Persians - Knowledge

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B.C.E. in the west and southwest of Urmia lake. The Parsua (Pārsa) are mentioned there for the first time in 843 B.C.E., during the reign of Salmanassar III, and then, after they migrated to the southeast (Boehmer, pp. 193–97), the name was transferred, between 690 and 640, to a region previously called Anšan (q.v.) in Elamite sources (Herzfeld, pp. 169–71, 178–79, 186). From that moment the name acquired the connotation of an ethnic region, the land of the Persians, and the Persians soon thereafter founded the vast Achaemenid empire. A never-ending confusion thus set in between a narrow, limited, geographical usage of the term—Persia in the sense of the land where the aforesaid Persian tribes had shaped the core of their power—and a broader, more general usage of the term to designate the much larger area affected by the political and cultural radiance of the Achaemenids. The confusion between the two senses of the word was continuous, fueled by the Greeks who used the name Persai to designate the entire empire.

1669: 851: 3838:"Iranian" was a collective definition, denoting peoples (...) who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centered on the cult of Ahura Mazdā. (...) Although, up until the end of the Parthian period, Iranian identity had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value, it did not yet have a political import. The idea of an "Iranian" empire or kingdom is a purely Sasanian one. (...) It was in the Sasanian period, then, that the pre-Islamic Iranian identity reached the height of its fulfilment in every aspect: political, religious, cultural, and linguistic (with the growing diffusion of Middle Persian). Its main ingredients were the appeal to a heroic past that was identified or confused with little-known Achaemenid origins (...), and the religious tradition, for which the Avesta was the chief source. 4396:

secular architecture marks the 17th century. Bridges which have wider functions than carrying traffic were built, reviving Sasanian custom (...). (...) Qajar decoration is usually unmistakable. Simple, rather strident tiled geometric or epigraphic designs in small glazed bricks were especially popular. The repertory of cuerda seca tiles now included episodes from the epic and legendary past, portraits of Europeans, scenes from modern life, and the country's heraldic blazon of the lion and the sun (...). Pavilions and palaces bore figural paintings which revived Sasanian royal iconography (Negārestān palace, Tehran) or betrayed the influence of European illustrated magazines or painted postcards depicting landscapes and tourist spots (...).

2288: 3979:, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official, religious and literary language of Sasanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Pashto, etc., Old Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fārs (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialects prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran. 1724: 1645: 2202: 2347: 2051: 804: 2506:

The 'Persian' mentioned in the latter report must thus also include Gilaki and Mazi. However, Gilaki and Mazi are actually from a different branch of the Iranian language subfamily than Persian, and could be as such be seen not as dialects, but as distinct languages. Suffice it here to say that while some scholars see categories such as Gilakis and Mazandaranis as referring to separate ethnic groups due to their linguistic traits, others count them as 'Persians' on exactly the same basis.

1008: 2221: 2032: 1697: 1288: 749: 2240: 2012: 2071: 1111:, denoting "people unable to speak properly", was adopted as a designation for non-Arabs (or non-Arabic speakers), especially the Persians. Although the term had developed a derogatory meaning and implied cultural and ethnic inferiority, it was gradually accepted as a synonym for "Persian" and still remains today as a designation for the Persian-speaking communities native to the modern 4422:

archeological and textual evidences. (...) Moreover, promotion of the ancient past as a wholesale propaganda tool in the service of the state engendered nationalistic pride that proved detrimental to dispassionate historical inquiry. (...) The most visible change in the nationalist historiography under Reżā Shah was emphasis on the pre-Islamic, and particularly the Achaemenid, past.

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empire without precedent—a first world-empire of historical importance, since it embraced all previous civilized states of the ancient Near East. (...) The Persian empire was a multinational state under the leadership of the Persians; among these peoples the Medes, Iranian sister nation of the Persians, held a special position.

1227:, architectural and iconographic elements from the time of the Sasanian Persian Empire were reincorporated, linking the modern country with its ancient past. Contemporary embracement of the legacy of Iran's ancient empires, with an emphasis on the Achaemenid Persian Empire, developed particularly under the reign of the 3950:

direct descendant; Bac-trian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese. (...) New Persian, the descendant of Middle Persian and official language of Iranian states for centuries, is today spoken widely in and outside Iran in a number of variants.

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In 550 B.C. Cyrus (called "the Great" by the Greeks) overthrew the Median empire under Astyages and brought the Persians into domination over the Iranian peoples; he achieved combined rule over all Iran as the first real monarch of the Achaemenid dynasty. Within a few years he founded a multinational

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The name of Fārs is undoubtedly attested in Assyrian sources since the third millennium B.C.E. under the form Parahše. Originally, it was the "land of horses" of the Sumerians (Herzfeld, pp. 181–82, 184–86). The name was adopted by Iranian tribes which established themselves there in the 9th century

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Conversely, the Nehāvand sub-province of Hamadān is home to ethnic Persians who speak NLori as a mother tongue. (...) The same is true of areas to the southwest, south, and east of the Lori language area (...): while the varieties spoken there show more structural similarity to Lori than to Persian,

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puts 'Persian and Persian dialects' at 58 percent, but 51 percent of the population as ethnic Persians, while the Library of Congress states that Persian 'is spoken as a mother tongue by at least 65 percent of the population and as a second language by a large proportion of the remaining 35 percent.

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According to the accounts reported by Xenophon, a great number of singers were present at the Achaemenid court. However, little information is available from the music of that era. The music scene of the Sasanian Empire has a more available and detailed documentation than the earlier periods, and is

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Not all Persian literature is written in Persian, as works written by Persians in other languages—such as Arabic and Greek—might also be included. At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic authors have also used

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Typical of comparable nationalist historiographies in the early part of the 20th century (e.g., Greek, Italian, Egyptian, and Turkish), the state-sponsored historical narrative under the Pahlavis decidedly favored highlighting the might and glory of the ancient Persian empires, as supported by new

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The Pahlavi language (also known as Middle Persian) was the official language of Iran during the Sassanid dynasty (from 3rd to 7th century A. D.). Pahlavi is the direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country. However, after the Moslem conquest and

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Of the numerous Iranian tribes who had settled in Iranian plateau, it was the Medes (...) who grew in power and achieved prominence. (...) Finally in 612 B.C.E. and in alliance with the Babylonians, he attacked the Assyrian capital, Nineveh. Their combined forces succeeded in bringing the Assyrian

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Safavid inscriptions on the pre Islamic monuments (e.g., Persepolis and Bīsotūn) perhaps presage that wholesale adoption of and identification with ancient Iran that later characterized the Qajars, but there are not enough inscriptions to clinch the point. (...) An unexpected burst of activity in

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Only the official languages Old, Middle, and New Persian represent three stages of one and the same language, whereas close genetic relationships are difficult to establish between other Middle and Modern Iranian languages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a

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Architectural elements from the time of Iran's ancient Persian empires have been adopted and incorporated in later period. They were used especially during the modernization of Iran under the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty to contribute to the characterization of the modern country with its ancient

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V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38. "Like most Persian dialects, Tati is not very regular in its

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The Achaemenid clan possibly ruled over the Persian tribes already in the 9th century B.C., when they were still settled in northern Iran near Lake Urmia and tributary to the Assyrians. Of a king with the name Achaemenes there is no historical evidence; but it may have been under him that the

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was used officially for the first time after two centuries of no attestation of the language, now having received the Arabic script and a large Arabic vocabulary. Persian language and culture continued to prevail after the invasions and conquests by the Mongols and the Turks (including the

1231:, providing the motive of a modern nationalistic pride. Iran's modern architecture was then inspired by that of the country's classical eras, particularly with the adoption of details from the ancient monuments in the Achaemenid capitals Persepolis and Pasargadae and the Sasanian capital 3833:

respectively, in inscriptions in which the Iranian countries come first in a list that is arranged in a new hierarchical and ethno-geographical order, compared for instance with the list of countries in Darius's inscription at Behistun (...). All this evidence shows that the name

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Persians, under the pressure of Medes, Assyrians, and Urartians, migrated south into the Zagros region, where they founded, near the Elamite borders, the small state Parsumaš (with residence at present-day Masǰed-e Solaymān in the Baḵtīārī mountains, according to R. Ghirshman).

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We travelled on to Kabul, formerly a vast town, the site of which is now occupied by a village inhabited by a tribe of Persians called Afghans. They hold mountains and defiles and possess considerable strength, and are mostly highwaymen. Their principal mountain is called

2140:, the earliest examples of which were found throughout the Achaemenid Empire, has an integral position in Persian architecture. Gardens assumed an important place for the Achaemenid monarchs, and utilized the advanced Achaemenid knowledge of water technologies, including 2258: 3820:

The inscriptions of Darius I (...) and Xerxes, in which the different provinces of the empire are listed, make it clear that, between the end of the 6th century and the middle of the 5th century B.C.E., the Persians were already aware of belonging to the

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is eclectic and has included contributions from both the east and the west. Due to the central location of Iran, Persian art has served as a fusion point between eastern and western traditions. Persians have contributed to various forms of art, including

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pile-carpet dating back to the 4th century BC that is regarded as the world's oldest existing carpet, depicts elements of Assyrian and Achaemenid designs, including stylistic references to the stone slab designs found in Persian royal buildings.

