Prenatal development - Knowledge (XXG)

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affect the child's learning and relationships when born. For instance, they may have behavioral problems and might be antisocial. The stress that the mother experiences affects the fetus and the fetus' growth which can include the fetus' nervous system (Reilly, 2017). Stress can also lead to low birth weight. Even after avoiding other factors like alcohol, drugs, and being healthy, stress can have its impacts whether families know it or not. Many women who deal with maternal stress do not seek treatment. Similar to stress, Reilly stated that in recent studies, researchers have found that pregnant women who show depressive symptoms are not as attached and bonded to their child while it is in the womb (2017).

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fetus. Women under 16 and over 35 have a higher risk of preterm labor (premature baby), and this risk increases for women in poverty, women who take drugs, and women who smoke. Young mothers are more likely to engage in high risk behaviors, such as using alcohol, drugs, or smoking, resulting in negative consequences for the fetus. Premature babies from young mothers are more likely to have neurological defects that will influence their coping capabilities – irritability, trouble sleeping, constant crying for example. There is an increased risk of

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exposed to methamphetamine but no other illicit drugs and one containing children who met diagnosis criteria for ADHD but were not prenatally exposed to any illicit substance. Both groups of children completed intelligence measures to compute an IQ. Study results showed that the prenatally exposed children performed lower on the intelligence measures than their non-exposed peers with ADHD. The study results also suggest that prenatal exposure to methamphetamine may negatively impact processing speed as children develop.

133: 347: 1070:. Nicotine results in less blood flow to the fetus because it constricts the blood vessels. Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen flow to the fetus. The reduction of blood and oxygen flow may result in miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, and premature births. Exposure to secondhand smoke leads to higher risks of low birth weight and childhood cancer. 222: 1020:

effects of cocaine lead to a decrease in placental blood flow to the fetus that results in fetal hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) and decreased fetal nutrition; these vasoconstrictive effects on the placenta have been linked to the number of complications in malformations that are evident in the newborn.

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is already fully formed. Also, most low-frequency sounds (less than 300 Hz) can reach the fetal inner ear in the womb of mammals. Those low-frequency sounds include pitch, rhythm, and phonetic information related to language. Studies have indicated that fetuses react to and recognize differences

1154:. Toxoplasmosis can be acquired through eating infected undercooked meat or contaminated food, and by drinking contaminated water. The risk of fetal infection is lowest during early pregnancy, and highest during the third trimester. However, in early pregnancy the outcome is worse, and can be fatal. 1019:

Cocaine use results in a smaller brain, which results in learning disabilities for the fetus. Cocaine puts the fetus at a higher risk of being stillborn or premature. Cocaine use also results in low birthweight, damage to the central nervous system, and motor dysfunction. The vasoconstriction of the

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once the fetus is born. Marijuana will slow the fetal growth rate and can result in premature delivery. It can also lead to low birth weight, a shortened gestational period and complications in delivery. Cannabis use during pregnancy was unrelated to risk of perinatal death or need for special care,

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Women between the ages of 16 and 35 have a healthier environment for a fetus than women under 16 or over 35. Women between this age gap are more likely to have fewer complications. Women over 35 are more inclined to have a longer labor period, which could potentially result in death of the mother or

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Prenatal methamphetamine exposure has shown to negatively impact brain development and behavioral functioning. A 2019 study further investigated neurocognitive and neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure. This study had two groups, one containing children who were prenatally

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An estimated 5 percent of fetuses in the United States are exposed to illicit drug use during pregnancy. Maternal drug use occurs when drugs ingested by the pregnant woman are metabolized in the placenta and then transmitted to the fetus. Recent research displays that there is a correlation between

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lead to higher rates of miscarriage, sterility, and birth defects. Toxins include fetal exposure to lead, mercury, and ethanol or hazardous environments. Prenatal exposure to mercury may lead to physical deformation, difficulty in chewing and swallowing, and poor motoric coordination. Exposure to

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Poverty has been linked to poor prenatal care and has been an influence on prenatal development. Women in poverty are more likely to have children at a younger age, which results in low birth weight. Many of these expecting mothers have little education and are therefore less aware of the risks of

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Adequate nutrition is needed for a healthy fetus. Mothers who gain less than 20 pounds during pregnancy are at increased risk for having a preterm or low birth weight infant. Iron and iodine are especially important during prenatal development. Mothers who are deficient in iron are at risk for

