380:
365:
31:
959:
1221:
1236:
1251:
395:
335:
1266:
1347:
350:
858:. As fluorine is itself manufactured by the electrolysis of hydrogen fluoride, ECF is a rather more direct route to fluorocarbons. The process proceeds at low voltage (5 – 6 V) so that free fluorine is not liberated. The choice of substrate is restricted as ideally it should be soluble in hydrogen fluoride. Ethers and tertiary amines are typically employed. To make perfluorohexane, trihexylamine is used, for example:
838:
Industrially, both steps are combined, for example in the manufacture of the Flutec range of fluorocarbons by F2 chemicals Ltd, using a vertical stirred bed reactor, with hydrocarbon introduced at the bottom, and fluorine introduced halfway up the reactor. The fluorocarbon vapor is recovered from the
413:
In the 1960s there was a lot of interest in fluorocarbons as anesthetics. The research did not produce any anesthetics, but the research included tests on the issue of flammability, and showed that the tested fluorocarbons were not flammable in air in any proportion, though most of the tests were in
1284:
Fluoroalkenes polymerize more exothermically than normal alkenes. Unsaturated fluorocarbons have a driving force towards sp hybridization due to the electronegative fluorine atoms seeking a greater share of bonding electrons with reduced s character in orbitals. The most famous member of this class
764:. Prior to that, fluorocarbons were prepared by reaction of fluorine with the hydrocarbon, i.e., direct fluorination. Because C-C bonds are readily cleaved by fluorine, direct fluorination mainly affords smaller perfluorocarbons, such as tetrafluoromethane, hexafluoroethane, and octafluoropropane.
161:
Fluorocarbons are colorless and have high density, up to over twice that of water. They are not miscible with most organic solvents (e.g., ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and chloroform), but are miscible with some hydrocarbons (e.g., hexane in some cases). They have very low solubility in water,
1359:
Perfluoroaromatic compounds can be manufactured via the Fowler process, like fluoroalkanes, but the conditions must be adjusted to prevent full fluorination. They can also be made by heating the corresponding perchloroaromatic compound with potassium fluoride at high temperature (typically
1367:
Perfluoroaromatic compounds are relatively volatile for their molecular weight, with melting and boiling points similar to the corresponding aromatic compound, as the table below shows. They have high density and are non-flammable. For the most part, they are colorless liquids. Unlike the
574:, which takes heat away from the fire. It has been suggested that an atmosphere containing a significant percentage of perfluorocarbons on a space station or similar would prevent fires altogether. When combustion does occur, toxic fumes result, including
944:, as they contain no chlorine or bromine atoms, and they are sometimes used as replacements for ozone-depleting chemicals. The term fluorocarbon is used rather loosely to include any chemical containing fluorine and carbon, including
224:
115:
are hydrocarbons, including those with heteroatoms, wherein all C-H bonds have been replaced by C-F bonds. Fluorocarbons includes perfluoroalkanes, fluoroalkenes, fluoroalkynes, and perfluoroaromatic compounds.
153:
fluorocarbons are more chemically and thermally stable than their corresponding hydrocarbon counterparts, and indeed any other organic compound. They are susceptible to attack by very strong reductants, e.g.
2193:. Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
60:. Compounds that contain many C-F bonds often have distinctive properties, e.g., enhanced stability, volatility, and hydrophobicity. Several fluorocarbons and their derivatives are commercial
2185:
Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.-M. Bréon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt, J. Huang, D. Koch, J.-F. Lamarque, D. Lee, B. Mendoza, T. Nakajima, A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Takemura and H. Zhang (2013)
951:
Perfluoroalkanes used in medical procedures are rapidly excreted from the body, primarily via expiration with the rate of excretion as a function of the vapour pressure; the half-life for
2483:
1360:
500 °C), during which the chlorine atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms. A third route is defluorination of the fluoroalkane; for example, octafluorotoluene can be made from
594:
Perfluorocarbons dissolve relatively high volumes of gases. The high solubility of gases is attributed to the weak intermolecular interactions in these fluorocarbon fluids.
379:
1584:
1126:
As they are inert, perfluoroalkanes have essentially no chemical uses, but their physical properties have led to their use in many diverse applications. These include:
962:
Atmospheric concentration of PFC-14 and PFC-116 compared to similar man-made halogenated gases between years 1978 and 2015 (right graph). Note the logarithmic scale.
145:
carbon, as the carbon has a higher positive partial charge. Furthermore, multiple carbon–fluorine bonds also strengthen the "skeletal" carbon–carbon bonds from the
2102:
Platts DG; Fraser JF (2011). "Contrast
Echocardiography in Critical Care: Echoes of the Future?: A Review of the Role of Microsphere Contrast Echocardiography".
1329:
Perfluoroaromatic compounds contain only carbon and fluorine, like other fluorocarbons, but also contain an aromatic ring. The three most important examples are
2191:
Climate Change 2013: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2515:
1956:
Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2000). "Fluorine
Compounds, Organic".
2077:
2045:
Yamanouchi K; Yokoyama K (1975). "Proceedings of the Xth
International Congress for Nutrition: Symposium on Perfluorochemical Artificial Blood, Kyoto": 91.
1989:
1220:
364:
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1734:
1118:
especially), produced as by-product of the electrolysis process. However, the industry has been actively involved in reducing emissions in recent years.
2329:
1235:
978:(compared to that of carbon dioxide) of many gases can be found in the IPCC 5th assessment report, with an extract below for a few perfluoroalkanes.
