Pest (organism) - Knowledge (XXG)

186: 817:, for example, are notorious for spending years excavating tunnels under the bark of trees, leading to significant structural damage. These larvae only emerge into the open for brief periods as adults, primarily to mate and disperse. The import and export of timber has inadvertently assisted some insect pests to establish themselves far from their country of origin. An insect may be of little importance in its native range, being kept under control by parasitoid wasps, predators, and the natural resistance of the host trees, but be a serious pest in a region into which it has been introduced. This is the case with the 920: 123:. The damage they do results both from the direct injury they cause to the plants and from the indirect consequences of the fungal, bacterial or viral infections they transmit. Plants have their own defences against these attacks but these may be overwhelmed, especially in habitats where the plants are already stressed, or where the pests have been accidentally introduced and may have no natural enemies. The pests affecting trees are predominantly insects, and many of these have also been introduced inadvertently and lack natural enemies, and some have transmitted novel fungal diseases with devastating results. 727: 274: 376: 1110: 908:

be introduced to the home in any product containing animal fibres including upholstered furniture; the moths are feeble fliers but the carpet beetles may also enter houses through open windows. Furniture beetles, carpet beetles and clothes moths are also capable of creating great damage to museum exhibits, zoological and botanical collections, and other cultural heritage items. Constant vigilance is required to prevent an attack, and newly acquired items, and those that have been out on loan, may need

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Janion-Scheepers, Charlene; Jarzyna, Marta A.; Jennings, Sarah; Lenoir, Jonathan; Linnetved, Hlif I.; Martin, Victoria Y.; McCormack, Phillipa C.; McDonald, Jan; Mitchell, Nicola J.; Mustonen, Tero; Pandolfi, John M.; Pettorelli, Nathalie; Popova, Ekaterina; Robinson, Sharon A.; Scheffers, Brett R.; Shaw, Justine D.; Sorte, Cascade J. B.; Strugnell, Jan M.; Sunday, Jennifer M.; Tuanmu, Mao-Ning; Vergés, Adriana; Villanueva, Cecilia; Wernberg, Thomas; Wapstra, Erik; Williams, Stephen E. (2017-03-30).

298:. There is no universal definition of what makes a plant a pest. Some governments, such as that of Western Australia, permit their authorities to prescribe as a pest plant "any plant that, in the local government authority's opinion, is likely to adversely affect the environment of the district, the value of property in the district, or the health, comfort or convenience of the district's inhabitants." An example of such a plant prescribed under this regulation is caltrop, 602:

wilting of shoots and branches caused by the insects' tunneling activities. Secondly there is the indirect damage, where the insects do little direct harm, but either transmit or allow entry of fungal, bacterial or viral infections. Although some insects are polyphagous, many are restricted to one specific crop, or group of crops. In many cases it is the larva that feeds on the plant, building up a nutritional store that will be used by the short-lived adult;

785: 151: 974: 562: 3487: 642: 663:. These are less than 1 mm (0.04 in) in diameter, can be very numerous, and thrive in hot, dry conditions. They mostly live on the underside of leaves and puncture the plant cells to feed, with some species forming webbing. They occur on nearly all important food crops and ornamental plants, both outdoors and under glass, and include some of the most economically important pests. Another important group of mites is the 321: 716:

and other means, the damage done by molluscs becomes of greater significance. Terrestrial molluscs need moist environments; snails may be more noticeable because their shells provide protection from desiccation, while most slugs live in soil and only come out to feed at night. They devour seedlings, damage developing shoots and feed on salad crops and cabbages, and some species tunnel into potatoes and other tubers.

688: 44: 437: 4118: 842: 1163:", in this case requiring a charm to be sung, accompanied by covering the wound with spittle, pounded green centaury, and hot cow's urine. The 20th century "prayer against pests" including the words "By Your power may these injurious animals be driven off so that they will do no harm to any one and will leave our fields and meadows unharmed" was printed in the 1956 1979:

Karl, David M.; Koskella, Britt; Mark Welch, David B.; Martiny, Jennifer B. H.; Moran, Mary Ann; Orphan, Victoria J.; Reay, David S.; Remais, Justin V.; Rich, Virginia I.; Singh, Brajesh K.; Stein, Lisa Y.; Stewart, Frank J.; Sullivan, Matthew B.; van Oppen, Madeleine J. H.; Weaver, Scott C.; Webb, Eric A.; Webster, Nicole S. (2019-06-18).

