479:, was established at the site of a chapel where Sister Adele Brise and others sheltered from the fire and survived. According to Sister Adele, in October 1859, she had a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary with a warning, saying "If they do not convert and do penance, my Son will be obliged to punish them." Twelve years later, the fire erupted and many people flocked to the church for safety. The people prayed the rosary, and hours later rain came, which put out the fire. Some of the only things that survived the Peshtigo Fire were the convent, school, and chapel and five acres of land that had been consecrated to the Virgin Mary. The only animals that survived were those that were brought to the chapel grounds. Following the fire, people had great faith in the chapel and the Virgin Mary because they believe that she had saved them. In the following years, it was claimed that miracles occurred at the chapel. In one account, a blind girl went to the chapel to pray and came out able to see; however, none of these stories have ever been reliably documented.
359:
188:
213:
435:
239:
285:, the Peshtigo fire has been largely forgotten, even though it killed five times as many people. "Everybody's heard about the Chicago fire, and that got all the publicity at the time," said a volunteer at the Peshtigo Fire Museum, named Ruth Wiltzius, whose great-grandfather perished while trying to escape. "Peshtigo was a backwards lumber town then—who had ever heard of it? Chicago was the big city. Which one was going to get more attention?"
220:
195:
393:; because of the coincidence, some incorrectly assumed that the Peshtigo fire had jumped across the waters of Green Bay into the Door County regions. However, the fire did not jump across the bay. Most likely, the firestorm spread and created a new ground fire in New Franken which then spread and burned everything northward up until Sturgeon Bay.
413:
Certain behaviors of the
Chicago and Peshtigo fires were cited to support the idea of an extraterrestrial cause, such as blue flames (thought to be cometary gases burning) in the basements of houses. However, modern fire theory indicates that the blue color was most likely a product of burning carbon
510:
Rutkow (2012) writes that the event prompted almost no change to the practices of the lumber industry or the way settlers approached life in forests. He notes that in the following decades, the rate of industrial logging increased and the amount of forest fires increased throughout the country, with
421:
In any event, no external source of ignition was needed. There were already numerous small fires burning in the area as part of land-clearing operations and similar activities after a tinder-dry summer. All that was necessary to trigger the firestorm, plus the other large fires in the
Midwest, was a
337:
ensued. In the words of Gess and Lutz, in a firestorm "superheated flames of at least 2,000 degrees
Fahrenheit ... advance on winds of 110 miles per hour or stronger. The diameter of such a fire ranges from one thousand to ten thousand feet ... When a firestorm erupts in a forest, it is a
321:
land management was a common way to clear forest for farming and railroad construction. This allowed for farmers to have good soil for planting but contributed to the fires that burned all summer and into the fall. Due to the benefit of having the controlled fires, many people including immigrants
444:
The wildfire remains the deadliest in the history of
Wisconsin, as well in the history of the United States. Following the fire, it took days for help to arrive. By the time that word got to Madison, most of the officials and their aid were going to Chicago, which was being called the Great Fire.
274:, with the number of deaths estimated between 1,500 and 2,500. Although the exact number of deaths is debated, mass graves, both those already exhumed and those still being discovered, in Peshtigo and the surrounding areas show that the death toll of the blaze was most likely greater than the
448:
William Butler Ogden, a politician and lumber company owner, went to
Peshtigo with the goal of rebuilding the town. It took years to rebuild and many businesses never reopened. Specifically, the large woodenware factory that supplied jobs to many was never rebuilt, leaving the town to never
344:
The value of the property and forest that was destroyed in the fire was estimated to be about $ 5 million US (about $ 127 million in 2024 dollars). Additionally, 2,000,000 trees, saplings, and animals perished in the fire; this had a devastating economic impact on the area as well.
486:
which occurred there. The park is the only thing left of the small town as the firestorm destroyed everything. Out of the 76 inhabitants of
Williamsonville, there were only 19 survivors. As a result of the fire, Williamsonville was wiped off the map as it was never rebuilt.
