31:
344:
could be converted into property liens and then used—as the tax lien was in this case—to pierce a foreign sovereign's traditional and statutory immunity." In this way, the tax-lien exception could swallow the rule, imposing upon those foreign governments the duty to defend against these lawsuits.
343:
joined) argued that none of the exceptions to sovereign immunity under the FSIA applied to suits to enforce tax liens. Because tax liens are available to force payment in a variety of situations, such as pest control, litter removal, and emergency repairs, a "whole host of routine civil controversies
326:
This interpretation is consistent with the prevailing view of international law in 1976, the year FSIA was enacted. Under international law, sovereign immunity exists for inherently public acts but not with respect to private acts. Property ownership was held to not be an inherently public function.
322:
A "lien" is a "charge or security or incumbrance upon property." An "incumbrance," in turn, is any "right to, or interest in, land which may subsist in another to the diminution of its value." A tax lien "inhibits one of the quintessential rights of property ownership—the right to convey that
318:
Under the FSIA, a foreign government is presumptively immune from suit in federal court unless a specific exception applies. This case involves the exception for "rights in immovable property situated in the United States." The question before the
Supreme Court was whether a suit declaring the
715:
1632:
304:
to suit under the
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA). The district court disagreed, reasoning that the FSIA did not exempt foreign governments from suits in which "rights in immovable property situated in the United States are in issue." The
281:
Under New York law, real property owned by foreign governments was exempt from taxation if it was "used exclusively" for diplomatic offices or for the quartering of diplomats "with the rank of ambassador or minister plenipotentiary" to the
1507:
930:
922:
890:
309:
agreed with the district court, adding that the tax obligations owed by India and
Mongolia qualified as "rights in immovable property." India and Mongolia asked the Supreme Court to review the case, and it agreed to do so.
1343:
1688:
1592:
2064:
1335:
938:
623:
1295:
1287:
914:
615:
289:
The City of New York had levied taxes against India and
Mongolia for the appropriate portions of their buildings, but India and Mongolia refused to pay. Eventually the unpaid taxes became tax
2024:
1827:
731:
1720:
599:
432:
353:
306:
107:
82:
2054:
1271:
962:
1600:
583:
1199:
776:
2039:
1712:
768:
1215:
532:
2049:
2059:
1311:
1119:
1319:
946:
591:
2044:
2029:
1010:
793:
1223:
358:
1792:
1704:
2034:
788:
1491:
520:
970:
739:
635:
1736:
1231:
1075:
286:. If the foreign government only used part of its property for these purposes, then the remainder of the property was subject to taxation.
278:. They used part of their buildings for diplomatic business, and another part to house lower-level diplomatic staff, who did not pay rent.
810:
1949:
858:
654:
1624:
1026:
567:
529:
381:
247:
229:
35:
1882:
986:
251:
1327:
1018:
546:
1664:
1616:
954:
866:
323:
property. Thus, a suit to declare the validity of a tax lien inquestionably places "rights in immovable property" in issue.
1696:
1425:
1050:
1034:
723:
1728:
1640:
1111:
834:
760:
751:
1409:
850:
826:
470:
127:
The
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act does not preclude federal courts from hearing suits brought to enforce tax liens.
1965:
1167:
1042:
646:
513:
1776:
1135:
488:
483:
1997:
1768:
1417:
1207:
1175:
882:
662:
493:
478:
1303:
293:. As of February 1, 2003, India's lien amounted to $ 16.4 million, and Mongolia's amounted to $ 2.1 million.
1981:
1973:
1910:
1552:
1191:
1183:
1002:
699:
114:
1744:
1462:
1159:
898:
842:
818:
575:
1851:
1752:
1584:
1279:
1263:
1239:
1143:
1103:
506:
436:
74:
297:
1568:
1544:
1454:
1401:
1087:
874:
558:
182:
1957:
1843:
1800:
1656:
1536:
1437:
1255:
1095:
994:
690:
301:
1989:
1857:
1835:
1819:
1784:
1760:
1515:
1351:
1247:
1151:
802:
670:
607:
336:
150:
716:
Black & White
Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.
1894:
1359:
906:
678:
1941:
1902:
1648:
1608:
1560:
1127:
498:
174:
162:
443:
1672:
1633:
Valley Forge
Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
1576:
1527:
1499:
1380:
707:
452:
400:"Permanent Mission of India to United Nations v. City of New York, 551 U.S. 193 (2007)"
399:
340:
283:
186:
158:
385:
300:
the suit to federal court. Once in federal court, India and
Mongolia argued they were
63:
2018:
1483:
1446:
255:
1680:
194:
170:
142:
296:
The City brought suit in state court to enforce the liens, and India and
Mongolia
233:
77:
931:
C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of
Oklahoma
1508:
Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
54:
The Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations et al. v. City of New York
923:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
891:
Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
275:
89:
1474:
1392:
461:
290:
263:
319:
validity of a tax lien places "rights in immovable property" in issue.
