144:
843:'s Law (or Ratio): if all other factors are equal, then, when there is free access of air a body decomposes twice as fast as if immersed in water and eight times faster than if buried in the earth. Ultimately, the rate of bacterial decomposition acting on the tissue will depend upon the temperature of the surroundings. Colder temperatures decrease the rate of decomposition while warmer temperatures increase it. A dry body will not decompose efficiently. Moisture helps the growth of microorganisms that decompose the organic matter, but too much moisture could lead to anaerobic conditions slowing down the decomposition process.
1374:. The spoilage of meat occurs, if the meat is untreated, in a matter of hours or days and results in the meat becoming unappetizing, poisonous or infectious. Spoilage is caused by the practically unavoidable infection and subsequent decomposition of meat by bacteria and fungi, which are borne by the animal itself, by the people handling the meat, and by their implements. Meat can be kept edible for a much longer time â though not indefinitely â if proper hygiene is observed during production and processing, and if appropriate food safety,
171:
598:. The accumulation of gases within the bodily cavity causes the distention of the abdomen and gives a cadaver its overall bloated appearance. The gases produced also cause natural liquids and liquefying tissues to become frothy. As the pressure of the gases within the body increases, fluids are forced to escape from natural orifices, such as the nose, mouth and anus, and enter the surrounding environment. The buildup of pressure combined with the loss of integrity of the skin may also cause the body to rupture.
1456:, are considered recalcitrant. Litter with a higher proportion of labile compounds decomposes much more rapidly than does litter with a higher proportion of recalcitrant material. Consequently, dead animals decompose more rapidly than dead leaves, which themselves decompose more rapidly than fallen branches. As organic material in the soil ages, its quality decreases. The more labile compounds decompose quickly, leaving an increasing proportion of recalcitrant material called
159:
1353:
284:
7527:
700:
7537:
1644:
J.; Brauman, Alain; Flemming, Stephen; Henschel, Joh R.; Johnson, Dan L.; Jones, T. Hefin; Kovarova, Marcela; Kranabetter, J. Marty; Kutny, Les; Lin, Kuo-Chuan; Maryati, Mohamed; Masse, Dominique; Pokarzhevskii, Andrei; Rahman, Homathevi; Sabarå, Millor G.; Salamon, Jörg-Alfred; Swift, Michael J.; Varela, Amanda; Vasconcelos, Heraldo; White, Don; Zou, Xiaoming (2008).
4558:
625:
which will then further allow purging of gases and fluids into the surrounding environment. Ruptures in the skin allow oxygen to re-enter the body and provide more surface area for the development of fly larvae and the activity of aerobic microorganisms. The purging of gases and fluids results in the strong distinctive odors associated with decay.
1643:
Wall, Diana H.; Bradford, Mark A.; St. John, Mark G.; Trofymow, John A.; Behan-Pelletier, Valerie; Bignell, David E.; Dangerfield, J. Mark; Parton, William J.; Rusek, Josef; Voigt, Winfried; Wolters, Volkmar; Gardel, Holley Zadeh; Ayuke, Fred O.; Bashford, Richard; Beljakova, Olga I.; Bohlen, Patrick
683:
During this stage, it is important to monitor the ecosystem for any signs of continued disturbance or ecological stress. The resurgence of plant growth is a positive sign, but it may take several years for the ecosystem to fully recover and return to its pre-disturbance state. All that remains of the
1216:
Decomposition of plant matter occurs in many stages. It begins with leaching by water; the most easily lost and soluble carbon compounds are liberated in this process. Another early process is physical breakup or fragmentation of the plant material into smaller pieces, providing greater surface area
679:
As the ecosystem recovers from the disturbance, the CDI moves into the dry/remains stage, which is characterized by a decrease in the intensity of the disturbance and an increase in the amount of plant growth around the affected area. This is a sign that the nutrients and other ecological resources
462:
or, more commonly, lividity. Depending on the position of the body, these parts would vary. For instance, if the person was flat on their back when they died, the blood would collect in the parts that are touching the ground. If the person was hanging, it would collect in their fingertips, toes and
1385:
such as bacteria, molds and yeasts, along with natural decay of the food. These decomposition bacteria reproduce at rapid rates under conditions of moisture and preferred temperatures. When the proper conditions are lacking the bacteria may form spores which lurk until suitable conditions arise to
624:
hatch and begin to feed on the body's tissues. Maggot activity, typically confined to natural orifices, and masses under the skin, causes the skin to slip, and hair to detach from the skin. Maggot feeding, and the accumulation of gases within the body, eventually leads to post-mortem skin ruptures
633:
Active decay is characterized by the period of greatest mass loss. This loss occurs as a result of both the voracious feeding of maggots and the purging of decomposition fluids into the surrounding environment. The purged fluids accumulate around the body and create a cadaver decomposition island
1424:
tend to have lower decomposition rates, and thus, higher levels of organic matter. The smaller particles of clay result in a larger surface area that can hold water. The higher the water content of a soil, the lower the oxygen content and consequently, the lower the rate of decomposition. Clay
1077:
varies greatly. Even when a body is decomposed, embalming treatment can still be achieved (the arterial system decays more slowly) but would not restore a natural appearance without extensive reconstruction and cosmetic work, and is largely used to control the foul odors due to decomposition.
124:
3643:
899:
The bodies of newborns who never ingested food are an important exception to the normal process of decomposition. They lack the internal microbial flora that produces much of decomposition and quite commonly mummify if kept in even moderately dry conditions.
1406:
The rate of decomposition is governed by three sets of factors: the physical environment (temperature, moisture and soil properties), the quantity and quality of the dead material available to decomposers, and the nature of the microbial community itself.
1419:
between the bacterial cells and the soil water causes the cells to gain water quickly. Under these conditions, many bacterial cells burst, releasing a pulse of nutrients. Decomposition rates also tend to be slower in acidic soils. Soils which are rich in
1303:
is one such remaining product of decomposing plants with a very complex chemical structure, causing the rate of microbial breakdown to slow. Warmth increases the speed of plant decay by roughly the same amount, regardless of the composition of the plant.
413:
Five general stages are typically used to describe the process of decomposition in vertebrate animals: fresh, bloat, active decay, advanced decay, and dry/remains. The general stages of decomposition are coupled with two stages of chemical decomposition:
642:
Decomposition is largely inhibited during advanced decay due to the loss of readily available cadaveric material. Insect activity is also reduced during this stage. When the carcass is located on soil, the area surrounding it will show evidence of
1386:
continue reproduction. Decomposition rates and speed may differ or vary due to abiotic factors such as moisture level, temperature, and soil type. They also vary depending on the initial amount of breakdown caused by the prior consumers in the
1415:), which slows microbial growth. In dry soils, decomposition slows as well, but bacteria continue to grow (albeit at a slower rate) even after soils become too dry to support plant growth. When the rains return and soils become wet, the
1147:
found in corpses; the sequence in which they appear, the kinds of insects, and where they are found in their life cycle are clues that can shed light on the time of death, the length of a corpse's exposure, and whether the corpse was
1410:
Decomposition rates are low under very wet or very dry conditions. Decomposition rates are highest in damp, moist conditions with adequate levels of oxygen. Wet soils tend to become deficient in oxygen (this is especially true in
352:
and other animals. Additionally, soil animals are considered key regulators of decomposition at local scales but their role at larger scales is unresolved. The most important arthropods that are involved in the process include
931:
is the practice of delaying the decomposition of human and animal remains. Embalming slows decomposition somewhat but does not forestall it indefinitely. Embalmers typically pay great attention to parts of the body seen by
887:
In extremely dry or cold conditions, the normal process of decomposition is halted â by either lack of moisture or temperature controls on bacterial and enzymatic action â causing the body to be preserved as a
1088:
There are some examples where bodies have been inexplicably preserved (with no human intervention) for decades or centuries and appear almost the same as when they died. In some religious groups, this is known as
727:
activity than a body that is buried or confined in special protective gear or artifacts. This is due, in part, to the limited number of insects that can penetrate soil and the lower temperatures under the soil.
634:(CDI). Liquefaction of tissues and disintegration become apparent during this time and strong odors persist. The end of active decay is signaled by the migration of maggots away from the body to pupate.
1073:. The generally cool and anoxic conditions in these environments limits the rate of microbial activity, thus limiting the potential for decomposition. The time for an embalmed body to be reduced to a
130:
129:
126:
125:
131:
1295:
Wood decomposition is a complex process involving fungi which transport nutrients to the nutritionally scarce wood from outside environment. Because of this nutritional enrichment, the fauna of
446:
stage begins immediately after the heart stops beating. From the moment of death, the body begins cooling or warming to match the temperature of the ambient environment, during a stage called
401:. Some of these scavengers also remove and scatter bones, which they ingest at a later time. Aquatic and marine environments have break-down agents that include bacteria, fish, crustaceans,
936:, such as the face and hands. The chemicals used in embalming repel most insects and slow down bacterial putrefaction by either killing existing bacteria in or on the body themselves or by
1163:
143:
229:. Although no two organisms decompose in the same way, they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition. The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as
128:
940:
cellular proteins, which means that they cannot act as a nutrient source for subsequent bacterial infections. In sufficiently dry environments, an embalmed body may end up
850:. On the surface in tropical areas, invertebrates alone can easily reduce a fully fleshed corpse to clean bones in under two weeks. The skeleton itself is not permanent;
2497:
Vass, Arpad A.; Bass, William M.; Volt, Jeffrey D.; Foss, John E.; Ammons, John T. (1992). "Time since death determinations of human cadavers using soil solution".
908:
Aerobic decomposition takes place in the presence of oxygen. This is most common to occur in nature. Living organisms that use oxygen to survive feed on the body.
373:
seen in the summer. In North
America, the most important non-insect animals that are typically involved in the process include mammal and bird scavengers, such as
5374:
4627:
2041:
609:
and other colored pigments. The associated gases which accumulate within the body at this time aid in the transport of sulfhemoglobin throughout the body via the
831:
The speed at which decomposition occurs varies greatly. Factors such as temperature, humidity, and the season of death all determine how fast a fresh body will
3257:"A preliminary study on the antibacterial activity and insect repellent properties of embalming fluids from the 18th Dynasty (1550â1292 BCE) in ancient Egypt"
713:
5518:
5588:
4345:
2449:
Fancher, James P.; Aitkenhead-Peterson, Jacqueline A.; Farris, Travis; Mix, Ken; Schwab, Arthur Paul; Wescott, Daniel J.; Hamilton, Michelle D. (2017).