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There are several ethnic groups and communities that are either ethnically or linguistically related to the Persian people, living predominantly in Iran, and also within Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, the Caucasus, Turkey, Iraq, and the

2144:, earliest recorded gravity-fed water rills, and basins arranged in a geometric system. The enclosure of this symmetrically arranged planting and irrigation by an infrastructure such as a palace created the impression of "paradise". The word 1218:

in the 16th century. Under the Safavid Empire, focus on Persian language and identity was further revived, and the political evolution of the empire once again maintained Persian as the main language of the country. During the times of the

2402:, which corresponds to around March 21 in the Gregorian calendar. An ancient tradition that has been preserved in Iran and several other countries that were under the influence of the ancient empires of Iran, Nowruz has been registered on 3874:

the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian.

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as a specific sub-tribe of the Persians. Lady Mary (Leonora Woulfe) Sheil, in her observation of Iran during the Qajar era, states that the Kurds and the Leks would consider themselves as belonging to the race of the "old Persians".

1586:, Persian culture has been extended, celebrated, and incorporated. This is due mainly to its geopolitical conditions, and its intricate relationship with the ever-changing political arena once as dominant as the Achaemenid Empire. 1954:, is from around the 5th century BC. The quintessential feature of Achaemenid architecture was its eclectic nature, with elements from Median architecture, Assyrian architecture, and Asiatic Greek architecture all incorporated. 3013:'peasant(ry), subject(s)' as pejorative heteronyms used by the Qezelbāš (Qizilbāš) Torkmān elite. Perhaps by about 1400, reference to actual Tajiks was directed mostly at Persian-speakers in Afghanistan and Central Asia; (...) 1179: 1103:, the Arab conquerors began to establish Arabic as the primary language of the subject peoples throughout their empire, sometimes by force, further confirming the new political reality over the region. The Arabic term 1543:

as their liturgical language. The Parsis have adapted many practices and tendencies of the Indian groups that surrounded them, such as Indian dress norms, and the observance of many Indian festivals and ceremonies.

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for 'Persian(s) of Iran' may be considered a literary affectation, an expression of the traditional rivalry between Men of the Sword and Men of the Pen. Pietro della Valle, writing from Isfahan in 1617, cites only

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The Persian language is known to have one of the world's oldest and most influential literatures. Old Persian written works are attested on several inscriptions from between the 6th and the 4th centuries BC, and

1076:, North Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin for centuries. For a period of over 400 years, the Sasanians and the neighboring Byzantines were recognized as the two leading powers in the world. Cappadocia in 4350:

Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign

981:), almost three hundred years after the fall of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, records only traces of Persians in western Asia Minor; however, he considered Cappadocia "almost a living part of Persia". 2370:

Iranian music, as a whole, utilizes a variety of musical instruments that are unique to the region, and has remarkably evolved since the ancient and medieval times. In traditional Sasanian music, the

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was known to have been used at different times to designate Crimean Goths, Greeks and sedentary peoples generally, but its primary reference came to be the Persians within the Turkic domains. (...)

1045:). Other aspects of this national culture included the glorification of a great heroic past and an archaizing spirit. Throughout the period, Iranian identity reached its height in every aspect. 4184:

People unable to speak properly. Refers to non-Arabs. Connotes cultural and ethnic inferiority. Adjectival form: ajami. Principally used to designate (and eventually synonymous with) Persians.

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in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenids developed the infrastructure to support their growing influence, including the establishment of the cities of

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The largest group of people in present-day Iran are Persians (*q.v.) who speak dialects of the language called Fārsi in Persian, since it was primarily the tongue of the people of Fārs."

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Repaying its debt, Sasanian art exported its forms and motives eastward into India, Turkestan, and China, westward into Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, the Balkans, Egypt, and Spain.

1439:) that is closely related to Persian. The origin of the Tat people is traced to an Iranian-speaking population that was resettled in the Caucasus by the time of the Sasanian Empire. 970:

in the first century BC, records (XV.3.15) that these "fire kindlers" possessed many "holy places of the Persian Gods", as well as fire temples. Strabo, who wrote during the time of

1049:, which is the immediate ancestor of Modern Persian and a variety of other Iranian dialects, became the official language of the empire and was greatly diffused among Iranians. 5660:"General Assembly Recognizes 21 March as International Day of Nowruz, Also Changes to 23–24 March Dialogue on Financing for Development – Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 2187:) design, the Persian garden was evolved and developed into various forms throughout history, and was also adopted in various other cultures in Eurasia. It was inscribed on 2306:

describes the carpet production in the city of Sardis, stating that the locals take pride in their carpet production. A special mention of Persian carpets is also made by

891:. Similarly near Sardis, there was the plain of Cyrus, which further signified the presence of numerous Persian settlements in the area. In all these centuries, Lydia and 4815:

It embraces Gilani, Ta- lysh, Tabari, Kurdish, Gabri, and the Tati Persian of the Caucasus, all but the last belonging to the north-western group of Iranian language.

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The Tat language belongs to the Southwest group of Iranian languages and is close in its grammatical structure and lexical content to the Persian and Tajik languages.

419:, "Persian" may be defined more loosely (often as a national identity) to cover all subjects of the ancient Persian polities, regardless of their ethnic background. 6434: 2374:

was divided into seventeen tones. By the end of the 13th century, Iranian music also maintained a twelve-interval octave, which resembled the western counterparts.

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Ngom, Fallou; Zito, Alex (2012). "Sub-Saharan African literature, ʿAjamī". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

3624:), eponymous ancestor of the Achaemenids according to Darius I, formed a kingdom in the Elamite territory of Anshan in Fārs as a vassal of the Median king (...). 4658:

The contemporary Tats are the descendants of an Iranian-speaking population sent out of Persia by the dynasty of the Sasanids in the fifth to sixth centuries.

3825:"Iranian" nation (...). Darius and Xerxes boast of belonging to a stock which they call "Iranian": they proclaim themselves "Iranian" and "of Iranian stock," 1244: 2287: 962:, the Persian colonists in Cappadocia and the rest of Asia Minor were cut off from their co-religionists in Iran proper, but they continued to practice the 1862:

are among the famous works of medieval Persian literature. A thriving contemporary Persian literature has also been formed by the works of writers such as

1039:, a national culture that was fully aware of being Iranian took shape, partially motivated by restoration and revival of the wisdom of "the old sages" ( 839:, where the Persians and Athenians influenced each other in what is essentially a reciprocal cultural exchange. Its legacy and impact on the kingdom of 1334:. Old Persian is one of the oldest Indo-European languages attested in original text. Samples of Old Persian have been discovered in present-day Iran, 6624: 6609: 5906: 2407: 6614: 1203: 3620:

Empire down, thus eliminating a power that had ruled with ruthless efficiency over the Middle East for several centuries. (...) Achaemenes (q.v.;

2050: 5010: 996:. Until the Parthian era, Iranian identity had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value. However, it did not yet have a political import. The 332:

that are well-recognized for their massive cultural, political, and social influence, which covered much of the territory and population of the

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Carpet weaving is an essential part of the Persian culture, and Persian rugs are said to be one of the most detailed hand-made works of art.

1762: 1696: 899:, as late as the second century AD, one could witness rituals which resembled the Persian fire ceremony at the towns of Hyrocaesareia and 2201: 6427: 4503: 4322: 5856: 5827: 5795: 5776: 5757: 5738: 5716: 4836: 4729: 4699: 3866: 3216: 3186: 3034: 2616: 1527:

during the late Qajar years and Pahlavi dynasty. They are primarily located in the western regions of India principally the states of

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was, in the words of the 13th-century historian Sa'ad ad-Din Warawini, "the language of Ṭabaristan and old, ancient Persian (

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After over eight centuries of foreign rule within the region, the Iranian hegemony was reestablished by the emergence of the

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ascended this mountain and having looked out over India, which was then covered with darkness, returned without entering it.

2390:, which translates to "new day", is celebrated by Persians and other peoples of Iran to mark the beginning of spring on the 1000:, which was used as an official language of the Parthian Empire, left influences on Persian, as well as on the neighboring 5899: 5542: 5461: 3089: 411:. Many influential Persian figures hailed from outside of Iran's present-day borders—to the northeast in Afghanistan and 1567: 1259:

In modern Iran, the Persians make up the majority of the population. They are native speakers of the modern dialects of

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with its earliest records from the 9th century, and was developed as a court tradition in many eastern courts. The

1655: 1184: 772:, which would become the region's leading cultural and political power of the time by 612 BC. Meanwhile, under the 5590: 2341: 1962: 1789: 1769: 1307: 1282: 1088: 1084:: "Many inhabitants of Cappadocia were of Persian descent and Iranian fire worship is attested as late as 465". 6346: 5892: 5351: 3811: 2346: 1808: 1115:

of the Middle East. A series of Muslim Iranian kingdoms were later established on the fringes of the declining

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Borjian, Habib (2006). "Tabari Language Materials from Il'ya Berezin's Recherches sur les dialectes persans".

3235:, a native speaker of Khwarezmian, refers to "the people of Khwarizm" as "a branch of the Persian tree". See: 2239: 4764:

It is a comparison of the verbal systems of three varieties of Persian—standard Persian, Tat, and Tajik (...)