133:, one of the strongest in organic chemistry. Its strength is a result of the electronegativity of fluorine imparting partial ionic character through
111:. The terminology is not strictly followed and many fluorine-containing organic compounds are also called fluorocarbons. Compounds with the prefix
1250:
141:
interactions. Additionally, multiple carbon–fluorine bonds increase the strength and stability of other nearby carbon–fluorine bonds on the same
5240:
2440:
2233:
1973:
173:
2014:
605:
334:
570:
In 1993, 3M considered fluorocarbons as fire extinguishants to replace CFCs. This extinguishing effect has been attributed to their high
2555:
150:
1782:
394:
309:(bp −2.2 °C) and perfluoro-iso-butane (bp −1 °C). Nearly all other fluoroalkanes are liquids; the most notable exception is
2415:
728:
521:
385:
1703:
2203:
5362:
2508:
349:
4776:
1265:
137:
on the carbon and fluorine atoms, which shorten and strengthen the bond (compared to carbon-hydrogen bonds) through favorable
5689:
4744:
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4736:
5677:
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1164:
847:
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2501:
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5481:
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5354:
5100:
5049:
4985:
4931:
4856:
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4682:
4666:
4216:
2822:
1361:
958:
741:
484:
5921:
5653:
5563:
5463:
4923:
4698:
4690:
4606:
4591:
4407:
4223:
3508:
1169:
1140:
2081:
1993:
130:
4963:
4881:
4616:
4414:
4321:
4291:
4253:
3613:
3414:
2840:
975:
370:
3890:
4328:
4314:
3407:
2129:
Geyer RP (1975). "Proc. Xth Intern. Congress for Nutr.: Symp on
Perfluorochemical Artif. Blood, Kyoto": 3–19.
5829:
5298:
5172:
4939:
4818:
4599:
4569:
4516:
4509:
4494:
4487:
4480:
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4374:
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4238:
4125:
4063:
4035:
3605:
3512:
3457:
3436:
3428:
3399:
3385:
3362:
3355:
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3218:
3077:
2548:
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1496:
1318:
1310:
1290:
314:
242:
4050:
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5916:
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4231:
4055:
3901:
3894:
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3751:
3736:
3720:
3624:
3597:
3520:
3501:
3464:
3443:
3392:
3252:
3180:
3084:
3070:
3054:
3040:
3025:
3018:
3011:
2996:
2989:
2928:
2866:
2833:
2802:
2759:
2718:
2336:
1676:
Kiplinger JL, Richmond TG, Osterberg CE (1994). "Activation of Carbon-Fluorine Bonds by Metal
Complexes".
1491:
1346:
1314:
1130:
534:
290:
241:
of the atom, fluorocarbons are only weakly susceptible to the fleeting dipoles that form the basis of the
4079:
4028:
2945:
2259:
5854:
5155:
5135:
5064:
5036:
4955:
4562:
4465:
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4359:
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4042:
4019:
3908:
3883:
3861:
3854:
3787:
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3766:
3758:
3744:
3728:
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3486:
3338:
3301:
3285:
3259:
3233:
3203:
3196:
3092:
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3047:
3033:
3004:
2917:
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2814:
2695:
2684:
2625:
2524:
2134:
2050:
1145:
278:
5770:
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5010:
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4539:
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4201:
3989:
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3802:
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3590:
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3211:
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57:
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3226:
3172:
3146:
3122:
2960:
2902:
2848:
2744:
2733:
2710:
1641:
O'Hagan D (February 2008). "Understanding organofluorichemistry. An introduction to the C–F bond".
1286:
1271:
1256:
1241:
1208:
2473:
Fluorocarbons and
Sulphur Hexafluoride, proposed by the European Fluorocarbons Technical Committee
2240:
5311:
5027:
4094:
4004:
3946:
3920:
3694:
3686:
3643:
3631:
3536:
3528:
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2794:
2614:
2606:
2541:
1832:
1306:
1226:
1111:
945:
777:
294:
1877:
2282:"Use of perfluorocarbon liquid during vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy"
2021:
5875:
5845:
5778:
5738:
5382:
5326:
5193:
4891:
3997:
3939:
3319:
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3100:
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2436:
2411:
2354:
2311:
2111:
1969:
1728:
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1501:
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1330:
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952:
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583:
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302:
234:
53:
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5811:
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3704:
3672:
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3575:
3555:
2964:
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2909:
2601:
2403:
2301:
2293:
1961:
1938:
1911:
1859:
1824:
1789:
1685:
1650:
1623:
1598:
1559:
1334:
1179:
1174:
1115:
967:
452:
439:
400:
298:
163:
146:
38:
1894:
Battino R, Rettich TR, Tominaga T (1984). "The solubility of nitrogen and air in liquids".
5743:
5715:
5219:
5018:
4114:
3709:
3664:
2789:
2662:
2636:
2456:
2147:
2063:
1815:
941:
781:
671:
579:
355:
306:
270:
155:
1110:
The aluminium smelting industry has been a major source of atmospheric perfluorocarbons (
1907:
1710:
5864:
5256:
2677:
2407:
2306:
2281:
2211:
1506:
971:
970:, in part due to their very long atmospheric lifetime, and their use is covered by the
773:
772:
A major breakthrough that allowed the large scale manufacture of fluorocarbons was the
318:
238:
134:
92:
1863:
817:
The resulting cobalt difluoride is then regenerated, sometimes in a separate reactor:
5910:
5269:
5231:
3188:
1836:
571:
419:
266:
61:
1594:
162:
and water has a very low solubility in them (on the order of 10 ppm). They have low
30:
1447:
851:
761:
286:
282:
65:
2162:
1305:
Fluoroalkenes and fluorinated alkynes are reactive and many are toxic for example
1589:
1471:
709:
457:
289:) and able to dissolve gas relatively well. Smaller fluorocarbons are extremely
34:
17:
1614:
Murphy WJ (March 1947). "Fluorine
Nomenclature... A statement by the Editors".
