:
1492:
1074:
1041:
1017:
992:
963:
920:
895:
746:
719:
100:
17:
946:
872:
787:
770:
3391:
3276:
3271:
2669:
2615:
2592:
2551:
2443:
2434:
2315:
2070:
1546:
1233:
596:
570:
544:
1160:
2983:
2951:
2858:
2853:
2837:
2709:
2533:
2487:
2340:
1995:
1526:
1496:
1301:
1273:
103:(erythrocytes). The reactions of the pathway were elucidated in the early 1950s by
3062:
2928:
2865:
2816:
2510:
2494:
2480:
2378:
2373:
2302:
2190:
2160:
2085:
1652:
1514:
959:
650:
211:
84:
3210:
3034:
2965:
2916:
2895:
2886:
2830:
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2601:
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2501:
2450:
2331:
2010:
1896:
1799:
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1475:
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1377:
1309:
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1195:
1191:
628:
616:
393:
253:
169:
138:
130:
96:
61:
1115:
1098:
2935:
2920:
2911:
2789:
2779:
2767:
2754:
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2641:
2203:
1648:
1455:
1199:
111:
92:
1140:
1083:
1026:
1008:
929:
880:
837:
828:
811:
796:
755:
736:
637:
activity is also post-translationally regulated by cytoplasmic deacetylase
1124:
2958:
2762:
2636:
2629:
2406:
911:
114:
phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative
3135:
3018:
2846:
2804:
2775:
2622:
2576:
2216:
1711:
1696:
203:
power, accounting for approximately 60% of NADPH production in humans.
142:
134:
123:
119:
88:
69:
1065:
3221:
2608:
2569:
2350:
188:
73:
683:– A hereditary disease that disrupts the pentose phosphate pathway
642:
638:
620:
466:
430:
363:
291:
278:
76:
31:
1768:
1097:
Cappadoro M, Giribaldi G, O'Brien E, et al. (October 1998).
3052:
2718:
634:
429:. NADP is the electron acceptor, generating another molecule of
274:
87:. While the pentose phosphate pathway does involve oxidation of
3291:
3183:
1772:
1164:
110:
There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the
2990:
686:
318:
The entire set of reactions can be summarized as follows:
1141:
The chemical logic behind the pentose phosphate pathway
718:
Alfarouk KO, Ahmed SB, Elliott RL, et al. (2020).
627:
to produce more NADPH. This step is also inhibited by
1393:(amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
615:
is the rate-controlling enzyme of this pathway. It is
1810:
970:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 894.
3359:
3328:
3254:
3228:
1729:
1689:
1661:
1642:
1571:
1464:
1444:
1405:
1376:
1352:
1343:
1300:
1284:
1243:
1232:
1206:
206:One of the uses of NADPH in the cell is to prevent
769:Horecker BL, Smyrniotis PZ, Seegmiller JE (1951).
471:The pentose phosphate pathway's nonoxidative phase
894:Keller MA, Turchyn AV, Ralser M (25 April 2014).
242:would be converted to hydroxyl free radicals by
713:
711:
281:, utilizing the energy from the conversion of
27:Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
3303:
3195:
1784:
1176:
619:stimulated by NADP and strongly inhibited by
455:O → ribulose 5-phosphate + 2 NADPH + 2 H + CO
296:Oxidative phase of pentose phosphate pathway.
8:
1156:Pentose phosphate pathway Map – Homo sapiens
3310:
3296:
3288:
3202:
3188:
3180:
1791:
1777:
1769:
1658:
1575:
1468:
1461:
1373:
1349:
1240:
1183:
1169:
1161:
1040:Xu SN, Wang TS, Li X, Wang YP (Sep 2016).