4250: 1080:, now well into the Roman era, still retained a significant Iranian character; Stephen Mitchell notes in the 6594: 2482: 2141: 1923: 1903: 1710: 1683: 1436: 1315: 1169: 1095:

established their rule over the region for the next several centuries, during which the long process of the

904: 549: 415:, and to a lesser extent within the Caucasus proper to the northwest. In historical contexts, especially in 1408:

who speak Persian in a variety of dialects. The Tajiks of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are native speakers of

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over the throne in 550 BC. The Persians spread their influence to the rest of what is considered to be the

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is nowadays specialized to refer to special groups with Iranian languages in the west of the Caspian Sea.

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and throughout the Median, Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sasanian empires of ancient Iran to the neighboring

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was also notably huge, even for centuries after the withdrawal of the Persians from Europe following the

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The most notable examples of ancient Persian architecture are the works of the Achaemenids hailing from

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is still historically used to designate the predominant population of the Iranian peoples living in the

395: 6361: 4912: 1828: 157: 5488: 5407: 1007: 463: 6460: 6307: 2431: 2207: 1913: 1738: 1465:, making up the third largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, speak a variety of Persian by the name of 1359: 1299: 1240: 1173: 1096: 1032: 776:, the Persians formed a vassal state to the central Median power. In 552 BC, the Achaemenid Persians 676: 604: 600: 4609: 6550: 6149: 3610: 2192: 1871: 1595: 1524: 1379: 1141: 985: 952: 761: 708: 5623: 5384: 3394: 2799: 1446:, an ethnic Iranian people native to western Iran, are often associated with the Persians and the 895:

were reportedly the chief centers for the worship of the Persian gods in Asia Minor. According to

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Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome

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took place. Confronting the cultural and linguistic dominance of the Persians, beginning by the

494: 5297: 3940: 3570: 2661: 2623:(...) an ethnic Persian; adheres to cultural systems connected with other ethnic Persians (...) 803: 552:, from whom the Persians took the name. Apparently, the Persians themselves knew the story, as 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6386: 6333: 6323: 6224: 5852: 5833: 5812: 5791: 5772: 5753: 5734: 5712: 5596: 5548: 5494: 5467: 5413: 5357: 5330: 5276: 5249: 5222: 5155: 5123: 5086: 4991: 4832: 4725: 4695: 4314: 4304: 4229: 4173: 4084: 4081:

Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21-26 August 2006

4059: 3862: 3689: 3662: 3504: 3439: 3355: 3212: 3182: 3030: 2958: 2928: 2898: 2868: 2749: 2640: 2612: 2525: 2490: 2411: 2399: 2360: 2132:("paradise") as they call them, full of the good and beautiful things that the soil produce." 1990: 1843: 1651: 1623: 1536: 1331: 1311: 1278: 1116: 1100: 1001: 997: 912: 816: 808: 686: 632: 310: 121: 4507: 4288: 3637: 2519: 984:

The Iranian dominance collapsed in 330 BC following the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by

572:(Persia proper) was only one of the provinces of ancient Iran, varieties of this term (e.g., 6191: 6054: 6010: 5958: 5115: 5053: 4988:

The Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan

4806: 4412: 4201: 3372: 3308:, refers to "the language of the people of Azerbaijan and most of the people of Armenia" as 2635:

Samadi, Habibeh; Perkins, Nick (2012). Ball, Martin; Crystal, David; Fletcher, Paul (eds.).

2419: 2167: 2126:"The Great King ...in all the districts he resides in and visits, takes care that there are 2108: 1986: 1818: 1706: 1363: 1272: 1260: 1124: 944: 860: 734: 416: 328:) by the 9th century BCE. Together with their compatriot allies, they established and ruled 306: 259: 222: 197: 165: 117: 5521: 3475: 2770: 2316:, as he describes a "delightfully embroidered" Persian carpet with "preposterous shapes of 1287: 835:. The empire extended as far as the limits of the Greek city states in modern-day mainland 6502: 5915: 4783: 3971:

The language known as New Persian, which was usually called at this period by the name of

3111: 2351: 2324: 2312: 2137: 2104: 2098: 2057: 1883: 1848: 1730: 1702: 1679: 1631: 1553: 1508: 1485: 1375: 1323: 1228: 1220: 1191: 1036: 1024: 989: 892: 880: 785: 781: 768:, another group of ancient Iranian people, unified the region under an empire centered in 748: 648: 541: 333: 329: 302: 294: 178: 37: 4934: 4438: 2683: 1480:

Persian-speaking communities native to modern Arab countries are generally designated as

1473:, a semi-nomadic people native to Afghanistan, speak a variety of Persian by the name of 5617: 5378: 4386: 3388: 3280:. In Bearman, P.; Bianqui, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 2793: 915:

in his later life, in northern Asia Minor. At the peak of its power, under the infamous

745:), and that is considered to be the earliest attestation to the ancient Persian people. 528: 6401: 6199: 6163: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6033: 5989: 5978: 5873: 5682: 5198:

Greece: I. Legendary Greece: II. Grecian history to the reign of Peisistratus at Athens

3317: 2364: 2282: 2264: 1994: 1974: 1966: 1939: 1879: 1823: 1777: 1635: 1599: 1455: 1409: 1319: 1149: 1145: 1120: 1077: 1046: 1012: 948: 820: 777: 769: 577: 504: 452: 374: 145: 5788:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods

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Lazard, Gilbert (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In Frye, R. N. (ed.).

2181:), which literally translates to "walled-around". Characterized by its quadripartite ( 6588: 6569: 6564: 6515: 6506: 6490: 6466: 6302: 6255: 6214: 6177: 6047: 5944: 5929: 4478: 4300: 4296: 3097: 2415: 2391: 2268: 2245: 2037: 1927: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1781: 1659: 1474: 1451: 1413: 1224: 1137: 742: 627:

as dialects of the Persian language. In 1333, medieval Moroccan traveler and scholar

581: 325: 4205: 3408: 6557: 6478: 6265: 6142: 6075: 5934: 5659: 5035: 2061: 2002: 1946:, a massive structure at 1,940,000 square feet (180,000 m) constructed on the 1813: 1619: 1575: 1489: 1470: 1215: 1207: 1157: 1065: 1053: 660: 412: 149: 104: 5641: 5515: 5082:

Exile and the Nation: The Parsi Community of India & the Making of Modern Iran

2568: 5806: 5434: 5270: 5243: 5216: 5196: 5149: 5080: 4960: 4719: 4689: 4364: 4269: 4223: 4167: 3856: 3683: 3656: 3498: 3255:. (Translation: "The people of Khwarizm, they are a branch of the Persian tree.") 3206: 3176: 3077:

Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane

2922: 2892: 2854: 2739: 1235:. Fars, corresponding to the ancient province of Persia, with its modern capital 6371: 6366: 6250: 6098: 6082: 4457: 4225:

Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society

2226: 2158: 2118: 2080: 1607: 1590: 1557: 1532: 1401: 1327: 1291: 936: 824: 628: 469: 352: 337: 203: 161: 33: 4810: 2711: 1412:, which is the official language of Tajikistan, and those in Afghanistan speak 6026: 5726: 3916: 3855:

Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (2008).

2456: 2041: 2022: 1935: 1931: 1504: 1424: 1405: 1397: 1199: 1161: 1133: 1112: 992:

in 247 BC, which was founded by a group of ancient Iranian people rising from

924: 855: 832: 828: 704: 655:, the native name of the country, in formal correspondence. However, the term 595:

Some medieval and early modern Islamic sources also used cognates of the term

382: 369:, with the former two countries having their own dialects of Persian known as 360: 356: 137: 17: 5119: 4148: 3534:

Times: History of Iran from the Beginning to the Fall of the Pahlavi Monarchy

599:

to refer to various Iranian peoples and languages, including the speakers of

6391: 6381: 6351: 6229: 6133: 6069: 6040: 4691:

Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages

3232: 2395: 2328: 2307: 2161: 1998: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1794: 1687: 1611: 1603: 1520: 1239:, became a center of interest, particularly during the annual international 1232: 1129: 1092: 797: 644: 612: 545: 472: 6356: 5107: 5786:

Raditsa, Leo (1983). "Iranians in Asia Minor". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).

5272:

Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity

4995: 4634:

Gruenberg, Alexander (1966). "Tatskij jazyk". In Vinogradov, V. V. (ed.).

3685:

Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity

3125: 2451: 576:) were adopted through Greek sources and used as an exonym for all of the 6396: 6157: 5968: 3459:

Stearns, Peter N., ed. (2001). "The Medes and the Persians, c.1500-559".

2383: 2303: 2183: 2113: 1799: 1516: 1466: 1432: 1187: 1153: 1073: 1052:

The Parthians and the Sasanians would also extensively interact with the

1016: 971: 928: 907:, a Persian nobleman and part of the Persian ruling elite of the town of 888: 868: 553: 516: 386: 378: 6412: 3969:. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–632. 6260: 6204: 6184: 6106: 5996: 4022:

Middle Persian was the official language of the Sassanian dynasty (...)

