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Tamil Nadu, projecting far west into Kerala. The
Idamala gorge separates the Sholayar forests in the Nelliyampathies towards the north from the southern Anamudi Reserved Forest and High Range Plateau. The area belonging to Tamil Nadu in the Periyar basin is situated here. This area forms the north-eastern corner of the Periyar basin. It is drained by the tributary Nirar, which runs in a South Westerly Direction and falls into Idamalayar. Within this section there are a series of deep west-sloping valleys where the valley floors are often at elevations less than 300 metres (980 ft). Separating these valleys are a jumble of steep hills and flat topped plateaux with scarp faces rearing up to elevations of around 900 to 1,500 metres (3,000 to 4,900 ft). The Idamala and Pooyamkutty rivers drain most of this section while its southern edge drains into the main Periyar. This tract is almost entirely forested and the forests extend northwest between Periyar and Chalakudy rivers along the plains almost up to Kalady.
640:. This is the southern extreme of the Periyar basin. It is less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide and is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) long. The upper catchments of Periyar extend as a wedge deep into the northeastern corner of the neighboring Pandalam Hills. This section of the Cardamom Hills extends deep into but is clearly separated from the Pandalam Hills. The main Western Ghats watershed line forming the eastern border of the Cardamom Hills is highest to the southeast of the Kumily Gap. Here the High Wavies branch off towards north-west into Tamil Nadu, with some peaks reaching elevations of over 1,900 metres (6,200 ft) along the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Further south, the ridge along the watershed line is heavily forested. This part of the Cardamom Hills is called the Sivagiri Range and it extends south up to Chokkampatti Mala which is at the junction of
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are broad valleys, submerged lands with swamps and marshes and subdued sand dunes. Many parts of the area are directly connected to the backwaters with a network of canals. The river bifurcates near Aluva into two major distributaries; one continues to flow through Desam as
Mangalappuzha and finally drains into the Lakshadweep Sea. The Chalakudy river also joins to this branch of the Periyar 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Kodungalloor which expands to its maximum width at Munambam. The Marthandavarma branch flows southwards, again dividing into two near Kunjunnikkara Island, and finally drains into the Vembanad backwaters at Varapuzha. The most industrialized zone of Periyar lies in this part of the basin between Angamaly and Cochin, with over 50 large and medium scale industries. The Edayar branch of Periyar caters to the needs of these industries.
704:-Anamudi-Umayamala part of the main Anamalai ridge forms its northern boundary. A spur ridge starting from the main Anamalai ridge, going south immediately to the west of Munnar and continuing on to Parvathi Mala forms the western boundary of the High Range Plateau. This ridge separates the High Ranges from the Lower Periyar Valleys further to the west. The eastern edge of the High Range plateau runs north from Kolukkumala, at the junction of the High Range Plateau with the Cardamom Hills, and continues onto the Top Station along the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The High Range portion is essentially the south and west draining slopes of the main Anamalai ridge with the Cardamom Hills located to its south. All the northern slopes of the main Anamalai ridge falling within Kerala drain into Idamalayar and Pooyamkutty Ar, both tributaries of Periyar.
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this ridge. North of this ridge, the
Cardamom Hills extend up to the high Munnar saddle. Here, east of the river channel, the undulating plateau rises up to the watershed line of the Western Ghats. This section drains into the Periyar through the Perinjankutty Ar and the drainage channel is essentially from south-east to north-west. This portion of the Cardamom Hills is on an average 800 metres (2,600 ft) high. The northern edge of the Cardamom Hills bordering the High Range Plateau on the other hand slopes steeply to the south and is drained by Panniyar. The Panniyar joins the Muthirapuzha, which drains the High Range Plateau section of the Periyar Basin in the north. The crestline of the Cardamom Hills in this section along the border with
891:-Mahendragiri hills. The landscape on the Periyar Plateau portion of Elephant Reserve 10 maintains the most intact elephant range in Southern India. This area is believed to harbour about 2,000 elephants and is one of the potential landscapes for the long-term conservation of the species. This population is genetically more diverse and distinct from the much larger elephant population further north in the Ghats. This region is also known for its rich biodiversity. On the other hand, the landscape has also witnessed a variety of developmental activities including commercial plantations, hydroelectric and irrigation projects and other forms of infrastructural development that impede the movement of elephants.
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river or not. Kerala states that the
Periyar is an intrastate river since no part of it flows through Tamil Nadu. The river originates in Kerala, flows entirely through Kerala and joins the Arabian Sea in the Kerala. Although these facts have been admitted by Tamil Nadu, it counters that the Periyar should be considered an inter-state river since a part of the catchment of the river lies in Tamil Nadu. It has also cited a 1950 report signed by the then Kerala state irrigation minister V R Krishna Iyer recording that Periyar is an inter-state river since some of its drainage area lay in
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reaching Mount
Plateau at its eastern end, it is joined by the west-flowing Mullayarâan important tributaryâat Mullakudy. During this journey the Periyar traverses through the Periyar Tiger Reserve, flowing across or forming the boundaries between various sections of the reserve. Going downstream, it defines a part of the border between Periyar section of the reserve in the east and Sundaramala section in the west and then the borders between Moolavaigai and Thannikudy sections in the east and Ummikuppan, Mlappara and Aruvioda sections in the west before reaching the Periyar Lake.
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high hills of the
Western Ghats and the influence of tectonism can be evidenced from the stream pattern and presence of structural valleys. Forests occupy nearly 1,500 square kilometres (580 sq mi) (28%) of the basin area whereas cardamom and settlement with mixed tree crops occupy an area of 322 square kilometres (124 sq mi) and 2,176 square kilometres (840 sq mi) respectively. The basin is ecologically sensitive. Nearly 80% of the total area situated in the high ranges are susceptible to erosion and mass movements.
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divide between the
Periyar and the Chalakudy Basins. Its eastern border is the main Anamalai ridge. This section of western slope of the Western Ghats is deeply dissected and has geographical as well as ecological characteristics found nowhere in the Western Ghats. To the south of this section is the Idukki sub-plateau and to the southeast, the Cardamom Hills. The western edge of Panniyar and Muthirapuzha Basins form the eastern border of this section. The Parvathimudi-Umayamala ridge forms the northeastern corner of the Lower Periyar Valleys.
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near
Chokkampatti Mala initially Periyar flows north between these two heavily forested ridges. The valley floor is at an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and the ridges on either side often reach 1,800 metres (5,900 ft). This valley of Periyar at its source and the valley of Kunthi River in the Silent Valley are the only two forested higher valleys in the Western Ghats left intact even now. The 925-square-kilometre (357 sq mi) Periyar Tiger Reserve is mostly within this southernmost part of the Cardamom Hills.
