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595:, Alison Babeu, Digital Librarian and Research Coordinator of the library since 2004, Lisa Cerrato, Managing Editor who was a part of Perseus since 1994, and Anna Krohn, digital library analyst and lead developer of the Perseus Catalog. Frederik Baumgardt and Tim Buckingham are also noted as working on the Perseids Project full time, respectively as Data Architect and Senior Research Coordinator. A list of former staff and students can be found on the Perseus website.
526:; furthermore, metadata schemes are employed as to make each section or object meaningful outside of the context of the library. Those sections are also given a Creative Commons license indicating conditions of use. However, one should note the lack of a TEI-header containing bibliographical information and metadata about the respective source, and that such information needs to be searched for on the Perseus Catalog.
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location. Moreover, Perseus includes commentaries and translations that are free of copyright. However, to be free of copyright, texts have to be sufficiently old, and, as a result, Classics scholars have insisted that the commentaries and translations provided by
Perseus cannot be used in an academical setting due to their age and the existence of more recent editions for the most often researched texts.
368:, written in the open-sourced language Hopper and TEI-compliant XML. The shift allowed Perseus to produce its own XML-encoded texts, which were not bound by copyright agreements. The Greek, Latin and English collections were released in 2006 under a Creative Commons License. The source code got subsequently released in 2007.
348:. This version also introduced a search bar on the website, as well as articles which presented information on Heracles and the Olympic Games, which were quite successful. In 1999, a grant from the Digital Library Initiative Phase 2 allowed Perseus to expand into other areas of Humanities and to create collections on the
248:-free texts, be it in the primary readings or in their translations and commentaries. For these reasons, the texts hosted necessarily date at the latest from the 19th and early 20th century, and must be divided into books, chapters and sections to be displayed individually. As such, those translations and
510:
tool, and other texts where the word is used. Since the mark-up is automatically generated, older sections of the libraries have been noted to be less rich and complete than newer ones. This structure allows for a machine-readable and searchable environment, and one of
Perseus' goals is the automated
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Although the classical section is the most complete and established of the website, the
Perseus Digital Library is not limited to this collection, and has branched throughout its existence into other categories of knowledge. Materials on early modern English literature are as such available, and used
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The website has been criticised for being ergonomically poor and unintuitive, and new users may have problems accessing resources due to a confusing layout which seems to prioritize showcasing the
Perseus Digital Library over its collections. The lack of presentation for collections accentuates this
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The
Perseus Digital Library contains online collections on the Humanities pertaining to different subjects. The main collection focuses on the classical materials of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and features an extensive number of texts written in Ancient Greek and Latin chosen for their status
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Hardware limitations induced costs and limited the scope of the projects, which ultimately led to the CD-ROM versions of
Perseus only covering Greek material. Moreover, they were very expensive: even though the price was to only make minimal profits, the CDs cost between $ 150 and $ 350 depending on
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technology and contextual material such as pictures of artifacts, an atlas as well as an historical timeline, and an enclycopedia of places, people and terminology, in an attempt to help non-academic users gain access to the material. Perseus 1.0 got nonetheless criticized for its "difficulty of use
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materials made by
Gregory Crane, who became the editor-in-chief of the project ever since it was created. The goal of the library was to provide a wider access to knowledge, past the academical field; to quote the mission statement, "to make a full record of humanity, as intellectually accessible as
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can be outdated compared to the current state of the research, which can prove problematic when most of the now canonically accepted versions of ancient texts were established and sectioned later, during the 20th century. Perseus however tries to make rare and out-of-print materials accessible, and,
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One of the way it does so is by automatically linking the texts to additional materials. Interlinks exist between a primary reading, its different versions, and its translations and commentaries. Users can also find maps of places mentioned in the texts as well as a historical timeline, and search
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The library does not only host primary readings. Partnerships with museums allowed it to build a consequent collection of artifacts which showcases pictures of coins, sculptures, vases, but also gems, buildings and sites, as well as information concerning the context of artifact and its current
421:, among other primary sources. Several reference works, include glossaries and lexicons, are also included. This collection of texts has however been criticized for its choices of inclusion, and described as neither balanced nor complete, and texts not included are devalued by their absence.