2317: 2211: 2149: 2018: 1742: 1734: 1675: 1583: 1540: 1528: 1462: 1347: 1335: 1195: 993: 920: 900: 682: 537: 433: 153: 6472: 6376: 6270: 6209: 6017: 5973: 5963: 2403: 2387: 2371: 2292: 2249: 2230: 2188: 2127: 1970: 1919: 1714: 1627: 1615: 1563: 1500: 1428: 1393: 1355: 1351: 1236: 1069: 932: 884: 876: 836: 738: 720: 716: 569: 508: 455: 390: 365: 336:. Throughout history, the Persian people have contributed greatly to 321: 100: 5767:

Mitchell, Stephen (2018). "Cappadocia". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).

1469:, which is more precisely a part of the Dari dialect continuum. The 1423:, an Iranian people native to the Caucasus (primarily living in the 707:, eventually becoming known as "the Persians". The ninth-century BC 478: 5112:

Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective

651:

issued a decree asking the international community to use the term

6234: 6089: 5983: 5884: 4736:

The Northwestern outpost of Persian is Caucasian Tat Persian (...)

4318: 2609:

Nomads in Postrevolutionary Iran: The Qashqa'i in an Era of Change

2345: 2286: 1833: 1539:, and no longer speak in Persian. They do however continue to use 1512: 1447: 1339: 1286: 1178: 1006: 872: 849: 802: 765: 747: 696: 636: 500: 443: 5106:

Ringer, Monica M. (2012), Amanat, Abbas; Vejdani, Farzin (eds.),

4656:. Vol. 1: P-Z. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 746. 4079:

International Congress of Byzantine Studies (30 September 2006).

27:

Iranian ethnic group who make up over half the population of Iran

6484: 6004: 4762:(1). Oxford University Press (published 4 March 2010): 147–151. 1803: 1579: 1443: 1343: 1104: 908: 793: 760:

The ancient Persians played a major role in the downfall of the

512: 370: 298: 94: 6416: 5888: 3886:

Windfuhr, G. (1989). "New West Iranian". In Schmitt, R. (ed.).

1503:

are a Zoroastrian community of Persian descent who migrated to

1362:, a multilingual inscription from the time of Achaemenid ruler 988:, but reemerged shortly after through the establishment of the 560:

during his invasion of Greece, but ultimately failed to do so.

1358:. The oldest attested text written in Old Persian is from the 887:, got its name from the Persian settlers that were moved from 274: 237: 234: 3436:

The Persians, from the Earliest Days to the Twentieth Century

3090: 1247:. The Pahlavi rulers modernized Iran, and ruled it until the 461: 5750:

The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus

5182:

The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City

5151:

The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City

3527:

Ruzgārān: Tārix-e Irān az Āğāz ta Soqut-e Saltanat-e Pahlavi

2487:

Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini

1040: 947:, Pontus was defeated; part of it was incorporated into the 268: 231: 5849:

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4758:

Kerslake, C. (January 2010). "Journal of Islamic Studies".

2521:

Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities

2518:

Crane, Keith; Lal, Rollie; Martini, Jeffrey (6 June 2008).

1164:, where Persian culture flourished by the expansion of the 5487:

Mehdi Khansari; M. Reza Moghtader; Minouch Yavari (2004).

5406:

Penelope Hobhouse; Erica Hunningher; Jerry Harpur (2004).

5298:"Iran vi. Iranian languages and scripts (2) Documentation" 3941:"IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (2) Documentation" 3060:

Nava'i, Ali Shir (tr. & ed. Robert Devereaux) (1996).

1961:

includes, among others, castle fortifications such as the

348:

is one of the world's most prominent literary traditions.

271: 4654:

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4638:. Vol. 1: Indoevropejskie jazyki. pp. 281–301. 3733: 3731: 3729: 3027:

The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel

1511:. They have had a significant role in the development of 1245:

2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire

4004:

The Lurs speak an aberrant form of Archaic Persian (...)

2367:

was influential and was adopted in the subsequent eras.

1784:

scriptures from between the 3rd to the 10th century AD.

1507:, to escape religious persecution after the fall of the 867:

During the Achaemenid era, Persian colonists settled in

752:

Ancient Persian attire worn by soldiers and a nobleman.

703:

who migrated to the region in the west and southwest of

2302:

Achaemenid rug and carpet artistry is well recognized.

966:

of their forefathers. Strabo, who observed them in the

780:

against the Median monarchy, leading to the victory of

5579:

iv. First millennium C.E. (1) Sasanian music, 224–651.

5042:(Online ed.). United States: Columbia University. 4119:

Frye, Richard Nelson; Zarrinkoub, Abdolhosein (1975).

3772: 3770: 1322:, the official religious and literary language of the 728: 721: 690: 5114:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 267–277, 3269: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2350:

Dancers and musical instrument players depicted on a

2176: 2170: 2152: 955:, and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom. 486: 363:

who natively speak the Persian language are known as

324:(corresponding to the modern-day Iranian province of 286: 277: 249: 240: 4829:

Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft, Part 3, Volume 7

4676:(...) Tat- Persian spoken in the East Caucasus (...) 4608:. Essex University. 2005. p. 10. Archived from 4348:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. 3596:

Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization

3318:"AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan" 3309: 3303: 2738:

Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa R. (2005).

1477:, which also belongs to the Dari dialect continuum. 1416:, one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. 1318:. Modern Persian is classified as a continuation of 1223:

and subsequent modern Iranian dynasties such as the

1105: 520: 265: 228: 6332: 6316: 6295: 6279: 6243: 5922: 5731:

Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices

5350:Rafie Hamidpour D E Dabfe, Rafie Hamidpour (2010). 4458:"FĀRS iv. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods" 4039:

harv error: no target: CITEREFShapur_Shahbazi2005 (

4018:

Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction

3302:10th-century Arab Muslim writer Ibn Hawqal, in his 3200: 3198: 2886: 2884: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2693:

speakers identify themselves as ethnically Persian.