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separates the Idukki Sub-plateau from the
Peermade Plateau as well as the main mass of Cardamom Hills. Its eastern boundary is a northwest to southeast ridge separating the Idukki reservoir from the Kallar/Perinjankutty tributary of Periyar which drains the main Cardamom Hills. The Idukki Subplateau is at an average elevation of 700 metres (2,300 ft). This area was heavily forested till the 1950s but now only three small fragments of forest vegetation alone remain. The largest is within the Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary. South of
662:, in comparison with the rest of the main watershed line of the Cardamom Hills and the High Ranges, is low, reaching up to only about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). East of Chakkupallom, a small part of the adjacent Vaigai basin protrudes from Tamil Nadu into Kerala in this section. This portion of the Periyar basin is drier than all other west sloping parts of the Western Ghats. It has no significant extent of natural forests remaining anywhere. At the turn of the 20th century, it was fully covered by evergreen forests.
952:, who is believed to have prayed at this shrine. One of the most important Christian pilgrim centres in Kerala, it attracts devotees in very large numbers not only from Kerala but also from the neighbouring states. This famous church is situated at Kurisumudi, a verdant hill in the Western Ghats girdled partially by the Periyar (river). The Church has a life-size statue of St. Thomas and the imprint of the feet of the Apostle on a rock. This shrine has now been accorded an international pilgrimage station.
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994:". Several studies have pointed out that the riverbed has deposits of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, nickel, cobalt and zinc and the ecosystem of the river has many dead zones. Some of the major recommendations are ensuring zero effluent discharge from the industrial units in the Eloor-Edayar stretch and zero emission from companies. Pollution of the river and surrounding wetlands has almost wiped out traditional occupations, including fishing and farming.
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765:. The dam also permits storage of water for the dry summer period when many other reservoirs in the area are low. Since the commissioning of the Idukki project in 1976, tail-race water (between 19.83â78.5 m/s) has been diverted from the Idukki reservoir through the Moolamattom power station into the Thodupuzha tributary of the Muvattupuzha river.
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To the west of the Lower
Periyar Valleys are the midlands, which are characterized by undulating topography with small hills separated by valleys. The general gradient is towards the west here. The lowlands occur as a narrow belt almost parallel to the present shoreline. The landforms of this section
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with considerable development of tributary network. The average drainage density of the basin is 2.46 km/ km with a total number of first order streams of 15,773. The total stream length inclusive of all orders in the basin is 13,291 kilometres (8,259 mi). The river originates from the
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In its early course, the river flows in a narrow north sloping valley starting from the Chokkampatti hills and extending north about 25 kilometres (16 mi), with a number of sharp lateral ridges running down to it from east and west. After flowing 48 kilometres (30 mi) from its origin and on
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The control and safety of the Mullaperiyar dam on the river and the validity and fairness of the corresponding lease agreement have been points of dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu states. Intertwined with this, there is a dispute as to whether the Periyar should be classified as an inter-state
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South of the Mullaperiyar reservoir, at the source of Periyar River, there is an unbroken stretch of about 350 square kilometres (140 sq mi) of sheltered, unmodified rainforests within the Periyar Tiger Reserve. These rainforests extend further west into the adjacent Pamba basin within the
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The portion west of the main Periyar channel which flows from south to north here, is the true Idukki sub-plateau. This is the lowest part of the Cardamom Hills sloping towards the north in which the Idukki reservoir is located. It is separated from the rest of the Cardamom Hills by the deep channel
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A poorly defined ridge that runs from near Chakkupallam (north of Kumily) on the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu extending southwest to near Vallakkadavu segregates the upper reaches of Periyar from the rest of the Cardamom Hills. Immediately downstream of Mullaperiyar dam, Periyar cuts through
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in Tamil Nadu. The basin has an inverted "L" shape with a maximum width at the intersection. The length-width ratio is 6:1. Most of the streams flow in deep gorges with steep valleys along the highlands of the basin. Coming out of the hills, the Periyar flows west and its basin occupies the northern
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The Supreme Court of India, in its verdict on 7 May 2014, stated that although the Periyar rises in and traverses only in the territory of Kerala before entering into Arabian sea, no part of the land in Tamil Nadu abuts river Periyar and that Tamil Nadu is not a riparian state of the Periyar river,
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Periyar is one of the six major rivers flowing into the Vembanad lake. Vembanad Kol Wetland was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. It is home to more than 20,000 waterfowlsâthe third
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was one of the earliest instances of inter-basin transfers in the peninsular India. While it met the demand for water on one hand, it led to the deterioration of water quality downstream of the river. Salinity intrusion and pollution dispersion problems arose in the lower reaches of the Periyar due
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and erosion, carving out a complex of deep valleys on the western face of the High Range Plateau. This topographically complex segment of the Western Ghats extends from near Neriamangalam in the southwest to Panamkutty in the southeast along the Periyar River and continues north up to the watershed
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Apart from irrigation on left bank of Periyar, the project also enables a supply of minimum quantity of water through the river to check the intrusion of salinity at lower reaches of the river as well as to meet the requirements of many lift irrigation schemes of river Periyar. Supply of water for
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and Periyar River basins. The southern boundary of the Cardamom Hills runs along a westerly spur hill starting from the Chokkampatti Mala which initially runs north and then turns northwest almost parallel to the Sivagiri Range. This ridge separates the basin of Pamba from Periyar. From its source
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Towards north, the Lower Periyar Valleys and the Periyar Basin extend up to the Idamala gorge cut by Periyarâs northernmost tributary â Idamalayar. The basin is bounded in the north by the ridge separating Sholayar from the Idamala River. This ridge is a spur hill extending from near Valaparai in
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and Moovattupuzha drainage basins. It ends in the north along the channel of Periyar from Neriamangalam to Panamkutty. The catchment of Kattappana Ar located beyond the southeastern corner of the Idukki reservoir also falls in this portion. A southwest to northeast ridge called the Chekuthan Mala
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The Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) is also one of the most ecologically diverse regions in India. The flora of the reserve is very rich and diverse. Out of the estimated 3,800 species of angiosperms of Kerala, 1,966 have been reported from within the reserve. Nowhere in the subcontinent, has such a
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from the Periyar is another major environmental issue. Studies have pointed out that the quantity of sand being mined from the Periyar is at least 30 times the actual quantity that can be taken out without causing damage to the riverâs environmental system. In the Periyar river basin, land sand
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under Hydel scheme across the Idamalayar tributary and the dependable run off from the uncontrolled catchment of Periyar river, for irrigating an area of 32,800 hectares (81,000 acres) of land lying on the left bank of Periyar river through a network of canal system and controlling devices. The
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The main Periyar below the Idukki reservoir flows due north parallel to the western edge of the Idukki plateau and is joined by the Perinjakutty from the east and Muthirapuzha from the north. After the confluence with Muthirapuzha, the river flows northwestwards and enters Ernakulam district at
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Although the Chalakudy river in strict geological sense is a tributary of the Periyar, for all practical purposes it is treated as a separate river by Government and other agencies. Chalakudy river itself has a catchment area of 1,704 square kilometres (658 sq mi), with 1,404 square
1043:. Essentially, the dispute over the status of the river comes down to the definition of an inter-state river, with Kerala supporting the definition to be according to the course of the river, while Tamil Nadu favouring the definition to be according to the catchment area of the river.