731:
The rate and manner of decomposition in an animal body are strongly affected by several factors. In roughly descending degrees of importance, they are:
110:
1432:
The quality and quantity of the material available to decomposers is another major factor that influences the rate of decomposition. Substances like
912:
takes place in the absence of oxygen. This could be a place where the body is buried in organic material and oxygen cannot reach it. This process of
5125:
7566:
6516:
2639:
692:, which will become dry and bleached if exposed to the elements. If all soft tissue is removed from the cadaver, it is referred to as completely
482:, bringing about the release of cellular enzymes capable of initiating the breakdown of surrounding cells and tissues. This process is known as
5598:
5326:
3059:
2793:
127:
6577:
6541:
4530:
4494:
3784:
3559:
3515:
3477:
2426:
2378:
2323:
2012:
1620:
944:
and it is not uncommon for bodies to remain preserved to a viewable extent after decades. Notable viewable embalmed bodies include those of:
5603:
6511:
5160:
1201:
1195:
1102:
3228:
4568:
1158:
that studies skeletons and human remains, usually to seek clues as to the identity, age, sex, height and ethnicity of their former owner.
6813:
5791:
5208:
6546:
5544:
5367:
4620:
3746:
3660:
3593:
3126:
2199:
2094:
1843:
1776:
1720:
450:. Shortly after death, within three to six hours, the muscular tissues become rigid and incapable of relaxing, during a stage called
6521:
4880:
4313:
3351:
2912:
423:
268:; the latter means "the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms", typically by microorganisms.
1594:
Janaway, Robert C.; Percival, Steven L.; Wilson, Andrew S. (2009). "Decomposition of human remains". In
Percival, Steven L. (ed.).
1276:) undergoes chemical alteration by microbes. Different types of compounds decompose at different rates. This is dependent on their
1123:
specifically studies the processes of decomposition to apply the biological and chemical principles to forensic cases to determine
2362:
1604:
1425:
minerals also bind particles of organic material to their surface, making them less accessible to microbes. Soil disturbance like
723:
A dead body that has been exposed to the open elements, such as water and air, will decompose more quickly and attract much more
858:
can reduce it to unrecognizable components. This is one reason given for the lack of human remains found in the wreckage of the
7049:
6501:
6191:
5623:
5336:
5203:
4915:
2230:
868:
bone and has a characteristic greasy feel. Under certain conditions (underwater, but also cool, damp soil), bodies may undergo
755:
2870:"Insects of forensic importance associated to cadaveric decomposition in a rural area of the Andean Amazon, CaquetĂĄ, Colombia"
1043:
A body buried in a sufficiently dry environment may be well preserved for decades. This was observed in the case for murdered
5881:
3689:
2745:
2588:
2455:
2142:
31:
6008:
5653:
2451:"An evaluation of soil chemistry in human cadaver decomposition islands: potential for estimating postmortem interval (PMI)"
1429:
increases decomposition by increasing the amount of oxygen in the soil and by exposing new organic matter to soil microbes.
1299:
insects may develop and, in turn, affect dead wood, contributing to decomposition and nutrient cycling in the forest floor.
4155:"Nutritional dynamics during the development of xylophagous beetles related to changes in the stoichiometry of 11 elements"
6597:
6275:
6054:
5608:
5360:
4613:
3813:
3399:
1502:
103:
5486:
3973:"Temporal dynamic of parasite-mediated linkages between the forest canopy and soil processes and the microbial community"
959:, was kept perfectly preserved for many years, and still is as far as is known (her body is no longer on public display).
7561:
7075:
6619:
6526:
6493:
4020:
3055:"A practical review of adipocere: key findings, case studies and operational considerations from crime scene to autopsy"
3011:
2697:
2540:
2499:
1876:
1004:
have also had their cadavers preserved in the fashion of Lenin's preservation and are now displayed in their respective
4232:
4112:"Fungal transformation of tree stumps into a suitable resource for xylophagous beetles via changes in elemental ratios"
6531:
5843:
4734:
4587:
1544:
1208:
over a period of six days. Each frame is approximately 12 hours apart, as the fruit shrivels and becomes covered with
2789:"Thanatomicrobiome and epinecrotic community signatures for estimation of post-mortem time interval in human cadaver"
1284:
is a component of wood, which is relatively resistant to decomposition and can in fact only be decomposed by certain
5908:
5628:
4832:
4729:
2037:"Effect of temperature and time on the thanatomicrobiome of the cecum, ileum, kidney, and lung of domestic rabbits"
1174:, has several bodies laid out in various situations in a fenced-in plot near the medical center. Scientists at the
170:
4290:
Singh, R. Paul; Anderson, B. A. (2004). "The major types of food spoilage: an overview". In Steele, Robert (ed.).
245:, meaning tomb. Decomposition can also be a gradual process for organisms that have extended periods of dormancy.
6898:
6768:
6089:
5701:
5593:
5451:
5436:
5431:
4822:
2960:
458:
causes it to drain to the dependent portions of the body, creating an overall bluish-purple discoloration termed
5848:
3809:"Changes in litter during the initial leaching phase: an experiment on the leaf litter of Mediterranean species"
2956:"Bodily circulation and the measure of a life: forensic identification and valuation after the Titanic disaster"
1448:, which are broken down more slowly, are "moderately labile". Compounds which are more resistant to decay, like
703:
Pig carcass in the different stages of decomposition: fresh, bloat, active decay, advanced decay and dry remains
6079:
6074:
6044:
5311:
5193:
4562:
4441:
4336:
Gram, Lone; Ravn, Lars; Rasch, Maria; Bartholin Bruhn, Jesper; Christensen, Allan B.; Givskov, Michael (2002).
3652:
2908:"Bone degradation, burial medium and species representation: debunking the myths, an experiment-based approach"
1250:
96:
864:, even in parts of the ship considered inaccessible to scavengers. Freshly skeletonized bone is often called
7576:
7376:
7371:
7299:
7221:
6506:
5923:
5786:
5696:
5564:
5446:
5416:
5273:
5238:
4958:
4925:
4900:
4204:"The mathematics of leaf decay: a mathematical model reveals commonality within the diversity of leaf decay"
1017:
909:
151:
1710:
GonzĂĄlez Medina, Alejandro; GonzĂĄlez
Herrera, Lucas; Perotti, M. Alejandra; JimĂ©nez RĂos, Gilberto (2013).
7581:
7411:
7304:
7044:
6950:
6915:
6536:
6347:
6263:
6069:
6013:
5948:
5811:
5746:
5681:
5341:
5243:
5031:
4739:
4719:
3507:
1595:
1482:
1178:
study how the human body decays in various circumstances to gain a better understanding of decomposition.
509:
261:
4482:
4233:"Fire and grazing in grasslands of the Argentine Caldenal: effects on plant and soil carbon and nitrogen"
3501:
2138:"Autolytic changes in blood cells and other tissue cells of human cadavers. I. Viability and ion studies"
1539:
1093:. It is not known whether or for how long a body can stay free of decay without artificial preservation.
489:
Visible changes caused by decomposition are limited during the fresh stage, although autolysis may cause
7294:
7216:
7029:
6925:
6861:
6826:
6270:
6238:
5973:
5918:
5781:
5766:
5549:
5506:
5496:
5491:
5248:
5228:
5084:
5074:
5016:
5011:
4847:
4699:
4518:
4068:
1650:
1327:
mammals, and the physical movement of animals through the grass are the primary agents of breakdown and
1155:
1151:
1044:
836:
579:
1051:, who was found to be almost perfectly preserved over 30 years after his death, permitting an accurate
4231:
Harris, Wylie N.; Moretto, Alicia S.; Distel, Roberto A.; Boutton, Thomas W.; BĂło, Roberto M. (2007).
2844:
2631:
7406:
7259:
7148:
7110:
7100:
6866:
6233:
6099:
6064:
6059:
5983:
5978:
5933:
5831:
5801:
5796:
5648:
5511:
5501:
5046:
4885:
4674:
4247:
4077:
4029:
3930:
3868:
3822:
3268:
2921:
2244:
2035:
Lawrence, Kelsey E.; Lam, Khiem C.; Morgun, Andrey; Shulzhenko, Natalia; Löhr, Christiane V. (2019).
1954:
1659:
1171:
1124:
1031:
981:
970:
937:
884:. The formation of adipocere slows decomposition by inhibiting the bacteria that cause putrefaction.
840:
479:
277:
4605:
4064:"Litter chemistry influences decomposition through activity of specific microbial functional guilds"
3857:"Effects of soil macro- and mesofauna on litter decomposition and soil organic matter stabilization"
3007:"Reconstructing the sequence of events surrounding body disposition based on color staining of bone"
578:
stage provides the first clear visual sign that microbial proliferation is underway. In this stage,
478:
from the tissues. The resulting decrease in pH and other chemical changes cause cells to lose their
7571:
7466:
7331:
6631:
6372:
6352:
6332:
6295:
6184:
6149:
6124:
5988:
5958:
5903:
5816:
5706:
5691:
5638:
5471:
5406:
5288:
5218:
4749:
3346:
2235:
1465:
1191:
1140:
969:, whose body was kept submerged in a special tank of fluid for decades and is on public display in
483:
415:
298:
5352:
3195:
Hau, Teo Chee; Hamzah, Noor
Hazfalinda; Lian, Hing Hiang; Hamzah, Sri Pawita Albakri Amir (2014).
1646:"Global decomposition experiment shows soil animal impacts on decomposition are climate-dependent"
1390:. This means the form that organic matter is in, original plant or animal, partially eaten, or as
7512:
7416:
7356:
7316:
7264:
7196:
7168:
7080:
7034:
6626:
6258:
6228:
6160:
6109:
6104:
5913:
5876:
5574:
5539:
5396:
5321:
5223:
5155:
5145:
5079:
5026:
4837:
4782:
4744:
4669:
3892:
3233:
2818:
2557:
2268:
1970:
1901:
1801:
1745:
1716:(Acari: Parasitidae) in forensic autopsies and its application on postmortem interval estimation"
1685:
1569:
1394:
matter when the detritivore encounters it. The more broken down the matter, the faster the final
1277:
1130:
1030:
before burial in a dry vault from which he was later removed and placed on public display at the
610:
513:
7184:
5618:
2584:"The impact of shallow burial on differential decomposition to the body: a temperate case study"
893:
7500:
7284:
7279:
7123:
7105:
6738:
6726:
6049:
6018:
5806:
5633:
5441:
5306:
5283:
5140:
5021:
4797:
4709:
4694:
4679:
4659:
4526:
4490:
4408:
4362:
4309:
4174:
3996:
3946:
3884:
3780:
3742:
3706:
3656:
3589:
3555:
3511:
3473:
3368:
3170:
3122:
3110:
3076:
3028:
2987:
2810:
2762:
2714:
2666:
2605:
2516:
2472:
2422:
2374:
2319:
2260:
2195:
2159:
2111:
2070:
2008:
1893:
1839:
1793:
1737:
1616:
1561:
1375:
1371:
696:, but if only portions of the bones are exposed, it is referred to as partially skeletonized.