1263:, which serves as the country's official language. 1031:The Parthian monarchy was succeeded by the Persian 699:. The name of this region was adopted by a nomadic 262: 225: 171: 127: 111: 85: 80: 62: 55: 4114: 4112: 3249:و أما أهل خوارزم، و إن کانوا غصنا ً من دوحة الفُرس 2819: 2684:"LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status of Lori" 4083:. Vol. 1–3. Ashgate Publishing. p. 29. 3530:روزگاران: تاریخ ایران از آغاز تا سقوط سلطنت پهلوی 2978: 2976: 2974: 2921:Spuler, Bertold; Marcinkowski, M. Ismail (2003). 2916: 2914: 2891:Hovannisian, Richard G.; Sabagh, Georges (1998). 311:the languages that are closely related to Persian 5275:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–251. 4439:"ARCHITECTURE vii. Pahlavi, before World War II" 3611:"IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (1) Pre-Islamic Times" 3175:Wilson, Arnold (2012). "The Middle Ages: Fars". 2984:"TAJIK i. THE ETHNONYM: ORIGINS AND APPLICATION" 2705: 2703: 2701: 407:were used synonymously and interchangeably with 4913:"Hazara community finds safe haven in Peshawar" 4871:Coon, C.S. "Iran: Demography and Ethnography". 4672:Persian Grammar: history and state of its study 4270:"ARABIC LANGUAGE v. Arabic Elements in Persian" 4034: 3861:(2 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1912. 2565:Library of Congress – Federal Research Division 2422:are also widely celebrated by Muslim Persians. 2124: 1523:, and also played a role in the development of 592:came to refer to all of Iran and its subjects. 5619:The American history and encyclopedia of music 5108:"Iranian Nationalism and Zoroastrian Identity" 4990:. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton. p. 17. 4380: 4378: 4217: 4215: 4155:. Vol. I. 29 July 2011. pp. 700–701. 2897:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–83. 2359:especially more evident within the context of 875:(the most important Achaemenid satrapy), near 6428: 5900: 5573:harv error: no target: CITEREFLawergren2009 ( 3463:(6th ed.). The Houghton Mifflin Company. 3005:as autonyms for the indigenous Persians, and 2469:Total Iranian Persian users in all countries. 1959:architectural heritage of the Sasanian Empire 548:recounts this story, devising a foreign son, 536:A Greek folk etymology connected the name to 492: 36:. For present day Iranian ethnic groups, see 8: 5401: 5399: 5397: 4291:. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). 3247: 3239:Al-Athar al-Baqiyya 'an al-Qurun al-Khaliyya 1454:, which is considered to be a descendant of 685:sources from the third millennium BC in the 526: 393:), albeit heavily assimilated, are known as 297:who comprise over half of the population of 50: 5547:. Yale University Press. pp. 118–120. 5221:. Cambridge University Press. p. 127. 5210: 5208: 5201:. Vol. 12. P. F. Collier. p. 106. 4587:harv error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2008 ( 4387:"ARCHITECTURE vi. Safavid to Qajar Periods" 4002:. Vol. IV. E.J. Brill. pp. 10–8. 3688:. Cambridge University Press. p. 243. 3245:]. Tehran: Miras-e Maktub. p. 56. 2859:. Lonely Planet. pp. 295 & 114–5 ( 1776:from the Parthian and Sasanian eras and in 446: 6435: 6421: 6413: 5907: 5893: 5885: 5826:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). 5805:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010). 5536: 5534: 4875:. Vol. IV. E.J. Brill. pp. 8–10. 4706:(...) and Tat (a variety of Persian) (...) 4552:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2000 ( 4133:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4058:. Jewish Publication Society. p. 22. 3934: 3932: 3930: 3900:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3598:. University of Chicago Press. p. 49. 2552: 2550: 2548: 2410:. In Iran, the Nowruz celebrations (incl. 49: 5616:Janet M. Green; Josephine Thrall (1908). 5568: 5175: 5173: 5171: 4506:. University of Cambridge. Archived from 4432: 4430: 4406: 4404: 4228:. Cornell University Press. p. 533. 3994:Coon, C.S. "Demography and Ethnography". 3960: 3958: 3812:"IRANIAN IDENTITY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD" 3497:Strootman, Rolf; Versluys, M. J. (2017). 3335:Al Mas'udi (1894). De Goeje, M.J. (ed.). 2894:The Persian Presence in the Islamic World 1890:Persian literature in the environment of 943:. After a long struggle with Rome in the 351:In contemporary terminology, people from 330:some of the world's most powerful empires 5640:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (15 November 2009). 4533:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKuhrt2013 ( 4473: 4471: 4103: 3915:Asatrian, Garnik S. (28 November 2011). 3850: 3848: 3846: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3387:Sheil, Lady Mary Leonora Woulfe (1856). 2957:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 200. 2848: 2846: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2637:Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars 2477: 2475: 2354:silver bowl from the 5th-7th century AD. 1015:depicting the victory of Sasanian ruler 919:, the Kingdom of Pontus also controlled 733:as a region and a people located in the 695:, designating a region belonging to the 643:On 21 March 1935, the then-king of Iran 580:for many years. Thus, especially in the 316:The ancient Persians were originally an 5769:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 4582: 4571:. American Oriental Society. p. 6. 4547: 4413:"HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD (1)" 4251:"PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian" 4172:. Oxford University Press. p. 12. 3788: 3761: 3737: 3720: 3708: 3536:] (in Persian). Sokhan. p. 37. 3211:. Oxford University Press. p. 16. 2741:Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World 2443: 2197: 2007: 1640: 788:, and assimilated with the non-Iranian 208:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 4779: 4768: 4694:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 109. 4126: 3989: 3987: 3939:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (29 March 2012). 3893: 3749: 3390:Glimpses of Life and Manners in Persia 2924:Persian Historiography & Geography 1183:One of the first actions performed by 1119:, including that of the ninth-century 719:, gives it in the Late Assyrian forms 442:, meaning "from Persia", derives from 5517:How to know oriental rugs, a handbook 4959:Kieffer, Charles M. (20 March 2012). 4528: 4222:Ende, Werner; Steinbach, Udo (2010). 4166:Esposito, John L. (21 October 2004). 3776: 3556:Median, Achaemenid, Arsacid, Sasanian 3352:Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354 3243:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries 2710:Xavier de Planhol (24 January 2012). 2639:. Multilingual Matters. p. 169. 1763:Persian literature in Western culture 1450:. They speak various dialects of the 1148:), who were themselves significantly 377:, respectively; whereas those in the 7: 5851:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 5520:. D. Appleton and Company. pp. 5248:. Northern Book Centre. p. 17. 4020:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 242. 3947:. Vol. XIII. pp. 348–366. 3818:. Vol. XIII. pp. 504–507. 3617:. Vol. XIII. pp. 212–224. 3503:. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 22. 2853:Burke, Andrew; Elliot, Mark (2008). 2682:Anonby, Erik J. (20 December 2012). 1574:, and later throughout the medieval 1330:, which was used by the time of the 1306:The Persian language belongs to the 1089:Arab conquest of the Sasanian Empire 792:groups of the region, including the 756:by Braun & Scheider (1861–1880). 81:Regions with significant populations 5269:Miller, Margaret Christina (2004). 4419:. Vol. XII. pp. 377–386. 3644:. Vol. XIII. pp. 204–212. 3636:Xavier de Planhol (29 March 2012). 3558:]. Marlik. pp. 12–20, 155. 3339:(in Arabic). Brill. pp. 77–78. 3248: 2836:. Simon and Schuster. p. 150. 1366:carved on a cliff in western Iran. 1082:Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 399:. Historically, however, the terms 38:Iranian peoples § Demographics 5642:"NOWRUZ ii. In the Islamic Period" 5490:Persian Garden: Echoes Of Paradise 5383:. Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 5304:. Vol. XIII. pp. 348–366 5245:Foreign Influence on Ancient India 4940:. Library of Congress. August 2008 4887:"Afghanistan — The World Factbook" 4854:"Isfahan xxi. PROVINCIAL DIALECTS" 4569:Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon 4393:. Vol. II. pp. 345–349. 4385:Hillenbrand, R. (11 August 2011). 4293:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 4123:. Vol. 4. London. p. 46. 3858:Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik 3682:Margaret Christina Miller (2004). 3609:Yarshater, Ehsan (29 March 2012). 3324:. Vol. III. pp. 238–245. 2408:Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists 320:who had migrated to the region of 25: 5148:Palsetia, Jesse S. (2001-01-01). 4911:Hyder, Kamal (12 November 2011). 4860:. Vol. XIV. pp. 93–112. 4464:. Vol. IX. pp. 341–351. 4456:Ashraf, Ahmad (24 January 2012). 4445:. Vol. II. pp. 349–351. 4276:. Vol. II. pp. 229–243. 4268:Perry, John R. (10 August 2011). 4249:Paul, Ludwig (19 November 2013). 3923:. Vol. VI. pp. 405–411. 3810:Gnoli, Gherardo (30 March 2012). 3661:. Psychology Press. p. 186. 3482:. Vol. I. pp. 414–426. 3208:Iran: What Everyone Needs to Know 2777:. Vol. I. pp. 414–426. 1591:artistic heritage of the Persians 741:(Persia proper, i.e., modern-day 6625:Ancient peoples of the Near East 6610:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 5829:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 5808:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 4674:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 4. 4437:Wilber, D. N. (11 August 2011). 4325:from the original on 16 May 2016 3316:Yarshater, E. (18 August 2011). 2746:at the right portion of the page 2718:. Vol. IX. pp. ?–336. 2524:. RAND Corporation. p. 38. 2257: 2238: 2219: 2200: 2069: 2049: 2030: 2010: 1722: 1695: 1667: 1643: 1091:in the medieval times, the Arab 713:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III 258: 221: 188: 87: 6615:Indigenous peoples of West Asia 5709:Iran: A Very Short Introduction 5441:. Vol. X. pp. 297–298 5242:Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992). 4967:. Vol. XII. pp. 90–93 4748:characteristic features (...)". 4411:Amanat, Abbas (22 March 2012). 4206:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26630 3888:Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum 3549:Mād, Haxāmaneši, Aškāni, Sāsāni 2992:By mid-Safavid times the usage 1387:Arab states of the Persian Gulf 976: 611:. 