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From the 10th week of gestation (8th week of development), the developing embryo is called a fetus. All major structures are formed by this time, but they continue to grow and develop. Because the precursors of the organs are now formed, the fetus is not as sensitive to damage from environmental

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can have an impact the development of the embryo. Reilly (2017) states that stress can come from many forms of life events such as community, family, financial issues, and natural causes. While a woman is pregnant, stress from outside sources can take a toll on the growth in the womb that may

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Maternal alcohol use leads to disruptions of the fetus' brain development, interferes with the fetus' cell development and organization, and affects the maturation of the central nervous system. Even small amounts of alcohol use can cause lower height, weight and head size at birth and higher

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will cause interrupted fetal development, stillbirths, and can lead to numerous birth defects. Heroin can also result in premature delivery, creates a higher risk of miscarriages, result in facial abnormalities and head size, and create gastrointestinal abnormalities in the fetus. There is an

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between sounds. Such ideas are further reinforced by the fact that newborns present a preference for their mother's voice, present behavioral recognition of stories only heard during gestation, and (in monolingual mothers) present preference for their native language. A more recent study with

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Lerma Castaño, Piedad Rocio; Montealegre Suarez, Diana Paola; Mantilla Toloza, Sonia Carolina; Jaimes Guerrero, Carlos Alberto; Romaña Cabrera, Luisa Fernanda; Lozano Mañosca, Daiana Stefanny (2021). "Prenatal, perinatal and postnatal risk factors associated with fine motor function delay in

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Lecaneut, J. P., and Granier-Deferre, C. (1993). "Speech stimuli in the fetal environment", in Developmental Neurocognition: Speech and Face Processing in the First Year of Life, eds B. De Boysson-Bardies, S. de Schonen, P. Jusczyk, P. MacNeilage, and J. Morton (Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic

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is a developmental disorder that is a consequence of heavy alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy. Children with FASD have a variety of distinctive facial features, heart problems, and cognitive problems such as developmental disabilities, attention difficulties, and memory deficits.

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about the association between the prenatal environment and the development of chronic conditions later in life. The initial studies found no association between malnourishment and cognitive development, but later studies found associations between malnourishment and increased risk for

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fine motor skills and prenatal risk factors such as the use of psychoactive substances and signs of abortion during pregnancy. As well as perinatal risk factors such as gestation time, duration of delivery, birth weight and postnatal risk factors such as constant falls.

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Niedziocha, Laura. "The Effects of Drugs And Alcohol on Fetal Development | LIVESTRONG.COM." LIVESTRONG.COM – Lose Weight & Get Fit with Diet, Nutrition & Fitness Tools | LIVESTRONG.COM. N.p., 4 Sept. 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2012.

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Brinker, Michael J.; Cohen, Jodie G.; Sharrette, Johnathan A.; Hall, Trevor A. (2019). "Neurocognitive and neurodevelopmental impact of prenatal methamphetamine exposure: A comparison study of prenatally exposed children with nonexposed ADHD peers".

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increased risk for SIDS, dysfunction in the central nervous system, and neurological dysfunctions including tremors, sleep problems, and seizures. The fetus is also put at a great risk for low birth weight and respiratory problems.

110:. The next period is that of fetal development where many organs become fully developed. This fetal period is described both topically (by organ) and chronologically (by time) with major occurrences being listed by gestational age. 834:

demonstrated different brain activation in newborns hearing their native language compared to when they were presented with a different language, further supporting the idea that language learning starts while in gestation.

419:. In most successful pregnancies, the embryo implants 8 to 10 days after ovulation. The embryo, the extra-embryonic membranes, and the placenta are collectively referred to as a conceptus, or the "products of conception". 2968:"Prenatal Development – Prenatal Environmental Influences – Mother, Birth, Fetus, and Pregnancy." Social Issues Reference. Version Child Development Vol. 6. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. 743:(B cells). Both of these populations of lymphocytes have short-lived and long-lived groups. Short-lived T cells usually reside in thymus, bone marrow and spleen; whereas long-lived T cells reside in the blood stream. 989:

but, the babies of women who used cannabis at least once per week before and throughout pregnancy were 216g lighter than those of non‐users, had significantly shorter birth lengths and smaller head circumferences.

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Initial knowledge of the effects of prenatal experience on later neuropsychological development originates from the Dutch Famine Study, which researched the cognitive development of individuals born after the

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Rückinger, Simon; Beyerlein, Andreas; Jacobsen, Geir; von Kries, Rüdiger; Vik, Torstein (December 2010). "Growth in utero and body mass index at age 5years in children of smoking and non-smoking mothers".