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The Periyar has a total length of approximately 244 kilometres (152 mi) and a catchment area of 5,398 square kilometres (2,084 sq mi), of which 5,284 square kilometres (2,040 sq mi) is in Kerala and 114 square kilometres (44 sq mi) is in Tamil Nadu.
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The High Range Plateau has been almost totally transformed by tea plantations and hydroelectric dams. The original forest was mostly of the Shola-Grassland type. From the biodiversity value, this unit is of special importance because of its specialized high altitude flora and fauna.
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Thattekad Bird Sanctuary, one of the important bird sanctuaries of India, is an evergreen low-land forest located between the branches of Periyar River. It has a rich and varied birdlife. Several species of birds, both forest birds as well as the water birds visit the sanctuary.
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The Idukki Dam is the largest hydro-electric project in Kerala and lies on the Periyar. It is the biggest dam of its kind (a concrete, double curvature parabolic, thin arc dam) in Asia and the second-biggest in the world. Its generators have a power output of 780 MW
432:. The area belonging to Tamil Nadu in the Periyar basin is located far down the river from the Mullaperiyar Dam site. This area is drained by the tributary Nirar, which is diverted to Tamil Nadu as a part of inter-state Parambikulam-Aliyar Project (PAP) agreement.
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and Kulamavu), Sengulam, Kallar, Erattayar and Mullaperiyar. The dams falling within Tamil Nadu in the Periyar basin are the Upper Nirar Weir and the Lower Nirar Dam. These dams help divert water from the Nirar tributary of Periyar to the adjacent Sholayar basin.
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The Periyar valley Irrigation project in Ernakulam district envisages the utilization of the tail race discharge from the completed Hydel scheme in the Muthirapuzha tributary of river Periyar together with the controlled release from Ennackal dam constructed by
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Gudarakal Forest Range and continue south beyond the Gudarakal Range into the forests of the Achankovil Division. This entire stretch contains about 600 to 700 square kilometres (230 to 270 sq mi) of undisturbed wet evergreen forests typical of the
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and flows along a region of industrial and commercial activity. The river also provides water for irrigation and domestic use throughout its course besides supporting a rich fishery. Due to these reasons, the river has been named the "Lifeline of Kerala".
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The lower reaches of the Periyar are heavily polluted. Industries in the Eloor industrial zone discharge waste into the river. Greenpeace India describes the lower Periyar as "a cesspool of toxins, which have alarming levels of deadly poisons like
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The lower valleys of Idamalayar and Pooyamkutty Ar constitute the Lower Periyar Valleys. The exceedingly violent impact of very heavy rainfall on a likely geologically unstable part of the Western Ghats where there is extensive faulting has caused
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The Periyar basin spreads over an area of 5,398 square kilometres (2,084 sq mi), most of it in central Kerala. It lies between latitudes 9°15â30"N and 10°21â00"N and longitudes 76°08â38"E and 77°24â32"E. The river drains parts of
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to non-availability of sufficient quantity of water for flushing. Another inter-basin transfer from the Periyar to the Muvattupuzha river due to the Idukki project has further adversely affected the downstream flow in the Periyar river.
688:, the tributaries of Meenachil, Manimala and Pamba have eroded away extensive areas of the Periyar basin between Ayyappankovil and Vallakkadavu. The Periyar only has a narrow strip of the Cardamom Hill tableland to flow northward here.
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saddle running east to Chokkanad Mala and further on to Kolukkumala on the eastern edge of the Ghats. In the south, the hills reach up to the westerly spur at Chokkampatti Mala. This section of the basin is divided into three parts.
899:, India's greatest ornithologist, once described this tiny, 25-square-kilometre (10 sq mi) bird sanctuary, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) north-east of Kochi, as "The richest bird habitat in peninsular India".
439:) thereby resulting in an inter-basin transfer of water. Downstream of the Mullaperiyar dam, the Periyar continues to flow northwestward for 35 kilometres (22 mi), exiting the Periyar Tiger Reserve and passing through
834:, Chalakkudypuzha and Periyar basins. Nirar and Anamalayar, tributaries of Periyar are covered under this agreement. Water from these rivers are transferred to the adjacent Sholayar basin as part of the PAP agreement.
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362:, an upstream site sufficiently free of seawater intrusion. Twenty five percent of Kerala's industries are along the banks of the Periyar. These are mostly crowded within a stretch of 5 kilometres (3 mi) in the
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that the Periyar originates in Kerala, flows entirely through Kerala and joins the sea in the Kerala. This was also admitted by the state of Tamil Nadu in the court. Periyar originates at the southeastern border of
1030:, since 1992. The Aluva Environmental Protection Forum started by Sitaraman and others have played a pivotal role in the prevention of illegal sand mining and water pollution in the lower reaches of the river.
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large number of taxa been reported from an area comparable to that of the PTR. Apart from this, the reserve also contains an estimated 323 species of birds, 38 species of fish and 44 species of reptiles.
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478:, and the Marthandavarma branch flows southwards, again dividing into two near Kunjunnikkara island, going through the Udhyogamandal area and finally draining into the Cochin backwater system (part of
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to the Idukki reservoir formed by the Idukki, Cheruthoni and Kulamavu dams. The Idukki dam is constructed across the Periyar river on the famous Idukki gorge formed by the Kuravan and Kurathi hills.
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There is an alternate claim for a Tamil Nadu origin according to some non-governmental sources, indicating that the Periyar originates in the Sivagiri peaks of Sundaramala, Tamil Nadu. However, the
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From Periyar Thekkady lake and reservoir, some water is diverted eastwards to Tamil Nadu via a tunnel. The diverted water, after power generation, is let into the Suruliar river (a tributary of the
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of the Periyar River. The sub-plateau extends north from near Ayyappankoil to near Neriamangalam. Its western border is the clearly demarcated scarp face of the Ghats descending to the plains of
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2614:"The Landscape, Ecological Status, Conservation Potential, Threats to the Forests and Biodiversity of the Gudarakal Range, Ranni Forest Division (Southern Forest Circle, Kerala)"
2307:"The Landscape, Ecological Status, Conservation Potential, Threats to the Forests and Biodiversity of the Gudarakal Range, Ranni Forest Division (Southern Forest Circle, Kerala)"
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761:), and generate electricity through the underground facility at Moolamattam, built by an India-Canada joint venture. Power generation at Idukki is minimal during the
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scheme consists of the Periyar Barrage at Bhoothathankettu with a catchment area of 3,048 square kilometres (1,177 sq mi) along with a network of canals.