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Cavicchioli, Ricardo; Ripple, William J.; Timmis, Kenneth N.; Azam, Farooq; Bakken, Lars R.; Baylis, Matthew; Behrenfeld, Michael J.; Boetius, Antje; Boyd, Philip W.; Classen, Aimée T.; Crowther, Thomas W.; Danovaro, Roberto; Foreman, Christine M.; Huisman, Jef; Hutchins, David A.; Jansson, Janet K.;

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Biggs, Reinette; Schlüter, Maja; Biggs, Duan; Bohensky, Erin L.; BurnSilver, Shauna; Cundill, Georgina; Dakos, Vasilis; Daw, Tim M.; Evans, Louisa S.; Kotschy, Karen; Leitch, Anne M.; Meek, Chanda; Quinlan, Allyson; Raudsepp-Hearne, Ciara; Robards, Martin D.; Schoon, Michael L.; Schultz, Lisen; West,

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cause non-structural damage to property such as clothing and carpets. It is the larvae that are destructive, feeding on wool, hair, fur, feathers and down. The moth larvae live where they feed, but the beetle larvae may hide behind skirting boards or in other similar locations between meals. They may

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are terrestrial gastropod molluscs which typically chew leaves, stems, flowers, fruit and vegetable debris. Slugs and snails differ little from each other and both do considerable damage to plants. With novel crops being grown and with insect pests having been brought more under control by biological

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being found worldwide. The insects may be present in the warehouse or maybe introduced during shipping, in retail outlets, or in the home; they may enter packets through tiny cracks or may chew holes in the packaging. The longer a product is stored, the more likely it is to become contaminated, with

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The nematodes (eelworms) that attack plants are minute, often too small to be seen with the naked eye, but their presence is often apparent in the galls or "knots" they form in plant tissues. Vast numbers of nematodes are found in soil and attack roots, but others affect stems, buds, leaves, flowers

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Forest pests inflict costly damage, but treating them is often unaffordable, given the relatively low value of forest products compared to agricultural crops. It is also generally impossible to eradicate forest pests, given the difficulty of examining entire trees, and the certainty that pesticides

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Some pests may not be present on the tree all year round, either because of their life cycle or because they rotate between different host species at different times of the year. In forestry, pests may affect various parts of the tree, from its roots and trunk to the canopy far overhead. The larvae

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A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation; the term has no botanical significance. Often, weeds are simply those native plants that are adapted to grow in disturbed ground, the disturbance caused by ploughing and cultivation favouring them over other species. Any plant is a

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The control of pests in crops is as old as civilisation. The earliest approach was mechanical, from ploughing to picking off insects by hand. Early methods included the use of sulphur compounds, before 2500 BC in Sumeria. In ancient China, insecticides derived from plants were in use by 1200 BC to

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There are over four thousand species of cockroach worldwide, but only four species are commonly regarded as pests, having adapted to live permanently in buildings. Considered to be a sign of unsanitary conditions, they feed on almost anything, reproduce rapidly and are difficult to eradicate. They

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Many of the animals that we regard as pests live in our homes. Before humans built dwellings, these creatures lived in the wider environment, but co-evolved with humans, adapting to the warm, sheltered conditions that a house provides, the wooden timbers, the furnishings, the food supplies and the

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therefore aims to use a combination of prevention, cultural control measures, and direct control (such as pesticide use). Cultural measures include choosing appropriate species, keeping competing vegetation under control, ensuring a suitable stocking density, and minimizing injury and stress to

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is any organism harmful to humans or human concerns. The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes. Humans have modified the environment for their own purposes and are intolerant of other creatures

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Pecl, Gretta T.; Araújo, Miguel B.; Bell, Johann D.; Blanchard, Julia; Bonebrake, Timothy C.; Chen, I-Ching; Clark, Timothy D.; Colwell, Robert K.; Danielsen, Finn; Evengård, Birgitta; Falconi, Lorena; Ferrier, Simon; Frusher, Stewart; Garcia, Raquel A.; Griffis, Roger B.; Hobday, Alistair J.;

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A different group of weeds consists of those that are invasive, introduced, often unintentionally, to habitats to which they are not native but in which they thrive. Without their original competitors, herbivores, and diseases, they may increase and become a serious nuisance. One such plant is

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Insects are responsible for two major forms of damage to crops. First, there is the direct injury they cause to the plants as they feed on the tissues; a reduction in leaf surface available for photosynthesis, distortion of growing shoots, a diminution of the plant's growth and vigour, and the

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Pest control in buildings can be approached in several ways, depending on the type of pest and the area affected. Methods include improving sanitation and garbage control, modifying the habitat, and using repellents, growth regulators, traps, baits and pesticides. For example, the pesticide

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In forestry, pests may affect various parts of the tree, from its roots and trunk to the canopy far overhead. The accessibility of the part of the tree affected may make detection difficult, so that a pest problem may already be far advanced before it is first observed from the ground. The

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can be impregnated into the fibres of cellulose insulation to kill self-grooming insects such as ants and cockroaches. Clothes moths can be controlled with airtight containers for storage, periodic laundering of garments, trapping, freezing, heating and the use of chemicals. Traditional