1344:
Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.
24:
Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations v. City of New York
211:
Thomas, joined by Roberts, Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, Alito
1689:
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
1593:
United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures
259:
111:
1929:
1880:
1378:
1336:
JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.
1073:
544:
502:
30:
939:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
624:
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.
1296:
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
1288:
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle
915:
Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.
616:
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States
1828:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
732:
Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.
254:
to allow a federal court to hear a lawsuit brought by the
2065:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
1721:
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn
600:
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners
354:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 551
1272:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
963:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
584:
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux
1811:
1601:
Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War
1526:
1473:
1436:
1391:
787:
750:
689:
634:
557:
223:
215:
207:
202:
131:
121:
102:
97:
69:
59:
49:
42:
23:
1200:Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley
117:(2d Cir. 2006); cert. granted, 549 U.S. ___ (2007)
2025:United States Constitution Article Three case law
1216:American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.
777:Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
1713:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
769:District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman
258:to recover unpaid property taxes levied against
979:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
429:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
243:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
1312:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
1120:American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton
514:
266:, both of which own real estate in New York.
8:
1320:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
947:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
592:United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.
2055:United States taxation and revenue case law
1926:
1877:
1388:
1375:
1224:Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.
1070:
1011:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.
554:
541:
521:
507:
499:
106:Ruling in favor of the City upheld by the
20:
359:List of United States Supreme Court cases
1793:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine
1705:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
2040:Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act case law
484:Brief of petitioners India and Mongolia
471:Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)
370:
274:India and Mongolia owned buildings in
250:case in which the Court construed the
971:Dolan v. United States Postal Service
740:Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States
494:Amicus brief of the Solicitor General
18:2007 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2060:Diplomatic missions in New York City
1737:Clapper v. Amnesty International USA
1232:Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States
489:Brief of respondent City of New York
1950:Osborn v. Bank of the United States
1492:Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner
859:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
655:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
1625:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
1027:Jam v. International Finance Corp.
568:Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2030:United States Supreme Court cases
811:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
439:193 (2007) is available from:
2050:Mongolia–United States relations
987:Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons
252:Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
29:
1328:Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
1019:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
2035:2007 in United States case law
1665:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
1617:Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois
955:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
867:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
1:
2045:India–United States relations
1697:DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno
1426:Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer
1035:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
724:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
246:, 551 U.S. 193 (2007), was a
1641:City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
835:Schillinger v. United States
761:Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.
1410:Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez
851:United States v. Wunderlich
479:Transcript of oral argument
248:United States Supreme Court
2081:
1966:Mistretta v. United States
1192:Burton v. United States II
1168:City of St. Louis v. Myers
1043:Opati v. Republic of Sudan
647:Murdock v. City of Memphis
462:Oyez (oral argument audio)
1936:
1925:
1889:
1876:
1777:TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez
1387:
1374:
1184:Burton v. United States I
1136:United States v. Jackalow
1112:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
1082:
1069:
553:
540:
228:
219:Stevens, joined by Breyer
136:
126:
28:
1998:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
1769:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
1418:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
1208:Muskrat v. United States
1176:Barrett v. United States
883:United States v. Stanley
663:Fox Film Corp. v. Muller
638:independent state ground
1982:United States v. Hatter
1974:Peretz v. United States
1911:Cramer v. United States
1553:Massachusetts v. Mellon
1304:Thomas v. Union Carbide
1003:United States v. Bormes
752:Rooker–Feldman doctrine
700:United States v. Hudson
1745:Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins
1463:Nixon v. United States
1160:United States v. Klein
1051:Trump v. United States
899:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
843:Feres v. United States
819:Mississippi v. Johnson
576:Burford v. Sun Oil Co.