10th-century Iraqi historian 503:, particularly in the books of 305:and are native speakers of the 5790:. Cambridge University Press. 5412:. Kales Press. pp. 7–13. 5218:A History of Islamic Societies 5079:Marashi, Afshin (2020-06-08). 4935:"Country Profile: Afghanistan" 4852:Stilo, Donald (5 April 2012). 4363:Matthee, Rudi (28 July 2008). 4169:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 3029:. Penguin UK. pp. 1–352. 2820:Roisman & Worthington 2011 2744:. Facts On File. p. 256 ( 1123:, under the reign of whom the 1035:in 224 AD. By the time of the 979: 27 BC – AD 14 556:tried to use it to suborn the 381:(primarily in the present-day 1: 5466:. Springer. pp. 95–100. 5435:"GARDEN i. ACHAEMENID PERIOD" 5377:Charles Henry Caffin (1917). 5085:. University of Texas Press. 5038:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). 4961:"HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect" 4603:"SociolinguistEssex X – 2005" 4198:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE 4016:Fortson, Benjamin W. (2009). 3967:The Cambridge History of Iran 3890:. Wiesbaden. pp. 251–62. 3461:Encyclopedia of World History 3178:The Persian Gulf (RLE Iran A) 3079:. Princeton University Press. 2953:Arberry, Arthur John (1953). 2660:Fyre, R. N. (29 March 2012). 2291:A Persian carpet kept at the 1928:Cyrus the Great's solemn tomb 1316:Indo-European language family 1064:would shape the landscape of 68: 5595:. SUNY Press. pp. 3–4. 5592:Islamic art and spirituality 5589:Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1987). 5215:Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2002). 4054:Stillman, Norman A. (1979). 3552:ماد، هخامنشی، اشکانی، ساسانی 3474:Schmitt, R. (21 July 2011). 3434:Bausani, Alessandro (1971). 2927:. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. 2162: 2128: 1194:was the proclamation of the 1041: 815:At its greatest extent, the 729: 722: 691: 681:Persia is first attested in 499:) in modern Persian. In the 473: 456: 6342:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 5771:. Oxford University Press. 5711:. Oxford University Press. 5514:Mary Beach Langton (1904). 5356:. AuthorHouse. p. 54. 5329:. I.B.Tauris. p. 211. 5180:Palsetia, Jesse S. (2001). 4891:Central Intelligence Agency 3547:Firuzmandi, Bahman (1996). 3337:Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf 3310: 3304: 3270: 3131:Online Etymology Dictionary 3064:. Leiden: Brill. p. 6. 2611:. Routledge. p. xxii. 2361:Zoroastrian musical rituals 2177: 2171: 2153: 1839:The Conference of the Birds 1326:, itself a continuation of 1106: 939:, and for a brief time the 540:, a legendary character in 521: 487: 6641: 5683:"Intangible Heritage List" 5541:Ronald W. Ferrier (1989). 5463:Ancient Water Technologies 5326:Understanding Architecture 5058:World Culture Encyclopedia 4811:10.1163/157338406780346005 4724:. Routledge. p. 417. 3594:Oppenheim, A. Leo (1964). 3354:. Routledge. p. 180. 3205:Axworthy, Michael (2017). 3091: 2798:. Robert Carter. pp. 2567:. May 2008. Archived from 2339: 2280: 2102: 2096: 1911: 1901: 1760: 1754: 1656:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1551: 1373: 1276: 1270: 774:dynasty of the Achaemenids 670: 661:Iranian cultural continent 479: 462: 431: 32:For the breed of cat, see 31: 6450: 5847:Van Dam, Raymond (2002). 5380:How to study architecture 5353:Land of Lion, Land of Sun 5012:Attitudes Toward Hazaragi 4986:Schurmann, Franz (1962). 4827:Frye, Richard N. (1983). 4670:Windfuhr, Gernot (1979). 4121:Cambridge History of Iran 3525:Zarinkoob, Abdolhossein. 3181:. Routledge. p. 71. 3025:Ostler, Nicholas (2010). 2662:"IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN" 2398:, the first month of the 2342:Persian traditional music 1963:Fortifications of Derbent 1846:, and the miscellanea of 1770:Middle Persian literature 1283:Western Iranian languages 527: 493: 176: 132: 116: 107:) of the total population 67: 6347:Ancient Iranian religion 5120:10.1057/9781137013408_13 4718:Windfuhr, Genot (2013). 4652:Khanam, R., ed. (2005). 3551: 3529: 2489:. Springer. p. 19. 2483:Elling, Rasmus Christian 1674:Ancient Iranian goddess 1578:, all the way to modern 1168:, particularly those of 1152:, further developing in 1033:dynasty of the Sasanians 917:Mithridates VI the Great 854:Persian warriors led by 819:stretched from parts of 468:), a Hellenized form of 56: 42:Persian (disambiguation) 6620:Ancient peoples of Asia 6287:Ancient Iranian peoples 5832:. John Wiley and Sons. 5811:. John Wiley and Sons. 5707:Ansari, Ali M. (2014). 5323:Marco Bussagli (2005). 4346:Iran under the Safavids 4287:Masters, Bruce (2009). 3655:Gates, Charles (2003). 3638:"IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN" 3500:Persianism in Antiquity 3271:fārsī-yi ḳadīm-i bāstān 3107:A Greek–English Lexicon 2795:History of the Persians 2558:"Country Profile: Iran" 2148:itself originates from 1924:Achaemenid architecture 1904:Achaemenid architecture 1711:National Museum of Iran 1684:Cleveland Museum of Art 1396:are a people native to 1062:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 905:Mithridates III of Cius 811:at its greatest extent. 673:Ancient Iranian peoples 451:, itself deriving from 99:51–65% (also including 5622:. I. Squire. pp. 5296:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. 5195:Grote, George (1899). 5009:Jamal, Abedin (2010). 4778:Cite journal requires 4688:Dalby, Andrew (2014). 4056:The Jews of Arab Lands 4000:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3571:"Zoroastrian Heritage" 3569:Eduljee, K.E. (2012), 3371:. It is told that the 3282:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3276:Kramers, J.H. (2007). 3062:Muhakamat al-lughatain 2355: 2308:Athenaeus of Naucratis 2296: 2134: 1989:, bridges such as the 1981:, palaces such as the 1786:New Persian literature 1624:miniature illustration 1425:Republic of Azerbaijan 1303: 1211: 1028: 941:Roman province of Asia 883:, which, according to 864: 812: 757: 754:The History of Costume 701:ancient Iranian people 485:), which evolves into 447: 383:Republic of Azerbaijan 318:ancient Iranian people 303:common cultural system 196:This article contains 40:. For other uses, see 6605:Ethnic groups in Iran 6600:Iranian ethnic groups 6444:Ethnic groups in Iran 6244:Related ethnic groups 5748:McGing, B.C. (1986). 5389:Persian Architecture. 5015:. Theses. p. 217 4873:Encyclopedia Of Islam 4805:(2). Brill: 243–258. 4799:Iran and the Caucasus 4344:Savory, R.M. (1980). 3945:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3393:. J. Murray. p. 3264:The language used in 3098:Liddell, Henry George 3075:Starr, S. F. (2013). 2832:Durant, Will (1950). 2792:Farr, Edward (1850). 2349: 2290: 2001:, and the reliefs at 1934:to the structures at 1908:Sasanian architecture 1902:Further information: 1790:Arab conquest of Iran 1788:flourished after the 1435:), speak a language ( 1290: 1206:of his newly founded 1182: 1010: 853: 806: 751: 172:Related ethnic groups 57:پارسی‌ها/فارسی/ایرانی 6308:Proto-Indo-Europeans 6220:Tats of the Caucasus 5733:. Psychology Press. 5646:Encyclopædia Iranica 5439:Encyclopædia Iranica 5302:Encyclopædia Iranica 5184:. Brill. p. 13. 5040:Encyclopædia Iranica 4965:Encyclopædia Iranica 4915:. Al Jazeera English 4858:Encyclopædia Iranica 4831:. Beck. p. 29. 4567:Kent, R. G. (1950). 4510:on 18 September 2012 4462:Encyclopædia Iranica 4443:Encyclopædia Iranica 4417:Encyclopædia Iranica 4391:Encyclopædia Iranica 4369:Encyclopædia Iranica 4274:Encyclopædia Iranica 4255:Encyclopædia Iranica 4153:Encyclopædia Iranica 4035:Shapur Shahbazi 2005 3921:Encyclopædia Iranica 3816:Encyclopædia Iranica 3723:, pp. 102, 105. 3642:Encyclopædia Iranica 3615:Encyclopædia Iranica 3480:Encyclopædia Iranica 3476:"ACHAEMENID DYNASTY" 3350:Ibn Battuta (2004). 3322:Encyclopædia Iranica 2988:Encyclopædia Iranica 2955:The Legacy of Persia 2775:Encyclopædia Iranica 2771:"ACHAEMENID DYNASTY" 2716:Encyclopædia Iranica 2688:Encyclopædia Iranica 2666:Encyclopædia Iranica 2485:(18 February 2013). 2432:Demographics of Iran 2394:on the first day of 2077:Shapur-Khwast Castle 1999:Archway of Ctesiphon 1979:Shapur-Khwast Castle 1914:Iranian architecture 1739:Royal Ontario Museum 1582:and others parts of 1360:Behistun Inscription 1300:Behistun Inscription 1241:Shiraz Arts Festival 1166:Persianate societies 1097:Islamization of Iran 960:Macedonian conquests 677:Proto-Indo-Europeans 295:Iranian ethnic group 5493:. Mage Publishers. 4636:Jazyki narodov SSSR 4479:"Subfamily: Farsic" 3164:. Vol. Book 7. 3149:. Vol. Book 7. 2712:"FĀRS i. Geography" 2607:Beck, Lois (2014). 2193:World Heritage List 1892:Persianate cultures 1872:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales 1525:Iranian nationalism 1380:Iranian nationalism 986:Alexander the Great 968:Cappadocian Kingdom 953:Bithynia and Pontus 951:as the province of 823:in the west to the 762:Neo-Assyrian Empire 711:inscription of the 52: 5874:"Persian, Iranian" 5648:(online ed.). 5544:The Arts of Persia 5060:. everyculture.com 4615:on 14 October 2013 3575:Heritage Institute 3237:Al-Biruni (2001). 3160:Herodotus. "150". 2452:"Persian, Iranian" 2356: 2297: 1983:Palace of Ardashir 1868:Forough Farrokhzad 1757:Persian literature 1572:kingdom of Macedon 1304: 1212: 1058:Roman–Persian wars 1029: 937:Tauric Chersonesos 865: 845:Greco-Persian Wars 813: 758: 346:Persian literature 6582: 6581: 6410: 6409: 6334:Iranian religions 6324:Iranian languages 6194: 6187: 6180: 6166: 6152: 6145: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6101: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6020: 6013: 5999: 5992: 5953: 5839:978-1-4443-5163-7 5818:978-1-4051-7936-2 5433:Fakour, Mehrdad. 5409:Gardens of Persia 5161:978-90-04-12114-0 5129:978-1-137-01340-8 5092:978-1-4773-2082-2 4721:Iranian Languages 4365:"SAFAVID DYNASTY" 4310:978-0-8160-6259-1 3445:978-0-236-17760-8 3373:prophet Sulayman 3145:Herodotus. "61". 3124:Harper, Douglas. 2863:) and pp. 68–72 ( 2755:978-0-8160-5722-1 2646:978-1-84769-637-3 2496:978-1-137-04780-9 2420:Islamic festivals 1991:Shahrestan Bridge 1844:Attar of Nishapur 1731:Persian potteries 1568:Greek city states 1332:Achaemenid Empire 1279:Iranian languages 1204:official religion 1117:Abbasid Caliphate 1101:Umayyad Caliphate 1042:dānāgān pēšēnīgān 1019:over Roman ruler 1002:Armenian language 998:Parthian language 913:Kingdom of Pontus 817:Achaemenid Empire 809:Achaemenid Empire 519:, it is given as 204:rendering support 184: 183: 122:Iranian languages 16:(Redirected from 6632: 6572: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6414: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6162: 6148: 6141: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6097: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6016: 6009: 5995: 5988: 5949: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5886: 5881: 5862: 5843: 5822: 5801: 5782: 5763: 5744: 5722: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5681:UNCESCO (2009). 