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A pest is any living thing which humans consider troublesome to themselves, their possessions, or the environment. Pests can cause issues with crops, human or animal health, buildings, and wild areas or larger landscapes. An older usage of the word "pest" is of a deadly

1101:. However, insecticides cannot safely be used in food storage areas; alternative treatments include freezing foods for four days at 0 °F (−18 °C) or baking for half an hour at 130 °F (54 °C) to kill any insects present. 450:

Plants have developed strategies that they use in their own defence, be they thorns (modified stems) or spines (modified leaves), stings, a thick cuticle or waxy deposits, with the second line of defence being toxic or distasteful

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can consist of hundreds of thousands of individual birds, their roosts can be noisy and their droppings voluminous; the droppings are acidic and can cause corrosion of metals, stonework, and brickwork as well as being unsightly.

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sometimes excavate holes in buildings, fencing and utility poles, causing structural damage; they also drum on various reverberatory structures on buildings such as gutters, down-spouts, chimneys, vents and aluminium sheeting.

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which affect a wide range of plants, several mite species being major pests causing substantial economic damage to crops. They can feed on the roots or the aerial parts of plants and transmit viruses. Some examples are the

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that can transmit ailments but are also pests because of the distress caused by their bites. Grasshoppers are usually solitary herbivores of little economic importance until the conditions are met for them to enter a

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Pests have attracted human attention from the birth of civilisation. Plagues of locusts caused devastation in the ancient Middle East, and were recorded in tombs in Ancient Egypt from as early as 2470 BC, and in the

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belong in this category. Others enter the home; these include houseflies, which land on and contaminate food; beetles, which tunnel into the woodwork; and other animals that scuttle about on the floor at night, like

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can cause reductions of 80% in yield of susceptible potato varieties. The nematode eggs survive in the soil for many years, being stimulated to hatch by chemical cues produced by roots of susceptible plants.

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is said to have prayed "Snails, earwigs and all other creatures, hurt not the vines, nor the land nor the fruit of the trees, nor the vegetables ... but depart into the wild mountains." The 11th-century

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and fruits. High infestations cause stunting, deformation and retardation of plant growth, and the nematodes can transmit viral diseases from one plant to another. When its populations are high, the

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treat seeds and to fumigate plants. Chinese agronomy recognised biological control by natural enemies of pests and the varying of planting time to reduce pests before the first century AD. The

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near the coast can become a nuisance, especially if they become bold enough to snatch food from passers-by. All birds are a risk at airfields where they can be sucked into aircraft engines.

3514: 821:, an insect native to north-eastern Asia, which, since its arrival in North America, has killed millions of ash trees. Another example of a beetle species that exhibits pest behavior are 414:

Worldwide, agricultural pest impacts are increased by higher degrees of interconnectedness. This is due to the increased risk that any particular pest problem anywhere in the world (as a

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which transmits several grass and cereal viruses. Being exceedingly minute, many plant mites are spread by wind, although others use insects or other arthropods as a means to disperse.

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mentions locusts taking to the wing to escape fire. Given the impact of agricultural pests on human lives, people have prayed for deliverance. For example, the 10th century Greek monk

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are two insect pests prevalent in Alaska and aerial surveys can show which sections of forest are being defoliated in any given year so that appropriate remedial action can be taken.

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can form vast swarms which may be responsible for damage to fishing gear, and sometimes clog the cooling systems of power and desalination plants which draw their water from the sea.

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occupying the same space when their activities impact adversely on human objectives. Thus, an elephant is unobjectionable in its natural habitat but a pest when it tramples crops.

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Some mites, too, infest foodstuffs and other stored products. Each substance has its own specific mite, and they multiply with great rapidity. One of the most damaging is the

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and cause enormous damage. Many people appreciate birds in the countryside and their gardens, but when these accumulate in large masses, they can be a nuisance. Flocks of

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spp., which, in turn, protects the plant from herbivores. In addition to providing housing, the plant also provides the ant with its exclusive food source in the form of

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and marshes; introduced into North America, it has no natural enemies to keep it in check and has taken over vast tracts of wetlands to the exclusion of native species.

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when it is modified by fungal decay. The presence of the beetles only becomes apparent when the larvae gnaw their way out, leaving small circular holes in the timber.

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can passively transport pathogenic microbes on their body surfaces, particularly in environments such as hospitals, and are linked with allergic reactions in humans.

524:). From 1960-2013 ranges have shifted poleward by 2.7 ± 0.8 km (1.68 ± 0.50 mi) per year - albeit with significant differences between 304:, which can cause poisoning in sheep and goats, but is mainly a nuisance around buildings, roadsides and recreation areas because of its uncomfortably sharp spiny 638:

the insects produce, which cuts out the light and reduces photosynthesis, stunting the plant's growth. They often transmit serious viral diseases between plants.

