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2223:, summarize a large body of empirical work which, for the most part, supports the thesis. There are various exceptions and qualifications which seem to limit the circumstances under which economic interdependence results in conflict reduction. The third leg is the old idea that a confederation of peaceable princes could produce a perpetual peace. Kant had distinguished his league from a universal state;
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militarism and autocracy was replaced by popular government, European nations would not ever go to war with each other, because militarism and armaments resulted from the German threat. This idea was much repeated and simplified over the next four years; at present, the idea that democracy by itself
2109:
Kant also specifies the rights universal hospitality affords strangers: to visit a foreign land under the presumption that they will be treated without hostility if presenting without malintent—as well as its limitations: "the nation may send away again, if this can be done without causing his
2021:"No state shall, during war, permit such acts of hostility which would make mutual confidence in the subsequent peace impossible: such are the employment of assassins (percussores), poisoners (venefici), breach of capitulation, and incitement to treason (perduellio) in the opposing state"
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proposed that disarmament, arbitration, and the renunciation of colonies would produce perpetual peace, thus relying merely on Kant's preliminary articles and on none of the three main points; contrary to the modern theorists, he relied on public opinion, even against the
140:
71:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
2110:
death" and that it is "not a right to be treated as a guest to which the stranger can lay claim" —these rights being necessary to accomplish the ultimate goal of intercommunication and peaceful relations between nations.
2113:
Kant argued against a world government, arguing it would be prone to tyranny. The preferable solution to anarchy in the international system was to create a league of independent republican states.
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relied only upon the second leg, arguing that modern commerce made war necessarily unprofitable, even for the technically victorious country, and therefore the possibility of successful war was
356:
2125:
would be more inclined to promote peace and commerce became one current in the stream of
European thought and political practice. It was one element of the British foreign policy of
1990:
Kant proposed a peace program to be implemented by governments. The "Preliminary
Articles" described these steps that should be taken immediately, or with all deliberate speed:
2791:
2094:. Kant claims that the republics will be at peace with each other, as they will tend towards pacifism more so than other forms of government. The essay does not treat
1940:
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104:
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2237:. He argued that trade and the peaceable ways of democracy would keep this Union perpetual, and counted on the combined power of the Union to deter the
335:
2677:
John R. Oneal and Bruce
Russett, The Kantian Peace: The Pacific Benefits of Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations, 1885–1992,
74:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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2001:"No independent states, large or small, shall come under the dominion of another state by inheritance, exchange, purchase, or donation"
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Three
Definitive Articles would provide not merely a cessation of hostilities, but a foundation on which to build a peace.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German
Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Appendix II.—"Concerning the harmony of politics with morals according to the transcendental idea of public right"
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III.—"The rights of men, as citizens of the world, shall be limited to the conditions of universal hospitality."
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Bogumil
Terminski, The evolution of the concept of perpetual peace in the history of political-legal thought,
2415:"The Third Leg of the Kantian Tripod for Peace: International Organizations and Militarized Disputes, 1950-85"
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Marguerite La Caze, At the
Intersection: Kant, Derrida, and the Relation between Ethics and Politics,
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Scott Gates, Torbjørn L. Knutsen and
Jonathon W. Moses, Democracy and Peace: A More Skeptical View,
2580:"The Ideology of the United Nations Charter and the Philosophy of Peace of Immanuel Kant 1795-1945"
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Appendix I.—"On the disagreement between morals and politics with reference to perpetual peace"
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2515:. Translated by Smith, Mary C. Project Gutenberg. pp. 143–157, 158–160, 161–183, 184–196.
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This theory has been well developed in recent years. Mansfield and
Pollins, writing in the
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2374:"The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950-1985"
2018:"No state shall by force interfere with the constitution or government of another state"
1998:
of peace shall be held valid in which there is tacitly reserved matter for a future war"
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Bounding Power: Republican
Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village
1970:. In the book, Kant advances ideas that have subsequently been associated with
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Finally, Kant adds two supplements and an "Appendix" with two appendices:
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II.—"The law of nations shall be founded on a federation of free states."
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2498:. Translated by Smith, Mary C. Project Gutenberg. pp. 120–128–137.