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mining is widespread in the plateau region in the highlands. Mining of sands from these areas impose severe environmental problems to the river basin environment.
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in its judgement on the Mullaperiyar issue in 2014, made it clear that the state of Tamil Nadu cannot claim to be a riparian state of the river Periyar.
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937:. Kalady started featuring in the spiritual map of India only after its rediscovery in the late 19th century by the then Shankaracharya of
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3102:"IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION ORIGINAL SUIT NO. 3 OF 2006 State of Tamil Nadu vs. State of Kerala & Anr"
1769:"IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION ORIGINAL SUIT NO. 3 OF 2006 State of Tamil Nadu vs. State of Kerala & Anr"
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There are other hydro-electric generation facilities on the river at Pallivasal, Chenkulam, Panniyar, Neriyamangalam and Lower Periyar.
700:. It has an average elevation of about 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) and drains to the south through Muthirapuzha into Periyar. The high
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month of Malayalam calendar. The Siva temple on the sand bank of Periyar River throngs with devotees every year on Mahasivarathri day.
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Periyar River Basin, Chapter 2, Environmental Program on Water Quality, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment
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is celebrated on the banks of the Periyar River in Aluva. The temple festival is conducted every year on Sivarathri day of the
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is constructed at the confluence of the Periyar and Mullayar to create the Periyar Thekkady lake and reservoir, as well as the
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barrage. After receiving the waters of the Idamalayar river, the Periyar flows west along the midlands of Ernakulam district.
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the fact that a small part of the Periyar river basin lies in Tamil Nadu is enough to make the river interstate in nature.
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The Parambikulam Aliyar Project (PAP) agreement was conceived to harness and share the waters in the inter-State rivers in
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rivers in the region and provides drinking water for several major towns. The Periyar is of utmost significance to the
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2214:"Studies on the nature and chemistry of sediments and water of Periyar and Chalakudy Rivers, Kerala, India by Maya K."
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At Aluva, the river bifurcates into the Marthandavarma and the Mangalapuzha branches. The Mangalapuzha branch joins
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675:. This 900-to-1,000-metre (3,000 to 3,300 ft) high western crestline separates the Periyar catchment from the
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The southernmost part of the Cardamom Hills i.e. the source of Periyar River is a narrow valley extending south of
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2937:"Environmental impact of sand mining: a case study in the river catchments of Vembanad lake, Southwest India"
1669:. India: DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NSS COLLEGE, MANJERI, MALAPPURAM, KERALA. 2013. pp. 19â24. Archived from
412:. The river originates from Chokkampatti Mala, a peak on the southern boundary of the Periyar Tiger Reserve.
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part of Ernakulam district, covering the region from Neriamangalam through Aluva to Varapuzha and Munambam.
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drinking and industrial purposes are met by a portion of storage water by the barrage of Bhoothathankettu.
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kilometres (542 sq mi) in Kerala and 300 square kilometres (116 sq mi) in Tamil Nadu.
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1525:. Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. December 2013. p. 2
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Church is situated atop the 609-metre (1,998 ft) high Malayatoor Hill. The church is dedicated to
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Thattekad Bird Sanctuary is an evergreen low-land forest located between the branches of Periyar River
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2106:. India: International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 4, Issue 1. 2013. p. 142
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2509:"PATTERNS AND PROCESSES OF FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN PERIYAR LAKE VALLEY SYSTEM OF SOUTHERN WESTERN GHATS"
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2101:"Flood moderation by large reservoirs in the humid tropics of Western ghat region of Kerala, India"
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1468:"Mullaperiyar pact legally unsustainable, says Kerala; Justifies fixing water level at 136 ft"
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991:
911:
There are several places of religious significance along the banks of the Periyar. The famous
837:
Due to all the diversions in its basin, the Periyar has lost 22 per cent of its average flow.
573:
559:
peak, on the right, is the highest point of the Periyar basin at 2,695 m (8,842 ft).
346:
2871:
2818:"Sri Sri Jagadguru Shankaracharya Mahasamsthanam Dakshinamnaya Sri Sharada Peetham, Sringeri"
1274:
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2126:"Long term conservation potential of Natural Forest in the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala"
2048:"Long term conservation potential of Natural Forest in the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala"
1794:"Long term conservation potential of Natural Forest in the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala"
884:
823:
540:
Minor tributaries are: Muthayar, Perunthuraiar, Chinnar, Deviyar, Cheruthony, Kattappanayar
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manappuram (sand bank) through afforestation programs headed by renowned environmentalist,
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934:
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1744:"Visual simulation and optimization Model for water release from Vaigai reservoir system"
2409:"Salinity intrusion and seasonal water quality variations in the tidal canals of Cochin"
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2159:. India: Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment. 2010. p. 57
1123:
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366:-Edayar region (Udhyogamandal), about 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Kochi harbor.
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2434:"An Integrated Hydrogeological study of the Muvattupuzha river basin, Kerala, India"
1799:. India: Department of Environment, Govt. of India. 1988. p. 24. Archived from
399:. The state of Kerala asserted during the hearings on the Mullaperiyar issue in the
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1221:"Growth response of phytoplankton exposed to industrial effluents in River Periyar"
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926:
448:
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436:
2689:"Conservation of the Periyar-Agasthyamalai Corridor in the Southern Western Ghats"
2464:. India: Centre for Water Resources Development & Management. 2009. p. 57
776:
The important reservoirs in the Periyar basin within Kerala are Bhoothathankettu,
2817:
2639:"An Ecological Study in Periyar Tiger Reserve with special reference to wildlife"
2638:
2508:
1617:
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is a town located on the banks of the Periyar river. It is the birthplace of Sri
333:) is the longest river and the river with the largest discharge potential in the
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2384:"Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical studies of the Periyar Basin, Central Kerala"
2186:"Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical studies of the Periyar Basin, Central Kerala"
1768:
1022:
Efforts have been made to prevent soil erosion on the banks of river periyar at
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486:. The Vembanad backwaters are connected to the Lakshadweep Sea at Cochin and
349:. It generates a significant proportion of Kerala's electrical power via the
17:
4287:
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1410:"Report of the Empowered Committee of the Supreme Court on Mullaperiyar Dam"
1196:
896:
697:
603:
507:
2664:"Status and distribution of birds in Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala, India"
2389:. India: Cochin University of Science and Technology. 2011. pp. 10â15
1664:"Proceedings, Western Ghats â Biogeography, Biodiversity and Conservation"
941:
and the subsequent consecration of a temple for Sri Adi Shankara in 1910.
