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needed – to provide an undisturbed (radio quiet) 6-8 hour rest period during each 24-hour period; (5) in zero-gravity, loose restraints were provided to keep the crewmen from drifting; (6) on the lunar surface, a hammock or other form of bed was provided; (7) there was an adequate combination of cabin temperature and sleepwear for comfort; (8) the crew could dim instrument lights and either cover their eyes or exclude sunlight from the cabin; and (9) equipment such as pumps were adequately muffled.
302:) involved in sleep-wake, circadian, and cognitive regulation may serve as markers for prediction of inter-individual differences in sleep homeostatic and neurobehavioral vulnerability to sleep restriction in healthy adults. Identification of genetic predictors of differential vulnerability to sleep restriction will help identify astronauts most in need of fatigue countermeasures in space flight and inform medical standards for obtaining adequate sleep in space.
160:
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195:). Astronauts have reported that periods of high-intensity workload can result in mental and physical fatigue. Studies from the medical and aviation industries have shown that increased and intense workloads combined with disturbed sleep and fatigue can lead to significant health issues and performance errors.
227:
An evidence gathering effort is currently underway to evaluate the impact of these individual, physiological and environmental factors on sleep and fatigue. The effects of work-rest schedules, environmental conditions and flight rules and requirements on sleep, fatigue and performance are also being
292:
Both acute and chronic partial sleep loss occur frequently in space flight due to operational demands and for physiological reasons not yet entirely understood. Some astronauts are affected more than others. Earth-based research has demonstrated that sleep loss poses risks to astronaut performance,
190:
NASA management currently has limits in place to restrict the number of hours in which astronauts are to complete tasks and events. This is known as the "Fitness for Duty
Standards". Space crews' current nominal number of work hours is 6.5 hours per day, and weekly work time should not exceed 48
198:
Research suggests that astronauts' quality and quantity of sleep while in space is markedly reduced than while on Earth. The use of sleep-inducing medication could be indicative of poor sleep due to disturbances. Current space flight data shows that accuracy, response time and recall tasks are all
246:
Exposure to light is the largest contributor to circadian desynchronization on board the ISS. Since the ISS orbits the Earth every 1.5 hours, the flight crew experiences 16 sunrises and sunsets per day. Slam shifting (sleep shifting) is also a considerable external factor that causes circadian
186:
was most easily achieved if (1) there was minimum disruption to the pre-flight circadian rhythm of the crew members; (2) all crew members in the spacecraft slept at the same time; (3) crew members were able to doff their suits before sleeping; (4) work schedules were organized – and revised as
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vulnerability to acute total sleep deprivation and to chronic sleep restriction in healthy adults. The stable, trait-like (phenotypic) inter-individual differences observed in response to sleep loss point to an underlying genetic component. Indeed, data suggest that common genetic variations
768:
123:
It has been suggested that work overload and circadian desynchronization may cause performance impairment. Those who perform shift work suffer from increased fatigue because the timing of their sleep/wake schedule is out of sync with natural daylight (see
778:
1771:
119:
Chronic sleep loss can impact performance similarly to total sleep loss and recent studies have shown that cognitive impairment after 17 hours of wakefulness is similar to impairment from an elevated blood alcohol level.
59:
that leads to errors while performing critical tasks. Also, individuals who are fatigued often cannot determine the degree of their impairment. Astronauts and ground crews frequently suffer from the effects of
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models are being developed to instantiate the biological dynamics of sleep need and circadian timing. These models could predict astronaut performance relative to fatigue and circadian desynchronization.
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could cause performance errors that put space flight participants at risk of compromising mission objectives as well as the health and safety of those on board.
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The Apollo medical
Operations Project: recommendations to improve crew health and performance for future exploration missions and lunar surface operations
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hours. NASA defines critical workload overload for a space flight crew as 10-hour work days for 3 days per work week, or more than 60 hours per week (
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Maddox, W. Todd; Glass, Brian D.; Wolosin, Sasha M.; Savarie, Zachary R.; Bowen, Christopher; Matthews, Michael D.; Schnyer, David M. (2009).