447:The overall reaction for this process is:
1148:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1114:
1073:
1016:
919:
827:
786:
745:
735:
302:), 6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone (
99:. The pathway is especially important in
474:
320:
310:), ribulose 5-phosphate (
153:The primary results of the pathway are:
707:
122:; in plants, most steps take place in
7:
1293:Electron acceptors other than oxygen
256:in a process often referred to as a
83:, a precursor for the synthesis of
25:
3236:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
625:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
613:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
355:glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
306:), 6-phosphogluconate (
3161:
3145:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3051:
1818:
853:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
519:ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase
451:Glucose 6-phosphate + 2 NADP + H
421:6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
273:In this phase, two molecules of
168:(R5P), used in the synthesis of
1314:Substrate-level phosphorylation
812:"The pentose phosphate pathway"
179:(E4P) used in the synthesis of
3246:Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
1:
1717:Reverse cholesterol transport
873:10.1016/S1369-5266(03)00039-6
788:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52464-4
36:The pentose phosphate pathway
1369:(protein→peptide→amino acid)
501:ribose-5-phosphate isomerase
137:ocean, and are catalyzed by
218:, which converts reactive H
3424:
1754:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
1224:Primary nutritional groups
588:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
556:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
536:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
372:6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone
346:6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone
298:Glucose-6-phosphate (
50:hexose monophosphate shunt
3372:Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
3319:Pentose phosphate pathway
3241:6-phosphogluconolactonase
3219:pentose phosphate pathway
1807:
1616:
1588:Anoxygenic photosynthesis
1578:
1542:
1510:Pentose phosphate pathway
1505:
1488:
1471:
1265:Oxidative phosphorylation
1146:Pentose+Phosphate+Pathway
900:Molecular Systems Biology
552:sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
540:sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
389:6-phosphogluconolactonase
42:pentose phosphate pathway
3267:Phosphopentose epimerase
3262:Phosphopentose isomerase
1608:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
1270:electron transport chain
1257:Pyruvate decarboxylation
1150:Medical Subject Headings
1116:10.1182/blood.V92.7.2527
46:phosphogluconate pathway
3398:Carbohydrate metabolism
3336:6-Phosphogluconolactone
3322:metabolic intermediates
3215:carbohydrate metabolism
3076:carbohydrate metabolism
1702:Sphingolipid metabolism
1603:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
1451:carbohydrate catabolism
1446:Carbohydrate metabolism
1432:Purine nucleotide cycle
18:Pentose phosphate shunt
1671:Fatty acid degradation
1391:Amino acid degradation
1009:10.1002/embj.201387224
829:10.1074/jbc.X200007200
737:10.3390/metabo10070285
472:
315:
252:is also generated for
232:glutathione peroxidase
91:, its primary role is
37:
3377:Erythrose 4-phosphate
3124:amino acid metabolism
1707:Eicosanoid metabolism
1663:Fatty acid metabolism
1427:Pyrimidine metabolism
1286:Anaerobic respiration
667:Plasmodium falciparum
582:erythrose 4-phosphate
562:erythrose 4-phosphate
470:
295:
216:glutathione reductase
177:erythrose 4-phosphate
35:
3367:Xylulose 5-phosphate
3346:Ribulose 5-phosphate
3100:cellular respiration
1681:Fatty acid synthesis
1386:Amino acid synthesis
912:10.1002/msb.20145228
810:Horecker BL (2002).
592:fructose 6-phosphate
578:xylulose 5-phosphate
566:fructose 6-phosphate
526:xylulose 5-phosphate
514:xylulose 5-phosphate
508:ribulose 5-phosphate
490:ribulose 5-phosphate
439:ribulose 5-phosphate
408:ribulose 5-phosphate
287:ribulose 5-phosphate
181:aromatic amino acids
159:fatty acid synthesis
2272:Transcription &
1245:Aerobic respiration
1058:2016NatSR...632734X
865:2003COPB....6..236K
822:(50): 47965–47971.
692:Thiamine deficiency
463:Non-oxidative phase
339:Glucose 6-phosphate
283:glucose-6-phosphate
3403:Metabolic pathways
3351:Ribose 5-phosphate
3341:6-Phosphogluconate
3059:metabolic pathways
1749:Ethanol metabolism
1697:Steroid metabolism
1422:Nucleotide salvage
1354:Protein metabolism
530:ribose 5-phosphate
496:ribose 5-phosphate
473:
401:6-phosphogluconate
383:6-phosphogluconate
316:
234:. If absent, the H
172:and nucleic acids.
