394:
257:
misdiagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis. Across the different disciplines of care, nurses have an opportunity to provide education on proper hygiene techniques to reduce the risk of recurrent infection. Pharmacists can provide patient and caretaker counseling on the selected medication therapy and improve medication adherence. By working together as an inter-professional team, all types of clinicians can improve patient health outcomes by raising awareness and reducing both time to diagnosis and the rate of recurrence of perianal streptococcal dermatitis infection.
58:
471:." Oral antibiotics work best in combination with a topical antibiotic such as mupirocin, or an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine. Due to the effect that perianal streptococcal dermatitis has on the deeper layers of the skin, topical antimicrobial therapy alone appears to be poorly effective. Treatment duration ranges from 14 to 21 days and treatment success is determined by clinical examination and post-treatment swabbing of the affected area to confirm that the infection is no longer present.
233:
325:
487:." Performing post-treatment swabbing and confirming eradication of group A β-hemolytic streptococci infection reduces the chance of perianal streptococcal dermatitis recurrence. In about 20% of cases, recurrence of perianal streptococcal dermatitis infection occurs within 3.5 months. In the case of perianal cellulitis, maintaining the dryness of the site and addressing the infection with topical
171:
the infection occurs within the deeper layers of skin, using a topical treatment by itself may not be effective. In about 20% of cases, recurrence of perianal streptococcal dermatitis infection occurs within 3.5 months. Routine hygiene practices should also be encouraged in children and adults in order to reduce the risk of recurrent infection.
309:, more specifically classified as group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS). There have been reported cases, however, that have found perianal streptococcal cellulitis infections to be caused by group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GBS) and, in rare cases, other groups of beta-hemolytic streptococci or
507:
The incidence of perianal streptococcal dermatitis in the pediatric population has not been determined. It is believed that the lack of data is due to the difficulty clinicians face recognizing perianal streptococcal dermatitis. Perianal streptococcal dermatitis most commonly affects children between
179:
Perianal cellulitis manifests as multiple symptoms that are inconsistent with a systemic disease. The most notable feature is a very distinct redness around the anus, and other signs of inflammation which can include swelling and itching at the site. Other associated symptoms with perianal cellulitis
170:
Perianal cellulitis occurs mainly in male children between six months and 10 years of age, however, there are documented cases of perianal cellulitis in adults as well. Oral antibiotics are the first line treatment for perianal cellulitis and may be used in combination with topical antibiotics. Since
491:
ointment is sufficient to prevent recurrent infection for a duration between 3 and 6 weeks. Potential risk factors for perianal streptococcal dermatitis include: poor living conditions, atopic dermatitis, and malnutrition. Routine hygiene practices should also be encouraged in children and adults in
384:
While perianal streptococcal dermatitis is a treatable condition, there are serious consequences that may arise if left undiagnosed and/or untreated in patients with an infection. Failure to properly diagnose and treat perianal streptococcal dermatitis may lead to more serious infections that could
380:
Based on cases studied of children with perianal streptococcal dermatitis, there has been a pattern of perianal infection occurring after being diagnosed with previous streptococcal infections (i.e. "strep throat"). It is believed that bacteria from these infections may be introduced to the skin of
256:
Within the pediatric population, it is common for the management of rashes to occur under the collaboration of an inter-professional team. Due to the diverse causes of rashes in the pediatric population, it may be necessary to refer pediatric patients to a pediatrician or a dermatologist to prevent
265:
Due to the non-specific presentation of the symptoms of perianal streptococcal dermatitis, it is frequently misdiagnosed by clinicians. To reach the correct diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis often ranges from weeks to months and can extend to even longer. During this time, the patient
466:
After the diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis has been confirmed, the most successful treatment regimens utilize a combination of topical and systemic antibiotics. Oral antibiotics are the recommended first-line treatment for perianal streptococcal dermatitis. Perianal streptococcal
344:
that grow in chains, but they have no motility and do not generate spores. Group A streptococci and Group B streptococci are the two most common strains that are associated with pediatric cases. Infections caused by Group A streptococci are generally more mild than infections caused by Group B
252:
from the affected area is preferred. The swabs will be sent for microbiological analysis of the culture to confirm the growth of group A β-hemolytic streptococci. "The time to diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis is ≥3 weeks in 65% of cases." Because perianal cellulitis is commonly
142:) around the anus. It presents as bright redness in the skin and can be accompanied by pain, difficulty defecating, itching, and bleeding. This disease is considered a complicated skin and soft tissue infection (cSSTI) because of the involvement of the deeper soft tissues.