1903:United States v. Burr
1852:Rucho v. Common Cause
1753:Texas v. Pennsylvania
1729:Bond v. United States
1585:Sierra Club v. Morton
1280:Arizona v. New Mexico
1264:Glidden Co. v. Zdanok
1240:Wisconsin v. Illinois
1144:Ex parte Vallandigham
1104:United States v. More
794:presidential immunity
88:127 S. Ct. 2352; 168
45:Decided June 14, 2007
43:Argued April 24, 2007
827:United States v. Lee
1569:Altvater v. Freeman
1545:Fairchild v. Hughes
1455:Goldwater v. Carter
1402:DeFunis v. Odegaard
1088:Chisholm v. Georgia
875:Nixon v. Fitzgerald
339:(with whom Justice
183:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
1958:Forrester v. White
1844:Vieth v. Jubelirer
1801:Murthy v. Missouri
1657:Diamond v. Charles
1537:Bailiff v. Tipping
1438:Political question
1256:Colegrove v. Green
1096:Marbury v. Madison
995:Samantar v. Yousuf
789:Sovereign immunity
691:Federal common law
530:U.S. Supreme Court
331:Dissenting opinion
147:Associate Justices
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1990:Stern v. Marshall
1921:
1920:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1858:Benisek v. Lamone
1836:Davis v. Bandemer
1785:Biden v. Nebraska
1761:Trump v. New York
1516:Trump v. New York
1370:
1369:
1352:Bowles v. Russell
1248:Crowell v. Benson
1152:Ex parte McCardle
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
803:Little v. Barreme
671:Harrison v. NAACP
608:Younger v. Harris
386:§ 1605(a)(4)
337:John Paul Stevens
239:
238:
2072:
1927:
1895:Ex parte Bollman
1878:
1389:
1376:
1360:Patchak v. Zinke
1071:
907:Clinton v. Jones
679:Michigan v. Long
555:
542:
523:
516:
509:
500:
475:
469:
466:
460:
457:
451:
448:
442:
415:
414:
412:
410:
396:
390:
388:
375:
314:Majority opinion
256:City of New York
132:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2004:
1942:Stuart v. Laird
1932:
1917:
1885:
1864:
1807:
1649:Allen v. Wright
1609:Warth v. Seldin
1561:Ex parte Levitt
1522:
1469:
1432:
1383:
1366:
1128:Sheldon v. Sill
1078:
1057:
792:
783:
746:
685:
637:
630:
549:
536:
527:
473:
467:
464:
458:
455:
449:
446:
440:
424:
419:
418:
408:
406:
398:
397:
393:
380:
376:
372:
367:
350:
333:
316:
272:
185:
175:Clarence Thomas
173:
163:Anthony Kennedy
161:
151:John P. Stevens
93:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2078:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1820:Hayburn's Case
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1673:Raines v. Byrd
1669:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1577:Flast v. Cohen
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1500:Laird v. Tatum
1496:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1381:Justiciability
1379:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
999:
991:
983:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
911:
903:
895:
887:
879:
871:
863:
855:
847:
839:
831:
823:
815:
807:
798:
796:
785:
784:
782:
781:
773:
765:
756:
754:
748:
747:
745:
744:
736:
728:
720:
712:
708:Swift v. Tyson
704:
695:
693:
687:
686:
684:
683:
675:
667:
659:
651:
642:
640:
632:
631:
629:
628:
620:
612:
604:
596:
588:
580:
572:
563:
561:
551:
550:
545:
538:
537:
528:
526:
525:
518:
511:
503:
497:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
423:
422:External links
420:
417:
416:
391:
369:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
356:
349:
346:
341:Stephen Breyer
332:
329:
315:
312:
307:Second Circuit
284:United Nations
271:
268:
237:
236:
230:28 U.S.C.
226:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
200:
199:
198:
197:
187:Stephen Breyer
159:Antonin Scalia
148:
145:
140:
134:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
119:
118:
108:Second Circuit
104:
100:
99:
95:
94:
87:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2077:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:Poe v. Ullman
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:Baker v. Carr
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
989:
988:
984:
981:
980:
976:
973:
972:
968:
965:
964:
960:
957:
956:
952:
949:
948:
944:
941:
940:
936:
933:
932:
928:
925:
924:
920:
917:
916:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
900:
896:
893:
892:
888:
885:
884:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
860:
856:
853:
852:
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
820:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
804:
800:
799:
797:
795:
790:
786:
779:
778:
774:
771:
770:
766:
763:
762:
758:
757:
755:
753:
749:
742:
741:
737:
734:
733:
729:
726:
725:
721:
718:
717:
713:
710:
709:
705:
702:
701:
697:
696:
694:
692:
688:
681:
680:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
664:
660:
657:
656:
652:
649:
648:
644:
643:
641:
639:
633:
626:
625:
621:
618:
617:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
601:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
569:
565:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
539:
534:
531:
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
505:
504:
501:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
472:
463:
454:
445:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:
421:
405:
401:
395:
392:
387:
383:
379:
374:
371:
364:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
347:
345:
342:
338:
330:
328:
324:
320:
313:
311:
308:
303:
299:
294:
292:
287:
285:
279:
277:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:
235:
231:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:Case opinions
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:Chief Justice
138:
137:
135:
130:
125:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
76:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1681:FEC v. Akins
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1076:Jurisdiction
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
978:
977:
969:
961:
953:
945:
937:
929:
921:
913:
905:
897:
889:
881:
873:
865:
857:
849:
841:
833:
825:
817:
809:
801:
775:
767:
759:
738:
730:
722:
714:
706:
698:
677:
669:
661:
653:
645:
636:Adequate and
622:
614:
606:
598:
590:
582:
574:
566:
428:
407:. Retrieved
403:
394:
377:
373:
334:
325:
321:
317:
295:
288:
280:
273:
242:
241:
240:
224:Laws applied
195:Samuel Alito
190:
178:
171:David Souter
166:
154:
143:John Roberts
98:Case history
81:
53:
15:
533:Article III
234:§ 1602
2019:Categories
559:Abstention
547:Federalism
404:Justia Law
365:References
270:Background
60:Docket no.