245:. As a result, fluorocarbons have low intermolecular attractive forces and are
5211:
322:
250:
246:
73:
2477:
1965:
1593:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1602:
262:
254:
2315:
2115:
1850:
Huggett C (1973). "Habitable
Atmospheres Which Do Not Support Combustion".
1748:
Larsen ER (1969). "Fluorine
Compounds in Anesthesiology: VI Flammability".
1662:
1571:
2776:
2565:
2297:
1369:
138:
108:
41:(bottom) in a beaker; a goldfish and crab cannot penetrate the boundary;
1942:
1689:
1627:
1828:
1424:
1400:
955:
is less than 2 minutes, compared to about a week for perfluorodecalin.
690:
652:
219:{\displaystyle {\ce {{\overset {\delta+}{C}}-{\overset {\delta-}{F}}}}}
142:
1563:
2493:
2398:
Timperley, Christopher M. (2000). "Highly-toxic fluorine compounds".
1915:
1654:
1294:
415:
104:
780:
is used as the source of fluorine. Illustrative is the synthesis of
2435:. London: MacDonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. pp. 203–207.
1550:
Lemal DM (January 2004). "Perspective on fluorocarbon chemistry".
957:
633:
29:
1199:
fluorocarbons are far more reactive than fluoroalkanes. Although
1788:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from
1321:, and the surfactant included in the polymer can bioaccumulate.
129:
Perfluoroalkanes are very stable because of the strength of the
69:
42:
2537:
2497:
2472:
2234:"Perfluorocarbon (PFC) Generation at Primary Aluminum Smelters"
1783:"Development of Perfluorocarbons As Clean Extinguishing Agents"
1813:
McHale ET (1974). "Life Support Without Combustion Hazards".
760:
The development of the fluorocarbon industry coincided with
1364:
by heating to 500 °C with a nickel or iron catalyst.
1990:"EFCTC - Toxicological profiles of PFCS Perfluorocarbons"
228:
The partial charges in the polarized carbon–fluorine bond
2161:
Change, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate.
2280:
Imamura Y; Minami M; Ueki M; Satoh B; Ikeda T (2003).
2078:"Perfluorocarbons (PFCS) definition - ExpertGlossary"
1781:
John A. Pignato, Jr.; Paul E. Rivers; Myron T. Pike.
176:
1203:
is unstable (as is typical for related alkynes, see
608:, at 298.15 K (25 °C), 0.101325 MPa.
5802:
5763:
5731:
5345:
5128:
5003:
4908:
4872:
4788:
4647:
2433:
Fluorocarbons and their Derivatives, Second Edition
850:(ECF) (also known as the Simons' process) involves
2480:Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust.
218:
937:Fluoroalkanes are generally inert and non-toxic.
1770:(Technical report). ISC Chemicals Limited. 1982.
1211:and related fluorinated alkynes are well known.
895:The perfluorinated amine will also be produced:
526:Lower flammability limit in oxygen (50 °C)
505:Lower flammability limit in oxygen (50 °C)
158:and very specialized organometallic complexes.
1958:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1229:, a reactive and highly toxic fluoroalkene gas
597:The table shows values for the mole fraction,
37:layers of colored water (top) and much denser
2549:
2509:
2187:"Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing"
1929:McBee ET (March 1947). "Fluorine Chemistry".
604:, of nitrogen dissolved, calculated from the
8:
2489:Organofluorine chemistry by Graham Sandford
2375:"Schedule 2 of Chemical Weapons Convention"
317:at 51 °C. Fluorocarbons also have low
2556:
2542:
2534:
2516:
2502:
2494:
1293:(PTFE), better known under the trade name
513:Lower flammability limit in nitrous oxide
2305:
422:(gases of importance in anesthesiology).
207:
198:
193:
178:
177:
175:
5882:
5878:
5867:
5857:
5708:
5704:
5646:
5642:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5614:
5604:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5520:
5516:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5484:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5333:
5329:
5318:
5314:
5117:
5113:
5103:
4992:
4988:
4978:
4974:
4837:
4833:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4729:
4619:
4609:
3349:
3139:
2258:Flannigan, David J. (21 November 2002).
1374:
1095:
1091:
1072:
1068:
1049:
1045:
1026:
1022:
1003:
980:
966:Low-boiling perfluoroalkanes are potent
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
831:
827:
823:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
610:
424:
293:. There are five perfluoroalkane gases:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1339:
1213:
559:Spontaneous ignition in adiabatic shock
549:Spontaneous ignition in adiabatic shock
327:
2585:
2564:Salts and covalent derivatives of the
2359:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2352:
2143:
2132:
2059:
2048:
1733:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1726:
1244:, an important perfluorinated monomer.
4179:
7:
2575:
2400:Fluorine Chemistry at the Millennium
2015:"HPV Robust Summaries and Test Plan"
1878:"Dissolving gases in FLUTEC liquids"
1259:, another important perfluoroalkene.