508:
6 months and 10 years old, with males being more commonly affected than females. Results from a systematic literature review further supports this as a majority of childhood cases of perianal streptococcal cellulitis occurred in males younger than 7 years old.
1608:
1179:Ĺ terbenc A, ToÄŤkova O, Lah LL, Kamhi Trop T, Seme K, Ĺ vent-KuÄŤina N, et al. (September 2021). "A retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and management of perianal streptococcal dermatitis in children and adults".
458:. The group A beta-hemolytic streptococci bacteria that enter the bloodstream are able to cause serious infections by overpowering natural immune responses and allowing bacteria to rapidly multiply to cause harm to the body.
211:
Complications most often occur when perianal cellulitis remains undiagnosed and untreated for an extended period of time. In cases where perianal cellulitis is left untreated, it can cause more serious symptoms such as
492:
order to reduce the risk of recurrent infection. Prescribed antibiotic regimens should also be adhered to until completion, so as to avoid the risk of developing a multi-resistant strain of infection in the future.
315:. It is important to note, however, that in the rare adult cases of perianal streptococcal cellulitis that have been identified, the most common cause is by beta-hemolytic streptococci from group B specified as
247:
indicating infection by group A β-hemolytic streptococci. In order to confirm diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis, the anus and genitalia require examination followed by bacterial swabbing of the
467:
dermatitis does not resolve on its own. The treatment of choice for oral antibiotics include "penicillin V, azithromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, penicillinase-resistant penicillin, or
550:. However, perianal cellulitis is best understood to be a cellulitis, an infection of the inner layers of skin, rather than a dermatitis, which implies an irritation of the outermost layers of skin (the
1648:
495:
Proper screening measures should be followed as perianal cellulitis continues to be severely underdiagnosed. Perianal cellulitis is often misdiagnosed as other skin conditions, such as
1297:
220:. Additionally, untreated perianal cellulitis poses a risk of transmission to other people, such as caretakers or family members. Perianal cellulitis can also cause post-streptococcal
266:
can undergo treatment for a variety of differential diagnoses. Perianal streptococcal dermatitis imitates other common diseases in the anal region and therefore can be mistaken for "
411:(group A beta-hemolytic streptocci) bacteria to the skin surrounding the perianal region, the bacteria adheres to the skin's surface with filaments on its cell wall surface called
155:), which resides normally ("in small numbers") in the human throat and on the human skin. Other less common causes may include infection with group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (
431:
occurs and the bacteria release many toxins that are responsible for the manifestation of symptoms of perianal cellulitis such as inflammation, fever, and itching. Secretion of
1918:
253:
misdiagnosed, it is imperative that the proper diagnosing procedures are followed when encountering these symptoms, as delayed detection can result in severe complications.
196:, and more. These symptoms can cause extreme discomfort, especially in diaper-wearing infants, and serious complications can arise if left untreated. In about 10% of cases,
2664:
936:
1641:
2633:
2220:
446:
In cases of perianal cellulitis infections that are not treated properly, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci may cross into the bloodstream through the
1728:
435:, also known as "spreading factor", encourages the Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium to spread more easily throughout the lower layers of skin tissue (
282:, or even sexual abuse." The delay in diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis can result in prolonged discomfort and additional symptoms of
1738:
1634:
2013:
861:
Levinson, Warren; Chin-Hong, Peter; Joyce, Elizabeth A.; Nussbaum, Jesse; Schwartz, Brian (2022). "Summaries of
Medically Important Bacteria".
511:
While traditionally thought to be a disease specific to children, there have been case reports of perianal streptococcal dermatitis in adults.
121:
Candidiasis, irritant diaper dermatitis, pinworm infestation, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, seborrheic dermatitis, or even sexual abuse.
1952:
872:
791:
2131:
1693:
2581:
1926:
1422:"Protective mechanisms of respiratory tract Streptococci against Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm formation and epithelial cell infection"
2113:
479:
There is little data that currently exists on the prevention of perianal cellulitis. However, "approximately one-third of people with
381:
the perianal region after touching the nose or mouth and then proceeding to use the toilet or touching the area for any other reason.