583:
505:
190:
158:
4433:
7540:
7493:
7391:
7206:
7201:
7158:
6935:
6930:
6716:
6582:
6572:
6474:
6459:
6444:
6395:
6248:
6003:
5866:
5858:
5776:
5658:
5643:
5579:
5559:
5476:
5466:
5461:
5426:
5258:
5198:
5069:
4870:
4812:
4724:
4684:
4400:
4354:
4301:
4263:
4255:
4166:
4133:
4123:
4085:
4037:
3986:
3938:
3876:
3830:
3698:
3547:
3435:
3360:
3320:
3276:
3208:
3162:
3114:
3068:
3020:
2977:
2969:
2929:
2881:
2802:
2754:
2706:
2656:
2648:
2597:
2549:
2508:
2464:
2414:
2366:
2312:
Soil analysis in forensic taphonomy: chemical and biological effects of buried human remains
2252:
2151:
2103:
2060:
2050:
2001:
Soil analysis in forensic taphonomy: chemical and biological effects of buried human remains
1962:
1885:
1785:
1729:
1675:
1667:
1608:
1553:
1416:
1352:
1328:
1108:
1090:
917:
614:
541:
501:
302:
1338:. In fact, decomposition contributes over 90 percent of carbon dioxide released each year.
7481:
7446:
7396:
7351:
7326:
6965:
6836:
6695:
6567:
6562:
6479:
6429:
6422:
6410:
6320:
6139:
5998:
5968:
5963:
5953:
5886:
5871:
5751:
5731:
5613:
5481:
5387:
5278:
5188:
5130:
5115:
4714:
4640:
4597:
3977:
3734:
Forensic anthropology and medicine: complementary sciences trom recovery to cause of death
3107:
Taphonomy of human remains: forensic analysis of the dead and the depositional environment
2407:
Forensic anthropology and medicine: complementary sciences from recovery to cause of death
1111:
because the usual motive for such studies is to determine the time and cause of death for
1013:
832:
816:
778:
693:
283:
147:
79:
40:
3462:"Simulacra of eternal life: ostensions, exhibitions and the concealment of human remains"
2630:
Matuszewski, Szymon; Konwerski, Szymon; FrÄ
tczak, Katarzyna; SzafaĆowicz, MichaĆ (2014).
6987:
4337:
4251:
4081:
4033:
3934:
3919:"Do soil fauna really hasten litter decomposition? A meta-analysis of enclosure studies"
3872:
3826:
3272:
2925:
2248:
1958:
1663:
7530:
7254:
7085:
6846:
6781:
6614:
6592:
6469:
6417:
6177:
6119:
5943:
5896:
5826:
5821:
5716:
5583:
5456:
5263:
5253:
5233:
5110:
5036:
5001:
4940:
4817:
4772:
4664:
4138:
4111:
3304:
Ajileye, Ayodeji
Blessing; Esan, Ebenezer Olubunmi; Adeyemi, Oluwakemi Abidemi (2018).
2982:
2955:
2661:
2065:
2036:
1680:
1464:, and these also accumulate as the microbes die, further reducing the quality of older
1335:
1001:
962:
869:
606:
587:
529:
475:
354:
257:
236:
202:
194:
4358:
3702:
2582:
Schotsmans, Eline M.J.; Van de Voorde, Wim; De Winne, Joan; Wilson, Andrew S. (2011).
1081:
An animal can be preserved almost perfectly, for millions of years in a resin such as
7555:
7289:
7274:
7231:
7143:
6977:
6955:
6831:
6798:
6665:
6144:
5120:
5094:
5051:
5041:
4996:
4983:
4855:
4689:
4644:
4154:
4015:
3896:
3834:
3621:
3617:
3024:
2869:
2822:
2710:
2561:
2354:
2155:
1711:
1671:
1645:
1445:
1421:
1382:
1362:
1347:
1265:
1209:
555:
370:
366:
205:
and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the
49:
3305:
2758:
2601:
2468:
2272:
1866:
GonzĂĄlez Medina, Alejandro; Soriano
Hernando, Ăscar; JimĂ©nez RĂos, Gilberto (2015).
1771:
1749:
1689:
1573:
699:
7386:
7269:
7153:
7070:
6994:
6982:
6841:
6748:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6603:
6454:
6434:
6377:
6362:
6253:
6129:
6114:
5771:
5741:
5686:
5569:
5534:
5411:
4910:
4291:
3880:
3856:
3738:
3539:
3256:
2410:
2137:
1905:
1867:
1827:
1805:
1367:
1226:
1222:
1048:
966:
956:
913:
549:
517:
459:
451:
447:
419:
310:
69:
64:
59:
54:
3394:
2089:
1200:
948:
4404:
3942:
3280:
2370:
1612:
846:
The most important variable is the body's accessibility to insects, particularly
496:
The small amount of oxygen remaining in the body is quickly depleted by cellular
221:, also help decompose the organic materials. Organisms that do this are known as
7461:
7456:
7426:
7381:
7361:
7346:
7341:
7321:
7238:
7163:
7133:
7090:
6920:
6803:
6464:
6439:
6405:
6337:
6315:
6310:
6300:
5421:
5150:
4968:
4930:
4905:
4895:
4860:
4807:
4787:
4259:
3551:
3105:. In Schotsmans, Eline M. J.; MĂĄrquez-Grant, Nicholas; Forbes, Shari L. (eds.).
3102:
2788:
2450:
2418:
2402:
2307:
1996:
1938:
1316:
1249:) play a major role in breaking down matter, both directly and indirectly via a
1230:
997:
993:
989:
859:
735:
648:
602:
563:
533:
226:
3072:
2885:
2846:
A handbook of the practice of forensic medicine, based upon personal experience
2806:
1107:
Various sciences study the decomposition of bodies under the general rubric of
27:
Process in which organic substances are broken down into simpler organic matter
7431:
7401:
7366:
7336:
7309:
7211:
7039:
6999:
6851:
6808:
6786:
6753:
6449:
6367:
6325:
6305:
6215:
6134:
5711:
5676:
5316:
5268:
5213:
5183:
5089:
5006:
4950:
4827:
4777:
4305:
3770:
3213:
3196:
3118:
2652:
2553:
2256:
2107:
1789:
1733:
1513:
1477:
1437:
1387:
1269:
1234:
1218:
1187:
985:
680:
present in the surrounding soil have not yet returned to their normal levels.
652:
644:
497:
431:
427:
322:
318:
265:
222:
136:
7189:
4178:
3950:
3888:
3732:
3583:
2973:
2693:"The inïŹuence of insects on decomposition rate in buried and surface remains"
2055:
892:. Frozen mummies commonly restart the decomposition process when thawed (see
7476:
7471:
7436:
7226:
7118:
6903:
6856:
6793:
6758:
6733:
6609:
6290:
6285:
6039:
5993:
5721:
5165:
5135:
4935:
4890:
4865:
4802:
4792:
4767:
4759:
4704:
4297:
4203:
4041:
4014:
Yuan, Yongge; Lin, Xinru; Chen, Gelv; Van
Kleunen, Mark; Li, Junmin (2023).
3917:
Frouz, Jan; RoubĂÄkovĂĄ, Alena; HedÄnec, Petr; TajovskĂœ, Karel (2015-05-01).
3776:
3469:
3101:
Piombino-Mascali, Dario; Gill-Frerking, Heather; Beckett, Ronald G. (2017).
2315:
2191:
2004:
1889:
1835:
1487:
1441:
1308:
1296:
1289:
1261:
1238:
1175:
1167:
1120:
1066:
1023:
1005:
977:
952:
928:
873:
772:
765:
749:
685:
664:
656:
559:
358:
341:
231:
218:
206:
175:
7505:
7054:
4412:
4366:
4128:
4016:"Parasitic plants indirectly regulate decomposition of soil organic matter"
4000:
3710:
3503:
Modern mummies: the preservation of the human body in the twentieth century
3372:
3174:
3166:
3080:
3032:
2991:
2933:
2814:
2766:
2718:
2670:
2609:
2476:
2264:
2185:
2115:
2090:"Early post-mortem changes and stages of decomposition in exposed cadavers"
2074:
1897:
1797:
1741:
1565:
1069:, arresting decomposition and resulting in a preserved specimen known as a
839:. A basic guide for the effect of environment on decomposition is given as
4557:
3971:
Mellado, Ana; Morilas, Lourdes; Gallardo, Antonio; Zamora, Regino (2016).
2520:
2163:
1334:
The chemical aspects of plant decomposition always involve the release of
1233:) soil invertebrate fauna, whereas in standing parts of plants, primarily
344:
also play an important role in decomposition if the body is accessible to
17:
7451:
7421:
6972:
6960:
6893:
6721:
6390:
6357:
6243:
6223:
6094:
6023:
5554:
5061:
4973:
4920:
4875:
4208:
3439:
1872:(Diptera, Chironomidae) in the assessment of the postsubmersion interval"
1497:
1331:, while bacteria and fungi play the main roles in further decomposition.
1257:
1246:
1134:
1074:
1070:
1027:
806:
788:
668:
595:
575:
548:. The process of microbial proliferation within a body is referred to as
362:
333:
314:
210:
3324:
2691:
Simmons, Tal; Cross, Peter A.; Adlam, Rachel E.; Moffatt, Colin (2010).
1557:
896:), whilst heat-desiccated mummies remain so unless exposed to moisture.
7488:
7128:
7095:
6940:
6888:
6649:
6587:
6400:
6280:
6084:
5891:
5761:
5756:
5383:
5331:
4991:
4636:
4268:
4170:
3364:
1974:
1518:
1426:
1412:
1324:
1320:
1052:
933:
877:
824:
660:
591:
545:
537:
525:
490:
455:
402:
398:
4062:
Bhatnagar, Jennifer M.; Peay, Kabir G.; Treseder, Kathleen K. (2018).
3991:
3972:
2512:
1830:. In Benbow, M. Eric; Tomberlin, Jeffery K.; Tarone, Aaron M. (eds.).
7441:
7138:
6908:
6776:
6700:
6342:
4388:
4089:
3918:
2535:
1461:
1449:
1300:
1281:
1273:
1144:
761:
742:
724:
621:
471:
374:
345:
306:
84:
4517:
Chapin, F. Stuart III; Matson, Pamela A.; Mooney, Harold A. (2002).
4481:
Chapin, F. Stuart III; Matson, Pamela A.; Mooney, Harold A. (2002).
4063:
3808:
3684:
3461:
3150:
3054:
3006:
2907:
2740:
2692:
2632:"Effect of body mass and clothing on decomposition of pig carcasses"
2583:
2353:
Janaway, Robert C.; Percival, Stephen L.; Wilson, Andrew S. (2009).
1966:
1127:(PMI), post-burial interval as well as to locate clandestine graves.