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628:music of persia. 5613: 5607: 5606: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5538: 5529: 5528: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5460:L. Mays (2010). 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5403: 5392: 5391: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5212: 5203: 5202: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5177: 5166: 5165: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4939: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4766: 4755: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4585:, pp. 80–1) 4579: 4573: 4572: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4434: 4425: 4424: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4382: 4373: 4372: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4132: 4124: 4116: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3991: 3982: 3981: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3936: 3925: 3924: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3899: 3891: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3852: 3841: 3840: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3522: 3516: 3515:. (footnote 53). 3514: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3415:. 13 August 2010 3405: 3399: 3398: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3313: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3273: 3262: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3121: 3115: 3094: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2990:. 20 July 2009. 2980: 2969: 2968: 2950: 2939: 2938: 2918: 2909: 2908: 2888: 2879: 2878: 2861:for architecture 2850: 2841: 2840: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2804: 2803: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2735: 2724: 2723: 2707: 2696: 2695: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2573: 2562: 2554: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2479: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2448: 2400:Iranian calendar 2261: 2242: 2223: 2204: 2180: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2131: 2073: 2053: 2034: 2014: 1987:Sarvestan Palace 1886:, among others. 1726: 1699: 1671: 1647: 1509:Sassanian Empire 1484:, including the 1364:Darius the Great 1273:Persian language 1267:Persian language 1198:denomination of 1125:Persian language 1109: 1056:culturally. The 1044: 1011:A bas-relief at 980: 978: 945:Mithridatic Wars 935:colonies of the 879:, there was the 861:Alexander Mosaic 735:Zagros Mountains 732: 725: 694: 631:referred to the 564:History of usage 532: 531: 524: 498: 497: 490: 484: 483: 476: 467: 466: 459: 450: 307:Persian language 289: 284: 283: 280: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 252: 247: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 192: 191: 93: 91: 90: 76: 70: 63:Total population 53: 21: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6570: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6446: 6441: 6411: 6406: 6328: 6312: 6291: 6280:Ancient peoples 6275: 6239: 5940:'Ajam of Kuwait 5918: 5916:Iranian peoples 5913: 5872: 5869: 5859: 5846: 5840: 5825: 5819: 5804: 5798: 5785: 5779: 5766: 5760: 5747: 5741: 5725: 5719: 5706: 5703: 5698: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5603: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5540: 5539: 5532: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5442: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5405: 5404: 5395: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5214: 5213: 5206: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5178: 5169: 5162: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4777: 4767: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4477: 4476: 4469: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4436: 4435: 4428: 4410: 4409: 4402: 4384: 4383: 4376: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4311: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4125: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4032: 4028: 4015: 4014: 4010: 3993: 3992: 3985: 3964: 3963: 3956: 3938: 3937: 3928: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3892: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3869: 3854: 3853: 3844: 3809: 3808: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3413:Merriam-Webster 3407: 3406: 3402: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3362: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3315: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3275: 3263: 3259: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3112:Perseus Project 3088: 3084: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3037: 3024: 3023: 3019: 2982: 2981: 2972: 2965: 2952: 2951: 2942: 2935: 2920: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2890: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2807: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2737: 2736: 2727: 2709: 2708: 2699: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2497: 2481: 2480: 2473: 2462: 2460: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2428: 2412:Charshanbe Suri 2380: 2344: 2338: 2313:Deipnosophistae 2285: 2279: 2272: 2262: 2253: 2243: 2234: 2224: 2215: 2205: 2111: 2105:Paradise garden 2101: 2099:Persian gardens 2095: 2084: 2074: 2065: 2054: 2045: 2035: 2026: 2015: 1916: 1910: 1900: 1884:Simin Daneshvar 1876:Parvin E'tesami 1802:, the works of 1772:is attested on 1765: 1759: 1753: 1746: 1727: 1718: 1700: 1691: 1682:silver vessel. 1672: 1663: 1650:5th-century BC 1648: 1560: 1554:Persian culture 1552:Main articles: 1550: 1486:Ajam of Bahrain 1382: 1376:Iranian peoples 1372: 1324:Sasanian Empire 1285: 1275: 1269: 1257: 1249:1979 Revolution 1229:Pahlavi dynasty 1192:Safavid dynasty 1037:Sasanian Empire 1025:Philip the Arab 990:Parthian Empire 975: 881:Hyrcanian plain 858:in the antique 786:Iranian Plateau 782:Cyrus the Great 679: 669: 649:Pahlavi dynasty 566: 542:Greek mythology 436: 430: 425: 301:. They share a 287: 261: 257: 250: 224: 220: 213: 212: 211: 202:Without proper 193: 189: 179:Iranian peoples 144: 140: 136: 88: 86: 71: 58: 48: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6638: 6636: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6595:Persian people 6587: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6567: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6510: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6402:Zoroastrianism 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6164:Pashtun tribes 6155: 6154: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6130: 6116: 6113:Chinese Tajiks 6104: 6103: 6102: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6079: 6067: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5993: 5990:Kurdish tribes 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5868: 5867:External links 5865: 5864: 5863: 5858:978-0812236811 5857: 5844: 5838: 5823: 5817: 5802: 5797:978-1139054942 5796: 5783: 5778:978-0192562463 5777: 5764: 5759:978-9004075917 5758: 5745: 5740:978-0415239028 5739: 5723: 5718:978-0199669349 5717: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5673: 5651: 5632: 5608: 5601: 5581: 5569:Lawergren 2009 5560: 5553: 5530: 5506: 5499: 5479: 5472: 5452: 5425: 5418: 5393: 5369: 5362: 5342: 5335: 5315: 5288: 5281: 5261: 5254: 5234: 5227: 5204: 5187: 5167: 5160: 5140: 5128: 5098: 5091: 5071: 5045: 5026: 5001: 4978: 4951: 4926: 4903: 4878: 4863: 4844: 4838:978-3406093975 4837: 4819: 4789: 4780:|journal= 4750: 4740: 4731:978-1135797041 4730: 4710: 4701:978-1408102145 4700: 4680: 4662: 4644: 4626: 4594: 4574: 4559: 4540: 4531:, p. 197. 4521: 4495: 4467: 4448: 4426: 4400: 4374: 4355: 4336: 4309: 4303:. p. 71. 4279: 4260: 4241: 4234: 4211: 4188: 4178: 4158: 4140: 4108: 4106:, p. 290. 4096: 4089: 4071: 4064: 4046: 4026: 4008: 3983: 3954: 3926: 3907: 3878: 3868:978-3110199871 3867: 3842: 3793: 3791:, p. 107. 3781: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3740:, p. 102. 3725: 3713: 3711:, p. 105. 3701: 3694: 3674: 3667: 3647: 3628: 3601: 3586: 3561: 3539: 3517: 3509: 3489: 3466: 3451: 3444: 3426: 3400: 3379: 3360: 3342: 3327: 3295: 3278:"Marzbān-Nāma" 3257: 3224: 3218:978-0190232962 3217: 3194: 3188:978-1136841057 3187: 3167: 3152: 3137: 3116: 3082: 3067: 3052: 3036:978-0141922218 3035: 3017: 2970: 2963: 2940: 2933: 2910: 2903: 2880: 2873: 2842: 2824: 2822:, p. 345. 2805: 2784: 2761: 2754: 2725: 2697: 2674: 2652: 2645: 2627: 2618:978-1317743866 2617: 2599: 2585: 2544: 2530: 2510: 2495: 2471: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2427: 2424: 2392:vernal equinox 2379: 2376: 2365:Sasanian music 2340:Main article: 2337: 2334: 2283:Persian carpet 2281:Main article: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2265:Shazdeh Garden 2263: 2256: 2254: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2206: 2199: 2195:in June 2011. 2138:Persian garden 2097:Main article: 2094: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2036: 2029: 2027: 2016: 2009: 1995:Shapuri Bridge 1975:Rudkhan Castle 1969:, now part of 1967:North Caucasus 1940:Naqsh-e Rostam 1899: 1896: 1880:Sadegh Hedayat 1824:Nizami Ganjavi 1755:Main article: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1728: 1721: 1719: 1701: 1694: 1692: 1678:depicted on a 1673: 1666: 1664: 1654:gold vessels. 