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2942:. India: Cochin University of Science and Technology. pp. 202â203.
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762:
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2439:. India: Cochin University of Science and Technology. 2003. p. 14
358:
city, in the vicinity of the river mouth, draws its water supply from
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3197:
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2191:. India: Cochin University of Science and Technology. 2011. p. 7
2076:"GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT KERALA STATE"
1305:
Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International...
1102:"Understanding the 42-year-old Idukki dam which is now saving Kerala"
922:
659:
637:
624:
338:
166:
136:
100:
82:
2131:. India: Department of Environment, Govt. of India. 1988. p. 69
2053:. India: Department of Environment, Govt. of India. 1988. p. 41
1567:"Periyar Tiger Reserve -> Values of P.T.R. -> Catchment Value"
1172:
1701:. India: GOVERNMENT OF KERALA, FORESTS & WILDLIFE(F) DEPARTMENT
1280:. India: National Institute of Advanced Studies. 2010. pp. 7â9
1002:
2003:. India: Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. 2012. p. 17
930:
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655:
602:
551:
492:
373:
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359:
355:
334:
210:
170:
140:
92:
72:
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3921:
3166:
2246:"District Groundwater Brochure Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu"
2910:"CM's office okayed ghats for sand mining against CESS advice"
967:
1516:"GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF IDUKKI DISTRICT, KERALA"
788:, Kallarkutti, Idukki (formed by construction of three damsâ
408:. The source of the river lies in the remote forests of the
2644:. India: Kerala Forest Research Institute. 1985. p. 21
2276:. India: Centre for Earth Science Studies. 2010. p. 29
3012:"Kerala: law won't amount to usurpation of judicial power"
2694:. India: Asian Nature Conservation Foundation. p. 27.
2514:. India: Kerala Forest Research Institute. 1999. p. 7
1623:. India: Kerala Forest Research Institute. 1998. p. 8
2271:"Annual Report 2009-10, Centre for Earth Science Studies"
497:
Panoramic view of Periyar River from Bhoothathankettu Dam
2489:. India: Department of Irrigation, Government of Kerala
619:
The upper part of the Periyar basin extends across the
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1384:"Mullaperiyar: Kerala contests TN's rights over river"
3064:
3062:
2459:"Environmental Monitoring Programme on Water Quality"
2251:. India: Central Ground Water Board. 2010. p. 57
2154:"Environmental Monitoring Programme on Water Quality"
1658:
1386:. India: The New Indian Express. 2013. Archived from
2481:
2479:
1721:
indiawaterportal.org, Status Report on Periyar River
1656:
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696:
The High Range Plateau is located around Munnar and
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4175:
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3868:
3803:
3772:
3765:
3652:
3576:
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2886:. India: The Deccan Chronicle. 2013. Archived from
2364:. India: Water Resource Information System of India
2339:. India: Water Resource Information System of India
944:Located 52 kilometres (32 mi) from Kochi, the
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2738:"The List of Wetlands of International Importance"
1545:"Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary/Periyar Tiger Reserve"
623:. In the north, these hills extend up to the high
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
1297:
1295:
2070:
2068:
3035:
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2669:. India: The Indian Forester. pp. 144â145
2534:"Inter-linking rivers â the Kerala experience"
2356:
2354:
1618:"STUDIES ON THE FLORA OF PERIYAR TIGER RESERV"
1598:. India: Mahatma Gandhi University. p. 10
3933:
3178:
2331:
2329:
2327:
1586:
1584:
1302:Singh, Vijay P.; Yadava, Ram Narayan (2003).
1215:
1213:
933:philosopher who consolidated the doctrine of
8:
2566:"Revise water release chart of PAP: experts"
1876:"Moolavaigai Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve"
1851:"Sundaramala Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve"
1191:
1189:
1926:"Ummikuppan Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve"
1901:"Thannikudy Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve"
1494:"Final legal arguments submitted by Kerala"
395:The source of the Periyar lies high in the
3940:
3926:
3918:
3769:
3185:
3171:
3163:
3070:"Mullaperiyar dam case: SC reserves order"
2884:"Save river campaign set to engulf Kerala"
2337:"Parambikulam Aliyar (Irrigation) JI02563"
52:
2148:
2146:
1976:"Aruvioda Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve"
1951:"Mlappara Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve"
1437:"Mullaperiyar deal unsustainable: Kerala"
1826:"Periyar Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve"
1173:"Idukki District Hydroelectric projects"
1001:
883:The Periyar plateau forms a part of the
862:
1470:. India: Janam TV. 2013. Archived from
1092:
1068:
378:Periyar river at Bhoothathankettu near
222:295 m/s (10,400 cu ft/s)
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
258:223 m/s (7,900 cu ft/s)
31:
324:
188:5,398 km (2,084 sq mi)
7:
1749:. India: Anna University. p. 25
1696:"Periyar Tiger Reserve Notification"
1593:"Fishery Management in Periyar Lake"
887:Reserve 10, which also includes the
2747:. India. p. 18. Archived from
2487:"Periyar Valley Irrigation Project"
1336:"Periyar: A confluence of cultures"
907:Religious and cultural significance
752:Idukki Dam across the Periyar river
4734:Bodies of water of the Arabian Sea
2988:. 24 February 2002. Archived from
903:largest such population in India.
25:
3041:"Periyar is an inter-State river"
2953:Priyadershini S. (27 June 2013).
1496:. India: manoramaonline.com. 2013
853:Periyar Barrage, Bhoothathankettu
3902:
2001:"Dam break analysis, study area"
1018:Environmental protection efforts
842:
632:Source â Southern Cardamom Hills
40:
1100:James Wilson (13 August 2018).