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Brown, A. S., van Os, J., Driessens, C., Hoek, H. W., & Susser, E. S. (2000). Further evidence of relation between prenatal famine and major affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(2),

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Gerhardt, K. J., Otto, R., Abrams, R. M., Colle, J. J., Burchfield, D. J., and Peters, A. J. M. (1992). Cochlear microphones recorded from fetal and newborn sheep. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 13, 226–233.

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of pregnancy is usually due to major genetic mistakes or abnormalities in the developing embryo. During this critical period the developing embryo is also susceptible to toxic exposures, such as:

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for infants born to those aged over 40 years. Young teenaged mothers (younger than 16) and mothers over 35 are more exposed to the risks of miscarriages, premature births, and birth defects.

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Megaloblastic red blood cells are produced early in development, which become normoblastic near term. Life span of prenatal RBCs is 80 days. Rh antigen appears at about 40 days of gestation.

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Mattson, Sarah N.; Roesch, Scott C.; Fagerlund, Åse; Autti-Rämö, Ilona; Jones, Kenneth Lyons; May, Philip A.; Adnams, Colleen M.; Konovalova, Valentina; Riley, Edward P. (21 June 2010).

853:, and is often given as the weight put in relation to what would be expected by the gestational age. A baby born within the normal range of weight for that gestational age is known as 1704:

Neugebauer, R., Hoek, H. W., & Susser, E. (1999). Prenatal exposure to wartime famine and development of antisocial personality disorder in early adulthood. Jama, 282(5), 455-462.

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Brady, Joanne P., Marc Posner, and Cynthia Lang. "Risk and Reality: The Implications of Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol and Other Drugs ." ASPE. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. <

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increases an infants risk of long-term growth and cognitive and language deficits. It also results in a shortened gestational period and can lead to prenatal complications.

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Barker, D. J., Winter, P. D., Osmond, C., Margetts, B., & Simmonds, S. J. (1989). Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet, 2(8663), 577-580.

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The growth rate of a fetus is linear up to 37 weeks of gestation, after which it plateaus. The growth rate of an embryo and infant can be reflected as the weight per

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Development continues throughout the life of the fetus and through into life after birth. Significant changes occur to many systems in the period after birth as they

813:. The first studies focused on the consequences of the famine to cognitive development, including the prevalence of intellectual disability. Such studies predate 1203: 3986: 3119: 3025:"Effects of gestation and birth weight on the growth and development of very low birthweight small for gestational age infants: a matched group comparison" 1310:

By European Regional Office, World Health Organization. Revised March 1999 & January 2001. In turn citing: WHO Geneva, WHA20.19, WHA43.27, Article 23

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having a preterm or low birth weight infant. Iodine deficiencies increase the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and fetal brain abnormalities. Adequate

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Brown, A.S.; Susser, E.S.; Hoek, H.W.; Neugebauer, R.; Lin, S.P.; Gorman, J.M. (1996). "Schizophrenia and affective disorders after prenatal famine".

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DeCasper, A. J., and Spence, M. J. (1986). Prenatal maternal speech influences newborns' perception of speech sounds. Infant Behav. Dev. 9, 133–150.

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high levels of lead prenatally is related to prematurity, low birth weight, brain damage, and a variety of physical defects. Exposure to persistent

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Henrichs, J. (2010). Prenatal determinants of early behavioral and cognitive development: The generation R study. Rotterdam: Erasmus Universiteit.

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develop as early as 24 weeks' gestational age, but the first evidence of their function does not occur until around 30 weeks, when minimal

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Reilly, Nicole (2017). "Stress, depression and anxiety during pregnancy: How does it impact on children and how can we intervene early?".

1532: 3740: 3652: 1127: 756: 618: 603: 361:) (8th week fertilization age). The first two weeks from fertilization is also referred to as the germinal stage or preembryonic stage. 300: 384:. Up to this point there is no growth in the overall size of the embryo, as it is confined within a glycoprotein shell, known as the 2854: 2151:

Irner, Tina Birk (November 2012). "Substance exposure in utero and developmental consequences in adolescence: A systematic review".

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may lead to reduced infant head size, low birth weight, increased infant death rates, impaired lung and immune system development.

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Kisilevsky, Barbara S.; Hains, Sylvia M.J.; Lee, Kang; Xie, Xing; Huang, Hefeng; Ye, Hai Hui; Zhang, Ke; Wang, Zengping (2003).