371:
Perseus has nowadays branched into other projects: the Scaife Viewer, which is the first phase of the work towards
Perseus 5.0, the Perseus Catalog, which provides links to the digital editions not hosted by the Perseus Library, the Perseids Project, which aims to support access to Classics
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as a canonical literary text, in a degree of completeness and representativeness no other digital library can claim. It has however been noted that the materials that weren't included on account on not being traditionally studied are further devalued by the lack of representation.
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scholarship by providing tools to foster language acquisition, facilitate working with documents, and encourage research, and, more recently, the Beyond
Translation project, which aims to combine the Scaife Viewer with new versions and services of Perseus 4.0.
474:, a digitized recreation of an existing special collection homogeneous in theme but heterogeneous in content, which interlinks maps of London, relevant texts, and historical and contemporary illustrations of the city. The collection got transferred to the
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to be called the
Perseus Garner. They consisted of a heterogeneous compilation of primary materials from the early modern period in England, as well as selected secondary materials from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, comprising the works of
379:, with several projects emerging of it, such as the Ancient Greek and Latin Dependency Treebank, for classical philology, Leipzig Open Fragmentary Texts Series (LOFTS) which focuses on fragmentary texts, the Open Greek and Latin Project and Open Persian.
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The Perseus Digital Library was created to provide access to materials of the history of humanity to everyone, with Gregory Crane, the editor-in-chief of the library, stating that "access to the cultural heritage of humanity is a right, not a privilege".
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archival collections related to the cultural heritage of the United States, were harvested in order to offer a collection on the history of the 19th-century United States. This third-party collection was further completed by materials on the
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The current version of Perseus, Perseus 4.0, also known as the Perseus Hopper, was released in 2005, with Perseus 3.0 coexisting alongside and slowly fading out, until it got taken down in 2009. This time, the website was based on
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A second version of the CD-ROM came in 1996 in the form of Perseus 2.0, which mainly expanded the collection of pictures. It was still limited to McIntosh computers, until a platform-independent version got released in 2000.
639:, the Berger Family Technology Transfer Endowment, the Digital Libraries Initiative Phase 2, the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education part of the U.S. Department of Education, the Getty Grant program, the
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Perseus 3.0 released in 2000 directly on the web. This version expanded and revised the website, adding new collections, but it was subject to some issues when it came to making links to material stable and consistent.
478:. The same can be said of the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri and the history of Tufts, which used to be on the website as well (Perseus). A section on the history of mechanics also used to be present on Perseus.
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rights information that specify their conditions of use. While automated downloading is not authorized, in order to protect items subject to intellectual property, the library offers download packages to the public.
309:. For practical reasons, it was limited to ancient Greek materials, and contained the texts of nine major Greek authors along with an English translation and commentary. The collection was enriched by use of
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Rockwell, Geoffrey; Vela, Sarah; Cerrato, Lisa M.; Ilovan, Mihaela; Perseus Digital Library; INKE Research Group (2020). "The Interface of a Digital Library: The Perseus Digital Library as a case study".
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A long list of agencies provided funding and grants to the Perseus Digital Library over the years. According to the home page of the Perseus website, the list of recent financial supporters includes: the
490:, which is to capitalize on the use of modern technology to further research in Classics and facilitate understanding of the material. As such, it uses a variety of tools to enrich the texts it hosts.
329:. Thanks to this new interface, Perseus-Online could reach a wider audience. However, Perseus was still bound by copyright agreements made with the CD-ROM company, which limited the reuse of material.