426:, which breaks down the main components of the body. With death the
297:
Decomposition begins at the moment of death, caused by two factors:
2868:
Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany; VirgĂŒez-DĂaz, Yenny; Wolff, Marta (2018).
647:
death. The CDI surrounding the carcass will display an increase in
7024:
7004:
6945:
6743:
6200:
4580:
3423:
1492:
1457:
1453:
1433:
1391:
1351:
1285:
1242:
1205:
1199:
1082:
941:
889:
820:
782:
698:
521:
467:
394:
349:
337:
291:
282:
214:
198:
169:
163:
157:
142:
122:
4110:
Filipiak, MichaĆ; Sobczyk, Ćukasz; Weiner, January (2016-04-09).
3546:. Ecological Studies. Vol. 188. Springer. pp. 125â143.
1133:
studies the clues to the cause of death found in the corpse as a
562:
are the first carrion insects to arrive and they seek a suitable
193:
are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as
3255:
Barnes, Kate M.; Whiffin, Ashleigh L.; Bulling, Mark T. (2019).
1507:
1460:. Microbial cell walls also contain recalcitrant materials like
1312:
1059:
855:
851:
794:
689:
382:
326:
201:, simple sugars and mineral salts. The process is a part of the
6173:
5356:
4609:
3395:"Radiological exploration of the embalmed cadaver of Eva Peron"
552:
and leads to the second stage of decomposition known as bloat.
512:
tracts, creating an ideal environment for the proliferation of
1826:
Beasley, James C.; Olson, Zach H.; DeVault, Travis L. (2015).
1112:
1062:
881:
847:
390:
386:
378:
287:
4387:
André, Stéphane; Vallaeys, Tatiana; Planchon, Stella (2017).
3807:
Adamou, Ibrahima; Joffre, Richard; Gillon, Dominique (1995).
2405:. In Schmidt, Aurore; Cunha, Eugénia; Pinheiro, João (eds.).
4338:"Food spoilage: interactions between food spoilage bacteria"
3053:
Magni, Paola A.; Lawn, Jessica; Guareschi, Edda E. (2021).
2229:
Carter, David O.; Yellowlees, David; Tibbett, Mark (2007).
582:
takes place, leading to the accumulation of gases, such as
3151:"The intestinal microflora during the first weeks of life"
1360:
The decomposition of food, either plant or animal, called
454:. Since blood is no longer being pumped through the body,
1164:
University of
Tennessee Anthropological Research Facility
6169:
3772:
Forensic taphonomy: the postmortem fate of human remains
3731:
Schmitt, Aurore; Cunha, Eugénia; Pinheiro, João (2006).
1868:"The use of the developmental rate of the aquatic midge
1055:
when the case of his murder was re-opened in the 1990s.
430:
of the living organism collapses and is followed by the
3197:"Decomposition process and post mortem changes: review"
2741:"Soil temperature calculation for burial site analysis"
1366:
in this context, is an important field of study within
876:, caused by the action of soil chemicals on the body's
325:, that are the chief source of the unmistakably putrid
260:). The former means "the degradation of a substance by
4389:"Spore-forming bacteria responsible for food spoilage"
1381:
Spoilage of food is attributed to contamination from
3424:"Shaping eternity: the preservation of Lenin's body"
667:; changes in pH; and a significant increase in soil
7247:
7177:
7063:
7017:
6879:
6767:
6709:
6658:
6647:
6640:
6555:
6492:
6214:
6207:
6032:
5932:
5857:
5730:
5667:
5527:
5395:
5297:
5176:
5103:
5060:
4982:
4949:
4846:
4758:
4652:
3683:Kulshrestha, Pankaj; Satpathy, Debasish K. (2001).
3393:Gotta, Cesar H.; Buzzi, Alfredo E. (5 March 2004).
4293:Understanding and measuring the shelf-life of food
3466:Public uses of human remains and relics in history
2849:. London, United Kingdom: The New Sydenham Society
2787:Dash, Hirak Ranjan; Das, Surajit (November 2020).
1832:Carrion ecology, evolution, and their applications
4489:. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 159â69.
3464:. In Cavicchioli, Silvia; Provero, Luigi (eds.).
2536:"Review of human decomposition processes in soil"
2231:"Cadaver decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems"
1997:"Decomposition chemistry in a burial environment"
617:, giving the body an overall marbled appearance.
4525:. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 61â67.
4153:Filipiak, MichaĆ; Weiner, January (2016-09-01).
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
3769:Haglund, William D.; Sorg, Marcella H. (1996).
3588:. Munich, Germany: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
3582:Weitschat, Wilfried; Wichard, Wolfgang (2002).
2359:Microbiology and aging: clinical manifestations
1540:"Ecology and exploration of the rare biosphere"
1538:Lynch, Michael D. J.; Neufeld, Josh D. (2015).
528:, to produce a variety of substances including
3542:. In Wieder, R. Kelman; Vitt, Dale H. (eds.).
3005:Huculak, Meaghan A.; Rogers, Tracy L. (2009).
2042:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
1770:Braig, Henk R.; Perotti, M. Alejandra (2009).
434:that undergoes predictable changes over time.
6185:
5368:
4621:
2739:Prangnell, Jonathan; McGowan, Glenys (2009).
2310:. In Tibbett, Mark; Carter, David O. (eds.).
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
1999:. In Tibbett, Mark; Carter, David O. (eds.).
1440:decompose readily and are considered labile.
104:
8:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
2534:Dent B.B.; Forbes S.L.; Stuart B.H. (2004).
916:has a bad odor accompanied by it due to the
714:Environmental effects on forensic entomology
317:. These processes release compounds such as
4523:Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology
4519:"Soil properties and ecosystem functioning"
4487:Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology
4212:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT News Office
3585:Atlas of plants and animals in Baltic amber
2308:"Cadaver decomposition and soil: processes"
1370:. Food decomposition can be slowed down by
442:Among those animals that have a heart, the
6655:
6644:
6211:
6192:
6178:
6170:
5589:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
5375:
5361:
5353:
4628:
4614:
4606:
4574:
4346:International Journal of Food Microbiology
3299:
3297:
3261:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
1828:"Ecological role of vertebrate scavengers"
1237:life-forms such as parasitic plants (e.g.
1225:), this process is largely carried out by
111:
97:
36:
4267:
4137:
4127:
3990:
3212:
2981:
2660:
2064:
2054:
1679:
1378:and food storage procedures are applied.
708:Factors affecting decomposition of bodies
305:by the body's own internal chemicals and
5487:Predatorâprey (LotkaâVolterra) equations
5126:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
4571:â Food decomposition (a Flash animation)
2306:Carter, David O.; Tibbett, Mark (2008).
1939:"A summer carrion study of the baby pig
1016:, whose preserved body can be viewed in
601:Intestinal anaerobic bacteria transform
5519:Random generalized LotkaâVolterra model
3685:"Use of beetles in forensic entomology"
3313:American Journal of Biomedical Sciences
2640:International Journal of Legal Medicine
2184:Saukko, Pekka; Knight, Bernard (2013).
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1530:
516:. These multiply, consuming the body's
39:
5327:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
4197:
4195:
3468:. Abingdon-on-Thames, United Kingdom:
3306:"Human embalming techniques: a review"
3060:Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
2794:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
2136:Laiho, Kauno; PenttilÀ, Antti (1981).
920:and organic matter containing sulfur.
493:to appear at the surface of the skin.
6542:List of ways people dishonor the dead
2190:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida:
422:. These two stages contribute to the
405:larvae and other carrion scavengers.
7:
5342:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
3618:"How can a corpse be incorruptible?"
1196:Fungal extracellular enzyme activity
1103:Forensic entomological decomposition
872:and develop a waxy substance called
815:Foods/objects inside the specimen's
812:The surface on which the body rests;
5792:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
4483:"Factors controlling decomposition"
3540:"Decomposition in boreal peatlands"
3538:Moore, Tim; Basiliko, Nate (2006).
684:cadaver at this stage is dry skin,
6547:List of ways people honor the dead
5545:Ecological effects of biodiversity
3103:"The taphonomy of natural mummies"
2095:Experimental and Applied Acarology
1777:Experimental and Applied Acarology
1721:Experimental and Applied Acarology
1221:. In fallen dead parts of plants (
25:
6578:GompertzâMakeham law of mortality
4881:Generalist and specialist species
3352:Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
2913:Journal of Archaeological Science
424:chemical process of decomposition
213:begin to decompose shortly after
7535:
7526:
7525:
5604:Occupancyâabundance relationship
4556:
4202:Chu, Jennifer (4 October 2012).
3923:European Journal of Soil Biology
3025:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01086.x
2711:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01402.x
2357:. In Percival, Steven L. (ed.).
2355:"Decomposition of human remains"
1672:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01672.x
1311:ecosystems, natural damage from
7536:
5624:Relative abundance distribution
5337:Plant defense against herbivory
5204:Competitive exclusion principle
4916:Mesopredator release hypothesis
3645:A manual of forensic entomology
2759:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.07.002
2602:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.036
2469:10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.002
1217:for colonization and attack by
1097:Importance to forensic sciences
1026:, whose body was injected with
955:, whose body was injected with
7567:Biodegradable waste management
5209:Consumerâresource interactions
3881:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.08.039
3690:Forensic Science International
3620:. Marina Del Rey, California:
3460:Milicia, Maria Teresa (2020).
3149:Bezirtzoglou, Eugenia (1997).
2906:Nicholson, Rebecca A. (1996).
2843:Casper, Johann Ludwig (1861).
2746:Forensic Science International
2589:Forensic Science International
2456:Forensic Science International
2143:Forensic Science International
1603:. Dordrecht, The Netherlands:
1319:that feed on decaying matter,
1154:is the medico-legal branch of
1143:studies the insects and other
313:, the breakdown of tissues by
264:or physical processes", e.g.,
32:Decomposition (disambiguation)
1:
6598:Maternal mortality in fiction
6055:Biological data visualization
5882:Environmental niche modelling
5609:Population viability analysis
4359:10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00233-7
3814:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
3703:10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00410-8
3642:Smith, Kenneth G. V. (1986).
3400:European Society of Radiology
1714:Poecilochirus austroasiaticus
1503:Microbiology of decomposition
189:is the process by which dead
6512:Expressions related to death
6465:Medical declaration of death
5540:Density-dependent inhibition
4405:10.1016/j.resmic.2016.10.003
3943:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2015.03.002
3835:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00006-Z
3506:. Jefferon, North Carolina:
3281:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.05.032
3012:Journal of Forensic Sciences
2698:Journal of Forensic Sciences
2500:Journal of Forensic Sciences
2403:"Decay process of a cadaver"
2371:10.1007/978-1-59745-327-1_14
2156:10.1016/0379-0738(81)90003-7
1877:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1613:10.1007/978-1-59745-327-1_14
6532:Preventable causes of death
6009:Liebig's law of the minimum
5844:Resource selection function
4735:Metabolic theory of ecology
4588:Stages of human development
4260:10.1016/j.actao.2007.05.001
3552:10.1007/978-3-540-31913-9_7
3500:Quigley, Christine (2006).