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tree species have developed stout spines that are swollen at the base, forming a hollow structure that provides housing for ants which protect the plant. These

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compound), both very widely used. Biological control also became established as an effective measure in the second half of the 19th century, starting with the

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and phytosanitary measures worldwide. A pest is any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal, or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products.

1550: 408: 3352:. Sing it frequently on the wound and smear on your spittle, and take green centaury, pound it, apply it to the wound and bathe with hot cow's urine. 206:

when they injure people or damage crops, forestry, or buildings. Elephants are regarded as pests by the farmers whose crops they raid and trample.

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cause up to 40% yield losses every year. The animal groups of the greatest importance as agricultural pests are (in order of economic importance)

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rubbish dumps. Many no longer exist as free-living organisms in the outside world, and can therefore be considered to be domesticated. The

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Bebber, Daniel P.; Ramotowski, Mark A. T.; Gurr, Sarah J. (2013-09-01). "Crop pests and pathogens move polewards in a warming world".

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If a man or a beast has drunk a worm ... Sing this charm nine times into the ear, and once an Our Father. The same charm may be sung

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Long-term Performance and Durability of Masonry Structures: Degradation Mechanisms, Health Monitoring and Service Life Design

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cause structural damage to buildings and furniture. The natural habitat of these is the decaying parts of trees. The

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to humanity. Pests include plants, pathogens, invertebrates, vertebrates, or any organism that harms an ecosystem.

1507: 512:, drought also retards contagion and infection; and some variability in precipitation is universal. More recently 4141: 3374: 3236: 1141: 939: 881:. The initial attack usually follows the entry of water into a building and the subsequent decay of damp timber. 2748:"Mate finding in the forest cockchafer, Melolontha hippocastani , mediated by volatiles from plants and females" 4039: 4034: 3190: 764:

makes a good lawn plant under hot dry conditions but become a bad weed when it out-competes cultivated plants.

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Hui, Y.H.; Bruinsma, L. Bernard; Gorham, J. Richard; Nip, Wai-Kit; Tong, Phillip S.; Ventresca, Phil (2002).

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larvae tend to live underground, feeding on roots, or tunnel into the stem or under the bark. The true bugs,

3941: 3918: 3831: 882: 823: 509: 139: 135: 2050: 1109: 784: 4006: 3343: 3090: 802: 2922:"Comparative insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzyme activities among pestiferous blattodea" 2519: 1013:) damage to the wine industry in the 19th century resulted in the development of resistant varieties and 4099: 3991: 3781: 3776: 3627: 1798: 1038: 541: 215: 172: 35: 1436: 286:, is sometimes considered a pest plant because of its sharp spiny burrs, shown here in a person's foot. 107:

Agricultural and horticultural crops are attacked by a wide variety of pests, the most important being

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Masilamani, J.; Jesudoss, K.; Kanavillil, Nandakumar; Satpathy, K. K.; Nair, K.; Azariah, J. (2000).

701: 692: 669: 635: 570: 544:; or identification difficulties in the field.) In Europe, crop pests are expected to burgeon as the 452: 262: 254: 47: 2159: 4104: 4049: 3816: 3801: 3685: 1090: 442: 384: 300: 282: 1458: 3622: 2670:"Emerald Ash Borer Invasion of North America: History, Biology, Ecology, Impacts, and Management" 2344: 2032: 1960: 1928: 1835: 1775: 1767: 1718: 1663: 1616: 677: 537: 380: 258: 2110: 3826: 3796: 3745: 3735: 3710: 3644: 3467: 3457: 3442: 3414: 3404: 3354: 3265: 3259: 3170: 3117: 3107: 3053: 3047: 3028: 2993: 2944: 2900: 2819: 2792: 2786: 2767: 2692: 2648: 2603: 2575: 2548: 2477: 2447: 2395: 2286: 2218: 2188: 2139: 2093: 2024: 2006: 1920: 1912: 1881: 1877:"Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being" 1827: 1759: 1751: 1710: 1608: 1573: 1382: 1254: 870: 818: 814: 793: 769: 460: 3073: 2813: 2625: 2182: 3996: 3878: 3771: 3766: 3632: 3335: 3164: 3099: 3020: 2983: 2975: 2936: 2877: 2759: 2684: 2385: 2375: 2336: 2294: 2014: 1998: 1902: 1894: 1819: 1807: 1741: 1702: 1655: 1600: 1563: 1248: 1018: 973: 935: 761: 734: 681: 561: 291: 168: 1638:(Euphorbiaceae): A plant investment in anti-herbivore defense via symbiotic ant partners". 741:

as it is harmful to aquatic ecosystems, recreational activities, and favours the spread of

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Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology

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Ruther, J.; Reinecke, A.; Thiemann, K.; Tolasch, T.; Francke, W.; Hilker, M. (June 2000).