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with a full-time staff of eight members, consisting of Gregory Crane, Marie-Claire Beaulieu, who has joined the project in 2010 and become its Associate Editor in 2013, Bridget Almas, lead
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and odd content, both specialised and lacking". Furthermore, it was not a true digital library, but rather more a CD-ROM of primary readings published with various additional information.
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The Perseus Library is one of the first digital libraries to have been created, and is widely regarded as a pioneer in the field and a role model of other similar initiatives.
628:'s Center for Hellenic Studies and, mainly, the National Endowment for the Humanities are specifically noted as key donors that made the Beyond Translation project possible.
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This notably means that the Perseus Digital Library tries not to be exclusive to academics but aims to be accessible to everyone. To reflect this, the library supports
141:. One of the pioneers of digital libraries, its self-proclaimed mission is to make the full record of humanity available to everyone. While originally focused on the
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for its XML mark-up. In the same vein, the library has applied the Canonical Text Services (CTS) protocol regarding citations to its classical Greek-Latin corpus.
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along with translations. This sub-section has been described as fairly good, considering that this field of research is less well researched than the other.
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agreements with the holders of the rights to that material. This is notably the case for the pictures of artifacts that come from partnership with museums.
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The Perseus Digital Library has been under the consistent leadership of its founder and editor in chief Gregory Crane. The library is nowadays located at
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Perseus has proven convincing in terms of sustainability throughout its long history and ability to evolve, having notably been able to migrate from the
172:, and has sprouted several child projects and international cooperation. The current version, Perseus 4.0, is also known as the Perseus Hopper, and is
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The planning period took place from 1985 to 1988, with the development of the Ancient Greek collection starting in 1987 thanks to funding from the
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Each section of a text and item is also given a stable identifier of 10 digits, which makes citations possible in the form of four different
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for some texts, the material one can find on the website is the only one that was produced, which makes it especially valuable to scholars.
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in facilitating the study of the material, but also to students who have benefited from the various tools the library offers.
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the amount of material included, and were only released in North America, which severely limited worldwide accessibility.
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The Perseus Digital library also adheres to sets of standards edified by other projects. It follows the norms of the
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After moving to Tufts University in 1993, the Perseus Library switched to a website version in 1995 written in
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Wiltshire, Sian; Pearcy, Lee T.; Hamilton, Richard; Eiteljorg, Harrison II; O'Donnell, James J. (1992).
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alphabets. It allows users to download all materials that belong to the public domain along with the
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problem. Accessibility is another issue, with pages not always adhering to the standards of the
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as well as private donors, and Tufts University. The Mellon Foundation, Tufts University,
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format to XML in Perseus 4.0. The preservation of the collections is further insured by a
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founded by Gregory Crane in 1987 and hosted by the Department of Classical Studies of
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Additional support for the Perseus project has been provided over the years by the
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tools allow readers to look for a text by its author or the presence of a specific
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As a result of the use of this technology, Perseus has been useful to scholars of
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possible, to every human being, regardless of linguistic or cultural background".
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of the Perseus Digital Library and one of the primary programmers of the
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Furthermore, the library has been cooperating internationally with
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Svensson, Patrik (2016). "Introducing the Digital Humanities".
947:"The Perseus Garner: Early Modern Resources in the Digital Age"
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or word. Perseus also enhanced its texts through TEI-compliant
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The Computational Humanities Department of Leipzig University
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Perseus 2.0 Online expanded the collection in 1997, adding
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Digital Libraries and the Challenges of Digital Humanities
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Perseus also hosts a variety of documents on the study of
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Berti, Monica; Almas, Bridget; Crane, Gregory R. (2016).
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The Perseus Library first originated as a branch of the
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world, it has since diversified and offers materials in
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Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
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The Library used to host the Bolles Collection of the
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The Digital Humanities Department of Tufts University
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Preece, Emily; Zepeda, Christine (3 December 2009).
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and Humanist and Renaissance Italian Poetry in Latin
1379:"Tools for Students in the Perseus Digital Library"
1308:"The Leipzig Open Fragmentary Texts Series (LOFTS)"
290:which allowed the Perseus Project to be developed.