3422:Vronskaya, Alla G. (2010).
3229:"The decomposition process"
2419:10.1007/978-1-59745-099-7_5
2363:Springer Science + Business
2187:Knight's forensic pathology
1545:Nature Reviews Microbiology
329:of decaying animal tissue.
7598:
5909:Niche apportionment models
5629:Relative species abundance
4833:Primary nutritional groups
4730:List of feeding behaviours
3616:Clark, Josh (2023-08-23).
3544:Boreal peatland ecosystems
3073:10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102109
2886:10.1590/1809-4392201701033
2807:10.1007/s00253-020-10922-3
1356:A punnet of rotten peaches
1345:
1256:Following this, the plant
1185:
1100:
1039:Environmental preservation
711:
466:Once the heart stops, the
275:
29:
7521:
6899:Consciousness after death
6822:
6386:
6158:
6090:Ecosystem based fisheries
5702:Interspecific competition
5594:Minimum viable population
5452:Maximum sustainable yield
5437:Intraspecific competition
5432:Effective population size
5312:Anti-predator adaptations
4823:Photosynthetic efficiency
4594:
4585:
4577:
4306:10.1533/9781855739024.1.3
3855:Frouz, Jan (2018-12-15).
3214:10.17576/jsm-2014-4312-08
3119:10.1002/9781118953358.ch8
2961:Social Studies of Science
2653:10.1007/s00414-014-0965-5
2554:10.1007/s00254-003-0913-z
2257:10.1007/s00114-006-0159-1
2108:10.1007/s10493-009-9284-9
1995:Forbes, Shari L. (2008).
1790:10.1007/s10493-009-9287-6
1734:10.1007/s10493-012-9606-1
166:after it fell from a tree
150:skull decomposing in the
7300:Personification of death
6522:People by cause of death
6080:Ecological stoichiometry
6045:Alternative stable state
4442:Arizona State University
4393:Research in Microbiology
4159:Physiological Entomology
3653:Cornell University Press
2974:10.1177/0306312718801173
2056:10.1177/1040638719828412
1937:Payne, Jerry A. (1965).
980:leaders with pronounced
719:Exposure to the elements
620:If insects have access,
7377:Death-positive movement
7222:Post-mortem photography
6502:Causes of death by rate
6430:Death by natural causes
5924:Ontogenetic niche shift
5787:Ideal free distribution
5697:Ecological facilitation
5447:Malthusian growth model
5417:Consumer-resource model
5274:Paradox of the plankton
5239:Energy systems language
4959:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
4926:Optimal foraging theory
4901:Heterotrophic nutrition
4296:. Boca Raton, Florida:
4042:10.1111/1365-2435.14232
3775:. Boca Raton, Florida:
3345:Lynerup, Niels (2007).
3109:. Hoboken, New Jersey:
2401:Pinheiro, JoĂŁo (2006).
2314:. Boca Raton, Florida:
2003:. Boca Raton, Florida:
1890:10.1111/1556-4029.12707
1834:. Boca Raton, Florida:
924:Artificial preservation
910:Anaerobic decomposition
764:, depth of burial, and
409:Stages of decomposition
301:, the breaking down of
276:For human remains, see
152:Serengeti National Park
7412:Fascination with death
7050:Reincarnation research
7045:Out-of-body experience
6507:Notable deaths by year
6348:Immunogenic cell death
6264:Temporal lobe necrosis
6070:Ecological forecasting
6014:Marginal value theorem
5812:Landscape epidemiology
5747:Cross-boundary subsidy
5682:Biological interaction
5032:Microbial intelligence
4720:Green world hypothesis
4129:10.3390/insects7020013
3737:. Totowa, New Jersey:
3167:10.1006/anae.1997.0102
2934:10.1006/jasc.1996.0049
2409:. Totowa, New Jersey:
1597:Microbiology and aging
1483:Chemical decomposition
1357:
1213:
1058:Bodies submerged in a
704:
651:and nutrients such as
332:Prime decomposers are
294:
248:One can differentiate
179:
167:
155:
140:
7217:Post-mortem chemistry
7030:Near-death experience
6926:Desecration of graves
6862:Postmortem caloricity
6827:Beating heart cadaver
6271:Programmed cell death
6239:Liquefactive necrosis
6075:Ecological humanities
5974:Ecological energetics
5919:Niche differentiation
5782:Habitat fragmentation
5550:Ecological extinction
5497:Small population size
5249:Feed conversion ratio
5229:Ecological succession
5161:San Francisco Estuary
5075:Ecological efficiency
5017:Microbial cooperation
4069:Ecological Monographs
3741:. pp. 461â464].
3267:(June 2019): 600â09.
3111:John Wiley & Sons
2541:Environmental Geology
2088:Goff, M. Lee (2009).
1651:Global Change Biology
1402:Rate of decomposition
1355:
1203:
1166:(better known as the
1156:physical anthropology
1152:Forensic anthropology
1101:Further information:
1065:may become naturally
800:Body size and weight;
712:Further information:
702:
504:naturally present in
470:can no longer supply
286:
250:abiotic decomposition
173:
161:
146:
134:
7407:Festival of the Dead
7305:Dying-and-rising god
7260:Chinese burial money
7149:Prohibition of dying
7101:Death-qualified jury
6867:Post-mortem interval
6527:Premature obituaries
6234:Coagulative necrosis
6100:Evolutionary ecology
6065:Ecological footprint
6060:Ecological economics
5984:Ecological threshold
5979:Ecological indicator
5849:Sourceâsink dynamics
5802:Land change modeling
5797:Insular biogeography
5649:Species distribution
5388:Modelling ecosystems
5047:Microbial metabolism
4886:Intraguild predation
4675:Biogeochemical cycle
4641:Modelling ecosystems
4565:at Wikimedia Commons
3651:. Ithaca, New York:
3510:. pp. 213â214.
3440:10.1162/thld_a_00170
1772:"Carcases and mites"
1172:Knoxville, Tennessee
1125:post-mortem interval
1032:San Giovanni Rotondo
1018:St. Peter's Basilica
982:cults of personality
904:Anaerobic vs aerobic
741:The availability of
580:anaerobic metabolism
480:structural integrity
361:(Sarcophagidae) and
278:corpse decomposition
272:Animal decomposition
254:biotic decomposition
30:For other uses, see
7562:Anaerobic digestion
7467:Philosophy of death
7332:Death from laughter
6632:Perinatal mortality
6373:Mitotic catastrophe
6353:Ischemic cell death
6296:Intrinsic apoptosis
6244:Gangrenous necrosis
6150:Theoretical ecology
6125:Natural environment
5989:Ecosystem diversity
5959:Ecological collapse
5949:Bateman's principle
5904:Limiting similarity
5817:Landscape limnology
5639:Species homogeneity
5477:Population modeling
5472:Population dynamics
5289:Trophic state index
4252:2007AcO....32..207H
4082:2018EcoM...88..429B
4034:2023FuEco..37..302Y
3935:2015EJSB...68...18F
3873:2018Geode.332..161F
3827:1995SBiBi..27..931I
3472:. pp. 101â19.
3325:10.5099/aj180200082
3273:2019JArSR..25..600B
3113:. pp. 101â19.
2954:Bier, Jess (2018).
2926:1996JArSc..23..513N
2413:. pp. 85â116.
2365:. pp. 313â34.
2249:2007NW.....94...12C
2236:Naturwissenschaften
2007:. pp. 203â23.
1959:1965Ecol...46..592P
1870:Chironomus riparius
1838:. pp. 107â27.
1664:2008GCBio..14.2661W
1607:. pp. 313â34.
1558:10.1038/nrmicro3400
1466:soil organic matter
1192:Anaerobic digestion
1182:Plant decomposition
1141:Forensic entomology
785:and crushing blows;
514:anaerobic organisms
217:. Animals, such as
174:Decomposing fallen
7513:Thanatosensitivity
7417:Hierarchy of death
7357:Death notification
7265:Coins for the dead
7197:Forensic pathology
7081:Capital punishment
7035:Near-death studies
6627:Mortality salience
6259:Fibrinoid necrosis
6229:Avascular necrosis
6161:Outline of ecology
6110:Industrial ecology
6105:Functional ecology
5969:Ecological deficit
5914:Niche construction
5877:Ecosystem engineer
5654:Speciesâarea curve
5575:Introduced species
5390:: Other components
5322:Deimatic behaviour
5224:Ecological network
5156:North Pacific Gyre
5141:hydrothermal vents
5080:Ecological pyramid
5027:Microbial food web
4838:Primary production
4783:Foundation species
4171:10.1111/phen.12168
4021:Functional Ecology
3365:10.1002/ajpa.20728
3234:Aggie Horticulture
2318:. pp. 29â51.
1358:
1342:Food decomposition
1278:chemical structure
1245:) and fungi (e.g.
1214:
1131:Forensic pathology
1000:and most recently
705:
371:green bottle flies
295:
191:organic substances
180:
168:
156:
141:
7549:
7548:
7285:Death anniversary
7280:Death and culture
7124:Dying declaration
7106:Death certificate
7013:
7012:
6875:
6874:
6727:Neuropreservation
6517:Natural disasters
6488:
6487:
6167:
6166:
6050:Balance of nature
5807:Landscape ecology
5692:Community ecology
5634:Species diversity
5570:Indicator species
5565:Gradient analysis
5442:Logistic function
5350:
5349:
5307:Animal coloration
5284:Trophic mutualism
5022:Microbial ecology
4813:Photoheterotrophs
4798:Myco-heterotrophy
4710:Ecosystem ecology
4695:Carrying capacity
4660:Abiotic component
4604:
4603:
4595:Succeeded by
4561:Media related to
4532:978-0-387-95443-1
4496:978-0-387-95443-1
4300:. pp. 3â23.
3992:10.1111/nph.13984
3786:978-0-8493-9434-8
3561:978-3-540-31913-9
3517:978-1-4766-1373-4
3479:978-0-429-29590-4
3403:. Vienna, Austria
2801:(22): 9497â9512.
2513:10.1520/JFS13311J
2428:978-1-58829-824-9
2380:978-1-58829-640-5
2325:978-1-4200-6991-4
2014:978-1-4200-6991-4
1622:978-1-59745-327-1
1376:food preservation
1253:cascading effect
1241:), insects (e.g.
971:Lenin's Mausoleum
615:lymphatic systems
139:played backwards.