2117: 1994: 1568: 1545: 1480: 1022: 943: 862: 618:, have piercing and sucking mouthparts and live by sucking sap from plants. These include 548:

predators which control them are expected to be suppressed by future climatic conditions.

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are hollow, offering shelter for ants, which further protect the plant against herbivores.

228: 194: 150: 31: 1685:(January 1997). "Ants on swollen-thorn acacias: species coexistence in a simple system". 3486: 3011:

Bernton, H.S.; Brown, H. (1964). "Insect Allergy Preliminary Studies of the Cockroach".

1815: 1698: 1651: 30:"Plant pest" redirects here. For diseases in plants caused by infectious organisms, see 4122: 4013: 3986: 3912: 3786: 3670: 3603: 3213: 2988: 2963: 2688: 2390: 2323:

Skoracka, A (2007). "Reproductive barriers between populations of the cereal rust mite

2251: 2063: 2019: 1980: 1953: 1160: 1127: 1034: 1010: 806: 513: 505: 277: 220: 2940: 2279:(Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae), on coconuts and resulting yield loss in eastern Jamaica 1728:

Nowak, Martin A.; Boerlijst, Maarten C.; Cooke, Jonathan; Smith, John Maynard (1997).

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Due to their aggressive behaviour towards humans and other animals, their habit of

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has been rapidly altering ranges, mostly by pushing them towards the poles (both

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for example has adapted its thin-walled stems to create ideal housing for an ant

158:, often occur in high densities, making the damage they do even more detrimental. 4064: 3895: 3866: 3791: 3761: 3715: 3665: 3103: 2882:. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration. pp. 3–8. 1146: 1086: 1026: 900: 664: 660: 649: 631: 607: 565: 388: 3326: 1210:"What Is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)? / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM)" 436: 3841: 3836: 3693: 3608: 2979: 2364:"Anatomical Alterations in Plant Tissues Induced by Plant-Parasitic Nematodes" 2340: 2002: 1098: 1094: 1006: 951: 909: 773: 595: 545: 521: 517: 241: 120: 59: 3490: 3418: 3121: 2771: 2010: 1916: 1831: 1755: 1577: 1531:

FAO Corporate Document Repository: Guidelines for Phytosanitary Certificates.

1354:"Jellyfish ingress: A threat to the smooth operation of coastal power plants" 989:

in Europe saw the introduction of effective plant-based insecticides such as

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Animals able to live in the dry conditions found in buildings include many

2997: 1907: 1763: 1706: 1604: 827:, that cause severe, long-term damage on young trees by feeding on roots. 3956: 3861: 3703: 3698: 3504: 3358: 1823: 1151: 1114: 1082: 1014: 890: 866: 858: 853:

such as beetles, cockroaches, moths, and mites. Another group, including

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affecting humans, livestock/pets, agricultural and ornamental plants.

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Flint, Mary; van den Bosch, R. (1981). "A History of Pest Control".

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The constant pest : a short history of pests and their control

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Walling, L. L. (2000). "The myriad plant responses to herbivores".

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House Guests, House Pests: A Natural History of Animals in the Home

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Jeppson, L.R.; Keifer, Hartford H.; Baker, Edward William (1975).

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would damage many forest organisms other than the intended pests.

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infests the structural timbers of old buildings, mostly attacking

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Timber Decay in Buildings: The Conservation Approach to Treatment

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rapidly became extinct when the last islander left the island of

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contained charms and spells to ward off or treat pests such as

630:. Apart from weakening the plant, they encourage the growth of 878: 315: 84: 3216:. Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California 2596:"Non-native Invasive Freshwater Plants – Purple Loosestrife ( 2876:

United States: Science and Education Administration (1980).

1275:"Pest advice for controlling pigeons, gulls and other birds" 2879:

Protecting Woolens Against Clothes Moths and Carpet Beetles

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Stange, L.A. (created September 2004, updated March 2006).

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Speiser B. (2002). "Chapter 219. Molluscicides". 506–508.

1954:"The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges" 2374:. Carolina Escobar; Javier Cabrera; Alessio Vovlas: 1987. 1740:(6638). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 167–171. 772:, a native of Europe and Asia where it occurs in ditches, 610:

larvae feed mainly on the aerial portions of plants while

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Mites of Greenhouses: Identification, Biology and Control

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A row-crop sprayer applying pesticide to a young crop of

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Plants may be considered pests, for example, if they are

104:, which are often associated with unsanitary conditions. 3144:(3 ed.). North Carolina Forest Service. August 2013 3078:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1955. pp. 41–42. 2111:"Snails and Slugs of Regulatory Significance to Florida" 1113:

Locust detail from a hunt mural in the grave-chamber of

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Plants sometimes take active steps to reduce herbivory.