2539:
2277:
2136:
2039:
912:
1271:
1947:
1934:
959:"Microbiological characteristics of perianal streptococcal dermatitis: a retrospective study of 105 patients in a 10-year period"
303:
In most cases of perianal streptococcal dermatitis in children, swab cultures indicate that infection is caused by the bacteria
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2021:
2186:
2008:
1962:
1873:
1863:
2290:
2210:
2156:
2598:
2126:
1967:
1751:
563:
243:
The diagnosis of perianal cellulitis is made either through a rapid strep test or by swabbing the affected areas for a
2618:
2239:
2151:
1224:"Severe Group A and Group B Streptococcus Diseases at a Pediatric ICU: Are they Still Sensitive to the Penicillins?"
2638:
2440:
275:
2166:
1329:
Smeesters PR, McMillan DJ, Sriprakash KS (June 2010). "The streptococcal M protein: a highly versatile molecule".
1029:
Spear RM, Rothbaum RJ, Keating JP, Blaufuss MC, Rosenblum JL (October 1985). "Perianal streptococcal cellulitis".
41:
Perianitis, Perianal streptococcal dermatitis, Perianal dermatitis, Streptococcal anitis, Streptococcal perianitis
1942:
809:"Management of complicated skin and soft tissue infections with a special focus on the role of newer antibiotics"
416:
346:
2435:
2141:
2108:
1818:
1733:
1684:
736:
Rrapi R, Chand S, Kroshinsky D (July 2021). "Cellulitis: A Review of
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management".
317:
157:
98:
2566:
2366:
2103:
2078:
1998:
1388:
Hynes, Wayne; Sloan, Melanie (2016), Ferretti, Joseph J.; Stevens, Dennis L.; Fischetti, Vincent A. (eds.),
443:
may arise and its protective properties may make it more difficult to treat the infection with antibiotics.
420:
2146:
2098:
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2083:
1972:
1657:
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358:
341:
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151:
116:
88:
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311:
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suffer recurrent episodes and the only proven strategy for preventing this is long-term, low-dose oral
232:
2628:
2297:
2286:
1913:
1903:
1703:
1433:
455:
393:
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and bleeding. These symptoms can often be confused with other skin conditions, such as diaper rash,
57:
2505:
2415:
2341:
2331:
2305:
2301:
2176:
1982:
1893:
1665:
436:
205:
907:. Peter Chin-Hong, Elizabeth A. Joyce, Jesse Nussbaum, Brian S. Schwartz (17 ed.). New York.
2561:
2472:
1883:
1868:
1858:
1204:
1098:
930:
761:
415:. An adhesin found in group A beta-hemolytic streptococci of particular importance is called the
66:
2586:
2266:
1977:
1571:
1511:
1459:
1397:
1346:
1253:
1196:
1154:
1090:
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980:
918:
908:
904:
Review of medical microbiology & immunology : a guide to clinical infectious diseases
878:
868:
840:
787:
753:
712:
672:
365:
from mother to child during vaginal labor. These newborn cases of infection often manifest as
271:
244:
106:
46:
1364:
1123:
Santer M, Lalonde A, Francis NA, Smart P, Hooper J, Teasdale E, et al. (December 2018).
957:Šterbenc A, Seme K, Lah LL, Točkova O, Kamhi Trop T, Švent-Kučina N, Pirš M (December 2016).
641:
Gualtieri R, Bronz G, Bianchetti MG, Lava SA, Giuliano E, Milani GP, Jermini LM (June 2021).
2623:
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662:
654:
2517:
2405:
2229:
2161:
2068:
1888:
1767:
1073:
Herbst R (2003). "Perineal streptococcal dermatitis/disease: recognition and management".
217:
1482:"Host Pathways of Hemostasis that Regulate Group A Streptococcus pyogenes Pathogenicity"
1437:
864:
Review of
Medical Microbiology & Immunology: A Guide to Clinical Infectious Diseases
2643:
2522:
2425:
2255:
2121:
2063:
2048:
1908:
1839:
1566:
1540:"Perianal infectious dermatitis: An underdiagnosed, unremitting and stubborn condition"
1539:
1506:
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808:
667:
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424:
324:
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1420:
Fiedler T, Riani C, Koczan D, Standar K, Kreikemeyer B, Podbielski A (February 2013).