355:, primarily because so many people had died that there was no one left alive who could identify them. The Peshtigo Fire Cemetery was entered into the National Register of Historic Places which is determined by age, integrity and significance of the site.
401:
Speculation since 1883 has suggested that the start of the
Peshtigo and Chicago fires on the same day was not coincidental, but that all the major fires in Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin that day were caused by impact of fragments from
366:
The Rev. Peter Pernin, in his eyewitness account, states that the prolonged drought at that time combined with the factor of human carelessness were omens of the horrible disaster. He also notes how the fire seemed to jump across the
494:
and ignition sources that generated the firestorm at the boundary between human settlements and natural terrain, is known as the "Peshtigo paradigm". Those conditions were closely studied by the
American and British military during
382:(described as a tornado) that threw rail cars and houses into the air. Many citizens escaped the flames by immersing themselves in the Peshtigo River, wells, or other nearby bodies of water. Some drowned while others succumbed to
445:
Food, clothing, and other aid were quickly sent in order to help survivors, many of whom went to
Marinette. All that was left of the Town of Peshtigo were a few buildings and ashes with all personal items being destroyed.
1492:
507:, said, "They actually made a 'demo' first, a little scale model of wooden buildings, and studied how you would drop bombs until it created a firestorm. Something that devastating and that hot."
1793:
414:
monoxide in the poorly ventilated basements. Additionally, scientists with expertise in the field pointed out that there has never been a credible report of a fire being started by a
351:
The 1873 Report to the
Wisconsin Legislature listed 1,182 names of dead or missing residents. In 1870, the Town of Peshtigo had 1,749 residents. More than 350 bodies were buried in a
810:
304:), also had major fires on the same day. These fires, along with many other fires of the 19th century had the same basic causes: small fires coupled with unusually dry weather.
1820:
1183:
407:
511:
Wisconsin itself experiencing major fires in 1880, 1891, 1894, 1897, 1908, 1910, 1923, 1931, and 1936. The loss of half a million acres a year was not uncommon.
1489:
341:
By the time it was over, between 1.2 and 1.5 million acres of land had been burned. In addition to Peshtigo, 16 other communities were destroyed in the fire.
1732:
955:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
171:
Small embers from slash and burn agriculture were caught up in drafts from unusually high winds during a period of extremely dry drought-like conditions.
676:
358:
482:
Tornado Memorial County Park is located on the site of the former community of Williamsonville, a small village in Door County, and is named for the
1815:
468:
1845:
1825:
348:
An accurate death toll has never been determined because all local records were destroyed in the fire. Estimates vary from 1,200 to 2,400 deaths.
271:
464:
dedicated to victims of the tragedy. A memorial commemorating the fire was dedicated on October 8, 2012, at the bridge over the Peshtigo River.
1694:
1665:
1630:
1518:
1228:
883:
212:
1176:
802:
42:
990:
187:
1414:
1596:
652:
1575:
791:. File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: Wisconsin, 1/1/1964 - 12/31/2013.
1644:
975:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
908:
406:. This hypothesis was revived in a 1985 book, reviewed in a 1997 documentary, and investigated in a 2004 paper published by the
1835:
1485:
449:
re-establish their lumber industry. Today, Peshtigo is a typical northeastern Wisconsin town, and has roughly 3,500 residents.
1441:
1135:
89:
1394:
1711:
1840:
982:
962:
760:
735:
644:
82:
386:
in the frigid river. In one account, a man slit the throats of all his children to spare them from an agonizing death.
1830:
1071:
263:
1364:
1810:
1127:
1033:
840:
582:
521:
472:
457:
525:
when downstairs character Jack is discovered putting flowers on the grave of his mother, who died in the tragedy.