265:when compared to liquids of similar
497:Lower flammability limit in oxygen
444:Lower flammability limit in oxygen
2020:. Internet Archive. Archived from
1590:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1317:are used, in the process known as
281:in fluorocarbon liquids make them
25:
1368:perfluoralkanes, they tend to be
1301:Environmental and health concerns
1160:As well as several medical uses:
933:Environmental and health concerns
729:Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane
522:Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane
386:Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane
2408:10.1016/B978-008043405-6/50040-2
1345:
1264:
1249:
1234:
1219:
561:wave in oxygen, 0.98 to 196 bar
551:wave in oxygen, 0.98 to 186 bar
489:Lower flammability limit in air
393:
378:
363:
348:
333:
2104:Critical Care and Resuscitation
1883:. F2 Chemicals Ltd. 2005-05-10.
1289:, which is used to manufacture
1192:Fluoroalkenes and fluoroalkynes
606:Blood–gas partition coefficient
5348:lanthanide, actinide, ammonium
2484:Introduction to fluoropolymers
403:, a polycyclic perfluoroalkane
343:, the simplest perfluoroalkane
1:
4873:chlorides, bromides, iodides
2260:"Fluorous Biphasic Catalysis"
1864:10.1016/s0010-2180(73)81268-4
1337:, and octafluoronaphthalene.
948:, which are ozone depleting.
1165:Contrast-enhanced ultrasound
854:of a substrate dissolved in
848:Electrochemical fluorination
843:Electrochemical fluorination
373:, a branched perfluoroalkane
261:these compounds exhibit low
103:, meaning they contain only
95:compounds with the formula C
1341:Perfluoroaromatic compounds
1325:Perfluoroaromatic compounds
1150:Fluorous biphasic catalysis
544:No ignition at 500 °C
27:Class of chemical compounds
5940:
4184:
1362:perfluoromethylcyclohexane
742:Perfluoromethylcyclohexane
485:Perfluoromethylcyclohexane
476:Flash point nitrous oxide
388:, a cyclic perfluoroalkane
358:, a linear perfluoroalkane
5893:
4190:
4186:
2587:
2573:
2531:
1215:Unsaturated fluorocarbons
1141:Chemical vapor deposition
590:Gas dissolving properties
539:Spontaneous ignition test
533:
483:
451:
371:Perfluoro-2-methylpentane
2478:CFCs and Ozone Depletion
1966:10.1002/14356007.a11_349
1896:J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data
1437:Perfluoro(ethylbenzene)
976:global warming potential
237:of fluorine reduces the
5346:with transition metal,
2457:"Octafluoronaphthalene"
2208:aluminum-production.com
2189:(see Table 8.A.1). In:
1603:10.1351/goldbook.F02459
1497:Fluorochemical industry
1319:Emulsion polymerization
1315:fluorinated surfactants
1311:polytetrafluoroethylene
1291:polytetrafluoroethylene
243:London dispersion force
2267:chemistry.illinois.edu
2232:Leber BP, et al.
2142:Cite journal requires
2058:Cite journal requires
1492:Category:Fluorocarbons
1460:Octafluoronaphthalene
1372:with common solvents.
1131:Perfluorocarbon tracer
963:
940:Fluoroalkanes are not
535:Perfluoromethyldecalin
468:Flash point in oxygen
257:. Reflecting the weak
220:
46:
5803:thionyl, phosphoryl,
4875:and pseudohalogenides
1146:Organic Rankine cycle
961:
541:in oxygen at 127 bar
275:heats of vaporization
259:intermolecular forces
249:in addition to being
221:
58:carbon-fluorine bonds
33:
2402:. pp. 499–538.
2298:10.1136/bjo.87.5.563
1852:Combustion and Flame
1512:Perfluorocycloalkene
1274:, a perfluoroalkyne.
341:Carbon tetrafluoride
311:perfluorocyclohexane
305:(bp −36.5 °C),
301:(bp −78.2 °C),
174:
131:carbon–fluorine bond
1943:10.1021/ie50447a002
1908:1984JPCRD..13..563B
1690:10.1021/cr00026a005
1628:10.1021/ie50447a004
1384:Boiling point (°C)
1381:Melting point (°C)
1287:tetrafluoroethylene
1272:Hexafluoro-2-butyne
1257:Hexafluoropropylene
1242:Tetrafluoroethylene
1209:hexafluoro-2-butyne
1170:Oxygen Therapeutics
946:chlorofluorocarbons
776:. In this process,
297:(bp −128 °C),
125:Chemical properties
45:rest at the bottom.
2525:Fluorine compounds
2431:Banks, RE (1970).