1239:
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1957:
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17:
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2171:
2003:
1813:
1783:
496:
267:
51:
1389:
999:
749:
704:
658:
167:, a common component of the bacterial community in the human nose and/or skin.
2501:
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1824:
1774:
1747:
1342:
922:
882:
536:
488:
484:
480:
447:
398:
374:
354:
345:
streptococci. The most common Group A streptococcus infections can range from
193:
181:
139:
1192:
975:
958:
568:
2491:
2336:
2260:
2206:
1674:
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370:
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201:
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1401:
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1200:
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1094:
1015:
984:
902:
862:
844:
782:
Boull C, Soutor C, Hordinsky M (2022). "Chapter 11: Bacterial
Infections".
757:
716:
676:
643:"Perianal streptococcal disease in childhood: systematic literature review"
1556:
1140:
1050:
531:
2576:
2527:
2390:
2385:
2234:
1723:
1698:
1626:
1445:
412:
1600:
1272:"Perianal streptococcal cellulitis Information | Mount Sinai - New York"
1222:
Hon KL, Chow TC, Cheung TS, Lam WT, Hung LT, So KW, et al. (2020).
825:
539:
describes a bacterial infection affecting the lower layers of the skin.
2556:
2467:
2395:
2311:
1898:
440:
249:
224:, which should be monitored with urinalysis to assess kidney function.
213:
145:
Perianal cellulitis is most commonly caused by group A beta-hemolytic
2551:
1612:
1396:, Oklahoma City (OK): University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center,
366:
185:
1125:"Management of cellulitis: current practice and research questions"
138:, is a bacterial infection affecting the lower layers of the skin (
2410:
784:
Clinical
Dermatology: Diagnosis and Management of Common Disorders
401:
indicates infection in the dermis and/or subcutaneous (fat) layer.
323:
231:
2479:
2400:
1394:
Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic
Biology to Clinical Manifestations
439:). As the streptococci continue to colonize, the formation of a
1630:
807:
Leong HN, Kurup A, Tan MY, Kwa AL, Liau KH, Wilcox MH (2018).
901:
Levinson, Warren (2022). "Chapter 15: Gram-Positive Cocci".
450:
of the perianal area to cause serious infections such as
419:, which utilizes complex mechanisms to recognize various
1181:
963:
499:(in infants), eczema, psoriasis, hemorrhoids, and more.
427:
types for attachment. After attachment, colonization of
331:
under 900x magnification, viewed with
Pappenheim's stain
357:. Group B streptococcus is more commonly found in the
161:), a bacterium found in the human vagina of some, or
1590:
204:
can develop concomitantly. In even rarer instances,
2458:
2378:
2357:
2248:
2195:
2056:
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1991:
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83:
75:
65:
45:
37:
32:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1298:"Case Report: Perianal Streptococcal Infection"
711:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
529:(Greek prefix meaning "about" or "around") and
1642:
8:
1365:"Streptococcal skin infections | DermNet NZ"
2634:Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema
2053:
2044:
1920:Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex
1844:
1679:
1670:
1649:
1635:
1627:
1591:
1390:"Secreted Extracellular Virulence Factors"
935:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
569:CDC List of Group A Streptococcal Diseases
56:
29:
1729:Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection
1565:
1555:
1505:
1453:
1313:
1247:
1148:
974:
834:
824:
666:
1075:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
392:
1129:The British Journal of General Practice
580:
535:("related to, or involving the anus").
2665:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1426:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
928:
1953:Rapid growing mycobacterium infection
1475:
1473:
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7:
2132:Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis
1694:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
1544:World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics
896:
894:
892:
856:
854:
777:
775:
738:The Medical Clinics of North America
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
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588:
586:
584:
361:and genital tracts, and can also be
2582:Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer
1000:"Perianal streptococcal dermatitis"
705:"Perianal Streptococcal Dermatitis"
208:can develop concomitantly as well.
79:Treatment ranges from 14 to 21 days
1480:Ploplis VA, Castellino FJ (2020).
703:Pennycook KM, McCready TA (2022).