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and at facilities where expert neonatal care is available, it is considered from 22 completed weeks (usually about 154 days) of

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Eisenberg, R. B. (1976). Auditory Competence in Early Life: The Roots of Communicate Behavior Baltimore: University Park Press.

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exposure as the embryo was. Instead, toxic exposure often causes physiological abnormalities or minor congenital malformation.

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Moon, C., Cooper, R. P., and Fifer, W. P. (1993). Two-day-olds prefer their native language. Infant Behav. Dev. 16, 495–500.

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DeCasper, A. J., and Fifer, W. P. (1980). Of human bonding: newborns prefer their mother's voices. Science 208, 1174–1176.

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Stein, Z., Susser, M., Saenger, G., & Marolla, F. (1972). Nutrition and mental performance. Science, 178(62),708-713.

3597: 3494: 3162: 1107: 985: 426:, which produces the varied cell types (such as blood cells, kidney cells, and nerve cells). A spontaneous abortion, or 358: 141: 810: 3900: 3193: 3091: 623: 519: 416: 341: 296: 87: 3592: 3105: 275:. A great many sperm cells are released with the possibility of just one managing to adhere to and enter the thick 825:

There is evidence that the acquisition of language begins in the prenatal stage. After 26 weeks of gestation, the

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Espy, Kimberly Andrews; Fang, Hua; Johnson, Craig; Stopp, Christian; Wiebe, Sandra A.; Respass, Jennifer (2011).

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the starting point of this period is considered 28 completed weeks of gestation (or weight more than 1000 g).

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Caserta, D (2013). "Heavy metals and placental fetal-maternal barrier: A mini review on the major concerns".

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Ehrenberg, H (2003). "Low maternal weight, failure to thrive in pregnancy, and adverse pregnancy outcomes".

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of the uterus which can be estimated by abdominal palpation. More exact measurements can be performed with

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is the period of embryogenesis and together with the first three weeks of prenatal development make up the

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cells of the uterus. The trophoblasts will eventually give rise to extra-embryonic structures, such as the

164:"to give birth") Sometimes "antepartum" is however used to denote the period between the 24th/26th week of 3730: 831: 454: 2702: 1369: 3489: 2618:"Prevention and mitigation of congenital toxoplasmosis. Economic costs and benefits in diverse settings" 1058: 975: 901: 897: 244: 169: 114: 49: 2578:

Diav-Citrin, O (2011). "Prenatal exposures associated with neurodevelopmental delay and disabilities".

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Following fertilization, the embryonic stage of development continues until the end of the 10th week (

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Daftary, Shirish; Chakravarti, Sudip (2011). Manual of Obstetrics, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1–16.

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Definitions and Indicators in Family Planning. Maternal & Child Health and Reproductive Health.

351: 229: 216: 192: 91: 4036: 4031: 3469: 3088:, regulatory agency overseeing the use of gametes and embryos in fertility treatment and research 2934: 2332: 2288: 2280: 2231: 2176: 2079: 2043: 1978: 1941: 1898: 1781: 1687: 960: 931: 541: 204: 1881:

King, Suzanne; St-Hilaire, Annie; Heidkamp, David (2010). "Prenatal Factors in Schizophrenia".

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Zygote is nourished by cellular cytoplasm and secretions in fallopian tubes and uterine cavity.

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Rapid growth occurs and the embryo's main features begin to take form. This process is called

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is accompanied by the formation of a small cavity between the cells. This stage is called a

280: 132: 68:, in the germinal stage of embryonic development, and continues in fetal development until 4001: 3951: 3880: 3855: 3825: 3735: 3642: 3582: 3333: 3249: 1307: 1288: 1230: 1067: 1063: 927: 914: 850: 826: 564: 560: 467: 431: 99: 2100:

Fonseca, B. M.; Correia-da-Silva, G.; Almada, M.; Costa, M. A.; Teixeira, N. A. (2013).

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beyond that. The total blood volume is about 125 ml/kg of fetal body weight near term.

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The zygote will develop into a male if the egg is fertilized by a sperm that carries a

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Mayes, Linda C. (1992). "Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Young Children's Development".

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and the membranes. The embryo becomes embedded in the endometrium in a process called

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Proietti, E (2013). "Air pollution during pregnancy and neonatal outcome: A review".

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Wendell, A. D. (2013). "Overview and epidemiology of substance abuse in pregnancy".