166:ribose 5-phosphate
81:ribose 5-phosphate
38:
3385:
3384:
3285:
3284:
3177:
3176:
3047:
3046:
3007:Neurotransmitters
2386:Nucleotide sugars
2119:Direct / C4 / CAM
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1725:
1724:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1621:Xylose metabolism
1567:
1566:
1440:
1439:
1417:Purine metabolism
1362:Protein synthesis
1339:
1338:
1261:Citric acid cycle
1219:Metabolic network
1214:Metabolic pathway
1066:10.1038/srep32734
977:978-0-470-57095-1
943:Immunology at MCG
697:Frank Dickens FRS
602:
601:
445:
444:
258:respiratory burst
250:Hydrogen peroxide
58:metabolic pathway
44:(also called the
16:(Redirected from
3415:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3289:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3181:
3171:
3168:lipid metabolism
3165:
3164:
3159:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3055:
3054:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3014:
3012:thyroid hormones
3002:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2907:
2898:
2891:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2849:
2842:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2800:
2793:
2771:
2758:
2745:
2736:
2721:
2714:
2705:
2698:
2685:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2644:
2632:
2625:
2611:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2538:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2506:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2446:
2439:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2336:
2324:
2320:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2169:
2165:
2154:
2150:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2122:
2111:
2107:
2094:
2090:
2079:
2075:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2034:
2030:
2019:
2015:
2004:
2000:
1989:
1985:
1971:
1968:
1958:
1955:
1947:
1944:
1934:
1931:
1919:
1916:
1904:
1901:
1891:
1888:
1878:
1875:
1865:
1862:
1850:
1847:
1837:
1834:
1822:
1811:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1737:Metal metabolism
1659:
1644:Lipid metabolism
1576:
1469:
1462:
1374:
1350:
1276:
1241:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1020:
988:
982:
981:
956:
950:
940:
934:
933:
923:
891:
885:
884:
848:
842:
841:
831:
807:
801:
800:
790:
766:
760:
759:
749:
739:
715:
647:oxidative damage
475:
321:
244:Fenton chemistry
208:oxidative stress
107:and co-workers.
105:Bernard Horecker
21:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3355:
3324:
3316:
3286:
3281:
3250:
3224:
3208:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3146:
3144:
3130:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3063:metro-style map
3056:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:Polyunsaturated
2996:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2218:Steroidogenesis
2217:
2213:
2211:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2149:phosphorylation
2148:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1803:
1797:
1767:
1758:
1742:Iron metabolism
1721:
1685:
1646:
1630:
1612:
1598:Carbon fixation
1563:
1538:
1501:
1484:
1480:Gluconeogenesis
1453:
1448:
1436:
1408:
1401:
1372:
1345:
1335:
1296:
1280:
1268:
1235:
1228:
1202:
1189:
1137:
1132:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1003:(12): 1304–20.
990:
989:
985:
978:
958:
957:
953:
941:
937:
893:
892:
888:
850:
849:
845:
809:
808:
804:
768:
767:
763:
717:
716:
709:
705:
681:G6PD deficiency
677:
662:
610:
465:
458:
454:
436:
427:decarboxylation
417:
377:
360:Dehydrogenation
297:
277:are reduced to
271:
269:Oxidative phase
266:
241:
237:
229:
225:
221:
151:
141:, particularly
101:red blood cells
64:. It generates
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3421:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3112:cell signaling
3088:photosynthesis
3086:Violet nodes:
3074:Orange nodes:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3023:
3016:
3004:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2909:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2802:
2795:
2773:
2760:
2747:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2716:
2707:
2700:
2687:
2677:Aromatic amino
2674:
2667:
2660:
2646:
2634:
2627:
2613:
2599:
2590:
2584:Branched-chain
2581:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2441:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2371:
2364:
2355:
2338:
2329:
2311:
2298:
2285:
2266:
2251:
2238:
2225:
2212:
2199:
2186:
2171:
2156:
2141:
2134:Light reaction
2128:
2113:
2096:
2081:
2066:
2053:
2036:
2021:
2006:
1991:
1976:
1960:
1949:
1936:
1921:
1906:
1893:
1880:
1867:
1852:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1675:Beta oxidation
1667:
1665:
1656:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1593:Chemosynthesis
1590:
1585:
1583:Photosynthesis
1579:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:Leloir pathway
1524:
1523:
1522:
1520:Polyol pathway
1512:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1493:Glycogenolysis
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1143:
1136:
1135:External links
1133:
1131:
1130:
1109:(7): 2527–34.