1569:. India: Periyar Tiger Reserve
808:Kerala State Electricity Board
58:Labelled map of Periyar River
1:
3078:. India. 2013. Archived from
2774:"Kerala: Festivals and Fairs"
2706:"Inside a magical rainforest"
2594:. India: India Together. 2003
2542:. India. 2002. Archived from
819:Inter-basin transfer of water
730:Periyar Midlands and Lowlands
111:Physical characteristics
3836:President's Trophy Boat Race
4739:Rivers of the Western Ghats
3338:Karimpuzha River (Palakkad)
2796:"Thiruvairanikkulam Temple"
1275:"The Mullaperiyar Conflict"
1124:"UNEP GEMS/Water Programme"
244: • location
206: • location
162: • location
132: • location
4755:
2592:"Interlinking? No, thanks"
1547:. India: keralatourism.org
254: • average
218: • average
156:Arabian Sea, Vembanad Lake
3899:
3826:Kandassankadavu Boat Race
2955:"In a green urban jungle"
2312:. India. 2006. p. 11
913:Aluva Sivarathri festival
607:Cardamom Hills, Southern
262:
230:
226:
192:
180:244 km (152 mi)
146:
115:
51:
46:Fishing nets over Periyar
39:
3886:Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary
2980:"A crusader for Periyar"
2619:. India. 2006. p. 6
1364:. India: Frontline. 2011
1197:"Salient Features â Dam"
1148:"Study area and methods"
784:, Anayirangal, Kundala,
576:districts in Kerala and
293: • right
2714:. India. Archived from
859:Ecological significance
744:Hydro-electric projects
341:. It is one of the few
281: • left
3856:Sree Narayana Jayanthi
2023:"The tract dealt with"
1591:Minimol K. C. (2000).
1248:. ENVIS Centre: Kerala
1077:Supreme Court of India
1007:
868:
753:
719:accelerated weathering
649:Cardamom Hills plateau
616:
560:
498:
401:Supreme Court of India
383:
27:River in Kerala, India
3816:Payippadu Vallam Kali
3722:Paravur Thekkumbhagam
3149:10.17667°N 76.16278°E
1362:"Heightened tensions"
1005:
866:
751:
712:Lower Periyar Valleys
606:
555:
496:
470:and empties into the
430:Periyar National Park
410:Periyar Tiger Reserve
377:
125:Periyar Tiger Reserve
3876:Estuaries of Paravur
3727:Padinjarekkara Beach
2840:"Malayattoor Church"
2362:"Lower Nirar D00884"
956:Environmental issues
4603:Kalingarayan Anicut
3821:Triprayar Boat Race
3145: /
2992:on 29 November 2004
2414:. India. p. 34
1011:Illegal sand mining
998:Illegal sand mining
578:Coimbatore district
530:Perinjankutti River
267:Basin features
123:Chokkampatti Mala,
3851:Champakulam Moolam
3609:Meenmutty, Wayanad
3154:10.17667; 76.16278
3107:. pp. 145â147
3075:The Times of India
2935:Sreebha S (2008).
2546:on 30 January 2005
2028:. India. p. 5
1774:. pp. 147â148
1474:on 5 November 2013
1441:The Times of India
1153:. India. p. 7
1057:2018 Kerala floods
1028:Prof. S. Sitaraman
1008:
980:trivalent chromium
869:
754:
692:High Range Plateau
666:Idukki Sub-plateau
617:
584:The Periyar is an
561:
515:Muthirapuzha River
499:
384:
326:[peÉžijaËr]
248:Kalady (1980â2004)
4711:
4710:
3915:
3914:
3881:Islands of Kollam
3864:
3863:
3533:Kavvayi Backwater
3224:Anjarakandi River
3082:on 25 August 2013
2890:on 11 August 2013
2754:on 2 January 2008
2718:on 1 January 2013
1390:on 16 August 2013
780:, Lower Periyar,
347:economy of Kerala
315:
314:
16:(Redirected from
4746:
4729:Rivers of Kerala
4408:Vilinjiyambakkam
4373:Thervoy Kandigai
4137:Thirumanimutharu
3942:
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3909:India portal
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3487:Thuppanadippuzha
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2219:. Archived from
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1024:Aluva Sivarathri
885:Project Elephant
846:
824:Mullaperiyar dam
760:
586:8th order stream
525:Cheruthoni River
461:Bhoothathankettu
426:Mullaperiyar dam
328:
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4753:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4724:Periyar (river)
4714:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4608:Kamarajar Sagar
4570:
4564:
4528:
4417:
4208:Chembarambakkam
4171:
3955:
3946:
3916:
3911:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3860:
3799:
3761:
3752:Thirumullavaram
3672:Chavakkad Beach
3648:
3572:
3519:
3511:
3254:Cherukunnapuzha
3200:
3191:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3068:
3067:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1806:on 2 March 2014
1803:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:Balamurugan R.
1741:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1676:on 4 March 2016
1673:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1053:
1036:
1020:
1000:
963:
958:
935:Advaita Vedanta
909:
861:
856:
855:
854:
852:
847:
821:
803:
774:
758:
746:
741:
732:
714:
694:
668:
651:
634:
601:
550:
504:
472:Lakshadweep Sea
468:Chalakudy River
418:
406:Idukki district
393:
372:
370:Origin and path
321:
292:
280:
253:
243:
217:
205:
163:
131:
59:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4752:
4750:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4703:Varattu Pallam
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4653:Orathuppalayam
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:Pambar (South)
4099:
4097:Pambar (North)
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4037:Kosasthalaiyar
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3869:Related topics
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3780:Chundan Vallam
3776:
3774:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3717:Muzhappilangad
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Perunthenaruvi
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Vellayani Lake
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3520:and reservoirs
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3507:Vandazhippuzha
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3407:Meenkarappuzha
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3284:Iruvanjippuzha
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3234:Bharathappuzha
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3125:
3124:External links
3122:
3119:
3118:
3093:
3058:
3029:
3003:
2971:
2945:
2927:
2901:
2875:
2864:
2853:
2831:
2809:
2787:
2765:
2729:
2697:
2680:
2655:
2630:
2605:
2583:
2557:
2525:
2500:
2475:
2450:
2425:
2400:
2375:
2350:
2323:
2287:
2262:
2237:
2226:on 5 July 2017
2202:
2170:
2142:
2117:
2092:
2064:
2039:
2014:
1992:
1967:
1942:
1917:
1892:
1867:
1842:
1817:
1785:
1760:
1734:
1723:
1712:
1687:
1634:
1609:
1580:
1558:
1536:
1507:
1485:
1454:
1423:
1401:
1375:
1353:
1327:
1313:
1291:
1259:
1237:
1209:
1185:
1164:
1139:
1115:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1035:
1032:
1019:
1016:
999:
996:
962:
959:
957:
954:
908:
905:
860:
857:
849:
848:
841:
840:
839:
832:Bharathappuzha
820:
817:
802:
799:
773:
770:
745:
742:
740:
737:
731:
728:
713:
710:
693:
690:
667:
664:
650:
647:
633:
630:
621:Cardamom Hills
600:
599:Cardamom Hills
597:
549:
546:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
520:Mullayar River
517:
503:
500:
417:
414:
392:
389:
371:
368:
313:
312:
295:
289:
288:
283:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
250:
249:
246:
240:
239:
236:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
214:
213:
208:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
148:
147:
144:
143:
134:
128:
127:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:
108:
107:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4751:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:Upper Bhavani
4691:
4689:
4688:Upper Anaicut
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Lower Anaicut
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:Kutladampatti
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:Mathiyampatti
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Maduranthakam
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:Thamirabarani
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3910:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Indira Gandhi
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Pattathippara
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:Kumbhavurutty
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:Perinjankutti
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Maruthappuzha
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Kuthirappuzha
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Kanjirappuzha
3317:
3315:
3314:Kalpathipuzha
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Gayathripuzha
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3130:
3123:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3047:. India. 2013
3046:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3018:. India. 2013
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2916:. India. 2013
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2572:. India. 2012
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2081:. India. 2007
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1672:
1665:
1659:
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1653:
1651:
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1635:
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1613:
1610:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1546:
1540:
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1517:
1511:
1508:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1443:. India. 2013
1442:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1342:. India. 2001
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1316:
1314:9788177645484
1310:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1149:
1143:
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1125:
1119:
1116:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1015:
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1004:
997:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
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960:
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953:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
918:
914:
906:
904:
900:
898:
897:Dr. Salim Ali
892:
890:
889:Agasthyamalai
886:
881:
877:
875:
874:Western Ghats
865:
858:
851:
845:
838:
835:
833:
828:
825:
818:
816:
812:
809:
800:
798:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
771:
769:
766:
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743:
738:
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729:
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723:
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691:
689:
687:
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678:
674:
665:
663:
661:
657:
648:
646:
643:
639:
631:
629:
626:
622:
614:
610:
609:Western ghats
605:
598:
596:
594:
590:
587:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
558:
554:
547:
545:
541:
536:
535:Edamala River
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
509:
501:
495:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
457:Neriamangalam
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
422:
415:
413:
411:
407:
402:
398:
397:Western Ghats
390:
388:
381:
380:Kothamangalam
376:
369:
367:
365:
361:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
319:
311:
307:
303:
302:Perinjankutti
299:
296:
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287:
284:
278:
274:
270:
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261:
257:
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149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
106:
102:
98:
97:Neriamangalam
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
62:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Periyar river
4648:Nallathangal
4613:Karuppanadhi
4598:Grand Anicut
4593:Bhavanisagar
4578:Aathupalayam
4429:Agaya Gangai
4378:Tiruninravur
4303:Paruthipattu
4218:Chitlapakkam
4198:Ayanambakkam
4111:
4107:Parambikulam
3891:Pathiramanal
3841:Nehru Trophy
3742:Snehatheeram
3737:Shankumugham
3639:Thusharagiri
3589:Athirappilly
3553:Sasthamkotta
3502:Valapattanam
3476:
3462:Parambikulam
3437:Pallichelaru
3422:Muvattupuzha
3417:Muthirapuzha
3324:Kannadipuzha
3129:Waterway map
3128:
3127:
3109:. Retrieved
3096:
3084:. Retrieved
3080:the original
3073:
3049:. Retrieved
3044:
3020:. Retrieved
3015:
3006:
2994:. Retrieved
2990:the original
2983:
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2958:
2948:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2913:
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2888:the original
2878:
2867:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2749:the original
2744:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:the original
2709:
2700:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2633:
2621:. Retrieved
2608:
2598:16 September
2596:. Retrieved
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2569:
2560:
2548:. Retrieved
2544:the original
2537:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2466:. Retrieved
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2341:. Retrieved
2314:. Retrieved
2278:. Retrieved
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2221:the original
2193:. Retrieved
2161:. Retrieved
2133:. Retrieved
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2055:. Retrieved
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2017:
2007:12 September
2005:. Retrieved
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1801:the original
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1737:
1726:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1671:the original
1625:. Retrieved
1612:
1602:19 September
1600:. Retrieved
1571:. Retrieved