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The large and directly defensive thorn-like stipules of

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Residential, Industrial, and Institutional Pest Control

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Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

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in the Bible, as taking place in Egypt around 1446 BC.

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weed if it appears in a location where it is unwanted;

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The mites that cause most trouble in the field are the

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Some animals are disliked because they bite or sting;

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of plants, has a specific definition in terms of the

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Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

488:in nectaries on their leaves as food for the ants. 2443:Plant Nematodes and Their Control: Phytonematology 1869: 1867: 1461:. Government of Western Australia. 25 October 2017 947:the insects often originating from dry pet foods. 474:located on the leaf stipules. Similarly, several 3193:. Pest Control Technology, GIA Media. 25 May 2017 2962:Rivault, C.; Cloarec, A.; Guyader, A. Le (1993). 2668:Herms, Daniel A.; McCullough, Deborah G. (2013). 926:are important commercial pests of grain storage. 680:which can devastate coconut production, and the 403:The term "plant pest", mainly applied to insect 383:for food, damaging grasslands and crops through 3258:Krall, S.; Peveling, R.; Diallo, B. D. (1997). 3235:Hahn, Jeffrey; Jesse, Laura; Pellitteri, Phil. 2896:Integrated Pest Management in Cultural Heritage 930:Various insects attack dry food products, with 2627:Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in Alaska 2217:. University of California Press. p. 15. 1634:Heil, Martin (1997). "Food body production in 1439:. Government of Western Australia. 1 June 2017 1089:; modern ones use volatile repellents such as 912:before being added to the general collection. 236:in urban settings may be a health hazard, and 3556: 3328:No. 73. [Wið Wyrme] Anglo-Saxon Magic 1253:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–11. 1105:In mythology, religion, folklore, and culture 845:Termites can cause serious structural damage. 367:can cause damage to crops and garden plants. 8: 2785:Ghiassi, Bahman; Lourenco, Paulo B. (2018). 1681:Young, Truman P.; Stubblefield, Cynthia H.; 963:Pest control in agriculture and horticulture 737:in many other countries and is considered a 540:, so their trend conforms with the trend of 2574:(3rd ed.). W.H. Freeman. p. 308. 2238:Hummer, Kim; Postman, Joseph (2000-03-01). 1944: 1942: 1431: 1429: 695:can cause serious reductions in crop yield. 418:) will propagate across the entire system. 3593: 3563: 3549: 3541: 3092:Introduction to Integrated Pest Management 2275:Infestation patterns of the coconut mite, 2206: 2204: 2134:Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2002). 1551:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 1381:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. Preface. 568:such as those of the cotton bollworm moth 532:which show the opposite trend, toward the 130:in agriculture and forestry by the use of 2987: 2855:"Understanding Clothes Moth Infestations" 2465: 2463: 2389: 2379: 2018: 1906: 1745: 1567: 1247:van Emden, H. F.; Service, M. W. (2004). 528:. (Especially in the case of viruses and 409:International Plant Protection Convention 2272:Sharon Angella McDonald (July 9, 1997). 3375:"Catholic Prayer: Prayer Against Pests" 2893:Pinniger, David; Meyer, Adrian (2015). 2843:. University of Florida IFAS Extension. 1204: 1202: 1176: 1085:deter adult moths with strong-smelling 1071:Pest control § In homes and cities 399:, are sometimes considered to be pests. 134:; however, other methods exist such as 27:Organism harmful to humans/our concerns 3847:List of crop plants pollinated by bees 2791:. Elsevier Science. pp. 314–315. 672:that transmits the reversion virus of 496:Pest ranges are heavily determined by 3169:. UCANR Publications. pp. 2–17. 1569:10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836 198:, can become very numerous in cities. 171:. In its broadest sense, a pest is a 7: 3357:585, ff. 136b, 137a (11th century) ( 2818:. Taylor & Francis. p. 56. 2647:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 4. 2644:Insect Sampling in Forest Ecosystems 2362:Palomares-Rius, Juan Emilio (2017). 2327:confirm their host specialization". 2248:National Clonal Germplasm Repository 389:threat large flocks pose to aircraft 126:Humans have traditionally performed 3239:. University of Minnesota Extension 733:, a native of South America, is an 536:. This may be due to their lack of 2839:Koehler, P. G.; Oi, F. M. (1991). 