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Lawn JE, Cousens S, Zupan J (2005). "4 million neonatal deaths: when? Where? Why?".

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Risk and Reality: The Implications of Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol and Other Drugs

2835: 2320: 2075: 1490: 1300: 1134:. Bacterial or parasitic diseases may also be passed on to the fetus, and include 346: 2947: 2634: 2164: 2031: 1605: 1577: 1549: 1338: 3941: 3936: 3910: 3800: 3785: 3766: 3725: 3693: 3688: 3526: 3404: 3328: 3295: 3278: 3097: 2886: 2869: 2830: 2276: 1418: 1401: 1111: 1095: 736: 728: 696: 505:

The embryo passes through 3 phases of acquisition of nutrition from the mother:

427: 408: 404: 279:(ovum). The first sperm cell to successfully penetrate the egg cell donates its 256: 3920: 3865: 3860: 3850: 3845: 3698: 3572: 3434: 3429: 3385: 3300: 3215: 3178: 935: 716: 392: 381: 188: 57: 2489: 2435: 2378: 2219: 1894: 1848: 1130:(AIDS). Untreated HIV carries a risk of between 10 and 20 per cent of being 3905: 3771: 3750: 3632: 3557: 3509: 3439: 3394: 3254: 3066: 1769: 1240: 1135: 1079: 938: – other factors that influence the growth rate of a fetus. 473: 459: 292: 196: 165: 137: 79: 61: 3058: 3015: 2930: 2895: 2812: 2804: 2777: 2688: 2653: 2599: 2546: 2497: 2453: 2396: 2328: 2227: 2172: 2137: 2039: 1937: 1867: 1777: 1610:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 415–417. 1427: 2997: 2412:"Prenatal tobacco exposure: Developmental outcomes in the neonatal period" 2118: 140:. Embryonic development is marked in green. Weeks and months are numbered 3956: 3895: 3885: 3820: 3657: 3637: 3562: 3344: 3040: 1139: 1083: 981: 794: 747:

are derived from B cells and their life in fetal blood is 0.5 to 2 days.

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and maternal blood pools that open up as a result of eroding activity of

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After third week of gestation, substances are transported passively via

287:) to combine with the DNA of the egg cell resulting in a new one-celled 3915: 3890: 3667: 3305: 3244: 3198: 2284: 1604:

Thompson, Evan; Moscovitch, Morris; Zelazo, Philip David, eds. (2007).

1168: 1147: 1091: 786: 770: 762: 463: 121:, but later stages of development, and the length of gestation varies. 2591: 2355:"Toward a Neurobehavioral Profile of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders" 1554:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 245. 1518:

Neuroethics : defining the issues in theory, practice, and policy

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from the zona pellucida allowing the blastocyst's outer cell layer of

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Process in which an embryo and later fetus develops during gestation

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do not begin to form until week 17. Neural connections between the

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is normally 500 g) to 7 completed days after birth. In many of the

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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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secretion in the fetus starts around the 12th week of gestation.

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Fergusson, David M.; Horwood, L. John; Northstone, Kate (2002).

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Ljunger E, Cnattingius S, Lundin C, Annerén G (November 2005).

2710: 156:. A term with the same meaning is the "antepartum" (from Latin 3092:"Child Safety tips: 10 Expert Tips for Keeping Your Kids Safe" 2513:"Influence of infection during pregnancy on fetal development" 2200:

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

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Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects

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Singh, Meharban (2010). Care of the Newborn. p. 7. Edition 7.

861:). An abnormally slow growth rate results in the infant being 388:. Instead, each division produces successively smaller cells. 316: 284: 2870:"Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy" 2250:"The US Opioid Crisis: Addressing Maternal and Infant Health" 1402:"Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy" 1270:

patient.info » PatientPlus » Antepartum Haemorrhage

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at roughly the fifth day after fertilization. The blastocyst

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Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition

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Cleeremans, Axel; Wilken, Patrick; Bayne, Tim, eds. (2009).

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production at a later stage leading to the development of a

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The Science of Consciousness: Waking, Sleeping and Dreaming

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with a disease, the placenta cannot always filter out the

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during pregnancy exposes the fetus to nicotine, tar, and

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U.K. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA)

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European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences

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aggressiveness and lower intelligence during childhood.

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dividing several times to form a ball of cells called a

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Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery

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Bobić, B; Villena, I; Stillwaggon, E (September 2019).

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to develop in the embryo at the 4th week of gestation.