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shall not be contracted with a view to the external friction of states"
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
2145:. Kant's recommendations were clearly represented in the 1940s in the
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made modern states inherently peaceful and opposed to conquest and
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First supplement: "Concerning the guarantee of perpetual peace"
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Immanuel Kant, "5. Perpetual peace: a philosophical sketch" in
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I.—"The civil constitution of each state shall be republican."
2558:. Translated by Smith, Mary C. Project Gutenberg. p. 137.
2532:. Translated by Smith, Mary C. Project Gutenberg. p. 125.
29:
2233:(1938), a union of the democratic states modelled after the
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are necessary to consciously enact his six-point program.
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should prevent or minimize war is represented by various
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Second supplement: "A secret article for perpetual peace"
2413:
Russett, Bruce; Oneal, John R.; Davis, David R. (1998).
2691:
Burleigh T. Wilkins, Kant on International Relations,
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125:"Perpetual Peace" redirects here. For other uses, see
2351:
Zum ewigen Frieden : ein philosophischer Entwurf
2471:. Princeton University Press. pp. 10, 155–156.
2353:(1 ed.). Königsberg: bey Friedrich Nicolovius.
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1966:) is a 1795 book authored by German philosopher
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1964:Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf
165:Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf
163:
89:accompanying your translation by providing an
55:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
1934:
8:
132:
2275:Immanuel Kant, "Toward perpetual peace" in
2792:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
2263:To perpetual peace: a philosophical sketch
2133:. It was also represented in the American
2062:Kant's essay in some ways resemble modern
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2695:, vol. 11, no. 2, 2007, pp. 147–159.
2674:, vol. 35, no. 6, 2007, pp. 781–805.
2636:The Study of Interdependence and Conflict
2389:
2372:Oneal, John R.; Russet, Bruce M. (1997).
336:Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason
2688:, vol. 6, no. 1, 2010, pp. 277–291.
2633:Mansfield, Edward D.; Pollins, Brian M.
308: Question: What Is Enlightenment?
133:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
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1955:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
1498:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
571:
264:
2706:Perpetual peace; a philosophical essay
2681:, vol. 52, no. 1, 1999, pp. 1–37.
2667:, vol. 33, no. 1, 1996, pp. 1–10.
2555:Perpetual Peace; A Philosophical Essay
2529:Perpetual Peace; A Philosophical Essay
2512:Perpetual Peace; A Philosophical Essay
2495:Perpetual Peace; A Philosophical Essay
315:Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals
2717:Transcribed text at Project Gutenberg
2210:, which economically favored the old
1649:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1589:Spanish American wars of independence
357:On a Supposed Right to Tell Lies from
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101:{{Translated|de|Zum ewigen Frieden}}
2782:Books about international relations
2279:, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
2272:, Cambridge University Press, 1991.
2078:) states, which he defines to have
2008:shall in time be totally abolished"
1418:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
2642:. pp. 834–859. Archived from
2121:The general idea that popular and
246:Metaphysik der Sitten (1797)
25:
2235:Constitution of the United States
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1910:
1438:Discourses Concerning Government
547:
127:Perpetual Peace (disambiguation)
34:
2712:Page images at Internet Archive
2378:International Studies Quarterly
1704:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
2220:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1639:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt
1619:German Revolution of 1918–1919
429:Analytic–synthetic distinction
299: Any Future Metaphysics
99:You may also add the template
1:
2164:", on the grounds that, once
2686:Perspectivas internacionales
1889:Republic without republicans
1634:11 September 1922 Revolution
1629:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
322:Critique of Practical Reason
2749:public domain audiobook at
2733:public domain audiobook at
2578:Friedrich, Carl J. (1947).
2465:Deudney, Daniel H. (2007).
2265:, Hackett Publishing, 2003.