2204:"The Anode Effect"
1829:10.1007/bf02590509
1750:Fluorine Chem. Rev
1413:Octafluorotoluene
1389:Hexafluorobenzene
1307:perfluoroisobutene
1227:Perfluoroisobutene
1112:tetrafluoromethane
964:
778:cobalt trifluoride
307:perfluoro-n-butane
295:tetrafluoromethane
216:
164:refractive indices
54:chemical compounds
47:
5904:
5903:
5897:Chemical formulas
4641:
4640:
4636:
4635:
2442:978-0-356-02798-2
2248:climatevision.gov
1975:978-3-527-30385-4
1564:10.1021/jo0302556
1502:Hydrofluorocarbon
1483:
1482:
1353:Hexafluorobenzene
1335:octafluorotoluene
1331:hexafluorobenzene
1205:dichloroacetylene
1201:difluoroacetylene
1136:Liquid dielectric
1108:
1107:
953:octafluoropropane
856:hydrogen fluoride
753:
752:
584:hydrogen fluoride
576:carbonyl fluoride
568:
567:
303:octafluoropropane
279:attractive forces
235:electronegativity
213:
202:
191:
182:
16:(Redirected from
5929:
5922:Greenhouse gases
5885:
5871:
5860:
5711:
5649:
5635:
5621:
5607:
5597:
5583:
5569:
5559:
5541:
5523:
5509:
5491:
5477:
5459:
5441:
5423:
5405:
5337:
5322:
5120:
5106:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5060:
5059:
5058:
4995:
4981:
4840:
4814:
4732:
4622:
4612:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4090:
4089:
4088:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3352:
3142:
2576:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2535:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2335:. Archived from
2334:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2239:. Archived from
2238:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2210:. Archived from
2200:
2194:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2163:"Kyoto Protocol"
2158:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2080:. Archived from
2074:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1992:. Archived from
1986:
1980:
1979:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1916:10.1063/1.555713
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1709:. Archived from
1708:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1655:10.1039/b711844a
1638:
1632:
1631:
1611:
1605:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1547:
1375:
1349:
1268:
1253:
1238:
1223:
1180:Liquid breathing
1175:Blood substitute
1116:hexafluoroethane
1098:
1075:
1052:
1029:
1006:
993:GWP (100 years)
987:Chemical formula
981:
968:greenhouse gases
928:
891:
834:
813:
809:+ 14 HF + 28 CoF
722:
716:
703:
697:
684:
678:
665:
659:
646:
640:
620:
611:
600:
453:Perfluoropentane
440:Hexafluoroethane
431:Test conditions
425:
401:Perfluorodecalin
397:
382:
367:
352:
337:
329:Perfluoroalkanes
319:surface energies
299:hexafluoroethane
225:
223:
222:
217:
215:
214:
212:
211:
200:
199:
197:
192:
190:
180:
179:
147:inductive effect
120:Perfluoroalkanes
85:Perfluorocarbons
39:perfluoroheptane
21:
18:Perfluorocarbons
5939:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5889:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5855:
5849:
5841:
5833:
5824:
5815:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5782:
5774:
5759:
5755:
5747:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5685:
5681:
5673:
5669:
5661:
5657:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5378:
5374:
5366:
5358:
5347:
5341:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5277:
5273:
5264:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5206:
5197:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5139:
5129:Organofluorides
5124:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5101:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5045:
5031:
5022:
5014:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4916:
4912:
4904:
4900:
4874:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4522:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4447:
4442:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4388:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4197:
4129:
4118:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4023:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3993:
3988:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3713:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3571:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3332:
3327:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2968:
2963:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2595:
2569:
2562:
2527:
2522:
2469:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2330:"Archived copy"
2328:
2327:
2323:
2286:Br J Ophthalmol
2279:
2278:
2274:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2141:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2057:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1816:Fire Technology
1812:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1704:"Archived copy"
1702:
1701:
1697:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1583:
1579:
1549:
1548:
1525:
1521:
1488:
1355:
1350:
1327:
1303:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1260:
1254:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1194:
1187:Tattoo removal
1124:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1005:
1001:
942:ozone depleting
935:
927:
923:
919:
915:
912:+ 39 HF → N(C
911:
907:
903:
899:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:+ 45 HF → 3 C
874:
870:
866:
862:
845:
833:
829:
825:
821:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
782:perfluorohexane
770:
758:
720:
714:
701:
695:
682:
676:
672:Tetrahydrofuran
663:
657:
644:
638:
627:
623:
618:
603:
598:
592:
580:carbon monoxide
560:
550:
540:
411:
404:
398:
389:
383:
374:
368:
359:
356:Perfluorooctane
353:
344:
338:
271:surface tension
231:
230:
229:
226:
203:
183:
172:
171:
156:Birch reduction
135:partial charges
127:
122:
102:
98:
82:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5909:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5873:
5862:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5637:
5623:
5609:
5599:
5585:
5571:
5561:
5543:
5525:
5511:
5493:
5479:
5461:
5443:
5425:
5407:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5324:
5309:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5108:
5098:
5093:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4983:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4601:
4597:
4593:
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2467:External links
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2390:
2366:
2321:
2292:(5): 563–566.
2272:
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2246:on 2013-02-16.
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2153:
2144:|journal=
2121:
2094:
2069:
2060:|journal=
2037:
2006:
1981:
1974:
1948:
1937:(3): 236–237.
1931:Ind. Eng. Chem
1921:
1902:(2): 308–319.
1886:
1869:
1842:
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1759:
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1695:
1684:(2): 373–431.
1668:
1643:Chem. Soc. Rev
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1622:(3): 241–242.
1616:Ind. Eng. Chem
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1507:Fluorographene
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774:Fowler process
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2459:. ChemSpider.
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2417:9780080434056
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2342:on 2014-05-19
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2084:on 2014-05-19
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2027:on 2012-12-02
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2016:
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1996:on 2015-09-24
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1795:on 2014-05-21
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1649:(2): 308–19.