607:
1724:
270:, which had a population of approximately 1,700 residents. The fire burned about 1.2 million acres and is the
1535:
730:
686:
549:
297:
1607:
848:
461:
1283:
567:
1725:"IN WISCONSIN. Particulars of the Burning of Williamsonville and Peshtigo – Frightful Number of Deaths"
1622:
Ghosts of the Fireground: Echoes of the Great Peshtigo Fire and the Calling of a Wildland Firefighter
453:
438:
275:
561:
544:
476:
308:
289:
267:
75:
1749:
1047:
539:
282:
1187:
973:
953:
1690:
1661:
1626:
1592:
1571:
1514:
1418:
1234:
1224:
1216:
1131:
889:
879:
681:
648:
434:
238:
969:
949:
873:
612:
403:
1783:
1496:
1313:
1011:
1461:
1101:
755:
503:
during bombing campaigns against cities in Germany and Japan. Denise Gess, co-author of
390:
368:
318:
259:
1804:
1540:
875:
Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History
423:
293:
1640:
572:
496:
41:
1684:
1620:
1586:
638:
1253:
519:
The Peshtigo Fire is discussed in Season 1, Episode 8, of the television series
383:
330:
that fanned the fires out of control and escalated them to massive proportions.
251:
322:
from Europe believed that fire was an ally. On the day of the Peshtigo fire, a
1768:
1151:
578:
491:
483:
379:
352:
327:
323:
301:
104:
91:
17:
1675:
1238:
1028:
893:
784:
500:
415:
375:
334:
255:
930:
640:
The Great Peshtigo Fire: Stories and Science from America's Deadliest Fire
1372:
460:, has a small collection of fire artifacts, first-person accounts, and a
371:
using the bridges and upward air drafts and burn both sides of the town.
1161:
1339:
708:
433:
357:
237:
1443:
Tornadoes of Fire at Williamsonville, Wisconsin, October 8, 1871
1291:
1124:
Mrs. O'Leary's Comet: Cosmic Causes of the Great Chicago Fire
1402:. New Franken, WI: National Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help.
258:, United States, including much of the southern half of the
1658:
American Canopy: Trees, Forests, and the Making of a Nation
1511:
American Canopy: Trees, Forests, and the Making of a Nation
1396:
The Story of Adele Joseph Brise & Our Lady of Good Help
1536:"It's Beach Week in The Gilded Age's penultimate episode"
1221:
The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Mrs. O'Leary's Cow
1177:"Did Biela's Comet Cause The Chicago And Midwest Fires?"
909:"Top 10 Devastating Wildfires: The Peshtigo Fire, 1871"
27:
1871 forest fire that destroyed Peshtigo, Wisconsin, US
1449:. Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters.
389:At the same time, another fire burned parts of the
338:blowup, nature's nuclear explosion ... "
288:Nonetheless, several cities in Michigan, including
175:
167:
162:
154:
146:
141:
133:
125:
120:
81:
71:
51:
34:
1678:. NOAA's National Weather Service. April 29, 2022.
1365:""Large Crowd Attends Fire Monument Event." 2012.
1184:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
408:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
1499:of the County C Park and Ride lot panel draft pdf
1417:. Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help. Archived from
632:
630:
266:. The largest community in the affected area was
1645:"The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account"
1750:"History of the Peshtigo fire, October 8, 1871"
803:"History of the Peshtigo fire, October 8, 1871"
1117:
1115:
1072:"The Population of Wisconsin (Census of 1870)"
601:
599:
1651:. Vol. 54, no. 4. pp. 246–272.
1440:Moran, Joseph M.; Somerville, E. Lee (1990).
724:
722:
709:"Johnstown Flood: Frequently Asked Questions"
281:Occurring on the same day as the more famous
8:
1215:Bales, R. F.; Schwartz, T. F. (April 2005).
1821:1871 natural disasters in the United States
834:
832:
830:
828:
729:Gibson, Christine (August–September 2006).
242:Two pieces of lumber that survived the fire
40:
31:
1046:Wisconsin. Legislature. Assembly (1873).