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and that there are large, highly reliable individual differences in the magnitude of cognitive performance, fatigue and sleepiness, and sleep
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he could not sleep vertically despite being weightless, so removed the metal frame in his sleeping bag and slept horizontally on it.
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Sleeping in space requires that astronauts sleep in a crew cabin, a small room about the size of a shower stall. They lie in a
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128:). They are more prone to auto and industrial accidents as well as a decreased quality of work and productivity on the job.
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which is strapped to the wall. Astronauts have reported having nightmares and dreams, and snoring while sleeping in space.
34:
An astronaut asleep in the microgravity of Earth orbit-continual free-fall around the Earth, inside the pressurized module
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1314:
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Human Health and
Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions: Evidence reviewed by the NASA Human Research Program
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Human Health and
Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions: Evidence reviewed by the NASA Human Research Program
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Human Health and
Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions: Evidence reviewed by the NASA Human Research Program
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Human Health and
Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions: Evidence reviewed by the NASA Human Research Program
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often requires astronaut crews to endure long periods without rest. Studies have shown that lack of sleep can cause
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Harrison, Y; Horne, JA (Jun 1998). "Sleep loss impairs short and novel language tasks having a prefrontal focus".
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http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/what-its-like-for-astronauts-to-sleep-in-space/273146/
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805:"Risk of Performance Errors due to Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, Fatigue, and Work Overload"
739:"Risk of Performance Errors due to Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, Fatigue, and Work Overload"
637:"Risk of Performance Errors due to Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, Fatigue, and Work Overload"
514:"Risk of Performance Errors due to Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, Fatigue, and Work Overload"
1183:
846:
155:, uses a computer in a sleep station in the Zvezda Service Module on the International Space Station.
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Sleeping and crew accommodations need to be well-ventilated. In the early 21st century, crew on the
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Sheuring, RA; Jones, JA; Polk, JD; Gillis, DB; Schmid, J; Duncan, J; Davis, J; Novak, JD (2007).
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The most common factors that can affect the length and quality of sleep while in space include:
835:"Predicting risk in space: Genetic markers for differential vulnerability to sleep restriction"
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Whitmire, A.M.; Leveton, L.B; Barger, L.; Brainard, G.; Dinges, D.F.; Klerman, E.; Shea, C.
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Whitmire, A.M.; Leveton, L.B; Barger, L.; Brainard, G.; Dinges, D.F.; Klerman, E.; Shea, C.
635:
Whitmire, A.M.; Leveton, L.B; Barger, L.; Brainard, G.; Dinges, D.F.; Klerman, E.; Shea, C.
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Whitmire, A.M.; Leveton, L.B; Barger, L.; Brainard, G.; Dinges, D.F.; Klerman, E.; Shea, C.
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and mission planning, with impacts on the health, capabilities and morale of astronauts.
975:"The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Information-Integration Categorization Performance"
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769:"Paul Weitz, astronaut who helped repair Skylab and commanded space shuttle, dies at 85"
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affected by sleep loss, work overload, fatigue and circadian desynchronization.
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178:, it was discovered that adequate sleep in the small volumes available in the
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are also affected by slam shifting (sleep shifting) while supporting critical
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Central nervous system effects from radiation exposure during spaceflight
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956:"Sleep Deprivation Effect on Human Performance: A Meta-Analysis Approach"
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84:
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88:
718:(NASA/TM-2007-214755 ed.). Johnson Space Center, Houston: NASA
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Other factors that may cause circadian desynchronization in space:
18:
Performance Errors due to
Fatigue and Sleep Loss During Spaceflight
158:
146:
29:
1583:
1047:- What It's Like for Astronauts to Sleep in Space - February 2013
900:
Human Health and
Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions
465:"Behavioral and physiological consequences of sleep restriction"
132:
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NASA SPACE FLIGHT HUMAN SYSTEM STANDARD - VOLUME 1: CREW HEALTH
323:
108:
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abnormal environmental cues (i.e.: unnatural light exposure)
922:
http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronauts/living-sleeping.asp
247:
desynchronization in the current space flight environment.