25:
2540:Superficial pustular folliculitis
2137:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
1498:10.2174/1389450120666190926152914
1240:10.2174/1574884714666190926124714
548:perianal streptococcal dermatitis
136:perianal streptococcal dermatitis
1948:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
1087:10.2165/00128071-200304080-00005
286:, anal discharge or oozing, and
71:Redness, swelling, itching, pain
2446:Gram-negative toe web infection
2022:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
2187:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
2009:Cutaneous diphtheria infection
1963:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
1874:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
1864:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
867:(17th ed.). McGraw Hill.
647:European Journal of Pediatrics
523:is made up of two components,
270:, irritant diaper dermatitis,
1:
2211:Primary gonococcal dermatitis
2157:Flinders Island spotted fever
1228:Current Clinical Pharmacology
1043:10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80019-6
998:Brilliant LC (January 2000).
813:Infection and Drug Resistance
786:(2nd ed.). McGraw Hill.
405:Upon the initial exposure of
397:Layers of normal human skin.
377:, among other presentations.
236:Bacterial culture growth of S
2599:Blistering distal dactylitis
2127:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
2015:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
1968:Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis
1752:Chronic recurrent erysipelas
564:List of cutaneous conditions
2619:Blastomycosis-like pyoderma
2240:Chromobacteriosis infection
2152:Mediterranean spotted fever
475:Prevention & Recurrence
385:result in injury or death.
2681:
2639:Tick-borne lymphadenopathy
2441:Gram-negative folliculitis
1538:Serban ED (October 2018).
750:10.1016/j.mcna.2021.04.009
659:10.1007/s00431-021-03965-9
276:inflammatory bowel disease
1943:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
1928:Mycobacterium haemophilum
1343:10.1016/j.tim.2010.02.007
1276:Mount Sinai Health System
1031:The Journal of Pediatrics
1004:American Family Physician
2436:Lymphogranuloma venereum
2142:Flea-borne spotted fever
2115:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
2109:American tick bite fever
1819:Erysipeloid of Rosenbach
1734:Streptococcal intertrigo
1193:10.15570/actaapa.2021.25
976:10.15570/actaapa.2016.21
318:Streptococcus agalactiae
158:Streptococcus agalactiae
99:Streptococcus agalactiae
2567:Trichomycosis axillaris
2104:African tick bite fever
2079:North Asian tick typhus
1999:Cutaneous actinomycosis
1315:10.12788/emed.2016.0003
2279:Haemophilus influenzae
2223:Pasteurella hemolytica
2147:Japanese spotted fever
2099:Bacillary angiomatosis
2089:Flying squirrel typhus
2084:Queensland tick typhus
1973:Tuberculous cellulitis
1936:Mycobacterium kansasii
1658:Bacterial skin disease
1331:Trends in Microbiology
1296:Nibhanipudi K (2016).
546:may be referred to as
429:Streptococcus pyogenes
408:Streptococcus pyogenes
402:
363:transmitted vertically
342:gram-positive bacteria
332:
329:Streptococcus pyogenes
306:Streptococcus pyogenes
261:Differential diagnosis
240:
152:Streptococcus pyogenes
117:Differential diagnosis
97:Group B Streptococci (
89:Streptococcus pyogenes
87:Group A Streptococci (
2594:Elephantiasis nostras
2572:Necrotizing fasciitis
2485:Hospital furunculosis
2167:Brill–Zinsser disease
1798:Dermatitis gangrenosa
1557:10.5409/wjcp.v7.i4.89
1141:10.3399/bjgp18X700181
452:necrotizing fasciitis
396:
327:
312:Staphylococcus aureus
280:seborrheic dermatitis
274:infestation, chronic
238:treptococcus pyogenes
235:
164:Staphylococcus aureus
94:Staphylococcus aureus
2629:Chronic lymphangitis
2298:Hot tub folliculitis
2287:Pseudomonal pyoderma
1914:Miliary tuberculosis
1904:Lichen scrofulosorum
1704:Toxic shock syndrome
1486:Current Drug Targets
1446:10.1128/AEM.03350-12
456:toxic shock syndrome
2518:Acute lymphadenitis
2511:Perianal cellulitis
2506:Pyogenic paronychia
2416:Chlamydia infection
2332:Granuloma inguinale
2306:Green nail syndrome
2302:Ecthyma gangrenosum
2177:Cat-scratch disease
1983:Tuberculoid leprosy
1894:Lepromatous leprosy
1741:Streptococcus iniae
1438:2013ApEnM..79.1265F
826:10.2147/IDR.S172366
544:perianal cellulitis
437:subcutaneous tissue
206:tonsillopharyngitis
128:Perianal cellulitis
33:Perianal cellulitis
18:Perineal dermatitis
2562:Pitted keratolysis
2473:Periapical abscess
1884:Erythema induratum
1869:Borderline leprosy
1859:Aquarium granuloma
1302:Emergency Medicine
403:
333:
241:
180:include pain when
175:Signs and symptoms
2652:
2651:
2587:Fournier gangrene
2454:
2453:
2353:
2352:
2294:hot-foot syndrome
2267:Vibrio vulnificus
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
1978:Tuberculous gumma
1834:
1833:
1624:
1623:
1010:(2): 391–3, 397.