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The Royal Women's Hospital > antepartum haemorrhage

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International Journal of Birth & Parent Education

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is first detected at the end of week 5 of gestation.

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has acquired its basic form and is referred to as a

30:"Antenatal" redirects here. Not to be confused with 3929: 3759: 3676: 3540: 3383: 3321: 3229: 3171: 3135: 1985:. 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016 880:The growth rate can be roughly correlated with the 2948:"The Period of Pregnancy and Prenatal Development" 2842: 1754:"Effects of Experience on Fetal Voice Recognition" 1442: 1368: 1337: 2952:Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach 2946:Newman, Barbara; Newman, Philip (10 March 2008). 1647: 1645: 1126:, and intellectual disabilities. HIV can lead to 822:, antisocial disorders, and affective disorders. 2725:"What is prenatal care and why is it important?" 2196:"Maternal use of cannabis and pregnancy outcome" 2003:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 332:of the zygote comes entirely from the egg cell. 1110:(HIV) are associated with an increased risk of 271:where fertilization usually takes place in the 2359:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1346:. United States of America: Worth Publishers. 407:to come into contact with, and adhere to, the 3870:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') 3360: 3113: 2669:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1204:Environmental toxicants and fetal development 719:at 2 months gestational age, mainly from the 649: 8: 368:spends the next few days traveling down the 2580:Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 1883:Current Directions in Psychological Science 3367: 3353: 3345: 3120: 3106: 3098: 656: 642: 578: 3082:, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) 3048: 3005: 2980:Jaakkola, JJ; Gissler, M (January 2004). 2920: 2885: 2643: 2633: 2622:Food and Waterborne Parasitology (Online) 2536: 2443: 2386: 2127: 2117: 2062:pre-school children in Neiva, Colombia". 1857: 1847: 1417: 1375:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 85. 691:by the 10th week of gestation and to the 277:protective layer surrounding the egg cell 2611: 2609: 2095: 2093: 805:, and the ability to feel pain emerges. 345: 220: 48: 'relating to birth') involves the 1607:The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness 1535:from the original on 19 September 2015. 1449:. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. 1262: 586: 582:This article is part of a series on the 2348: 2346: 2106:International Journal of Endocrinology 1996: 1826:May, Lillian; Byers-Heinlein, Krista; 1246:Timeline of human prenatal development 735:(T cells), whereas those derived from 526:, embryonic nutrition is derived from 310:, or a female if the sperm carries an 82:, prenatal development is also called 2759: 2757: 1579:The Oxford Companion to Consciousness 873:are the two factors that can cause a 687:. The function is transferred to the 187:"to be born") is "around the time of 148:Different terms are used to describe 7: 3485:Infant respiratory distress syndrome 2020:Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology 1959:Centers for Disease Control (2018). 1468: 1466: 314:. The Y chromosome contains a gene, 1128:acquired immune deficiency syndrome 757:Development of the endocrine system 731:derived from the thymus are called 64:. Prenatal development starts with 98:. By the end of the tenth week of 25: 2986:American Journal of Public Health 1236:Prenatal and perinatal psychology 1210:environmental toxins in pregnancy 301:this terminology is controversial 3080:Chart of human fetal development 2922:10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00882.x 2482:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.08.027 2371:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01250.x 2212:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01020.x 2064:Early Child Development and Care 1167:gives an improved result in the 670:adapt to life outside the uterus 168:age until birth, for example in 3420:Breastfeeding and mental health 1046:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 1039:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 907:Intrauterine growth restriction 892:Factors influencing development 855:appropriate for gestational age 88:development of the human embryo 2309:Applied Neuropsychology: Child 239:Fertilization marks the first 1: 3415:Breastfeeding and medications 3129:Development of the human body 2681:10.1016/S0002-9378(03)00860-3 2321:10.1080/21622965.2017.1401479 2076:10.1080/03004430.2020.1726903 1930:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71048-5 