1787:
Epidemiology data for low-linear energy transfer radiation
543:"A Day in the Life Aboard the International Space Station"
605:"Astronaut set to make history for longest stay in space"
694:(Report). Vol. 1. 25 September 2009. Archived from
111:
were said to average about six hours of sleep per day.
1822:
Reduced muscle mass, strength and performance in space
242:
Factors that contribute to circadian desynchronization
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Team composition and cohesion in spaceflight missions
1812:
Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight
334:
Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance
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954:Griffith, Candice; Mahadevan, Sankaran (May 2006).
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http://science.howstuffworks.com/sleep-in-space.htm
413:"Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation"
203:Factors that contribute to sleep loss and fatigue
1817:Radiobiology evidence for protons and HZE nuclei
68:. Fatigue due to sleep loss, sleep shifting and
1762:Adverse health effects from lunar dust exposure
798:
796:
38:node of the International Space Station in 2007
1842:Visual impairment due to intracranial pressure
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1067:
908:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
167:in his sleeping compartment on Mir, called a
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1807:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
1736:National Space Biomedical Research Institute
1767:Cardiac rhythm problems during space flight
1802:Intervertebral disc damage and spaceflight
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220:disturbances caused by other crew members
670:Working on the Moon: Lessons from Apollo
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1777:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
1695:Illness and injuries during spaceflight
1017:"Sleep and Performance Research Center"
630:
628:
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463:Banks, S; Dinges, DF (15 August 2007).
360:
1136:Psychological and sociological effects
833:Goel, Namni; Dinges, David F. (2012).
1782:Effects of sleep deprivation in space
1019:. Washington State University Spokane
329:Effects of sleep deprivation in space
306:Computer-based simulation information
7:
1832:Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis
1700:Medical treatment during spaceflight
139:operations during overnight shifts.
411:Durmer, JS; Dinges, DF (Mar 2005).
767:Schudel, Matt (October 24, 2017).
469:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
25:
83:, wearing a blindfold, sleeps in
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1235:
892: This article incorporates
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617:from the original on 2023-06-10.
382:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1998.00104.x
859:10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.04.002
288:Sleep loss, genetics, and space
1827:Renal stone formation in space
1797:Health threat from cosmic rays
265:slam shifting (sleep shifting)
1:
1731:Aerospace Medical Association
324:Mir § Sleeping in space
268:prolonged light of lunar day
912: (NASA SP-2009-3405).
137:International Space Station
66:circadian rhythm disruption
1889:
1705:Space adaptation syndrome
1563:
1233:
370:Journal of Sleep Research
339:Shift work sleep disorder
27:Sleep in an unusual place
1039:NASA - Sleeping in Space
991:10.1093/sleep/32.11.1439
1715:Spaceflight osteopenia
1574:Outer space portal
894:public domain material
171:
156:
92:
39:
1746:Space Nursing Society
1644:Neuroscience in space
1634:Astronautical hygiene
1206:Extraterrestrial life
432:10.1055/s-2005-867080
420:Seminars in Neurology
193:NASA STD-3001, Vol. 1
162:
150:
78:
33:
1678:Illness and injuries
81:Margaret Rhea Seddon
851:2012AcAau..77..207G
781:on October 25, 2017
774:The Washington Post
585:. ESA. 19 July 2004
561:"Sleeping in Space"
259:extended work hours
214:physical discomfort
126:Shift work syndrome
79:Mission Specialist
1741:Rubicon Foundation
1710:Space and survival
1629:Artificial gravity
1489:Other technologies
481:10.5664/jcsm.26918
172:
157:
93:
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1873:Human spaceflight
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1468:Carbonated drinks
1440:Human spaceflight
1320:of items in space
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839:Acta Astronautica
349:Sleep deprivation
62:sleep deprivation
53:Human spaceflight
43:Sleeping in space
16:(Redirected from
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777:. Archived from
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748:. pp. 88–89
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698:on 6 March 2012.