1089:
1032:
983:
976:
951:
935:
886:
859:(3): 236–246.
843:
802:
781:(1): 383–396.
761:
706:
704:
701:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
676:
673:
661:
658:
645:to counteract
617:allosterically
609:
606:
600:
599:
594:
584:
574:
573:
568:
558:
548:
547:
542:
532:
522:
521:
516:
510:
504:
503:
498:
492:
486:
485:
482:
479:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
452:
443:
442:
434:
423:
418:
415:
404:
397:
396:
391:
386:
379:
375:
368:
367:
366:is generated.
357:
352:
342:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
270:
267:
265:
262:
239:
235:
227:
223:
219:
185:
184:
175:Production of
173:
164:Production of
162:
150:
147:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3420:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3278:
3277:Transaldolase
3275:
3273:
3272:Transketolase
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3169:
3166:Green nodes:
3157:
3153:
3150:Brown nodes:
3141:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3064:
3060:
3036:
3029:
3020:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2985:
2984:Sphingolipids
2978:
2977:sphingolipids
2969:
2960:
2953:
2952:Glycerolipids
2946:
2945:phospholipids
2937:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2859:proteoglycans
2855:
2854:Glycoproteins
2848:
2841:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2610:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2528:
2521:
2512:
2505:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:carbon intake
2110:
2109:
2108:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1932:
1918:
1917:
1903:
1902:
1890:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1627:
1626:Radiotrophism
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:Glycosylation
1545:
1544:
1541:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
984:
979:
973:
969:
965:
964:Voet Judith G
961:
955:
952:
949:
948:
944:
939:
936:
931:
927:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
890:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
844:
839:
835:
830:
825:
821:
817:
816:J. Biol. Chem
813:
806:
803:
798:
794:
789:
784:
780:
776:
775:J. Biol. Chem
772:
765:
762:
757:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
712:
708:
702:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
682:
679:
678:
674:
672:
669:
668:
659:
657:
655:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
607:
605:
598:
597:transketolase
595:
593:
589:
585:
583:
579:
576:
575:
572:
571:transaldolase
569:
567:
563:
559:
557:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:transketolase
543:
541:
537:
533:
531:
527:
524:
523:
520:
517:
515:
511:
509:
506:
505:
502:
499:
497:
493:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
477:
476:
469:
462:
450:
449:
448:
440:
432:
428:
424:
422:
419:
413:
409:
405:
402:
399:
398:
395:
392:
390:
387:
384:
380:
373:
370:
369:
365:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
347:
343:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
326:
323:
322:
319:
313:
309:
305:
301:
294:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
268:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
245:
233:
217:
213:
210:. It reduces
209:
204:
202:
196:
192:
190:
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
155:
154:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:) as well as
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
3360:Nonoxidative
3318:
3255:nonoxidative
3218:
3134:Grey nodes:
3122:Blue nodes:
3110:Pink nodes:
3028:cannabinoids
2866:Chlorophylls
2817:Antioxidants
2570:Serine group
2481:Photosystems
2467:P-glycerates
2414:P-glycerates
2379:sialic acids
2374:Amino sugars
2326:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2287:
2269:
2268:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2227:
2215:
2214:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2174:
2173:
2159:
2158:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2130:
2116:
2115:
2099:
2098:
2084:
2083:
2069:
2068:
2059:Fermentation
2056:
2055:
2039:
2038:
2024:
2023:
2009:
2008:
1994:
1993:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1962:
1951:
1938:
1923:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1869:
1855:
1854:
1841:
1828:
1527:Galactolysis
1509:
1497:Glycogenesis
1302:Fermentation
1274:ATP synthase
1106:
1102:
1092:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1000:
997:EMBO Journal
996:
986:
968:Biochemistry
967:
954:
945:
938:
903:
899:
889:
856:
852:
846:
819:
815:
805:
778:
774:
764:
727:
723:
665:
663:
660:Erythrocytes
651:
633:
611:
603:
446:
411:
349:
333:Description
317:
311:
307:
303:
299:
272:
248:
205:
197:
193:
186:
152:
128:
109:
95:rather than
60:parallel to
53:
49:
45:
41:
39:
29:
3158:metabolism.