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1600:
1596:
1595:fluorocarbons
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1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:. To produce
1308:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1100:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
989:
986:
983:
982:
979:
977:
973:
969:
960:
956:
954:
949:
947:
943:
938:
932:
898:
897:
896:
861:
860:
859:
857:
853:
849:
842:
840:
820:
819:
818:
787:
786:
785:
783:
779:
775:
767:
765:
763:
755:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
719:
713:
711:
708:
707:
700:
694:
692:
689:
688:
681:
675:
673:
670:
669:
662:
656:
654:
651:
650:
643:
637:
635:
632:
631:
626:Concentration
625:
616:
613:
612:
609:
607:
595:
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:heat capacity
563:
558:
557:
553:
548:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
511:
507:
504:
503:
499:
496:
495:
491:
488:
486:
482:
478:
475:
474:
470:
467:
466:
462:
459:
456:
454:
450:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
433:
430:
427:
426:
423:
421:
420:nitrous oxide
417:
408:
402:
396:
391:
387:
381:
376:
372:
366:
361:
357:
351:
346:
342:
336:
331:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
208:
204:
194:
187:
184:
167:
165:
159:
157:
152:
149:. Therefore,
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
124:
119:
117:
114:
110:
106:
94:
90:
86:
79:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:Fluorocarbons
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
5895:
5732:nitric acids
5004:Oxyfluorides
2651:
2451:
2432:
2426:
2399:
2393:
2382:. Retrieved
2378:
2369:
2344:. Retrieved
2337:the original
2324:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2266:
2253:
2241:the original
2227:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:the original
2207:
2198:
2190:
2181:
2170:. Retrieved
2166:
2156:
2135:cite journal
2124:
2110:(1): 44–55.
2107:
2103:
2097:
2086:. Retrieved
2082:the original
2072:
2051:cite journal
2040:
2029:. Retrieved
2022:the original
2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:the original
1984:
1957:
1951:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1872:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1823:(1): 15–24.
1820:
1814:
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1790:the original
1776:
1767:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1718:. Retrieved
1711:the original
1698:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1588:
1580:
1555:
1552:J. Org. Chem
1551:
1448:Ethylbenzene
1366:
1358:
1328:
1304:
1283:
1195:
1184:Eye surgery
1159:
1125:
1122:Applications
1109:
990:Lifetime (y)
965:
950:
939:
936:
894:
852:electrolysis
846:
837:
816:
771:
762:World War II
759:
596:
593:
569:
554:No ignition
479:−32 °C
412:
409:Flammability
287:bulk modulus
283:compressible
233:As the high
232:
160:
128:
112:
88:
84:
83:
80:Nomenclature
66:refrigerants
49:
48:
5805:and iodosyl
5764:bifluorides
1858:: 140–142.
1558:(1): 1–11.
1472:Naphthalene
1197:Unsaturated
756:Manufacture
710:Cyclohexane
471:−6 °C
458:Flash point
325:strengths.
263:viscosities
251:hydrophobic
74:anesthetics
5911:Categories
2384:2022-01-25
2346:2014-05-19
2218:2014-05-20
2172:2017-09-27
2167:unfccc.int
2088:2022-12-14
2031:2019-01-03
2000:2014-05-19
1799:2019-01-03
1720:2008-11-29
1519:References
323:dielectric
277:. The low
247:lipophobic
113:perfluoro-
35:Immiscible
4917:compounds
4793:compounds
4660:compounds
1837:111161665
1678:Chem. Rev
1378:Compound
1156:Ski waxes
1153:Cosmetics
564:Ignition
428:Compound
321:and high
255:non-polar
209:−
205:δ
195:−
185:δ
151:saturated
4887:SiIBrClF
4809:[AlF
2566:fluoride
2355:cite web
2316:12714393
2116:21355829
1756:: 22–27.
1729:cite web
1663:18197347
1572:14703372
1486:See also
1442:114–115
1419:102–103
1416:<−70
1370:miscible
1313:various
1040:PFC-c216
830:→ 2 CoF
797:+ 28 CoF
418:or pure
315:sublimes
313:, which
291:volatile
273:and low
139:covalent
109:fluorine
62:polymers
4553: ?
4122:
3717:
2307:1771679
1904:Bibcode
1425:Toluene
1401:Benzene
1086:PFC-318
1063:PFC-218
1017:PFC-116
721:
715:
702:
696:
691:Acetone
683:
677:
664:
658:
653:Ethanol
645:
639:
628:( mM )
614:Liquid
460:in air
434:Result
143:geminal
2439:
2414:
2314:
2304:
2114:
1972:
1835:
1768:Flutec
1661:
1570:
1514:(PFCA)
1479:217.9
1463:86–87
1455:136.2
1452:−93.9
1432:110.6
1295:Teflon
1035:11100
998:PFC-14
974:. The
924:+ 39 H
887:+ 42 H
641:0.118
582:, and
416:oxygen
269:, low
105:carbon
91:, are
72:, and
5565:CsXeF
4932:BaGeF
4924:BaSiF
4913:, GeF
4882:BaClF
4769:NaSbF
4728:LiSbF
4691:NaAsF
4683:LiAsF
4656:, SbF
4652:, AsF
2340:(PDF)
2333:(PDF)
2263:(PDF)
2244:(PDF)
2237:(PDF)
2025:(PDF)
2018:(PDF)
1881:(PDF)
1833:S2CID
1793:(PDF)
1786:(PDF)
1714:(PDF)
1707:(PDF)
1585:IUPAC
1476:80.2
1408:80.1
1395:80.5
1104:9540
1081:8900
1058:9200
1032:10000
1012:6630
1009:50000
839:top.