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646:. pp. 91–99
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567:. Archived from
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262:timeline changes
151:Flight engineer
131:Ground crews at
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985:(11): 1439–48.
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948:Further reading
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571:on 5 June 2023.
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1755:Other topics
1565:
1453:Architecture
1337:Colonization
1311:Archaeology
1147:
1126:Neuroscience
1083:... in space
1045:The Atlantic
1044:
1021:. Retrieved
982:
978:
962:. Retrieved
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816:. Retrieved
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783:. Retrieved
779:the original
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750:. Retrieved
745:
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722:10 September
720:. Retrieved
711:
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696:the original
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674:. Retrieved
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643:
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587:. Retrieved
583:"Daily life"
577:
569:the original
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525:. Retrieved
523:. p. 88
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184:Lunar Module
173:
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165:Yury Usachov
130:
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102:sleeping bag
99:
85:SLS-1 module
51:
42:
41:
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1364:Exploration
1302:Advertising
1246:Environment
1221:Astrobotany
1184:Fruit flies
845:: 207–213.
785:October 25,
676:10 December
295:homeostatic
228:evaluated.
223:temperature
174:During the
96:Description
45:is part of
1857:Categories
1654:Space food
1622:Main areas
1546:Telescopes
1431:Technology
1284:Weathering
1131:Psychology
1116:Locomotion
589:28 October
355:References
255:shift work
163:Cosmonaut
1527:for Earth
1514:Batteries
1496:Logistics
1448:Accidents
1394:Christmas
1259:Corrosion
1199:Tortoises
1157:Non-human
610:USA Today
1690:Ebullism
1389:Religion
1379:Military
1315:of Earth
1194:Primates
1121:Medicine
1009:19928383
942:NASA.gov
937:NASA.gov
877:23524958
615:Archived
499:17803017
450:15798944
398:34980267
344:Skylab 4
318:See also
278:Mars sol
274:on Earth
272:Mars sol
143:In space
1551:Weapons
1519:Nuclear
1480:Writing
1475:Toilets
1458:Farming
1406:Tourism
1401:Selfies
1342:Economy
1307:Alcohol
1295:Society
1279:Weather
1254:Climate
1164:Animals
1111:Hygiene
1090:Biology
1000:2768950
916:Sources
868:3602842
847:Bibcode
666:"Sleep"
490:1978335
441:3564638
390:9682180
280:on Mars
169:Kayutka
57:fatigue
36:Harmony
1523:Solar
1510:Power
1506:Mining
1411:Voting
1359:Ethics
1347:Mining
1332:Burial
1264:Debris
1216:Plants
1023:30 May
1007:
997:
964:30 May
875:
865:
818:17 May
752:17 May
672:. 2007
650:17 May
527:17 May
497:
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236:Skylab
89:STS-40
1863:Sleep
1541:Radar
1421:Women
1384:Music
1352:Trade
1179:Frogs
1148:Sleep
1098:Human
979:Sleep
959:(PDF)
904:(PDF)
896:from
808:(PDF)
742:(PDF)
716:(PDF)
640:(PDF)
517:(PDF)
416:(PDF)
394:S2CID
217:voids
211:noise
1463:Food
1369:Food
1269:Dust
1189:Mice
1174:Dogs
1169:Cats
1025:2012
1005:PMID
966:2012
873:PMID
820:2012
787:2017
754:2012
724:2013
678:2016
652:2012
591:2009
565:NASA
547:NASA
529:2012
495:PMID
446:PMID
386:PMID
182:and
133:NASA
64:and
1416:War
1374:Law
1327:Art
1143:Sex
995:PMC
987:doi
863:PMC
855:doi
485:PMC
477:doi
436:PMC
428:doi
378:doi
109:ISS
1859::
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