2250:absolute monarchy in Sweden
1624:Turkish War of Independence
1546:
112:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
2813:
2419:International Organization
2325:Immanuel Kant bibliography
2082:governments, in which the
1679:1970 Cambodian coup d'état
1428:The Commonwealth of Oceana
359: Benevolent Motives
124:
63:Machine translation, like
27:1795 book by Immanuel Kant
2665:Journal of Peace Research
2171:democratic peace theories
2160:stated that it would be "
2152:In the early days of the
2104:federation of free states
1852:The Emperor's New Clothes
1604:5 October 1910 revolution
1599:French Revolution of 1848
622:Liberty as non-domination
350:The Metaphysics of Morals
137:
49:the corresponding article
2135:liberal internationalism
1694:1987 Fijian coups d'état
1654:1952 Egyptian revolution
632:Political representation
2584:The Journal of Politics
2552:Kant, Immanuel (2016).
2526:Kant, Immanuel (2016).
2509:Kant, Immanuel (2016).
2492:Kant, Immanuel (2016).
2431:10.1162/002081898550626
2391:10.1111/1468-2478.00042
2349:Kant, Immanuel (1795).
2198:for the upper classes;
2123:responsible governments
2064:democratic peace theory
1674:1969 Libyan coup d'état
1458:Discourse on Inequality
607:Consent of the governed
449:Hypothetical imperative
391:Transcendental idealism
290:Critique of Pure Reason
110:For more guidance, see
2777:1795 non-fiction books
2767:Books by Immanuel Kant
2058:
2037:
1963:
444:Categorical imperative
164:
2693:The Journal of Ethics
1842:Criticism of monarchy
1664:North Yemen civil war
1478:The Federalist Papers
773:Federal parliamentary
554:Philosophy portal
83:copyright attribution
2359:10.3931/e-rara-25308
2277:Practical Philosophy
2117:Legacy and influence
1827:Classical radicalism
1569:Republic of Florence
1508:Democracy in America
667:Separation of powers
642:Public participation
461:Political philosophy
329:Critique of Judgment
1980:institutional peace
1917:Politics portal
1722:Antigua and Barbuda
1669:Zanzibar Revolution
1579:American Revolution
1468:The Social Contract
637:Popular sovereignty
504:Arthur Schopenhauer
396:Critical philosophy
160:Original title
134:
2746:Zum ewigen Frieden
2649:on 28 August 2008.
2320:1795 in literature
2270:Political Writings
2183:The Great Illusion
2162:the war to end war
2100:ius cosmopoliticum
1883:Primus inter pares
1699:Nepalese Civil War
1689:Iranian Revolution
1659:14 July Revolution
1614:Russian Revolution
1609:Chinese Revolution
1559:Republic of Venice
1408:Discourses on Livy
545: •
382: •
91:interlanguage link
2772:Philosophy essays
2753:(German original)
2478:978-1-4008-3727-4
2312:Philosophy portal
2200:Joseph Schumpeter
1951:
1950:
1894:Republican empire
1867:List of republics
1716:National variants
1644:Spanish Civil War
1584:French Revolution
1564:Republic of Genoa
1448:The Spirit of Law
1381:Theoretical works
725:Neo-republicanism
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144:Cover of the book
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266:Immanuel Kant
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154:Immanuel Kant
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45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
19:
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2644:the original
2635:
2628:
2590:(1): 10–30.
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2298:Books portal
2276:
2269:
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2216:
2212:aristocratic
2202:argued that
2181:
2175:
2151:
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1989:
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1406:
1396:
1386:
1199:Jones (Elin)
1104:Flynn (Paul)
1064:Clarke (Tom)
1059:Clark (Katy)
1004:Adams (John)
825:Philosophers
602:Civic virtue
564:Part of the
499:F. H. Jacobi
484:J. G. Fichte
423:a posteriori
422:
418:
400:
364:
348:
342:
341:
334:
327:
320:
313:
295:
288:
245:
235:
87:edit summary
78:
46:
2330:World peace
2208:imperialism
2192:colonialism
2084:legislature
1832:Common good
1772:New Zealand
1767:Netherlands
1512:(1835–1840)
1482:(1787–1788)
1392:(c. 375 BC)
1314:Robespierre
1089:Etherington
1024:Benn (Tony)
993:Politicians
971:Tocqueville
931:Montesquieu
911:Machiavelli
657:Rule of law
652:Res publica
402:Sapere aude
283:Major works
190:Set in
2761:Categories
2658:References
2241:from war.