3142:metabolism.
3098:Red nodes:
3035:Eicosanoids
3000:fatty acids
2929:Cholesterol
2917:carotenoids
2896:Polyketides
2831:Nucleotides
2786:tocopherols
2750:Calciferols
2663:Amino acids
2656:amino acids
2586:amino acids
2561:Respiratory
2304:Proteolysis
2291:Translation
2278:replication
2244:MEP pathway
2231:MVA pathway
2192:Lipogenesis
2164:deamination
1954:Peroxisomal
1846:respiration
1653:lipogenesis
1515:Fructolysis
1329:Lactic acid
960:Voet Donald
724:Metabolites
654:lipogenesis
649:or support
212:glutathione
170:nucleotides
85:nucleotides
3408:Phosphorus
3392:Categories
3211:Metabolism
3152:nucleotide
2936:Bile acids
2912:Terpenoids
2743:vitamin Bs
2726:Cobalamins
2654:glucogenic
2642:polyamines
2602:Homoserine
2474:Glyoxylate
2367:Inositol-P
2162:Amino acid
2102:feeders to
1930:elongation
1885:Glyoxylate
1874:acid cycle
1800:Metabolism
1476:Glycolysis
1409:metabolism
1407:Nucleotide
1397:Urea cycle
1378:Amino acid
1367:Catabolism
1310:Glycolysis
1253:Glycolysis
1236:metabolism
1196:catabolism
1192:Metabolism
906:(4): 725.
703:References
629:acetyl CoA
608:Regulation
425:Oxidative
394:Hydrolysis
254:phagocytes
139:metal ions
131:glycolysis
62:glycolysis
3329:Oxidative
3229:oxidative
2921:vitamin A
2905:backbones
2903:Terpenoid
2798:Cofactors
2790:vitamin E
2780:vitamin K
2768:vitamin A
2763:Retinoids
2755:vitamin D
2730:vitamin B
2695:vitamin C
2690:Ascorbate
2683:histidine
2670:Shikimate
2649:Ketogenic
2616:Glutamate
2593:Aspartate
2545:glutarate
2460:Pentose-P
2444:Succinate
2435:Propionyl
2428:Tetrose-P
2421:Pentose-P
2317:Glycosyl-
2257:Shikimate
2205:Lipolysis
2147:Oxidative
2104:gluconeo-
2046:oxylation
2027:Gluconeo-
1984:genolysis
1967:oxidation
1943:oxidation
1915:synthesis
1859:phosphate
1649:lipolysis
1456:anabolism
1200:anabolism
1052:: 32734.
947:1/cytotox
478:Reactants
324:Reactants
191:in wood.
116:synthesis
112:oxidative
97:catabolic
54:HMP shunt
3140:cofactor
3019:Steroids
2959:Acyl-CoA
2943:Glycero-
2847:Proteins
2810:minerals
2805:Vitamins
2776:Quinones
2712:pigments
2637:Creatine
2630:Arginine
2534:Succinyl
2488:Pyruvate
2407:Glycerol
2400:Triose-P
2393:Hexose-P
2345:multiple
2042:Pyruvate
1833:fixation
1572:Nonhuman
1557:O-linked
1552:N-linked
1344:Specific
1084:27586085
1027:24769394
966:(2011).
930:24771084
881:12753973
838:12403765
797:14907726
756:32664469
675:See also
484:Enzymes
481:Products
327:Products
201:reducing
124:plastids
93:anabolic
70:pentoses
48:and the
3222:enzymes
3217:·
3156:protein
3136:vitamin
2838:Nucleic
2741:Various
2623:proline
2577:Alanine
2543:α-Keto-
2520:acetate
2511:Citrate
2495:Lactate
2351:glycans
2259:pathway
2179:shuttle
2177:Citrate
2106:genesis
2089:genesis
2044:decarb-
2029:genesis
1999:genesis
1861:pathway
1857:Pentose
1712:Ketosis
1324:Ethanol
1207:General
1125:9746794
1075:5009355
1054:Bibcode
1046:Sci Rep
1018:4194121
921:4023395
861:Bibcode
747:7407102
730:: 285.
