1078:
46:
402:
1185:
709:
The treaty effectively established a
British protectorate on the Trucial Coast, the Rulers all agreeing to escalate any disputes or acts of aggression to the British Resident, who was resident in Sharjah, or the 'Commodore at Bassidore' and submit to their judgement. That protectorate, reinforced by
629:
season, between May and
November and bind all of the Rulers to avoid hostilities at sea, give full redress for any infractions committed by their subjects, avoid retaliation but report incidents to the Resident, let the Resident know if any hostilities were intended at the end of the truce and in
624:
The conflict, the most enduring and damaging so far of any between the coastal communities of the
Persian Gulf, prepared the ground for the Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853, commencing with a series of treaties negotiated by the British to cover a truce for the annual pearling season, which took
728:
674:
Celebrated as a great success, Hennell's seasonal truce was to be renewed in subsequent years, becoming a year-round agreement from 1838 onwards rather than purely a pearling season arrangement. The series of truces led to the signatory
Sheikhdoms of the Lower Gulf becoming referred to as the
616:
In 1829, a series of long-running conflicts broke out between Abu Dhabi and its northern neighbours, principally involving
Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah and later the newly secessionist town of Dubai. These culminated in a blockade of Abu Dhabi by the Rulers of Ras Al Khaimah, Ajman and
661:
at the time was subject to Ras Al
Khaimah and so did not sign independently. Although signed in August, the Treaty bound its signatories from May 1835 to November 1835, so ensuring peace at sea during the economically important annual pearling season.
513:
After decades of incidents where
British shipping had fallen foul of the Qawasim, an aggressive Arab maritime force that was opposed to British hegemony in the Persian Gulf, an expeditionary force embarked from Bombay, at the behest of the
702:('Chief of the Joasmees'). Although it was to be the culmination of Hennell's diplomacy and peace-making between the Trucial Rulers, the perpetual treaty was actually signed on the British side by Hennell's former deputy and successor,
665:
Hennell reported that news “came in from all quarters of the joy and satisfaction diffused amongst the inhabitants of the whole line of the
Arabian Coast of the Gulf on the intelligence reaching them of the establishment of the Truce.”
526:, the leader of the Qawasim. Following the breakdown of that arrangement in 1815 and a number of maritime incidents, in November 1819, the British embarked on a further punitive expedition against the Qawasim, led by Major-General
492:
following a series of seasonal treaties intended to preserve peace at sea between the coastal communities of the region during the annual pearling season and was signed in August 1853 by the Rulers of the area during meetings at
625:
effect from 1835 onwards. Hennell conceived the idea of a maritime truce between the Gulf
Sheikhdoms which would cement the provisions already agreed in the 1820 General Maritime Treaty. The new treaty would run for the
706:. Three of the signatory Rulers signed as 'Chief' of their towns (Umm Al Quwain, Ajman and Dubai) and two, Saeed bin Tahnoon and Sultan bin Saqr signed as head of their tribes - the Bani Yas and Qawasim respectively.
1066:
430:
1212:
1044:
881:
Britain and the Gulf
Shaikhdoms, 1820–1971: The Politics of Protection - James Onley Center for International and Regional Studies Georgetown University School of Foreign Service
857:
Britain and the Gulf Shaikhdoms, 1820–1971: The Politics of Protection - James Onley Center for International and Regional Studies Georgetown University School of Foreign Service
333:
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in 1833. A short-lived peace was arranged, followed by a more enduring arrangement in 1834 under which Abu Dhabi agreed that the people of Dubai should be subjects of Sharjah.
338:
1059:
710:
the Exclusive Agreement of 1892, was to last until British withdrawal from the Trucial States in 1971 and the foundation of the United Arab Emirates on 2 December 1971.
423:
608:
and required all usable ships to be registered with British forces by flying distinctive red and white flags which exist today as the flags of the respective emirates.
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363:
416:
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358:
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383:
682:
The Perpetual Maritime Truce of 4 May 1853 was then agreed upon. The perpetual truce prohibited any act of aggression at sea and was signed by
388:
630:
turn obliged the Resident to enforce the truce and act to obtain reparations for any injuries inflicted by one Ruler's subjects on another's.