135:Decomposition of
132:
121:
120:
16:(Redirected from
7589:
7539:
7538:
7529:
7528:
7509:
7494:Assisted suicide
7392:Death trajectory
7207:Mortuary science
7202:Funeral director
7193:
7159:Suspicious death
6931:Eternal oblivion
6717:Cryopreservation
6656:
6645:
6583:Infant mortality
6573:Excess mortality
6475:Terminal illness
6460:Lazarus syndrome
6445:End-of-life care
6396:Accidental death
6249:Caseous necrosis
6212:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6171:
5867:Ecological niche
5839:selection theory
5659:Umbrella species
5644:Species richness
5580:Invasive species
5560:Flagship species
5467:Population cycle
5462:Overexploitation
5427:Ecological yield
5377:
5370:
5363:
5354:
5259:Mesotrophic soil
5199:Climax community
5131:Marine food webs
5070:Biomagnification
4871:Chemoorganotroph
4725:Keystone species
4685:Biotic component
4630:
4623:
4616:
4607:
4578:Preceded by
4575:
4560:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4478:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4445:. Tempe, Arizona
4438:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4342:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4237:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4131:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4090:10.1002/ecm.1303
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3650:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3201:Sains Malaysiana
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2664:
2636:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2350:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2303:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1934:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1683:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1602:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1535:
1417:osmotic gradient
1329:nutrient cycling
1280:. For instance,
1109:forensic science
1091:incorruptibility
918:hydrogen sulfide
584:hydrogen sulfide
542:hydrogen sulfide
510:gastrointestinal
502:aerobic microbes
340:, though larger
211:living organisms
133:
113:
106:
99:
37:
21:
7597:
7596:
7592:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7517:
7503:
7447:Museum of Death
7397:Dignified death
7352:Death messenger
7327:Death education
7243:
7187:
7173:
7111:Declared death
7059:
7009:
6966:Online mourning
6871:
6837:Cadaveric spasm
6818:
6763:
6705:
6696:Skeletonization
6636:
6568:Child mortality
6563:Birthday effect
6551:
6484:
6480:Unnatural death
6411:Brainstem death
6382:
6321:Pseudoapoptosis
6203:
6198:
6168:
6163:
6154:
6140:Systems ecology
6028:
5999:Extinction debt
5964:Ecological debt
5954:Bioluminescence
5935:
5928:
5897:marine habitats
5872:Ecological trap
5853:
5733:
5726:
5669:
5663:
5619:Rapoport's rule
5614:Priority effect
5555:Endemic species
5523:
5482:Population size
5398:
5391:
5381:
5351:
5346:
5299:
5293:
5279:Trophic cascade
5189:Bioaccumulation
5172:
5099:
5056:
4978:
4945:
4842:
4754:
4715:Ecosystem model
4648:
4634:
4600:
4598:Skeletonization
4590:
4583:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4480:
4479:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4436:
4434:"Decomposition"
4432:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4272:
4240:Acta Oecologica
4235:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4183:
4181:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3978:New Phytologist
3970:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3779:. p. 636.
3768:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3655:. p. 205.
3648:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3207:(12): 1873â82.
3194:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3161:(2â3): 173â77.
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2305:
2304:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2228:
2227:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1967:10.2307/1934999
1936:
1935:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1712:"Occurrence of
1709:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1658:(11): 2661â77.
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1474:
1404:
1350:
1344:
1260:(consisting of
1198:
1184:
1105:
1099:
1041:
1014:Pope John XXIII
926:
906:
894:Ătzi the Iceman
817:digestive tract
721:
716:
710:
677:
640:
631:
572:
440:
411:
369:), such as the
355:carrion beetles
281:
274:
148:African buffalo
123:
117:
80:Skeletonization
41:Stages of death
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7595:
7593:
7585:
7584:
7579:
7577:Signs of death
7574:
7569:
7564:
7554:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7533:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7515:
7510:
7498:
7497:
7496:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7255:Apparent death
7251:
7249:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7241:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7086:Cause of death
7083:
7078:
7076:Administration
7073:
7067:
7065:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6975:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6896:
6891:
6885:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6847:Death erection
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6782:Natural burial
6773:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6662:
6660:
6653:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6615:Mortality rate
6612:
6607:
6600:
6595:
6593:Maternal death
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6537:Unusual deaths
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6498:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6470:Organ donation
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6418:Clinical death
6415:
6414:
6413:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6220:
6218:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6174:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6120:Microecosystem
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6019:Thorson's rule
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5944:Assembly rules
5940:
5938:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5863:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5829:
5827:Patch dynamics
5824:
5822:Metapopulation
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5736:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5717:Storage effect
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5599:Neutral theory
5596:
5591:
5586:
5584:Native species
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5457:Overpopulation
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5403:
5401:
5393:
5392:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5264:Nutrient cycle
5261:
5256:
5254:Feeding frenzy
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5234:Energy quality
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5194:Cascade effect
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5037:Microbial loop
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5002:Lithoautotroph
4999:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4984:Microorganisms
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4941:Prey switching
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4818:Photosynthesis
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4773:Chemosynthesis
4770:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4665:Abiotic stress
4662:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4593:
4591:Decomposition
4584:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4552:
4551:External links
4549:
4546:
4545:
4531:
4509:
4495:
4456:
4425:
4379:
4353:(1â2): 79â97.
4328:
4314:
4282:
4223:
4191:
4145:
4102:
4054:
4006:
3985:(4): 1382â92.
3963:
3909:
3847:
3799:
3785:
3761:
3748:978-1588298249
3747:
3723:
3697:(1â2): 15â17.
3675:
3662:978-0801419270
3661:
3634:
3608:
3595:978-3931516949
3594:
3574:
3560:
3530:
3516:
3492:
3478:
3452:
3414:
3385:
3337:
3293:
3247:
3220:
3187:
3141:
3128:978-1118953327
3127:
3093:
3045:
2997:
2946:
2898:
2874:Acta Amazonica
2860:
2835:
2779:
2731:
2683:
2647:(1): 1039â48.
2622:
2596:(1): e43âe48.
2574:
2548:(4): 576â585.
2526:
2507:(5): 1236â53.
2489:
2463:(1): 130â139.
2441:
2427:
2393:
2379:
2338:
2324:
2285:
2214:
2201:978-0340760444
2200:
2176:
2128:
2102:(1â2): 21â36.
2080:
2027:
2013:
1987:
1953:(5): 592â602.
1918:
1858:
1845:978-1138893849
1844:
1818:
1784:(1â2): 45â84.
1762:
1728:(3): 297â305.
1702:
1635:
1621:
1586:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1403:
1400:
1383:microorganisms
1346:Main article:
1343:
1340:
1336:carbon dioxide
1288:, such as the
1183:
1180:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1138:
1128:
1098:
1095:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1009:
963:Vladimir Lenin
960:
925:
922:
905:
902:
870:saponification
829:
828:
813:
810:
804:
801:
798:
792:
786:
776:
769:
759:
756:Cause of death
753:
746:
739:
720:
717:
709:
706:
676:
673:
639:
638:Advanced decay
636:
630:
627:
607:sulfhemoglobin
588:carbon dioxide
571:
568:
530:propionic acid
476:carbon dioxide
439:
436:
410:
407:
290:eating a dead
273:
270:
258:biodegradation
203:nutrient cycle
195:carbon dioxide
119:
118:
116:
115:
108:
101:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7594:
7583:
7582:Biostratinomy
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7542:
7534:
7532:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7514:
7511:
7507:
7502:
7499:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7290:Death anxiety
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7275:Darwin Awards
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7246:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7232:Biostratinomy
7230:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7191:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7176:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7144:Necropolitics
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7016:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6978:Reincarnation
6976:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6881:Other aspects
6878:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6832:Body donation
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6799:Dismemberment
6797:
6795:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6744:Mummification
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6701:Fossilization
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6691:Decomposition
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6666:Pallor mortis
6664:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6190:
6188:
6183:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6145:Urban ecology
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:Kleiber's law
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:Foster's rule
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5394:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5366:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5095:Trophic level
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5052:Phage ecology
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:Microbial mat
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:Bacteriophage
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:Decomposition
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:Mesopredators
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4856:Apex predator
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:Biotic stress
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4599:
4592:
4589:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4563:Decomposition
4559:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4534:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4510:
4498:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4444:
4443:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4399:(4): 379â87.
4398:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4380:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4339:
4332:
4329:
4317:
4315:9781855739024
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4283:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4246:(2): 207â14.
4245:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4146:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4103:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4076:(3): 429â44.
4075:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4028:(2): 302â14.
4027:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4010:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3910:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3821:(7): 931â39.
3820:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3800:
3788:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3727:
3724:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3646:
3638:
3635:
3623:
3622:HowStuffWorks
3619:
3612:
3609:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3578:
3575:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3531:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3493:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3389:
3386:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3338:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:(5): 979â84.
3018:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2968:(5): 635â62.
2967:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2920:(4): 513â33.
2919:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2887:
2883:
2880:(2): 126â36.
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2839:
2836:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:(1): 104â09.
2752:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:(4): 889â92.
2704:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2490:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2177:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:(2): 109â20.
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2049:(2): 155â63.
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:(3): 822â26.
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1859:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1703:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1636:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1587:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:(4): 217â29.
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:hemicellulose
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:clay minerals
1418:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1396:decomposition
1393:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1349:
1348:Meat spoilage
1341:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:hemicellulose
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:detritivorous
1228:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
972:
968:
964:
961:
958:
954:
950:
947:
946:
945:
943:
939:
935:
930:
923:
921:
919:
915:
911:
903:
901:
897:
895:
891:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
791:, or wetness;
790:
787:
784:
780:
777:
774:
770:
767:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
747:
744:
740:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
726:
718:
715:
707:
701:
697:
695:
691:
687:
681:
674:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
637:
635:
628:
626:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:carbohydrates
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Calliphoridae
364:
360:
357:, mites, the
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
293:
289:
285:
279:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:Decomposition
177:
172:
165:
160:
153:
149:
145:
138:
114:
109:
107:
102:
100:
95:
94:
92:
91:
86:
85:Fossilization
83:
81:
78:
76:
75:Decomposition
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
50:Pallor mortis
48:
47:
46:
45:
42:
38:
33:
19:
7387:Death threat
7270:Dark tourism
7212:Necrobiology
7154:Right to die
7112:
7071:Abortion law
6995:Resurrection
6983:Palingenesis
6880:
6842:Coffin birth
6749:Plastination
6710:Preservation
6690:
6686:Putrefaction
6681:Rigor mortis
6676:Algor mortis
6671:Livor mortis
6648:
6604:Memento mori
6602:
6455:Lazarus sign
6435:Death rattle
6378:Suicide gene
6363:Karyorrhexis
6254:Fat necrosis
6130:Regime shift
6115:Macroecology
5836:
5832:
5772:Edge effects
5742:Biogeography
5687:Commensalism
5535:Biodiversity
5412:Allee effect
5151:kelp forests
5104:Example webs
4969:Detritivores
4963:
4808:Organotrophs
4788:Kinetotrophs
4740:Productivity
4586:
4569:1Lecture.com
4536:. Retrieved
4522:
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4486:
4447:. Retrieved
4440:
4428:
4416:. Retrieved
4396:
4392:
4382:
4370:. Retrieved
4350:
4344:
4331:
4319:. Retrieved
4292:
4285:
4273:. Retrieved
4243:
4239:
4226:
4214:. Retrieved
4207:
4182:. Retrieved
4165:(1): 73â84.