652:de novo
341:+ NADP+
149:Outcome
143:ferrous
135:Archean
120:cytosol
89:glucose
56:) is a
3057:Major
3010:&
2975:Glyco-
2915:&
2887:Acetyl
2857:&
2808:&
2784:&
2681:&
2640:&
2621:&
2609:lysine
2607:&
2554:bodies
2552:Ketone
2527:Malate
2518:Oxalo-
2502:Acetyl
2451:Acetyl
2377:&
2360:sugars
2358:Simple
2349:&
2347:sugars
2341:Double
2012:Glyco-
1997:Glyco-
1982:Glyco-
1872:Citric
1844:Photo-
1831:Carbon
1234:Energy
1152:(MeSH)
1123:
1082:
1072:
1025:
1015:
974:
928:
918:
879:
836:
795:
754:
744:
437:, and
433:, a CO
403:+ NADP
330:Enzyme
264:Phases
226:into H
189:lignin
77:sugars
74:carbon
72:(five-
3026:Endo-
2991:Waxes
2968:acids
2966:Fatty
2840:acids
2719:Hemes
2703:δ-ALA
2679:acids
2651:&
2618:group
2604:group
2595:group
2563:chain
2334:acids
2332:Sugar
2319:ation
2087:Keto-
2074:lysis
2072:Keto-
2014:lysis
1926:Fatty
1911:Fatty
1900:cycle
1887:cycle
1730:Other
1690:Other
1465:Human
1346:paths
1103:Blood
643:NADPH
639:SIRT2
621:NADPH
431:NADPH
412:NADPH
364:NADPH
350:NADPH
285:into
279:NADPH
230:O by
129:Like
66:NADPH
3154:and
3138:and
2889:-CoA
2824:PRPP
2710:Bile
2536:-CoA
2504:-CoA
2453:-CoA
2437:-CoA
1965:beta
1941:Beta
1928:acid
1913:acid
1898:Urea
1454:and
1121:PMID
1080:PMID
1023:PMID
972:ISBN
926:PMID
877:PMID
834:PMID
793:PMID
752:PMID
635:G6PD
414:+ CO
275:NADP
214:via
68:and
40:The
3061:in
2880:MVA
2873:MEP
1802:map
1478:⇄
1319:ABE
1111:doi
1070:PMC
1062:doi
1013:PMC
1005:doi
916:PMC
908:doi
869:doi
824:doi
820:277
783:doi
779:193
742:PMC
732:doi
687:RNA
385:+ H
374:+ H
52:or
3394::
3213::
2923:)
2792:)
2770:)
2757:)
2735:)
2732:12
2697:)
1651:,
1495:⇄
1312:→
1272:+
1263:→
1259:→
1255:→
1198:,
1194:,
1119:.
1107:92
1105:.
1101:.
1078:.
1068:.
1060:.
1048:.
1044:.
1021:.
1011:.
1001:33
999:.
995:.
962:,
924:.
914:.
904:10
902:.
898:.
875:.
867:.
855:.
832:.
818:.
814:.
791:.
777:.
773:.
750:.
740:.
728:10
726:.
722:.
710:^
656:.
631:.
590:+
586:→
580:+
564:+
560:→
554:+
538:+
534:→
528:+
512:→
494:→
441:.
410:+
406:→
381:→
348:+
344:→
289:.
260:.
161:).
126:.
3311:e
3304:t
3297:v
3203:e
3196:t
3189:v
3170:.
3126:.
3114:.
3102:.
3090:.
3078:.
2919:(
2788:(
2782:)
2778:(
2766:(
2753:(
2728:(
2693:(
2343:/
1792:e
1785:t
1778:v
1677:)
1673:(
1655:)
1647:(
1458:)
1449:(
1277:)
1267:(
1184:e
1177:t
1170:v
1127:.
1113::
1086:.
1064::
1056::
1050:6
1029:.
1007::
980:.
932:.
910::
883:.
871::
863::
857:6
840:.
826::
799:.
785::
758:.
734::
457:2
453:2
435:2
416:2
378:O
376:2
314:)
312:4
308:3
304:2
300:1
240:2
238:O
236:2
228:2
224:2
222:O
220:2
183:.
20:)
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