839:Hemphill, Stephanie (November 27, 2002).
821:– via Wisconsin Historical Society.
1660:. New York: Scribner. pp. 115–120.
1210:
1208:
924:
922:
469:National Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help
991:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
867:
865:
841:"Peshtigo: a tornado of fire revisited"
595:
556:Other fire disasters in the Great Lakes
1723:DeLaluzern, Guillaume (October 1871).
1088:
779:
777:
775:
754:Steele Gordon, John (April–May 2003).
272:deadliest wildfire in recorded history
1676:"The Great Midwest Wildfires of 1871"
1591:. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation.
1568:Wildfire! The 1871 Peshtigo Firestorm
989:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
937:– via National Weather Service.
785:"Wisconsin SP Peshtigo Fire Cemetery"
670:
668:
666:
664:
219:
194:
7:
1748:Geyer, Rev. Kurt (October 6, 1921).
1462:"The Fire That Took Williamsonville"
1102:"The Fire That Took Williamsonville"
278:death toll of 2,200 people or more.
254:on October 8, 1871, in northeastern
158:In excess of $ 5 million (estimated)
1513:. New York: Scribner. p. 120.
1460:Skiba, Justin (September 2, 2016).
1029:Peshtigo, Wisconsin (United States)
907:Rosenfeld, Everett (June 8, 2011).
731:"Our 10 Greatest Natural Disasters"
1786:at Wisconsin Historical Society's
1608:"Fire Makes Wind: Wind Makes Fire"
374:Other survivors reported that the
25:
1735:from the original on May 31, 2013
1606:Holbrook, Stewart (August 1956).
1488:kiosk historical notes, also see
1100:Skiba, Justin (August 30, 2016).
675:Tasker, Greg (October 10, 2003).
426:which had moved in that evening.
326:moved in from the west, bringing
129:1,200,000 acres (490,000 ha)
813:from the original on May 2, 2017
218:
211:
193:
186:
1816:1871 fires in the United States
1796:. Wisconsin Historical Society.
1788:Dictionary of Wisconsin History
1656:Rutkow, Eric (April 24, 2012).
1509:Rutkow, Eric (April 24, 2012).
1846:Wildfires in the United States
1826:Natural disasters in Wisconsin
1534:Bundel, Ani (March 14, 2022).
1254:"Was It A Cow Or A Meteorite?"
1252:Calfee, Mica (February 2003).
1:
1649:Wisconsin Magazine of History
606:Biondich, S. (June 9, 2010).
227:Show map of the United States
1566:Ball, Jacqueline A. (2005).
1318:Wisconsin Historical Society
983:American Antiquarian Society
963:American Antiquarian Society
677:"Worst fire largely unknown"
645:Wisconsin Historical Society
1314:"forest fires in Wisconsin"
1284:"Meteorites Don't Pop Corn"
878:. New York, NY: Macmillan.
872:Gess, D.; Lutz, W. (2003).
637:Knickelbine, Scott (2012).
534:Other October 8, 1871 fires
264:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
1862:
1619:Leschak, Peter M. (2003).
1614:. Vol. 7, no. 5.
1223:. McFarland. p. 111.
1128:Academy Chicago Publishers
583:List of Michigan wildfires
306:
262:and adjacent parts of the
1683:Wells, Robert W. (1968).
608:"The Great Peshtigo Fire"
499:to learn how to recreate
490:The combination of wind,
180:
46:Extent of wildfire damage
39:
1585:Bergstrom, Bill (2003).
1175:Wood, Robert M. (2004).
300:(at the southern end of
1570:. Bearport Publishing.
1415:"Troubles and Miracles"
1413:Cipin, Vojtech (2011).