874:978-1-264-26708-8
793:978-1-264-25737-9
245:bacterial culture
125:
124:
111:Bacterial culture
107:Diagnostic method
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2672:
2624:Bullous impetigo
2545:Sycosis vulgaris
2359:Campylobacterota
2308:
2054:
2045:
1845:
1680:
1671:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1628:
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1580:
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1559:
1535:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1457:
1432:(4): 1265–1276.
1417:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1135:(677): 595–596.
1120:
1107:
1106:
1070:
1055:
1054:
1026:
1020:
1019:
995:
989:
988:
978:
954:
941:
940:
934:
926:
898:
887:
886:
858:
849:
848:
838:
828:
804:
798:
797:
779:
770:
769:
733:
727:
726:
724:
723:
700:
681:
680:
670:
653:(6): 1867–1874.
638:
359:gastrointestinal
130:, also known as
91:) (most common)
61:
60:
30:
21:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2460:
2450:
2374:
2349:
2285:
2244:
2230:Meningococcemia
2191:
2162:Verruga peruana
2069:Epidemic typhus
2026:
1987:
1889:Histoid leprosy
1850:
1830:
1802:
1777:
1768:Corynebacterium
1761:
1708:
1660:
1655:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1603:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1537:
1536:
1523:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1178:
1177:
1166:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1072:
1071:
1058:
1028:
1027:
1023:
997:
996:
992:
956:
955:
944:
927:
915:
900:
899:
890:
875:
860:
859:
852:
806:
805:
801:
794:
781:
780:
773:
740:. Dermatology.
735:
734:
730:
721:
719:
702:
701:
684:
640:
639:
582:
577:
560:
517:
505:
477:
464:
391:
301:
296:
294:Pathophysiology
263:
230:
218:rheumatic fever
177:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2678:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2644:Tropical ulcer
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2523:Pilonidal cyst
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:Rat-bite fever
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2256:Pasteurellosis
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2213:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2122:Rickettsialpox
2119:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Endemic typhus
2060:
2058:
2051:
2049:Pseudomonadota
2042:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1909:Lupus vulgaris
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:Mycobacterium-
1842:
1840:Actinomycetota
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1685:Staphylococcus
1677:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:Classification
1588:
1587:External links
1585:
1582:
1581:
1521:
1492:(2): 193–201.
1469:
1412:
1380:
1356:
1337:(6): 275–282.
1321:
1288:
1263:
1234:(2): 125–131.
1214:
1164:
1108:
1081:(8): 555–560.
1056:
1037:(4): 557–559.
1021:
990:
942:
913:
888:
873:
850:
799:
792:
771:
744:(4): 723–735.
728:
682:
579:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
566:
559:
556:
542:Historically,
516:
513:
504:
501:
476:
473:
469:cephalosporins
463:
460:
390:
387:
300:
297:
295:
292:
262:
259:
229:
226:
216:formation and
202:vulvovaginitis
176:
173:
123:
122:
119:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
63:
62:
49:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2677:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Botryomycosis
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:Boil/furuncle
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Leptospirosis
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Salmonellosis
2315:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:Rhinoscleroma
2271:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Scrofuloderma
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1757:Scarlet fever
1755:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1715:Streptococcus
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1550:(4): 89–104.
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1370:
1369:dermnetnz.org
1366:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:(3): 99–104.
1186:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
991:
986:
982:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
951:
949:
947:
943:
938:
932:
924:
920:
916:
914:9781264267088
910:
906:
905:
897:
895:
893:
889:
884:
880:
876:
870:
866:
865:
857:
855:
851:
846:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
819:: 1959–1974.