2689:10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162051 2547:. Courier Corporation. p. 1. 2541:Spencer, Edwin R. (24 July 2013). 2522:. Texas Invasive Species Institute 2214:Mites Injurious to Economic Plants 2056:International Year of Plant Health 1593:Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 1333:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2002 351:Disease-causing pathogens such as 25: 2060:Food and Agriculture Organization 1950:Food and Agriculture Organization 1730:"Evolution of genetic redundancy" 1058:Forest integrated pest management 1051:Forest integrated pest management 4116: 3521:"Maps : FAO in Emergencies" 3485: 3441:", CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 3261:New Strategies in Locust Control 2764:10.1046/j.1365-3032.2000.00183.x 2162:. Amateur Entomologists' Society 319: 202:Animals are considered pests or 3438:Pests, Diseases and Beneficials 3135:"Appendix B: Pest Management". 3052:. CRC Press. pp. 426–427. 2090:Encyclopedia of Pest Management 2088:In: Pimentel D. (ed.) (2002). 1508:"Nuisance Birds - Canada Geese" 1437:"Caltrop: what you should know" 1404:"People and nature on St Kilda" 557:In agriculture and horticulture 428:Plant defence against herbivory 3962:Home-stored product entomology 3264:. Springer. pp. 453–454. 3237:"Insect pests of stored foods" 2160:"True bugs (Order: Hemiptera)" 2120:. Division of Plant Industry, 1216:. University of California IPM 837:List of common household pests 63:in an entomological collection 1: 4045:Decline in insect populations 3638:List of insect-inspired songs 2941:10.1016/S0742-8413(99)00076-6 387:and their excrement, and the 3931: 3493:travel guide from Wikivoyage 3212:Choe, D.-H. (1 March 2013). 3191:"Finding Money in the Attic" 3098:. Springer. pp. 52–81. 3025:10.1016/0021-8707(64)90082-6 2244:Currant and Gooseberry Pests 1486:American Society of Agronomy 1402:Turner, Robin (March 2002). 1301:"Stopping Woodpecker Damage" 422:Plant defences against pests 3497:UF/IFAS Pest Alert Web site 3163:Pat O'Connor-Marer (2006). 3104:10.1007/978-1-4615-9212-9_4 2677:Annual Review of Entomology 1986:Nature Reviews Microbiology 4163: 4075:Pesticide toxicity to bees 4055:List of endangered insects 3350:against a penetrating worm 2968:Epidemiology and Infection 2899:. Archetype Publications. 2641:Leather, Simon R. (2008). 2368:Frontiers in Plant Science 2124:. Accessed 27 August 2010. 1237:, accessed 22 August 2012. 1235:Merriam-Webster dictionary 1068: 1048: 966: 834: 748: 425: 29: 4113: 3401:The Rural life prayerbook 3399:Dachauer, Alban (2014) . 2980:10.1017/S0950268800068254 2341:10.1007/s10682-007-9185-5 2240:"Black Currant Gall Mite" 2181:Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (2003). 2003:10.1038/s41579-019-0222-5 1459:"Prescribing pest plants" 1142:Tryphon of Constantinople 1065:Pest control in buildings 138:, and recently developed 60:Sceliphron destillatorius 57:, damaging a specimen of 4040:Colony collapse disorder 4035:Bees and toxic chemicals 3325:Storms, Godfrid (1948). 2752:Physiological Entomology 1045:Pest control in forestry 824:Melolontha Hippocastrani 432:Plant disease resistance 3942:Insect bites and stings 3919:Drosophila melanogaster 3832:Biological pest control 3515:Flying moisture insects 3452:Ordish, George (1976). 2446:. Brill. pp. 1–9. 2381:10.3389/fpls.2017.01987 2116:2 December 2010 at the 1899:10.1126/science.aai9214 1533:Retrieved 1 August 2012 1375:Jones, Richard (2015). 1250:Pest and Vector Control 987:agricultural revolution 940:sawtoothed grain beetle 745:. Control is difficult. 654:Eriophyes cerasicrumena 510:crop disease resistance 195:Columba livia domestica 4007:Rats, Lice and History 3435:Hockings, F. D. 2014," 3344:University of Nijmegen 3138:Forest Health Handbook 2812:Ridout, Brian (2013). 2568:Janick, Jules (1979). 2473:Molluscs as Crop Pests 2440:Decker, Heinz (1989). 1544:Paul C. (2012-11-21). 1122: 981: 927: 846: 797: 746: 696: 656: 575: 447: 400: 287: 199: 167:disease, specifically 159: 64: 34:. For other uses, see 3992:Alfred Russel Wallace 3777:Entomological warfare 3628:Insects in literature 3049:Food Plant Sanitation 2727:. USDA Forest Service 2571:Horticultural Science 2470:Barker, G.M. (2002). 2413:Evans-Goldner, Lynn. 2277:Eriophyes guerreronis 1799:Nature Climate Change 1707:10.1007/s004420050063 1605:10.1007/s003440000026 1165:Rural Life Prayerbook 1112: 1069:Further information: 1049:Further information: 1039:cottony cushion scale 976: 922: 893:, only attacking the 844: 835:Further information: 787: 749:Further information: 729: 690: 644: 564: 542:human-aided dispersal 453:secondary metabolites 439: 378: 276: 188: 154:Pests, such as these 153: 46: 36:Pest (disambiguation) 3947:Insect sting allergy 3741:Cicadas in mythology 2415:"Pale Cyst Nematode" 2329:Evolutionary Ecology 2187:. CABI. p. 47. 