2204:capitalism
2188:James Mill
2158:H.G. Wells
2096:republican
2076:democratic
2068:republican
1872:Monarchism
1862:Liberalism
1857:Jacobinism
1547:Gaṇasaṅgha
1402:(54–51 BC)
886:Harrington
763:Democratic
753:Capitalist
748:Autonomous
730:Venizelism
715:Khomeinism
494:David Hume
380:Kantianism
193:Konigsberg
184:Philosophy
2620:154013311
2604:0022-3816
2439:0020-8183
2400:0020-8833
2230:Union Now
2176:In 1909,
2092:executive
2090:from the
2088:separated
1727:Australia
1359:Venizelos
1349:Spadolini
1339:Slaughter
1284:McDonnell
1249:Mackenzie
1194:Jefferson
1149:Griffiths
1129:de Gaulle
1124:Garibaldi
1084:Drakeford
976:Warburton
896:Jefferson
891:Honderich
871:Condorcet
758:Christian
720:Nasserism
695:Classical
612:Democracy
466:Teleology
198:Publisher
105:talk page
51:in German
2751:LibriVox
2735:LibriVox
2284:See also
2256:Editions
2214:elites.
2166:Prussian
2102:) and a
1797:Scotland
1737:Barbados
1388:Republic
1304:Prescott
1274:Naysmith
1264:McKechin
1224:La Malfa
1219:Khomeini
1179:Iorwerth
1144:Griffith
1119:Gambetta
1114:Galloway
1099:Ferguson
1079:Davidson
1074:Cromwell
1069:Connolly
1049:Campbell
966:Sunstein
951:Rousseau
946:Polybius
881:Franklin
861:Chappell
856:Cattaneo
793:People's
778:Imperial
710:Kemalism
647:Republic
581:Concepts
543:Category
439:Category
434:Noumenon
419:A priori
258:a series
256:Part of
172:Language
81:provide
2612:2125857
2447:2601398
1986:Summary
1762:Morocco
1752:Jamaica
1747:Ireland
1732:Bahamas
1534:History
1354:Taverne
1329:Skinner
1309:Ritchie
1254:Madison
1234:Lincoln
1184:Jackson
1174:Huppert
1169:Hopkins
1094:Fabiani
1054:Chapman
1039:Bolívar
1029:Bennett
1019:Bartley
1009:Atatürk
921:Mazzini
916:Madison
846:Bentham
836:Baggini
803:Secular
783:Islamic
768:Federal
705:Federal
689:Schools
219:Germany
180:Subject
103:to the
85:in the
2618:
2610:
2602:
2475:
2445:
2437:
2398:
1978:, and
1960:German
1787:Sweden
1777:Norway
1742:Canada
1522:(1963)
1502:(1794)
1492:(1791)
1472:(1762)
1462:(1755)
1452:(1748)
1442:(1698)
1432:(1656)
1422:(1649)
1412:(1531)
1364:Wilson
1334:Slater
1324:Skates
1279:Mannin
1269:Mullin
1244:Mackay
1209:Juárez
1164:Hébert
1159:Hatton
1154:Harvie
1044:Burgon
961:Sidney
956:Sandel
941:Pettit
866:Cicero
831:Arendt
813:Soviet
808:Sister
700:Modern
478:People
413:Schema
175:German
150:Author
2647:(PDF)
2640:(PDF)
2616:S2CID
2608:JSTOR
2443:JSTOR
2336:Notes
2074:(not
1802:Wales
1782:Spain
1757:Japan
1344:Smith
1319:Sayed
1299:Pound
1294:Nehru
1289:Nandy
1259:Magid
1239:Lucas
1229:Lewis
1139:Grévy
1134:Greer
1034:Black
1014:Azaña
936:Paine
906:Locke
876:Crick
851:Bodin
841:Bello
742:Types
224:Pages
65:DeepL
2600:ISSN
2473:ISBN
2435:ISSN
2396:ISSN
2239:Axis
2129:and
1994:"No
1369:Wood
1214:Kane
926:Mill
901:Kant
421:and
211:1795
79:must
77:You
2592:doi
2427:doi
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