530:, sailing to Ras Al Khaimah with a force of 3,000 soldiers. The British extended an offer to their ally (and the bitter enemy of the Qawasim)
1032:
1082:
527:
129:
545:, which was found to be deserted. They went on to bombard and destroy the fortifications and larger vessels of the coastal communities of
353:
348:
486:
343:
328:
31:
738:
522:. The force bombarded, but did not invade, Ras Al Khaimah. This campaign led to the signing of a peace treaty between the British and
633:
The treaty effectively made the British the chief broker of peace in the region and was received with enthusiasm during a meeting at
785:
541:, the British expeditionary force then blew up the town and established a garrison of 800 sepoys and artillery, before visiting
472:
288:
569:. Ten vessels that had taken shelter in Bahrain were also destroyed. The Royal Navy suffered no casualties during the action.
981:
948:
915:
683:
646:
519:
464:
283:
278:
89:
463:(singular Al Qasimi) maritime federation and other coastal settlements of the Lower Gulf by British forces following the
657:
of Ajman to join them. The Truce as proposed by Hennell was signed by all four Rulers in Bushire on the 21 August 1835.
79:
1188:
687:
654:
406:
1005:
695:
601:
523:
755:"'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [659] (802/1782)"
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45:
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71:
1024:
Britain's Revival and Fall in the Gulf: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the Trucial States, 1950–71
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to assist them in their expedition. Obligingly, he sent a force of 600 men and two ships.
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and the Rulers of the Sheikhdoms of the Lower Gulf, later to become known as the
572:
The General Maritime Treaty of 1820 followed, initially signed by the rulers of
538:
268:
649:, Ruler of Abu Dhabi. The two Rulers approved of the idea and Hennell invited
191:
114:
84:
1142:
991:
958:
925:
573:
460:
974:
From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition
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From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition
908:
From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition
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562:
554:
161:
1167:
634:
605:
600:
acceded to the treaty in the following February. The treaty prohibited
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1007:
General Treaty for the Cessation of Plunder and Piracy by Land and Sea
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109:
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Following the invasion and sacking of Ras Al Khaimah and Rams and
298:
467:, a punitive expedition mounted from Bombay which sailed against
1048:
679:'. On 1 June 1843, a ten-year treaty was signed by the rulers.
44:
459:. The treaty followed the effective subjugation of the
778:
In Defiance of The Elements: A Personal View of Qatar
339:
Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs
1135:
1089:
478:The Perpetual Maritime Truce was conceived by the
334:Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates border dispute
730:City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism
596:and Falaya) and Great Britain in January 1820.
1213:United Arab Emirates–United Kingdom relations
1060:
847:. British Government, Bombay. pp. 692–3.
832:. British Government, Bombay. pp. 673–4.
733:. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 15.
424:
8:
471:, and which resulted in the signing of the
1067:
1053:
1045:
895:. British Government, Bombay. p. 696.
871:. British Government, Bombay. p. 695.
805:. British Government, Bombay. p. 669.
645:, Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah and Sharjah and
431:
417:
18:
447:of 1853 was a treaty signed between the
719:
30:
24:This article is part of a series on the
7:
1083:Emirates of the United Arab Emirates
14:
976:. London: Motivate. p. 287.
943:. London: Motivate. p. 288.
910:. London: Motivate. p. 286.
1183:
1076:
400:
473:General Maritime Treaty of 1820
407:United Arab Emirates portal
289:General Maritime Treaty of 1820
1208:Treaties of the Trucial States
1:
893:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
869:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
845:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
830:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
803:Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf
780:. Quartet Books. p. 23.
698:('Chief of the Beniyas') and
647:Shakhbut bin Dhiyab Al Nahyan
465:Persian Gulf campaign of 1819
284:Persian Gulf campaign of 1819
279:Persian Gulf campaign of 1809
684:Abdulla bin Rashid Al Mualla
344:First parliamentary election
688:Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi
655:Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi
524:Hussan Bin Rahmah Al Qasimi
1234:
972:Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005).
939:Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005).
906:Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005).
696:Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan
612:Seasonal maritime treaties
602:piracy in the Persian Gulf
588:and the deposed Sheikh of
516:British East India Company
480:British Political Resident
1181:
1027:. Routledge. p. 64.
700:Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
651:Obeid bin Said bin Rashid
643:Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi
592:(who signed as Sheikh of
532:Said bin Sultan of Muscat
1021:Smith, Simon C. (2004).
776:Moorehead, John (1977).
445:Perpetual Maritime Truce
294:Perpetual Maritime Truce
816:United service magazine
704:Arnold Burrowes Kemball
455:and today known as the
891:Lorimer, John (1915).
867:Lorimer, John (1915).
828:Lorimer, John (1915).
801:Lorimer, John (1915).
520:Ras Al Khaimah in 1809
269:Portuguese Khor Fakkan
49:
218:Archaeological sites
143:Archaeological sites
76:Archaeological sites
48:
757:. qdl.qa. 2014-09-30
457:United Arab Emirates
37:United Arab Emirates
16:1853 maritime treaty
1163:Ras Al Khaimah City
818:Part 1, pp. 711–15.
727:Krane, Jim (2009).
389:Ancient settlements
1173:Umm Al Quwain City
686:of Umm Al Quwain;
528:William Keir Grant
72:Umm Al Nar culture
67:Magan civilization
50:
1195:
1194:
1034:978-0-415-33192-0
637:on the island of
497:on the island of
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364:COVID-19 pandemic
329:Pearling industry
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349:Yemeni Civil War
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670:Perpetual Truce
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359:Socotra dispute
324:Buraimi Dispute
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244:Battle of Dibba
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207:Pre-Islamic Era
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152:Bidaa Bint Saud
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34:History of the
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677:Trucial States
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590:Ras Al Khaimah
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490:Samuel Hennell
469:Ras Al Khaimah
453:Trucial States
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1158:Fujairah City
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1127:Umm Al Quwain
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659:Umm Al Quwain
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172:Qattara Oasis
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1168:Sharjah City
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759:. Retrieved
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729:
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681:
673:
664:
632:
623:
615:
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536:
512:
484:Persian Gulf
477:
444:
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293:
257:Colonial Era
167:Seih Al Harf
147:Al Thuqeibah
22:
384:Archaeology
237:Islamic Era
1202:Categories
1153:Dubai City
1148:Ajman City
983:1860631673
950:1860631673
917:1860631673
714:References
694:of Dubai;
690:of Ajman;
641:, between
509:Background
192:Tell Abraq
115:Tell Abraq
85:Al Ashoosh
59:Bronze Age
1097:Abu Dhabi
604:, banned
574:Abu Dhabi
90:Al Sufouh
1136:Capitals
1112:Fujairah
1090:Emirates
992:64689681
959:64689681
926:64689681
761:4 August
627:pearling
563:Abu Hail
177:Rumailah
162:Muweilah
131:Iron Age
1122:Sharjah
606:slavery
598:Bahrain
578:Sharjah
559:Sharjah
503:Bushire
501:and at
487:Colonel
482:in the
461:Qawasim
449:British
1189:Portal
1031:
990:
980:
957:
947:
924:
914:
784:
737:
635:Basidu
619:Lingeh
565:, and
539:Dhayah
518:, for
495:Basidu
377:Topics
274:Julfar
222:Ed-Dur
187:Shimal
157:Ed-Dur
110:Shimal
95:Ed-Dur
80:Mleiha
1107:Dubai
1102:Ajman
639:Qeshm
594:Khatt
582:Ajman
567:Dubai
555:Fasht
551:Ajman
499:Qeshm
1029:ISBN
988:OCLC
978:ISBN
955:OCLC
945:ISBN
922:OCLC
912:ISBN
782:ISBN
763:2015
735:ISBN
475:.
443:The
100:Hili
1204::
986:.
953:.
920:.
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505:.
1068:e
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1054:v
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994:.
961:.
928:.
790:.
765:.
743:.
675:'
432:e
425:t
418:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