1824:10.1038/nclimate1990 702:potato cyst nematode 693:potato cyst nematode 574:can devastate crops. 571:Helicoverpa armigera 263:St Kilda field mouse 255:St Kilda house mouse 48:Varied carpet beetle 4050:Habitat destruction 3802:Insects in religion 3019:(506–513): 506–13. 2725:"Emerald ash borer" 2476:. CABI. p. 1. 2051:"Enter the contest" 1856:0000-0002-4821-0635 1849:0000-0003-4440-1482 1816:2013NatCC...3..985B 1699:1997Oecol.109...98Y 1652:1997JEcol..85..847H 1305:Joy of Birdwatching 1091:1,4-Dichlorobenzene 815:wood-boring beetles 578:Together pests and 484:trees also produce 443:Vachellia collinsii 301:Tribulus terrestris 283:Tribulus terrestris 140:biological controls 4147:Insects in culture 4123:Insects portal 4095:Insects and humans 3623:Arthropods in film 3572:Human interactions 3075:Stored-grain Pests 2857:. English Heritage 2498:"Slugs and snails" 1640:Journal of Ecology 1123: 982: 928: 885:mainly attack the 847: 798: 770:purple loosestrife 747: 697: 657: 652:caused by a mite, 596:gastropod molluscs 576: 538:airborne dispersal 448: 401: 331:. You can help by 288: 259:St Kilda, Scotland 200: 160: 136:mechanical control 121:gastropod molluscs 65: 55:Anthrenus verbasci 4129: 4128: 4018:Insect Literature 3975: 3974: 3874:Carmine/Cochineal 3827:Beneficial insect 3797:Insects in ethics 3746:Scarab (artifact) 3736:Bees in mythology 3645:Insects on stamps 3463:978-0-432-11300-4 3410:978-1-61890-678-6 3334:. 's-Gravenhage: 3271:978-3-7643-5442-8 3176:978-1-879906-70-9 3113:978-1-4615-9212-9 3059:978-0-203-91056-6 2906:978-1-909492-22-6 2825:978-1-136-73989-7 2798:978-0-08-102111-8 2654:978-1-4051-4029-4 2598:Lythrum salicaria 2554:978-0-486-14442-9 2483:978-0-85199-790-2 2287:Master of Science 2224:978-0-520-02381-9 2194:978-0-85199-841-1 2145:978-0-201-75054-6 2098:978-0-8247-0632-6 1859: 1636:Macaranga triloba 1481:"Pest Management" 1388:978-1-4729-0624-3 1260:978-0-521-01083-2 1185:"What is a pest?" 1161:penetrating worms 1157:wid smeogan wyrme 889:of both hard and 883:Furniture beetles 871:deathwatch beetle 819:emerald ash borer 794:emerald ash borer 461:Macaranga triloba 397:Branta canadensis 349: 348: 261:in 1930, but the 16:(Redirected from 4154: 4142:Pests (organism) 4121: 4120: 3997:Jean-Henri Fabre 3772:Cricket fighting 3767:Cockroach racing 3633:Insects in music 3594: 3565: 3558: 3551: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3489: 3475: 3423: 3422: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3379:Catholic Culture 3371: 3365: 3364: 3336:Martinus Nijhoff 3333: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3143: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3097: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2991: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2926: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2841:"Carpet Beetles" 2836: 2830: 2829: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2705: 2699:. Archived from 2674: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2602:. Archived from 2592: 2586: 2585: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2520:"Alligator Weed" 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2393: 2383: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2325:Abacarus hystrix 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2301:. Archived from 2284: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2250:. Archived from 2235: 2229: 2228: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2131: 2125: 2107: 2101: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2022: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1958: 1946: 1937: 1936: 1910: 1871: 1862: 1861: 1843: 1808:Nature Portfolio 1793: 1784: 1783: 1749: 1726: 1683:Isbell, Lynne A. 1678: 1672: 1671: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1571: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1433: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1410:. Archived from 1399: 1393: 1392: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1206: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1181: 1019:Bordeaux mixture 936:drugstore beetle 863:longhorn beetles 735:invasive species 682:cereal rust mite 344: 341: 323: 316: 292:invasive species 21: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4115: 4109: 4087: 4081: 4023: 3971: 3933: 3926: 3818: 3811: 3750: 3722: 3680: 3649: 3589: 3584: 3578: 3569: 3532: 3530: 3519: 3482: 3464: 3451: 3432: 3430:Further reading 3427: 3426: 3411: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3346:. p. 303. 3331: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3214:"Clothes moths" 3211: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3114: 3095: 3088: 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