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1539:
1529:19 September
1527:. Retrieved
1522:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1472:the original
1445:. Retrieved
1440:
1414:. Retrieved
1412:. p. 60
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1339:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1304:
1282:. Retrieved
1250:. Retrieved
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1200:. Retrieved
1176:. Retrieved
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1095:
1071:
1045:
1041:Madras state
1037:
1021:
1009:
964:
943:
927:Adi Shankara
921:
910:
901:
893:
882:
878:
870:
836:
829:
822:
813:
804:
775:
767:
755:
733:
724:
715:
706:
695:
669:
652:
635:
618:
591:
583:
562:
542:
539:
505:
465:
453:
449:Ayyappancoil
441:Vandiperiyar
437:Vaigai River
434:
423:
419:
394:
385:
382:, Ernakulam.
330:
317:
316:
306:Muthirapuzha
29:
4623:Krishnagiri
4469:Kumbakkarai
4413:Villivakkam
4358:Singanallur
4258:Madambakkam
4072:Nanganjiyar
3949:Hydrography
3811:Vallam kali
3785:Kettuvallam
3747:Tanur Beach
3732:Payyambalam
3584:Aruvikkuzhy
3568:Veeranpuzha
3492:Thuthapuzha
3482:Punnappuzha
3452:Pandippuzha
3372:Madatharuvi
3357:Kunthipuzha
3352:Kottappuzha
3244:Chalippuzha
3229:Ayalurpuzha
3219:Ambankadavu
3194:Hydrography
3152: /
2576:21 December
2550:6 September
2368:10 November
2280:27 February
1778:8 September
1732:irenees.net
1523:cgwb.gov.in
1132:27 February
1108:8 September
1104:. The Print
1006:Sand mining
508:tributaries
502:Tributaries
488:Kodungallur
329:, meaning:
272:Tributaries
105:Malayattoor
4718:Categories
4668:Perunchani
4663:Pechiparai
4633:Manimuthar
4588:Amaravathi
4571:reservoirs
4524:Vattaparai
4509:Tirparappu
4489:Sengupathi
4449:Hogenakkal
4444:Courtallam
4422:Waterfalls
4383:Valankulam
4363:Sirudavoor
4353:Sholavaram
4293:Pallavaram
4263:Madhavaram
4243:Kodaikanal
4223:Cholavaram
4183:Adambakkam
4047:Manimuthar
4042:Manimuktha
4027:Kokkiliyar
3972:Amaravathi
3953:Tamil Nadu
3790:Palliyodam
3687:Kappkadavu
3634:Soochipara
3577:Waterfalls
3457:Papanasini
3427:Neerppuzha
3382:Malampuzha
3334:Karimpuzha
3274:Edamalayar
3264:Cheruthoni
3259:Cherupuzha
3214:Achankovil
3140:76°09â˛46âłE
3137:10°10â˛36âłN
3111:2 December
2846:5 November
2824:5 November
2802:5 November
2780:5 November
2758:4 November
2722:4 November
2673:5 November
2648:4 November
2623:4 November
2518:6 November
2493:6 November
2343:6 November
2316:6 November
2195:6 November
2135:7 November
2110:7 November
2085:6 November
2057:7 November
2032:7 November
1985:5 November
1960:5 November
1935:5 November
1910:5 November
1885:5 November
1860:5 November
1835:5 November
1810:7 November
1753:29 January
1416:9 November
1157:31 October
1087:References
972:endosulfan
950:St. Thomas
946:Malayatoor
801:Irrigation
794:Cheruthoni
782:Mattupetty
778:Idamalayar
772:Reservoirs
673:Thodupuzha
506:Its major
484:Varappuzha
351:Idukki Dam
322:Malayalam:
286:Cheruthoni
185:Basin size
4658:Papanasam
4569:Dams and
4504:Thalaiyar
4439:Catherine
4403:Vennandur
4398:Vellalore
4393:Velachery
4343:Red Hills
4308:Perungudi
4283:Mookaneri
4238:Kazhuveli
4193:Avalanche
4117:Ponnaiyar
4082:Pachaiyar
4022:Kodavanar
4017:Kodaganar
3712:Mundakkal
3707:Meenkunnu
3662:Alappuzha
3644:Vazhachal
3548:Punnamada
3528:Ashtamudi
3467:Payaswini
3402:Meenachil
3342:Korapuzha
3299:Kadalundi
3289:Ithikkara
3269:Chulliyar
3239:Chalakudy
3086:22 August
3051:4 January
3045:The Hindu
3022:14 August
3016:the Hindu
2996:15 August
2985:The Hindu
2964:15 August
2959:The Hindu
2920:6 October
2914:The Hindu
2745:The Hindu
2711:The Hindu
2570:The Hindu
2539:The Hindu
2443:30 August
2255:29 August
2163:29 August
1340:The Hindu
1284:10 August
1252:16 August
1246:"Periyar"
961:Pollution
698:Devikulam
681:Meenachil
615:in Kerala
570:Ernakulam
482:Lake) at
343:perennial
337:state of
331:big river
235:Discharge
197:Discharge
4683:Solaiyar
4678:Servalar
4673:Sathanur
4643:Mukkadal
4618:Kodiveri
4540:Elliot's
4494:Siruvani
4454:Kalhatti
4388:Veeranam
4338:Ramakkal
4298:Parakkai
4253:Korattur
4233:Kaliveli
4188:Ambattur
4167:Vennaaru
4157:Vasishta
4152:Vanniyar
4122:Siruvani
4067:Nambiyar
4052:Manjalar
4032:Kollidam
3977:Arasalar
3831:Aranmula
3619:Palaruvi
3614:Oliyarik
3563:Vembanad
3412:Mullayar
3392:Manimala
3387:Mangalam
3362:Kurumali
3329:Karamana
3249:Chaliyar
2468:12 March
1202:12 March
1178:12 March
1051:See also
939:Sringeri
702:Rajamala
677:Manimala
613:Thekkady
574:Thrissur
480:Vembanad
476:Munambam
445:Elappara
298:Mullayar
64:Location
4550:Kovalam
4533:Beaches
4519:Vaideki
4514:Ulakkai
4464:Kiliyur
4434:Ayyanar
4368:Ukkadam
4348:Retteri
4328:Pulicat
4318:Perumal
4248:Kolavai
4213:Chetput
4203:Berijam
4147:Vaippar
4112:Periyar
4087:Pahrali
4012:Kedilam
4002:Gomukhi
3992:Chittar
3987:Cheyyar
3982:Bhavani
3757:Varkala
3697:Kovalam
3654:Beaches
3604:Manalar
3543:Paravur
3516:Lakes,
3477:Periyar
3347:Korayar
3309:Kallayi
3304:Kallada
2842:. India
2820:. India
2798:. India
2776:. India
2418:2 March
2393:2 March
2230:1 March
1981:. India
1956:. India
1931:. India
1906:. India
1881:. India
1856:. India
1831:. India
1705:3 March
1680:3 March
1627:3 March
1573:3 March
1551:3 March
1500:3 March
1478:31 July
1447:31 July
1394:3 March
1368:3 March
1346:3 March
1320:1 March
1230:4 March
1226:. CUSAT
1034:Dispute
988:cyanide
917:Kumbham
786:Ponmudi
763:monsoon
759:6 Ă 130
686:Vagamon
611:, Near
593:Anamudi
557:Anamudi
391:Sources
318:Periyar
310:Edamala
69:Country
35:Periyar
4698:Vaigai
4638:Mettur
4583:Aliyar
4560:Silver
4555:Marina
4545:Golden
4499:Suruli
4484:Monkey
4459:Katary
4333:Pykara
4323:Pulhal
4273:Mangal
4162:Vellar
4142:Vaigai
4127:Swetha
4077:Noyyal
4062:Nadari
4007:Kaveri
3960:Rivers
3702:Marari
3692:Kollam
3682:Kappad
3677:Cherai
3594:Charpa
3447:Pambar
3432:Neyyar
3294:Kabini
3206:Rivers
3198:Kerala
2894:20 May
1311:
929:, the
923:Kalady
790:Idukki
660:Kambam
638:Kumily
625:Munnar
566:Idukki
416:Course
339:Kerala
335:Indian
275:
238:
200:
177:Length
167:Kerala
137:Kerala
120:Source
101:Kalady
89:Cities
83:Kerala
4479:Law's
4313:Porur
4176:Lakes
4092:Palar
4057:Moyar
3997:Cooum
3967:Adyar
3804:Races
3773:Types
3766:Boats
3667:Bekal
3518:dams
3497:Tirur
3442:Pamba
3105:(PDF)
2940:(PDF)
2752:(PDF)
2741:(PDF)
2692:(PDF)
2667:(PDF)
2642:(PDF)
2617:(PDF)
2512:(PDF)
2462:(PDF)
2437:(PDF)
2412:(PDF)
2387:(PDF)
2310:(PDF)
2274:(PDF)
2249:(PDF)
2224:(PDF)
2217:(PDF)
2189:(PDF)
2157:(PDF)
2129:(PDF)
2104:(PDF)
2079:(PDF)
2051:(PDF)
2026:(PDF)
1979:(PDF)
1954:(PDF)
1929:(PDF)
1904:(PDF)
1879:(PDF)
1854:(PDF)
1829:(PDF)
1804:(PDF)
1797:(PDF)
1772:(PDF)
1747:(PDF)
1699:(PDF)
1674:(PDF)
1667:(PDF)
1621:(PDF)
1596:(PDF)
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2922:2013
2896:2013
2848:2013
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