822:2 CoF
749:16.9
746:33.1
736:14.6
733:31.9
723:7.16
717:7.73
704:7.32
698:5.42
685:6.42
679:5.21
666:6.12
660:3.57
647:0.65
634:Water
529:5.2%
516:7.7%
508:7.4%
500:8.3%
492:None
463:None
447:None
414:pure
285:(low
70:drugs
56:with
43:coins
5779:NaHF
5603:LiWF
5363:CrOF
5165:CClF
5136:CBrF
5102:ClOF
5042:ThOF
5037:LaOF
5011:BrOF
4897:ClFO
4777:TlPF
4761:NaPF
4753:LiPF
4745:KSbF
4707:HSbF
4675:KAsF
4667:AgPF
4111:FrF
3632:+TeO
3267:+SeO
2437:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2379:OPCW
2361:link
2312:PMID
2148:help
2112:PMID
2064:help
1970:ISBN
1735:link
1659:PMID
1568:PMID
1466:209
1429:−95
1405:5.5
1392:5.3
1114:and
1101:3200
1078:2600
1055:3000
984:Name
883:+ NF
801:→ C
253:and
107:and
89:PFCs
52:are
5856:IOF
5838:IOF
5830:PSF
5771:KHF
5752:FNO
5744:FNO
5739:FNO
5707:ZrF
5694:TaF
5682:NbF
5670:ZrF
5658:TiF
5645:TiF
5631:TiF
5617:ZrF
5593:TiF
5579:SnF
5555:ZrF
5547:(NH
5529:(NH
5519:TaF
5505:SnF
5497:(NH
5487:NbF
5473:InF
5465:(NH
5455:FeF
5447:(NH
5437:GeF
5429:(NH
5419:GaF
5411:(NH
5401:CrF
5393:(NH
5371:CrF
5355:VOF
5212:CHF
5185:CCl
5173:CCl
5156:CBr
5144:CBr
5112:ClO
5096:YOF
5082:WOF
5066:TcO
5051:VOF
5028:BrO
5019:BrO
4991:SiF
4977:GeF
4948:SiF
4940:(NH
4909:SiF
4892:CFN
4861:AlF
4849:AlF
4836:AlF
4823:AlF
4801:(NH
4789:AlF
4737:KPF
4699:HPF
4632:No
4629:Md
4626:Fm
4618:EsF
4608:EsF
4600:EsF
4592:CfF
4585:CfF
4571:BkF
4563:BkF
4555:CmF
4547:CmF
4540:CmF
4532:AmF
4524:AmF
4517:AmF
4510:AmF
4502:PuF
4495:PuF
4488:PuF
4481:PuF
4473:NpF
4466:NpF
4459:NpF
4452:NpF
4415:PaF
4408:PaF
4400:ThF
4393:ThF
4385:AcF
4375:YbF
4368:YbF
4360:TmF
4353:TmF
4345:ErF
4337:HoF
4329:DyF
4322:DyF
4315:DyF
4307:TbF
4300:TbF
4292:GdF
4284:EuF
4277:EuF
4269:SmF
4262:SmF
4254:PmF
4246:NdF
4239:NdF
4232:NdF
4224:PrF
4217:PrF
4209:CeF
4202:CeF
4194:LaF
4175:Og
4172:Ts
4169:Lv
4166:Mc
4163:Fl
4160:Nh
4157:Cn
4154:Rg
4151:Ds
4148:Mt
4145:Hs
4142:Bh
4139:Sg
4136:Db
4133:Rf
4126:LrF
4115:RaF
4096:RnF
4081:RnF
4072:RnF
4064:AtF
4056:AtF
4051:AtF
4043:PoF
4036:PoF
4029:PoF
4020:BiF
4013:BiF
4005:PbF
3998:PbF
3990:TlF
3986:TlF
3978:HgF
3970:HgF
3947:AuF
3940:AuF
3921:AuF
3917:AuF
3909:PtF
3902:PtF
3895:PtF
3884:PtF
3876:IrF
3869:IrF
3862:IrF
3855:IrF
3848:IrF
3834:OsF
3819:OsF
3810:OsF
3803:OsF
3796:OsF
3788:ReF
3781:ReF
3774:ReF
3767:ReF
3737:TaF
3729:HfF
3721:LuF
3710:BaF
3705:CsF
3695:XeF
3687:XeF
3680:XeF
3673:XeF
3665:+IO
3625:TeF
3606:TeF
3598:SbF
3591:SbF
3583:SnF
3576:SnF
3568:InF
3564:InF
3556:CdF
3548:AgF
3541:AgF
3537:AgF
3521:PdF
3513:PdF
3502:PdF
3494:RhF
3487:RhF
3480:RhF
3473:RhF
3465:RuF
3458:RuF
3445:RuF
3437:RuF
3429:TcF
3416:TcF
3408:TcF
3400:MoF
3393:MoF
3386:MoF
3378:NbF
3371:NbF
3363:ZrF
3356:ZrF
3348:ZrF
3329:SrF
3325:SrF
3320:RbF
3310:KrF
3302:KrF
3294:KrF
3286:BrF
3279:BrF
3275:BrF
3260:SeF
3253:SeF
3234:AsF
3227:AsF
3219:GeF
3212:GeF
3204:GaF
3197:GaF
3189:ZnF
3181:CuF
3173:CuF
3169:CuF
3161:NiF
3154:NiF
3147:NiF
3138:CoF
3130:CoF
3123:CoF
3115:FeF
3108:FeF
3101:FeF
3093:MnF
3085:MnF
3078:MnF
3071:MnF
3063:CrF
3055:CrF
3048:CrF
3041:CrF
3034:CrF
2997:TiF
2990:TiF
2983:TiF
2975:ScF
2965:CaF
2961:CaF
2946:ArF
2938:ArF
2929:ClF
2922:ClF
2918:ClF
2910:+SO
2815:SiF
2807:AlF
2803:AlF
2795:MgF
2790:NaF
2784:Ne
2770:?OF
2663:+CO
2637:+BO
2607:BeF
2602:LiF
2592:HeF
2568:ion
2404:doi
2302:PMC
2294:doi
1962:doi
1939:doi
1912:doi
1860:doi
1825:doi
1686:doi
1651:doi
1624:doi
1599:doi
1597:".