4162:
4158:
4148:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4093:. Retrieved
4073:
4067:
4057:
4045:. Retrieved
4025:
4019:
4009:
3982:
3976:
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3926:
3922:
3912:
3900:. Retrieved
3864:
3860:
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3818:
3812:
3802:
3790:. Retrieved
3771:
3764:
3752:. Retrieved
3739:Humana Press
3733:
3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3694:
3688:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3644:
3637:
3625:. Retrieved
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3584:
3577:
3565:. Retrieved
3543:
3533:
3521:. Retrieved
3502:
3495:
3483:. Retrieved
3465:
3455:
3443:. Retrieved
3431:
3427:
3417:
3405:. Retrieved
3398:
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3356:
3350:
3340:
3328:. Retrieved
3319:(2): 82â95.
3316:
3312:
3284:. Retrieved
3264:
3260:
3250:
3238:. Retrieved
3232:
3223:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3158:
3154:
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3106:
3096:
3084:. Retrieved
3064:
3058:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3016:
3010:
3000:
2965:
2959:
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2917:
2911:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2877:
2873:
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2845:
2838:
2826:. Retrieved
2798:
2792:
2782:
2770:. Retrieved
2750:
2744:
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2702:
2696:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2644:
2638:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2593:
2587:
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2545:
2539:
2529:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2460:
2454:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2411:Humana Press
2406:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2358:
2329:. Retrieved
2311:
2276:. Retrieved
2243:(1): 12â24.
2240:
2234:
2205:. Retrieved
2186:
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2147:
2141:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2099:
2093:
2083:
2046:
2040:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2000:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1950:
1946:
1940:
1909:. Retrieved
1881:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1831:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1781:
1775:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1725:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1655:
1649:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1596:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1549:
1543:
1533:
1431:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1380:
1372:conservation
1368:food science
1361:
1359:
1333:
1317:detritivores
1306:
1294:
1268:, microbial
1255:
1251:multitrophic
1227:saprophagous
1223:plant litter
1215:
1161:
1106:
1087:
1080:
1057:
1049:Medgar Evers
1045:civil rights
1042:
967:Soviet Union
927:
914:putrefaction
907:
898:
886:
865:
860:
845:
830:
823:compared to
803:Composition;
781:, including
730:
722:
694:skeletonized
682:
678:
641:
632:
629:Active decay
619:
600:
573:
554:
550:putrefaction
495:
488:
465:
460:livor mortis
452:rigor mortis
448:algor mortis
443:
441:
420:putrefaction
412:
331:
311:putrefaction
296:
253:
249:
247:
241:
240:
230:
227:detritivores
209:. Bodies of
186:
182:
181:
137:strawberries
74:
70:Putrefaction
65:Rigor mortis
60:Algor mortis
55:Livor mortis
7504: [
7462:Necrophobia
7457:Necrophilia
7427:Immortality
7382:Death squad
7362:Death panel
7347:Death march
7342:Death knell
7322:Death drive
7295:Death deity
7239:Thanatology
7188: [
7134:Legal death
7113:in absentia
7091:Civil death
6936:Examination
6921:Crematorium
6804:Excarnation
6641:After death
6440:Dysthanasia
6406:Brain death
6338:Autoschizis
6316:Phenoptosis
6311:Parthanatos
6301:Necroptosis
6208:In medicine
5767:Disturbance
5670:interaction
5492:Recruitment
5422:Depensation
5214:Copiotrophs
5085:Energy flow
5007:Lithotrophy
4951:Decomposers
4931:Planktivore
4906:Insectivore
4896:Heterotroph
4861:Bacterivore
4828:Phototrophs
4778:Chemotrophs
4750:Restoration
4700:Competition
4269:11336/20641
3867:: 161â172.
3038:25 February
2939:25 February
2891:18 February
2853:18 February
2828:18 February
2772:11 February
2724:11 February
2676:11 February
2615:11 February
1438:amino acids
1270:metabolites
1219:decomposers
1204:A decaying
1137:phenomenon.
1002:Hugo ChĂĄvez
998:Kim Jong Il
994:Ho Chi Minh
990:Kim Il Sung
833:skeletonize
736:Temperature
675:Dry/remains
649:soil carbon
611:circulatory
603:haemoglobin
564:oviposition
560:flesh flies
534:lactic acid
506:respiratory
359:flesh-flies
223:decomposers
178:in a forest
7572:Composting
7556:Categories
7432:Last rites
7402:Extinction
7372:Death pose
7367:Death poem
7337:Death hoax
7317:Death camp
7310:Psychopomp
7185:Death tech
7040:Necromancy
7018:Paranormal
7000:Underworld
6852:Dissection
6814:Resomation
6809:Promession
6787:Sky burial
6754:Prosection
6739:Maceration
6450:Euthanasia
6368:Karyolysis
6326:Pyroptosis
6306:Paraptosis
6216:Cell death
6135:Sexecology
5712:Parasitism
5677:Antibiosis
5512:Resistance
5507:Resilience
5397:Population
5317:Camouflage
5269:Oligotroph
5184:Ascendency
5146:intertidal
5136:cold seeps
5090:Food chain
4891:Herbivores
4866:Carnivores
4793:Mixotrophs
4768:Autotrophs
4647:components
3428:Thresholds
3359:: 162â90.
3067:(102109).
2567:4 February
2482:4 February
2434:28 January
2386:28 January
2331:28 January
2278:28 January
2207:21 January
2020:21 January
1980:21 January
1941:Sus scrofa
1911:14 January
1851:14 January
1525:References
1514:Putrescine
1478:Cadaverine
1388:food chain
1297:saproxylic
1239:mistletoes
1188:Composting
1186:See also:
1115:purposes:
1006:mausoleums
986:Mao Zedong
773:scavengers
771:Access by
653:phosphorus
645:vegetation
498:metabolism
474:or remove
463:earlobes.
432:necrobiome
428:microbiome
363:blow-flies
342:scavengers
323:putrescine
319:cadaverine
266:hydrolysis
219:earthworms
154:, Tanzania
18:Perishable
7477:Sacrifice
7472:Predation
7437:Longevity
7227:Taphonomy
7164:Trust law
7119:Death row
6904:Afterlife
6857:Gibbeting
6794:Cremation
6759:Taxidermy
6734:Embalming
6610:Micromort
6556:Mortality
6333:Autolysis
6291:Autophagy
6286:Apoptosis
6040:Allometry
5994:Emergence
5722:Symbiosis
5707:Mutualism
5502:Stability
5407:Abundance
5219:Dominance
5177:Processes
5166:tide pool
5062:Food webs
4936:Predation
4921:Omnivores
4848:Consumers
4803:Mycotroph
4760:Producers
4705:Ecosystem
4670:Behaviour
4298:CRC Press
4179:1365-3032
4122:(2): 13.
3951:1164-5563
3929:: 18â24.
3897:135319222
3889:0016-7061
3777:CRC Press
3508:McFarland
3470:Routledge
3434:: 10â13.
3347:"Mummies"
2823:222173345
2562:129020735
2316:CRC Press
2192:CRC Press
2005:CRC Press
1943:Linnaeus"
1836:CRC Press
1811:7 January
1755:7 January
1695:7 January
1628:7 January
1579:1 January
1488:Ecosystem
1442:Cellulose
1309:grassland
1290:white-rot
1262:cellulose
1247:polypores
1235:parasitic
1176:Body Farm
1168:Body Farm
1121:taphonomy
1119:Forensic
1047:activist
1024:Padre Pio
978:Communist
953:Argentina
949:Eva PerĂłn
942:mummified
929:Embalming
874:adipocere
766:soil type
750:embalming
686:cartilage
665:magnesium
657:potassium
556:Blowflies
484:autolysis
416:autolysis
299:autolysis
235:from the
232:taphonomy
207:biosphere
176:nurse log
162:A rotten
7531:Category
7501:Thanabot
7452:Necronym
7422:Homicide
6973:Obituary
6961:Mourning
6951:Internet
6894:Cemetery
6769:Disposal
6722:Cryonics
6391:Abortion
6358:Pyknosis
6224:Necrosis
6095:Endolith
6024:Xerosere
5936:networks
5752:Ecocline
5298:Defense,
4974:Detritus
4876:Foraging
4745:Resource
4413:27989764
4367:12222639
4209:MIT News
4001:27105275
3956:28 April
3902:28 April
3861:Geoderma
3840:28 April
3792:21 April
3754:21 April
3716:21 April
3711:11457603
3668:21 April
3627:14 April
3601:14 April
3567:14 April
3523:14 April
3445:31 March
3407:31 March
3378:17 March
3373:18046750
3330:17 March
3286:17 March
3240:17 March
3180:10 March
3175:16887585
3155:Anaerobe
3081:33596512
3033:19549030
2992:30253686
2815:33001249
2767:19656646
2719:20412365
2671:24487775
2610:20728294
2477:28866239
2273:13518728
2265:17091303
2169:24 March
2121:24 March
2116:19554461
2075:30741115
1898:25613586
1798:19629724
1750:16228053
1742:22914911
1690:18613932
1605:Springer
1574:23683614
1566:25730701
1498:Leachate
1472:See also
1413:wetlands
1363:spoilage
1321:termites
1307:In most
1258:detritus
1075:skeleton
1071:bog body
1067:embalmed
1028:formalin
984:such as
957:paraffin
934:mourners
878:proteins
807:Clothing
795:Rainfall
789:Humidity
669:nitrogen
596:nitrogen
526:proteins
491:blisters
399:vultures
334:bacteria
315:bacteria
262:chemical
7541:Outline
7489:Suicide
7129:Inquest
7096:Coroner
6988:SaáčsÄra
6956:Midwife
6941:Funeral
6916:Customs
6889:Carrion
6588:Karoshi
6401:Autopsy
6281:Anoikis
6085:Ecopath
5892:Habitat
5762:Ecotype
5757:Ecotone
5734:ecology
5732:Spatial
5668:Species
5528:Species
5399:ecology
5384:Ecology
5332:Mimicry
5300:counter
5244:f-ratio
4992:Archaea
4680:Biomass
4653:General
4645:Trophic
4637:Ecology
4248:Bibcode
4139:4931425
4116:Insects
4078:Bibcode
4030:Bibcode
3931:Bibcode
3869:Bibcode
3823:Bibcode
3485:7 April
3269:Bibcode
3134:3 March
3086:3 March
2983:6193206
2922:Bibcode
2662:4196037
2521:1402750
2245:Bibcode
2164:7239364
2066:6838823
1975:1934999
1955:Bibcode
1947:Ecology
1906:7167656
1806:8377711
1681:3597247
1660:Bibcode
1519:Staling
1427:tilling
1325:grazing
1292:fungi.