382:28 U.S.C.
276:Manhattan
90:L. Ed. 2d
70:Citations
1528:Standing
1475:Ripeness
1393:Mootness
535:case law
427:Text of
348:See also
335:Justice
264:Mongolia
208:Majority
1883:Treason
444:Cornell
409:July 8,
298:removed
216:Dissent
122:Holding
2001:(2016)
1993:(2011)
1985:(2001)
1977:(1991)
1969:(1989)
1961:(1988)
1953:(1824)
1945:(1803)
1931:Others
1914:(1945)
1906:(1807)
1898:(1807)
1861:(2019)
1847:(2004)
1839:(1986)
1831:(1985)
1823:(1792)
1812:Others
1804:(2024)
1796:(2024)
1788:(2023)
1780:(2021)
1772:(2021)
1764:(2020)
1756:(2020)
1748:(2016)
1740:(2013)
1732:(2011)
1724:(2011)
1716:(2007)
1708:(2007)
1700:(2006)
1692:(2000)
1684:(1998)
1676:(1997)
1668:(1992)
1660:(1986)
1652:(1984)
1644:(1983)
1636:(1982)
1628:(1978)
1620:(1977)
1612:(1975)
1604:(1974)
1596:(1973)
1588:(1972)
1580:(1968)
1572:(1943)
1564:(1937)
1556:(1923)
1548:(1922)
1540:(1805)
1519:(2020)
1511:(1985)
1503:(1972)
1495:(1967)
1487:(1961)
1466:(1993)
1458:(1979)
1450:(1962)
1429:(2023)
1421:(2021)
1413:(2016)
1405:(1974)
1363:(2018)
1355:(2007)
1347:(2005)
1339:(2002)
1331:(1995)
1323:(1986)
1315:(1986)
1307:(1985)
1299:(1982)
1291:(1977)
1283:(1976)
1275:(1974)
1267:(1962)
1259:(1946)
1251:(1932)
1243:(1929)
1235:(1926)
1227:(1921)
1219:(1916)
1211:(1911)
1203:(1908)
1195:(1906)
1187:(1905)
1179:(1898)
1171:(1885)
1163:(1871)
1155:(1869)
1147:(1864)
1139:(1862)
1131:(1850)
1123:(1828)
1115:(1816)
1107:(1805)
1099:(1803)
1091:(1793)
1054:(2024)
1046:(2020)
1038:(2019)
1030:(2019)
1022:(2015)
1014:(2014)
1006:(2012)
998:(2010)
990:(2008)
982:(2007)
974:(2006)
966:(2005)
958:(2004)
950:(2003)
942:(2003)
934:(2001)
926:(1999)
918:(1998)
910:(1997)
902:(1993)
894:(1991)
886:(1987)
878:(1982)
870:(1978)
862:(1964)
854:(1951)
846:(1950)
838:(1894)
830:(1882)
822:(1867)
814:(1812)
806:(1804)
780:(2005)
772:(1983)
764:(1923)
743:(1943)
735:(1938)
727:(1938)
719:(1928)
711:(1842)
703:(1812)
682:(1983)
674:(1959)
666:(1935)
658:(1896)
650:(1875)
627:(1983)
619:(1976)
611:(1971)
603:(1964)
595:(1962)
587:(1959)
579:(1943)
571:(1941)
474:
468:
465:
459:
456:
453:Justia
450:
447:
441:
384:
302:immune
232:
193:
191:·
189:
181:
179:·
177:
169:
167:·
165:
157:
155:·
153:
110:, 446
64:06-134
435:
291:liens
260:India
103:Prior
437:U.S.
411:2023
262:and
112:F.3d
83:more
75:U.S.
73:551
791:and
433:551
378:See
115:365
78:193
2021::
1855:/
431:,
402:.
92:85
522:e
515:t
508:v
413:.
389:.
86:)
80:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.