1560:doi
1285:is
1207:),
1090:c-C
1044:c-C
900:N(C
863:N(C
826:+ F
87:or
5913::
5877:IO
5866:IO
5846:IO
5825:OP
5816:OS
5791:HF
5787:NH
5716:UO
5666:Na
5654:Na
5641:Rb
5613:Li
5589:Li
5575:Li
5537:VF
5515:NH
5483:NH
5383:NH
5334:11
5305:33
5301:15
5245:Cl
5232:CH
5220:CH
5203:CF
5194:CF
4987:Li
4973:Li
4956:Na
4857:Na
4832:Li
4819:Cs
4719:PF
4715:NH
4648:PF
4444:UF
4437:UF
4430:UF
4423:UF
4182:↓
3959:Hg
3951:•F
3934:10
3928:Au
3891:Pt
3759:WF
3752:WF
3745:WF
3658:IF
3651:IF
3644:IF
3640:IF
3620:10
3614:Te
3529:Ag
3509:Pd
3339:YF
3242:Se
3026:VF
3019:VF
3012:VF
3005:VF
2956:KF
2903:SF
2898:10
2885:SF
2878:SF
2860:SF
2841:PF
2834:PF
2745:OF
2727:OF
2719:NF
2711:NF
2696:NF
2678:FN
2671:NF
2645:CF
2619:BF
2615:BF
2580:HF
2410:.
2377:.
2357:}}
2353:{{
2310:.
2300:.
2290:87
2288:.
2284:.
2265:.
2206:.
2165:.
2139::
2137:}}
2133:{{
2108:13
2106:.
2055::
2053:}}
2049:{{
1968:.
1960:.
1935:39
1933:.
1910:.
1900:13
1898:.
1856:20
1854:.
1831:.
1821:10
1819:.
1752:.
1731:}}
1727:{{
1682:94
1680:.
1657:.
1647:37
1645:.
1620:39
1618:.
1587:,
1566:.
1556:69
1554:.
1526:^
1333:,
1297:.
1002:CF
918:13
906:13
881:14
869:13
807:14
795:14
784::
617:10
586:.
578:,
166:.
76:.
68:,
64:,
5883:3
5881:F
5879:2
5870:F
5868:2
5858:5
5850:F
5848:3
5840:3
5832:3
5823:3
5821:F
5814:2
5812:F
5793:2
5789:4
5781:2
5773:2
5754:3
5746:2
5722:2
5720:F
5718:2
5709:6
5705:2
5703:K
5696:7
5692:2
5690:K
5684:7
5680:2
5678:K
5672:6
5668:2
5660:6
5656:2
5647:6
5643:2
5633:6
5629:2
5627:K
5619:6
5615:2
5605:6
5595:6
5591:2
5581:6
5577:2
5567:7
5557:6
5553:2
5551:)
5549:4
5539:6
5535:3
5533:)
5531:4
5521:6
5517:4
5507:6
5503:2
5501:)
5499:4
5489:6
5485:4
5475:6
5471:3
5469:)
5467:4
5457:6
5453:3
5451:)
5449:4
5439:6
5435:2
5433:)
5431:4
5421:6
5417:3
5415:)
5413:4
5403:6
5399:3
5397:)
5395:4
5387:F
5385:4
5377:2
5375:O
5373:2
5365:4
5357:3
5336:F
5332:H
5330:6
5328:C
5321:F
5319:5
5317:H
5315:3
5313:C
5307:N
5303:F
5299:C
5293:3
5291:F
5289:5
5287:H
5285:7
5283:C
5278:F
5276:5
5274:H
5272:6
5270:C
5265:F
5263:3
5261:H
5259:2
5257:C
5251:3
5249:F
5247:3
5243:2
5241:C
5236:F
5234:3
5226:2
5224:F
5222:2
5214:3
5207:I
5205:3
5198:O
5196:2
5189:F
5187:3
5179:2
5177:F
5175:2
5167:3
5160:F
5158:3
5150:2
5148:F
5146:2
5138:3
5118:3
5116:F
5114:2
5104:3
5087:4
5075:F
5071:3
5056:3
5044:2
5032:F
5030:3
5023:F
5021:2
5013:3
4993:6
4989:2
4979:6
4975:2
4966:2
4964:K
4958:2
4950:6
4946:2
4944:)
4942:4
4934:6
4926:6
4915:6
4911:6
4899:2
4863:6
4859:3
4851:6
4847:3
4845:K
4838:6
4834:3
4825:5
4821:2
4813:]
4811:6
4807:3
4805:)
4803:4
4791:6
4779:6
4771:6
4763:6
4755:6
4747:6
4739:6
4730:6
4721:6
4717:4
4709:6
4701:6
4693:6
4685:6
4677:6
4669:6
4658:6
4654:6
4650:6
4620:6
4615:?
4610:4
4602:3
4594:4
4587:3
4576:4
4565:3
4557:6
4549:4
4542:3
4534:6
4530:?
4526:4
4519:3
4512:2
4504:6
4497:5
4490:4
4483:3
4475:6
4468:5
4461:4
4454:3
4446:6
4439:5
4432:4
4425:3
4417:5
4410:4
4402:4
4395:3
4387:3
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