818:
814:
810:
803:
800:
795:
789:
785:
778:
776:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:
729:
718:
714:
710:
706:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
683:
678:
674:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
581:
574:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
533:
528:
527:
522:
514:
512:
509:
502:
500:
498:
493:
490:
486:
482:
474:
472:
470:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
433:hyaluronidase
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
400:
395:
388:
386:
382:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
339:
338:
330:
326:
322:
321:
319:
314:
313:
308:
307:
298:
293:
291:
289:
288:anal fissures
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
260:
258:
254:
251:
246:
239:
234:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
174:
172:
168:
166:
165:
160:
159:
154:
153:
148:
147:streptococcus
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
120:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
59:
53:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2609:Malakoplakia
2535:Folliculitis
2510:
2459:Unspecified
2431:Lyme disease
2368:Helicobacter
2367:
2342:
2291:
2278:
2265:
2222:
2203:Gonococcemia
2114:
2094:Trench fever
2074:Scrub typhus
2014:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1879:Buruli ulcer
1848:
1823:
1793:Gas gangrene
1782:
1766:
1740:
1713:
1683:
1607:
1547:
1543:
1489:
1485:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1405:, retrieved
1393:
1383:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:
1359:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1308:(1): 32–34.
1305:
1301:
1291:
1280:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1184:
1180:
1132:
1128:
1078:
1074:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1007:
1003:
993:
969:(4): 73–76.
966:
962:
903:
863:
816:
812:
802:
783:
741:
737:
731:
720:. Retrieved
708:
650:
646:
547:
543:
541:
530:
524:
520:
518:
510:
506:
503:Epidemiology
494:
478:
465:
445:
428:
406:
404:
383:
379:
347:strep throat
337:Streptococci
335:
334:
328:
316:
310:
304:
302:
284:constipation
264:
255:
242:
237:
210:
178:
169:
162:
156:
150:
144:
135:
131:
127:
126:
92:
2614:Pyomyositis
2322:Shigellosis
2292:Pseudomonas
2216:Melioidosis
2182:Oroya fever
2172:Brucellosis
2004:Nocardiosis
1814:Listeriosis
1784:Clostridium
497:diaper rash
268:candidiasis
194:hemorrhoids
52:Dermatology
38:Other names
2502:Paronychia
2497:Cellulitis
2370:cellulitis
2281:cellulitis
2221:Cutaneous
1825:Mycoplasma
1775:Erythrasma
1748:Erysipelas
1739:Cutaneous
1407:2022-08-01
1374:2022-07-28
1282:2022-07-26
923:1286281364
883:1286281364
722:2022-07-25
709:StatPearls
575:References
537:Cellulitis
489:antifungal
485:penicillin
481:cellulitis
448:epithelium
399:Cellulitis
375:meningitis
355:cellulitis
182:defecating
149:bacteria (
140:cellulitis
132:perianitis
2492:Carbuncle
2345:infection
2343:Aeromonas
2337:Chancroid
2261:Tularemia
2225:infection
2207:Gonorrhea
2117:infection
2017:infection
1938:infection
1930:infection
1922:infection
1743:infection
1675:Bacillota
1209:237944356
931:cite book
766:235267530
552:epidermis
519:The term
515:Etymology
462:Treatment
423:on human
421:receptors
417:M protein
389:Mechanism
371:pneumonia
351:pneumonia
228:Diagnosis
222:nephritis
198:balanitis
190:psoriasis
47:Specialty
2659:Category
2577:Gangrene
2528:Pyoderma
2461:pathogen
2391:Syphilis
2386:Syphilid
2235:Glanders
2040:Gram -ve
1724:Impetigo
1699:Impetigo
1666:Gram +ve
1576:30627524
1516:31556853
1464:23241973
1402:26866214
1351:20347595
1258:31556861
1201:34565124
1159:30498163
1103:40363518
1095:12862498
1016:10670505
985:28006879
845:30464538
758:34059247
717:31613443
677:33532889
558:See also
521:perianal
413:adhesins
76:Duration
67:Symptoms
2557:Ecthyma
2468:Abscess
2396:Chancre
2312:Q fever
1899:Leprosy
1851:related
1616:: L03.3
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1434:Bibcode
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