1217:"Debunking Other Myths"
1034:Encyclopædia Britannica
935:Green Bay Press-Gazette
550:Port Huron Fire of 1871
150:1,500–2,500 (estimated)
58:; 152 years ago
1836:19th-century wildfires
1794:"Peshtigo fire photos"
1495:June 24, 2021, at the
1340:"Peshtigo Fire Museum"
1049:Journal of Proceedings
849:Minnesota Public Radio
441:
363:
243:
1486:Tornado Memorial Park
713:National Park Service
568:Baudette fire of 1910
437:
422:strong wind from the
361:
307:Further information:
241:
202:Show map of Wisconsin
1769:"Survivor's stories"
1421:on November 27, 2013
1344:Peshtigo Fire Museum
1122:Waskin, Mel (1985).
1016:wisconsinhistory.org
458:U.S. Highway 41
454:Peshtigo Fire Museum
439:Peshtigo Fire Museum
430:Legacy and aftermath
362:Making for the river
290:Holland and Manistee
276:1889 Johnstown flood
56:October 8, 1871
1841:October 1871 events
1718:. October 13, 1871.
1106:DoorCountyPulse.com
931:"The Peshtigo Fire"
809:. October 6, 1921.
789:catalog.archive.gov
562:Great Hinckley Fire
545:Great Michigan Fire
309:Great Fires of 1871
296:from Peshtigo) and
268:Peshtigo, Wisconsin
101: /
76:Peshtigo, Wisconsin
1831:Fires in Wisconsin
1729:Green Bay Advocate
1466:Door County Living
1258:Meteorite Magazine
1052:. pp. 167–172
807:The Peshtigo Times
715:. October 4, 2018.
689:on October 1, 2019
581:of 1881 (see also
540:Great Chicago Fire
515:Depiction in media
442:
364:
283:Great Chicago Fire
244:
1811:1871 in Wisconsin
1696:978-0-13-317446-5
1689:. Prentice-Hall.
1667:978-1-4391-9354-9
1632:978-0-06-251778-4
1625:. HarperCollins.
1612:American Heritage
1520:978-1-4391-9354-9
1230:978-0-7864-2358-3
1193:on March 25, 2009
1153:Fire From The Sky
1018:. August 3, 2012.
885:978-0-8050-7293-8
845:News and Features
761:American Heritage
736:American Heritage
682:The Baltimore Sun
236:
235:
16:(Redirected from
1853:
1797:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1719:
1712:"The Fire Fiend"
1700:
1686:Fire at Peshtigo
1679:
1671:
1652:
1636:
1615:
1602:
1581:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1506:
1500:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1375:on July 20, 2014
1371:. Archived from
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1320:. August 3, 2012
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1186:. Archived from
1181:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1043:
1037:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
986:
980:
966:
960:
945:
939:
938:
926:
917:
916:
904:
898:
897:
869:
860:
859:
857:
855:
836:
823:
822:
820:
818:
799:
793:
792:
781:
770:
769:
756:"Forgotten Fury"
751:
745:
744:
726:
717:
716:
705:
699:
698:
696:
694:
685:. Archived from
672:
659:
658:
634:
625:
624:
622:
620:
613:Shepherd Express
603:
397:Comet hypothesis
228:
222:
221:
215:
203:
197:
196:
190:
137:Logging Industry
116:
115:
113:
112:
111:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
67:
66:
64:
59:
44:
32:
21:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1722:
1710:
1707:
1697:
1682:
1674:
1668:
1655:
1643:(Summer 1971).
1639:
1633:
1618:
1605:
1599:
1584:
1578:
1565:
1562:
1560:Further reading
1557:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1497:Wayback Machine
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1294:. July 27, 2001
1282:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1231:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1027:
1023:
1012:"Peshtigo Fire"
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
988:
978:
970:McCusker, J. J.
968:
958:
950:McCusker, J. J.