1135:medical
1053:autopsy
965:of the
861:Titanic
837:mummify
825:lettuce
661:calcium
622:maggots
592:methane
546:ammonia
538:methane
456:gravity
375:coyotes
346:insects
307:enzymes
303:tissues
7442:Martyr
7178:Fields
7139:Murder
7055:SĂ©ance
7025:Ghosts
6909:Tukdam
6777:Burial
6659:Stages
6343:Eschar
5116:Rivers
5012:Marine
4538:2 June
4529:
4502:2 June
4493:
4449:2 June
4418:26 May
4411:
4372:26 May
4365:
4321:19 May
4312:
4275:2 June
4216:12 May
4184:12 May
4177:
4136:
3999:
3949:
3895:
3887:
3783:
3745:
3709:
3659:
3592:
3558:
3514:
3476:
3371:
3173:
3125:
3079:
3031:
2990:
2980:
2821:
2813:
2765:
2717:
2669:
2659:
2608:
2560:
2519:
2475:
2425:
2377:
2322:
2271:
2263:
2198:
2162:
2114:
2073:
2063:
2011:
1973:
1904:
1896:
1842:
1804:
1796:
1748:
1740:
1688:
1678:
1619:
1572:
1564:
1510:(turf)
1462:chitin
1450:lignin
1434:sugars
1392:faecal
1301:Lignin
1282:lignin
1274:lignin
1272:, and
1243:aphids
1194:, and
1148:moved.
1145:vermin
976:Other
938:fixing
841:Casper
783:wounds
779:Trauma
762:Burial
748:Prior
743:oxygen
725:insect
688:, and
566:site.
522:lipids
472:oxygen
383:wolves
309:, and
242:taphos
7508:]
7482:human
7248:Other
7192:]
7064:Legal
7005:Vigil
6946:Grief
6494:Lists
6201:Death
6033:Other
5934:Other
5887:Guild
5859:Niche
5111:Lakes
4581:Death
4437:(PDF)
4341:(PDF)
4236:(PDF)
4095:5 May
4047:5 May
3893:S2CID
3649:(PDF)
3309:(PDF)
2819:S2CID
2635:(PDF)
2558:S2CID
2269:S2CID
1971:JSTOR
1902:S2CID
1802:S2CID
1746:S2CID
1686:S2CID
1601:(PDF)
1570:S2CID
1493:Humus
1458:humus
1454:cutin
1286:fungi
1206:peach
1170:) in
1113:legal
1083:amber
890:mummy
866:green
856:soils
852:acids
848:flies
821:bacon
690:bones
605:into
576:bloat
570:Bloat
468:blood
444:fresh
438:Fresh
395:crows
387:foxes
350:mites
338:fungi
292:snake
252:from
239:word
237:Greek
215:death
199:water
164:apple
7169:Will
6650:Body
6620:RAMR
6276:AICD
5121:Soil
4540:2024
4527:ISBN
4504:2024
4491:ISBN
4451:2024
4420:2024
4409:PMID
4374:2024
4363:PMID
4323:2024
4310:ISBN
4277:2024
4218:2024
4186:2024
4175:ISSN
4097:2024
4049:2024
3997:PMID
3958:2024
3947:ISSN
3904:2024
3885:ISSN
3842:2024
3794:2024
3781:ISBN
3756:2024
3743:ISBN
3718:2024
3707:PMID
3670:2024
3657:ISBN
3629:2024
3603:2024
3590:ISBN
3569:2024
3556:ISBN
3525:2024
3512:ISBN
3487:2024
3474:ISBN
3447:2024
3409:2024
3380:2024
3369:PMID
3332:2024
3288:2024
3242:2024
3182:2024
3171:PMID
3136:2024
3123:ISBN
3088:2024
3077:PMID
3040:2024
3029:PMID
2988:PMID
2941:2024
2893:2024
2855:2024
2830:2024
2811:PMID
2774:2024
2763:PMID
2726:2024
2715:PMID
2678:2024
2667:PMID
2617:2024
2606:PMID
2569:2024
2517:PMID
2484:2024
2473:PMID
2436:2024
2423:ISBN
2388:2024
2375:ISBN
2333:2024
2320:ISBN
2280:2024
2261:PMID
2209:2024
2196:ISBN
2171:2024
2160:PMID
2123:2024
2112:PMID
2071:PMID
2022:2024
2009:ISBN
1982:2024
1913:2024
1894:PMID
1853:2024
1840:ISBN
1813:2024
1794:PMID
1757:2024
1738:PMID
1697:2024
1630:2024
1617:ISBN
1581:2024
1562:PMID
1508:Peat
1444:and
1436:and
1313:fire
1210:mold
1162:The
1060:peat
882:fats
880:and
663:and
613:and
594:and
574:The
558:and
544:and
524:and
508:and
500:and
418:and
397:and
391:rats
379:dogs
327:odor
321:and
288:Ants
6423:DOA
4401:doi
4397:168
4355:doi
4302:doi
4264:hdl
4256:doi
4167:doi
4134:PMC
4124:doi
4086:doi
4038:doi
3987:doi
3983:211
3939:doi
3877:doi
3865:332
3831:doi
3699:doi
3695:120
3548:doi
3436:doi
3361:doi
3321:doi
3277:doi
3209:doi
3163:doi
3115:doi
3069:doi
3021:doi
2978:PMC
2970:doi
2930:doi
2882:doi
2803:doi
2799:104
2755:doi
2751:191
2707:doi
2657:PMC
2649:doi
2645:128
2598:doi
2594:206
2550:doi
2509:doi
2465:doi
2461:279
2415:doi
2367:doi
2253:doi
2152:doi
2104:doi
2061:PMC
2051:doi
1963:doi
1886:doi
1786:doi
1730:doi
1676:PMC
1668:doi
1609:doi
1554:doi
1452:or
1063:bog
951:of
854:in
835:or
403:fly
336:or
225:or
187:rot
185:or
7558::
7506:ca
7190:pt
5582:/
5386::
4643::
4639::
4521:.
4485:.
4459:^
4439:.
4407:.
4395:.
4391:.
4361:.
4351:78
4349:.
4343:.
4308:.
4262:.
4254:.
4244:32
4242:.
4238:.
4206:.
4194:^
4173:.
4163:42
4161:.
4157:.
4132:.
4118:.
4114:.
4084:.
4074:88
4072:.
4066:.
4036:.
4026:37
4024:.
4018:.
3995:.
3981:.
3975:.
3945:.
3937:.
3927:68
3925:.
3921:.
3891:.
3883:.
3875:.
3863:.
3859:.
3829:.
3819:27
3817:.
3811:.
3705:.
3693:.
3687:.
3554:.
3432:38
3430:.
3426:.
3397:.
3367:.
3357:50
3355:.
3349:.
3317:10
3315:.
3311:.
3296:^
3275:.
3265:25
3263:.
3259:.
3231:.
3205:43
3203:.
3199:.
3169:.
3157:.
3153:.
3121:.
3075:.
3065:78
3063:.
3057:.
3027:.
3017:54
3015:.
3009:.
2986:.
2976:.
2966:48
2964:.
2958:.
2928:.
2918:23
2916:.
2910:.
2878:48
2876:.
2872:.
2817:.
2809:.
2797:.
2791:.
2761:.
2749:.
2743:.
2713:.
2703:55
2701:.
2695:.
2665:.
2655:.
2643:.
2637:.
2604:.
2592:.
2586:.
2556:.
2546:45
2544:.
2538:.
2515:.
2505:37
2503:.
2471:.
2459:.
2453:.
2421:.
2373:.
2361:.
2341:^
2288:^
2267:.
2259:.
2251:.
2241:94
2239:.
2233:.
2217:^
2194:.
2158:.
2148:17
2146:.
2140:.
2110:.
2100:49
2098:.
2092:.
2069:.
2059:.
2047:31
2045:.
2039:.
1969:.
1961:.
1951:46
1949:.
1945:.
1921:^
1900:.
1892:.
1882:60
1880:.
1874:.
1800:.
1792:.
1782:49
1780:.
1774:.
1744:.
1736:.
1726:59
1724:.
1718:.
1684:.
1674:.
1666:.
1656:14
1654:.
1648:.
1615:.
1568:.
1560:.
1550:13
1548:.
1542:.
1468:.
1398:.
1323:,
1315:,
1264:,
1190:,
1085:.
996:,
992:,
988:,
973:.
827:).
671:.
659:,
655:,
590:,
586:,
540:,
536:,
532:,
520:,
486:.
393:,
389:,
385:,
381:,
377:,
348:,
197:,
6193:e
6186:t
6179:v
5837:K
5835:/
5833:r
5376:e
5369:t
5362:v
4629:e
4622:t
4615:v
4542:.
4506:.
4453:.
4422:.
4403::
4376:.
4357::
4325:.
4304::
4279:.
4266::
4258::
4250::
4220:.
4188:.
4169::
4142:.
4126::
4120:7
4099:.
4088::
4080::
4051:.
4040::
4032::
4003:.
3989::
3960:.
3941::
3933::
3906:.
3879::
3871::
3844:.
3833::
3825::
3796:.
3758:.
3720:.
3701::
3672:.
3631:.
3605:.
3571:.
3550::
3527:.
3489:.
3449:.
3438::
3411:.
3382:.
3363::
3334:.
3323::
3290:.
3279::
3271::
3244:.
3217:.
3211::
3184:.
3165::
3159:3
3138:.
3117::
3090:.
3071::
3042:.
3023::
2994:.
2972::
2943:.
2932::
2924::
2895:.
2884::
2857:.
2832:.
2805::
2776:.
2757::
2728:.
2709::
2680:.
2651::
2619:.
2600::
2571:.
2552::
2523:.
2511::
2486:.
2467::
2438:.
2417::
2390:.
2369::
2335:.
2282:.
2255::
2247::
2211:.
2173:.
2154::
2125:.
2106::
2077:.
2053::
2024:.
1984:.
1965::
1957::
1915:.
1888::
1855:.
1815:.
1788::
1759:.
1732::
1699:.
1670::
1662::
1632:.
1611::
1583:.
1556::
1229:(
1212:.
1034:.
1020:.
1008:.
819:(
809:;
797:;
775:;
768:;
758:;
752:;
745:;
738:;
365:(
280:.
256:(
112:e
105:t
98:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