1251:Transplacental carcinogenesis 913:associated with over half of 3977:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome 3598:Infant cognitive development 3495:Neonatal intensive care unit 2703:"Micronutrient deficiencies" 2635:10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00058 2165:10.1080/09297049.2011.628309 2032:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31827feeb9 1684:10.1016/0006-3223(96)84122-9 1108:human immunodeficiency virus 575:Development of organ systems 522:and before establishment of 328:body type. In contrast, the 183:, "about, around" and Latin 3901:Supplemental nursing system 2887:10.1056/NEJM199906103402304 2277:10.1177/0002716292521001002 1983:Centers for Disease Control 1965:Centers for Disease Control 1830:; Werker, Janet F. (2011). 1419:10.1056/NEJM199906103402304 715:The fetus starts producing 342:Human embryonic development 4053: 3653:Prenatal development table 3593:Irritant diaper dermatitis 2511:Waldorf, K. M. A. (2013). 1548:Harley, Trevor A. (2021). 1201: 1056: 1036: 1012: 973: 958: 895: 842: 827:peripheral auditory system 754: 552: 524:uteroplacental circulation 339: 214: 29: 3972:Prenatal cocaine exposure 3760:Infant care and equipment 3677:Socialization and Culture 3588:Infant visual development 3455:Infant and toddler safety 3023:Gutbrod, T (1 May 2000). 2909:Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2707:World Health Organization 2565:World Health Organization 2561:"World health statistics" 1979:"About Teenage Pregnancy" 1961:"Pregnancy Complications" 1367:Saladin, Kenneth (2011). 1344:Psychology Second Edition 1336:Schacter, Daniel (2009). 1015:Prenatal cocaine exposure 886:obstetric ultrasonography 869:. A slow growth rate and 867:large for gestational age 863:small for gestational age 815:David Barker's hypothesis 683:first takes place in the 336:Development of the embryo 113:The very early stages of 50:development of the embryo 3982:Parental child abduction 3505:Oral rehydration therapy 2841:Moore, Keith L. (1998). 2831:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 2416:Developmental Psychology 1895:10.1177/0963721410378360 1849:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00222 1441:Moore L. Keith. (2008). 1291:Retrieved on 13 Jan 2009 1272:Last Updated: 5 May 2009 909:is one of the causes of 845:Fetal origins hypothesis 549:Development of the fetus 487:Nutritional deficiencies 263:, along the body of the 154:development before birth 3987:Parental responsibility 3500:Newborn care and safety 2470:Early Human Development 1836:Frontiers in Psychology 1770:10.1111/1467-9280.02435 1306:25 January 2012 at the 1191:Stress during pregnancy 811:Dutch famine of 1944–45 559:The first ten weeks of 320:, which will switch on 3731:Grandparent visitation 2805:10.1089/jamp.2011.0932 2709:. 2002. Archived from 1287:8 January 2010 at the 1132:passed on to the fetus 1124:physical malformations 516:Histoplasmic transfer: 455:fetal alcohol syndrome 354: 350:The initial stages of 267:, and into one of the 236: 145: 3490:Infant sleep training 2998:10.2105/ajph.94.1.136 2864:Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, 2153:Child Neuropsychology 1758:Psychological Science 1742:Publishing), 237–248. 1672:Biological Psychiatry 1515:Illes J, ed. (2008). 1396:Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, 1059:Smoking and pregnancy 976:Cannabis in pregnancy 902:Smoking and pregnancy 898:Alcohol and pregnancy 896:Further information: 843:Further information: 777:Cognitive development 555:Development in humans 553:Further information: 493:which contributes to 349: 251:is released into the 245:embryonic development 224: 170:antepartum hemorrhage 135: 115:embryonic development 84:antenatal development 3648:Prenatal development 3548:Attachment parenting 3522:Shaken baby syndrome 3041:10.1136/fn.82.3.F208 2954:. Cengage Learning. 2845:The Developing Human 1198:Environmental toxins 538:Hematotrophic phase: 205:developing countries 150:prenatal development 117:are the same in all 38:Prenatal development 3962:Infant ear piercing 2713:on 5 December 1998. 2529:10.1530/REP-13-0232 2119:10.1155/2013/510540 1158:Maternal nutrition 941: 609:Reproductive system 352:human embryogenesis 299:in the uterus, and 259:travel through the 217:Human fertilization 193:developed countries 94:, and continues as 3470:Infant food safety 3284:Emerging adulthood 2731:. 31 January 2017. 961:Drugs in pregnancy 629:Circulatory system 542:intervillous space 355: 237: 146: 4012: 4011: 3872: 3709:Children's rights 3623:Object permanence 3445:Failure to thrive 3342: 3341: 3206:Adult development 3184:Child development 2961:978-0-495-55341-0 2836:Fetal development 2772:(16): 2198–2206. 2729:www.nichd.nih.gov 2592:10.1002/ddrr.1102 2070:(16): 2600–2606. 1924:(9462): 891–900. 