948:
946:
942:
928:
927:
920:
906:
905:
901:
886:
871:
870:
863:
853:
851:
838:
837:
826:
816:
814:
801:
800:
796:
783:
782:
773:
753:
752:
748:
728:
727:
720:
707:
706:
702:
692:
690:
674:
673:
662:
655:
636:
635:
628:
618:
616:
605:
604:
597:
592:
558:
536:
531:
517:
456:, just west of
432:
399:
316:
311:
232:
231:
230:
229:
226:
225:
224:
223:
206:
205:
204:
201:
200:
199:
198:
109:
107:
105:45.05°N 87.75°W
103:
100:
95:
92:
90:
88:
87:
62:
60:
57:
55:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1781:
1771:. Rootsweb.com
1765:
1754:Peshtigo Times
1745:
1720:
1716:New York Times
1706:
1705:External links
1703:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1680:
1672:
1666:
1653:
1637:
1631:
1616:
1603:
1598:978-1401098889
1597:
1582:
1576:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1526:
1519:
1501:
1478:
1452:
1432:
1405:
1386:
1367:Peshtigo Times
1356:
1331:
1305:
1275:
1244:
1229:
1204:
1167:
1143:
1136:
1111:
1092:
1081:
1063:
1038:
1021:
1003:
987:1800–present:
940:
918:
899:
884:
861:
824:
794:
771:
746:
718:
700:
660:
654:978-0870206023
653:
626:
594:
593:
591:
588:
587:
586:
576:
570:
565:
557:
554:
553:
552:
547:
542:
535:
532:
530:
527:
522:The Gilded Age
516:
513:
431:
428:
398:
395:
391:Door Peninsula
369:Peshtigo River
319:Slash-and-burn
315:
312:
260:Door Peninsula
234:
233:
217:
216:
210:
209:
208:
207:
192:
191:
185:
184:
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
118:
117:
85:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1858:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:Peshtigo Fire
1782:
1770:
1766:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:Pernin, Peter
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1577:1-59716-011-3
1573:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1433:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1374:
1370:
1369:(11 October)"
1368:
1360:
1357:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
992:
984:
977:
976:
971:
964:
957:
956:
951:
944:
941:
936:
932:
925:
923:
919:
914:
910:
903:
900:
895:
891:
887:
881:
877:
876:
868:
866:
862:
850:
846:
842:
835:
833:
831:
829:
825:
812:
808:
804:
798:
795:
790:
786:
780:
778:
776:
772:
767:
763:
762:
757:
750:
747:
742:
738:
737:
732:
725:
723:
719:
714:
710:
704:
701:
688:
684:
683:
678:
671:
669:
667:
665:
661:
656:
650:
646:
642:
641:
633:
631:
627:
615:
614:
609:
602:
600:
596:
589:
584:
580:
577:
574:
571:
569:
566:
563:
560:
559:
555:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
533:
528:
526:
524:
523:
514:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
493:
488:
485:
480:
478:
474:
473:Marian shrine
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
450:
446:
440:
436:
429:
427:
425:
424:weather front
419:
417:
411:
409:
405:
404:Biela's Comet
396:
394:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
360:
356:
354:
349:
346:
342:
339:
336:
331:
329:
325:
320:
313:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:Lake Michigan
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:was a large
249:
248:Peshtigo fire
240:
214:
189:
179:
174:
170:
166:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
114:
110:45.05; -87.75
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
54:
50:
43:
38:
35:Peshtigo fire
33:
30:
19:
18:Peshtigo Fire
1787:
1773:. Retrieved
1757:. Retrieved
1753:
1739:November 20,
1737:. Retrieved
1728:
1715:
1685:
1657:
1648:
1621:
1611:
1587:
1567:
1545:. Retrieved
1539:
1529:
1510:
1504:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:
1455:
1442:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:the original
1408:
1395:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:the original
1366:
1359:
1349:November 16,
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1317:
1308:
1298:November 10,
1296:. Retrieved
1288:NASA Science
1287:
1278:
1268:November 10,
1266:. Retrieved
1261:
1257:
1247:
1220:
1195:. Retrieved
1188:the original
1170:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1123:
1105:
1095:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1048:
1041:
1032:
1024:
1015:
1006:
996:February 29,
994:. Retrieved
974:
954:
943:
934:
929:Estep, Kim.