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244:Following this philosophy, Perseus chooses to use
1166:"Official website of the Perseus Digital Library"
1112:Xie, Iris; Matusiak, Krystyna K. (26 July 2016).
1085:Schriebman, Susan; Siemens, Ray; Unsworth, John.
1549:The Iliad seen in the Beyond Translation Project
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1545:, first phase of work towards Perseus 5.0
1340:Rydberg-Cox, Jeffrey (30 November 2005).
1281:Make the Brain Happy (3 September 2018).
1217:Make the Brain Happy (9 September 2018).
999:Coffee, Neil; Bernstein, Neil W. (2016).
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428:, a corpus of electronic versions of the
293:Perseus 1.0, or HyperCard Perseus, was a
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1604:1987 establishments in Massachusetts
1447:Rydberg-Cox, Jeffrey (1 June 2000).
945:Wulfman, Clifford E. (Winter 2009).
413:Voyages and the rhetorical works of
1524:hosted by the University of Chicago
1346:. Elsevier Science. pp. 7–10.
1087:"A Companion to Digital Humanities"
761:"Review of Perseus Digital Library"
506:analysis tool known as Morpheus, a
209:, uses sustainable formats such as
27:Digital library of Tufts University
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1453:Literary and Linguistic Computing
1579:The Open Greek and Latin Project
674:List of digital library projects
511:generation of knowledge through
1484:Perseus Digital Library Updates
1424:"TEI: Text Encoding Initiative"
1242:Babeu, Alison (5 August 2019).
1609:Computing in classical studies
256:Some content is restricted by
201:and has published its code on
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1619:Libraries established in 1987
1522:The mirror website of Perseus
759:Lang, Sarah (February 2018).
1554:The Text Encoding Initiative
1312:Digital Humanities Quarterly
1118:. Elsevier. pp. 15–16.
1005:Digital Humanities Quarterly
649:Packard Humanities Institute
205:. The website is written in
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645:National Science Foundation
641:Modern Language Association
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1559:The Canonical Text Service
1197:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
1115:Discover Digital Libraries
659:, and Harvard University.
452:and a variety of sagas in
827:Press. pp. 101–117.
689:Thesaurus Linguae Graecae
276:Thesaurus Linguae Graecae
1624:Text Encoding Initiative
1614:Digital library projects
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541:Criticism on the website
239:Text Encoding Initiative
129:, formerly known as the
1284:Perseus Digital Library
1170:Perseus Digital Library
439:Richmond Times Dispatch
127:Perseus Digital Library
76:Richmond Times Dispatch
33:Perseus Digital Library
1528:Archive of Perseus 3.0
1377:Mahoney, Anne (2001).
1033:Big Digital Humanities
1042:10.2307/j.ctv65sx0t.5
825:University of Toronto
476:Tufts Digital Library
336:materials as well as
288:Annenberg-CPB Project
258:intellectual property
178:University of Chicago
162:19th century American
1584:The Alpheios Project
1538:The Perseids Project
1465:10.1093/llc/15.2.121
633:Annenberg Foundation
513:text and data mining
297:released in 1992 by
72:Early modern English
68:19th-century America
1533:The Perseus Catalog
531:classical philology
430:Library of Congress
407:Raphael Holinshed's
403:Christopher Marlowe
199:open-source content
158:English Renaissance
133:, is a free-access
1172:. Tufts University
963:10.1353/lit.0.0043
951:College Literature
669:Digital humanities
626:Harvard University
589:software developer
488:Digital Humanities
467:and dictionaries.
435:American Civil War
377:Leipzig University
354:American Civil War
301:, using the Apple
64:Germanic Materials
1543:The Scaife Viewer
1478:Cerrato, Lisa M.
657:Boston University
482:Use of technology
472:History of London
411:Richard Hakluyt's
350:History of London
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