1589:978-0-19-856951-0 1561:978-1-107-12528-5 1528:978-0-19-856721-9 1456:978-1-4160-3705-7 1353:978-1-4292-3719-2 1217:from traffic and 711:White blood cells 666: 665: 624:Human development 510:Absorption phase: 482:radiation therapy 378:cellular division 330:mitochondrial DNA 96:fetal development 58:viviparous animal 16:(Redirected from 4044: 3868: 3553:Baby-led weaning 3369: 3362: 3355: 3346: 3322:Social and legal 3122: 3115: 3108: 3099: 3062: 3052: 3019: 3009: 2965: 2942: 2924: 2899: 2889: 2860: 2848: 2817: 2816: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2675:(6): 1726–1730. 2664: 2658: 2657: 2647: 2637: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2540: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2447: 2428:10.1037/a0020724 2407: 2401: 2400: 2390: 2365:(9): 1640–1650. 2350: 2341: 2340: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2131: 2121: 2097: 2088: 2087: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1861: 1851: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1749: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1487: 1481: 1470: 1461: 1460: 1448: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1421: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1374: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1341: 1339:"11-Development" 1333: 1327: 1317: 1311: 1298: 1292: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1180:Low birth weight 1175:Low birth weight 1116:low birth weight 911:low birth weight 875:low birth weight 658: 651: 644: 619:Endocrine system 604:Digestive system 579: 489:such as lack of 281:genetic material 177:perinatal period 21: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4008: 4002:Paternity fraud 3952:Closed adoption 3925: 3881:Infant clothing 3856:Haberman Feeder 3826:Car seat safety 3755: 3736:Infant swimming 3714:UN Child rights 3672: 3583:Gestational age 3536: 3379: 3373: 3343: 3338: 3334:Age of majority 3317: 3250:Early childhood 3225: 3172:Birth and after 3167: 3163:Gestational age 3131: 3126: 3076: 3035:(3): 208F–214. 3022: 2979: 2962: 2945: 2902: 2874:N. Engl. J. Med 2863: 2857: 2840: 2826: 2824:Further reading 2821: 2820: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2615: 2614: 2607: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2476:(12): 773–777. 2466: 2465: 2461: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2099: 2098: 2091: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2017: 2016: 2012: 1995: 1988: 1986: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1603: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1575: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1529: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1495:medlineplus.gov 1489: 1488: 1484: 1471: 1464: 1457: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1406:N. Engl. J. Med 1395: 1394: 1390: 1383: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1318: 1314: 1308:Wayback Machine 1299: 1295: 1289:Wayback Machine 1280: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1231:Prenatal memory 1227: 1206: 1200: 1188: 1177: 1160: 1150:, and commonly 1078:If a mother is 1076: 1068:carbon monoxide 1064:Tobacco smoking 1061: 1055: 1041: 1035: 1026: 1024:Methamphetamine 1017: 1011: 995: 978: 972: 963: 957: 944: 923: 915:neonatal deaths 904: 894: 851:gestational age 847: 841: 779: 759: 753: 713: 705: 703:Red blood cells 678: 662: 633: 587:Development of 577: 565:first trimester 561:gestational age 557: 551: 503: 468:cytomegalovirus 432:first trimester 424:differentiation 359:gestational age 344: 338: 269:fallopian tubes 219: 213: 199:(the time when 127: 100:gestational age 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4050: 4048: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4019: 4018: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3994: 3992:Parenting plan 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3933: 3931: 3927: 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3303: 3298: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3274:Preadolescence 3266: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3181: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3075: 3074:External links 3072: 3071: 3070: 3063: 3020: 2977: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2943: 2915:(11): 1103–7. 2900: 2880:(23): 1796–9. 2861: 2855: 2838: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2783: 2753: 2734: 2716: 2694: 2659: 2605: 2570: 2552: 2523:(5): 151–162. 2503: 2459: 2422:(1): 153–169. 2402: 2342: 2315:(2): 132–139. 2298: 2255: 2241: 2186: 2159:(6): 521–549. 2143: 2089: 2053: 2010: 1970: 1951: 1908: 1889:(4): 209–213. 1873: 1828:Gervain, Judit 1818: 1809: 1800: 1791: 1764:(3): 220–224. 1744: 1734: 1725: 1716: 1706: 1697: 1662: 1653: 1641: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1616: 1601: 1588: 1573: 1560: 1538: 1527: 1507: 1482: 1462: 1455: 1433: 1412:(23): 1796–9. 1388: 1381: 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