912:
902:
874:
852:. Retrieved
844:
815:. Retrieved
806:
797:
788:
765:
759:
749:
740:
734:
712:
703:
693:February 21,
691:. Retrieved
687:the original
680:
639:
617:. Retrieved
611:
573:Cloquet fire
520:
518:
509:
504:
497:World War II
489:
481:
466:
451:
447:
443:
420:
412:
400:
388:
378:generated a
373:
365:
350:
347:
343:
340:
332:
328:strong winds
317:
287:
280:
247:
245:
29:
1471:January 22,
1379:October 15,
1089:Pernin 1971
967:1700–1799:
947:1634–1699:
619:November 9,
384:hypothermia
252:forest fire
126:Burned area
108: /
83:Coordinates
1805:Categories
1137:0897331818
817:August 18,
590:References
579:Thumb Fire
501:firestorms
492:topography
484:fire whirl
380:fire whirl
353:mass grave
324:cold front
302:Lake Huron
298:Port Huron
121:Statistics
63:1871-10-08
1547:March 17,
1056:August 8,
854:March 30,
505:Firestorm
462:graveyard
416:meteorite
376:firestorm
335:firestorm
314:Firestorm
256:Wisconsin
1775:March 1,
1759:March 1,
1733:Archived
1588:Peshtigo
1493:Archived
1425:March 1,
1324:March 1,
1239:68940921
972:(1992).
952:(1997).
894:52421495
811:Archived
529:See also
477:Champion
292:(across
163:Ignition
134:Land use
72:Location
1541:AV Club
1197:May 31,
1164:. 1997.
1158:YouTube
1076:loc.gov
1031:at the
647:Press.
575:of 1918
564:of 1894
142:Impacts
96:87°45′W
93:45°03′N
61: (
52:Date(s)
1693:
1664:
1629:
1595:
1574:
1517:
1237:
1227:
1134:
892:
882:
651:
155:Damage
147:Deaths
1490:p. 19
1447:(PDF)
1400:(PDF)
1191:(PDF)
1180:(PDF)
979:(PDF)
959:(PDF)
168:Cause
1777:2013
1761:2013
1741:2011
1691:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1549:2022
1515:ISBN
1473:2019
1427:2013
1381:2012
1351:2021
1326:2024
1300:2011
1292:NASA
1270:2011
1235:OCLC
1225:ISBN
1199:2012
1162:WTBS
1132:ISBN
1058:2013
998:2024
913:Time
890:OCLC
880:ISBN
856:2008
819:2023
768:(4).
743:(4).
695:2022
649:ISBN
621:2011
471:, a
467:The
452:The
246:The
1264:(1)
475:in
176:Map
1807::
1752:.
1731:.
1727:.
1714:.
1647:.
1610:.
1538:.
1464:.
1342:.
1316:.
1290:.
1286:.
1260:.
1256:.
1233:.
1219:.
1207:^
1182:.
1160:.
1156:.
1130:.
1126:.
1114:^
1104:.
1074:.
1014:.
981:.
961:.
933:.
921:^
911:.
888:.
864:^
847:.
843:.
827:^
805:.
787:.
774:^
766:55
764:.
758:.
741:57
739:.
733:.
721:^
711:.
679:.
663:^
643:.
629:^
610:.
598:^
418:.
410:.
333:A
1779:.
1763:.
1743:.
1699:.
1670:.
1635:.
1601:.
1580:.
1551:.
1523:.
1475:.
1429:.
1383:.
1353:.
1328:.
1302:.
1272:.
1262:9
1241:.
1201:.
1140:.
1108:.
1078:.
1060:.
1000:.
985:.
965:.
915:.
896:.
858:.
697:.
657:.
623:.
585:)
65:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