1649: 1642: 1636:textile design 1600:carpet weaving 1549: 1546: 1494:Ajam of Kuwait 1456:Middle Persian 1371: 1370:Related groups 1368: 1320:Middle Persian 1314:branch of the 1271:Main article: 1268: 1265: 1256: 1253: 1216:Safavid Empire 1208:Persian Empire 1087:Following the 1078:Late Antiquity 1047:Middle Persian 1013:Naqsh-e Rustam 958:Following the 949:Roman Republic 911:, founded the 821:Eastern Europe 668: 665: 578:Persian Empire 565: 562: 429: 426: 424: 421: 309:as well as of 206:, you may see 194: 187: 186: 185: 182: 181: 174: 173: 169: 168: 166:various others 146:Zoroastrianism 130: 129: 125: 124: 114: 113: 109: 108: 97: 83: 82: 78: 77: 65: 64: 60: 59: 46: 26: 24: 18:Persian People 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6637: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6573: 6568: 6566: 6565:Afro-Iranians 6563: 6561: 6556: 6554: 6549: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6528: 6526: 6521: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507:Turkic people 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6438: 6433: 6431: 6426: 6424: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6303:Indo-Iranians 6301: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6256:Bukharan Jews 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6178:Arab-Persians 6175: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048:Southern Lurs 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5952: 5951:Baloch tribes 5948: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923:Ethnic groups 5921: 5917: 5910: 5905: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5684: 5677: 5674: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5612: 5609: 5604: 5602:9780887061745 5598: 5594: 5593: 5585: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5556: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5526:Persian rugs. 5523: 5519: 5518: 5510: 5507: 5502: 5500:9780934211758 5496: 5492: 5491: 5483: 5480: 5475: 5473:9789048186327 5469: 5465: 5464: 5456: 5453: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5426: 5421: 5419:9780967007663 5415: 5411: 5410: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5373: 5370: 5365: 5363:9781449091491 5359: 5355: 5354: 5346: 5343: 5338: 5336:9781845110895 5332: 5328: 5327: 5319: 5316: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5289: 5284: 5282:9780521607582 5278: 5274: 5273: 5265: 5262: 5257: 5255:9788172110284 5251: 5247: 5246: 5238: 5235: 5230: 5228:9780521779333 5224: 5220: 5219: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5191: 5188: 5183: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5144: 5141: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5072: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5027: 5014: 5013: 5005: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4979: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4952: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4914: 4907: 4904: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4874: 4867: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4790: 4785: 4772: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4751: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4627: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4560: 4555: 4550:, p. 53. 4549: 4544: 4541: 4536: 4530: 4525: 4522: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4337: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4301:Facts On File 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4242: 4237: 4235:9780801464898 4231: 4227: 4226: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4179:9780199757268 4175: 4171: 4170: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4122: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4104:Mitchell 2018 4100: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4072: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3889: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3779:, p. 85. 3778: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3764:, p. 17. 3763: 3758: 3755: 3752:, p. 15. 3751: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3702: 3697: 3695:9780521607582 3691: 3687: 3686: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3668:9780415121828 3664: 3660: 3659: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3590: 3587: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3510:9783515113823 3506: 3502: 3501: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3427: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3361:0-415-34473-5 3357: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3306: 3299: 3296: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3253: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3231:For example, 3228: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3102:Scott, Robert 3099: 3095: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2964:0-19-821905-9 2960: 2956: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934:9789971774882 2930: 2926: 2925: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904:9780521591850 2900: 2896: 2895: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2874:9781742203492 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2574:on 2015-10-07 2570: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2533: 2531:9780833045270 2527: 2523: 2522: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2276: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246:Tomb of Hafez 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2092: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:Tomb of Cyrus 2033: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2017:Ruins of the 2013: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864:Ahmad Shamlou 1861: 1860:Saadi Shirazi 1857: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1764: 1758: 1750: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1729:17th-century 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1660:New York City 1657: 1653: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576:Islamic world 1573: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1452:Luri language 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1381: 1377: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308:western group 1301: 1297: 1294:inscribed in 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1170:Turco-Persian 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 973: 969: 965: 964:Iranian faith 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 863: 862: 857: 852: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 810: 805: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 755: 750: 746: 744: 740: 736: 731: 726: 724: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 693: 688: 684: 678: 674: 666: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 641: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 582:Western world 579: 575: 571: 563: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 530: 523: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 496: 489: 482: 475: 471: 465: 458: 454: 449: 445: 441: 435: 427: 422: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 367: 362: 358: 354: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 334:ancient world 331: 327: 323: 319: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 291: 282: 255: 254: 245: 218: 209: 205: 201: 199: 180: 175: 170: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 123: 119: 115: 110: 106: 102: 98: 96: 84: 79: 75: 66: 61: 54: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 6479:Mazandaranis 6461:Azerbaijanis 6454: 6362:Baháʼí Faith 6266:Persian Jews 6225:Tats of Iran 6171: 6150:Yidgha–Munji 6065:Mazanderanis 5877: 5848: 5828: 5807: 5787: 5768: 5749: 5730: 5708: 5686:. Retrieved 5676: 5664:. Retrieved 5654: 5645: 5635: 5627: 5618: 5611: 5591: 5584: 5563: 5543: 5525: 5516: 5509: 5489: 5482: 5462: 5455: 5443:. Retrieved 5438: 5428: 5408: 5388: 5379: 5372: 5352: 5345: 5325: 5318: 5306:. Retrieved 5301: 5291: 5271: 5264: 5244: 5237: 5217: 5197: 5190: 5181: 5150: 5143: 5133:, retrieved 5111: 5101: 5081: 5074: 5062:. Retrieved 5057: 5048: 5039: 5029: 5017:. Retrieved 5011: 5004: 4987: 4981: 4969:. Retrieved 4964: 4954: 4942:. Retrieved 4929: 4917:. Retrieved 4906: 4894:. Retrieved 4890: 4881: 4872: 4866: 4857: 4847: 4828: 4822: 4814: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4771:cite journal 4763: 4759: 4753: 4743: 4735: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4619:29 September 4617:. Retrieved 4610:the original 4597: 4583:Schmitt 2008 4577: 4568: 4562: 4548:Schmitt 2000 4543: 4524: 4512:. Retrieved 4508:the original 4498: 4486:. Retrieved 4482: 4461: 4451: 4442: 4420: 4416: 4394: 4390: 4368: 4358: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4327:. Retrieved 4292: 4282: 4273: 4263: 4254: 4244: 4224: 4197: 4191: 4183: 4168: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4120: 4099: 4080: 4074: 4055: 4049: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3977:parsī-i darī 3976: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3948: 3944: 3920: 3910: 3887: 3881: 3872: 3857: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3789:Raditsa 1983 3784: 3762:Van Dam 2002 3757: 3745: 3738:Raditsa 1983 3721:Raditsa 1983 3716: 3709:Raditsa 1983 3704: 3684: 3677: 3657: 3650: 3641: 3631: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3595: 3589: 3578:, retrieved 3574: 3564: 3555: 3548: 3542: 3533: 3526: 3520: 3499: 3492: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3460: 3454: 3435: 3429: 3417:. Retrieved 3412: 3403: 3389: 3382: 3369:Kuh Sulayman 3365: 3351: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3321: 3305:Ṣūrat al-Arḍ 3298: 3286:. Retrieved 3281: 3266:Marzbān-nāma 3265: 3260: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3227: 3207: 3177: 3170: 3161: 3155: 3146: 3140: 3129: 3119: 3105: 3085: 3076: 3070: 3061: 3055: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3026: 3020: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2954: 2923: 2893: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2837: 2834:Age of Faith 2833: 2827: 2794: 2787: 2778: 2774: 2769:Schmitt, R. 2764: 2745: 2740: 2719: 2715: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2636: 2630: 2622: 2608: 2602: 2594:"Goman Poll" 2588: 2576:. Retrieved 2569:the original 2564: 2535:. Retrieved 2520: 2513: 2502: 2500: 2486: 2461:. Retrieved 2455: 2446: 2382:The Iranian 2381: 2369: 2357: 2322: 2311: 2301: 2298: 2182: 2145: 2135: 2125: 2117: 2112: 2087: 2062:Taq-e Bostan 2003:Taq-e Bostan 1965:(located in 1956: 1917: 1898:Architecture 1888: 1853: 1847: 1837: 1827: 1817: 1814:Omar Khayyam 1807: 1793: 1774:inscriptions 1766: 1588: 1561: 1498: 1490:Ajam of Iraq 1481: 1479: 1460: 1441: 1437:Tat language 1431:republic of 1418: 1391: 1383: 1305: 1258: 1255:Anthropology 1213: 1174:Indo-Persian 1158:Central Asia 1142:Khwarazmians 1086: 1081: 1066:Western Asia 1051: 1030: 983: 957: 866: 859: 825:Indus Valley 814: 759: 753: 709:Neo-Assyrian 687:Old Assyrian 680: 656: 652: 642: 624: 620: 616: 596: 594: 589: 585: 584:, the names 573: 567: 535: 439: 437: 413:Central Asia 408: 404: 400: 394: 364: 350: 315: 216: 214: 198:Persian text 195: 158:Baháʼí Faith 150:Christianity 141: 133: 105:Mazanderanis 73: 47:Ethnic group 29: 6552:Circassians 6372:Manichaeism 6367:Khurramites 6251:Armeno-Tats 5727:Boyce, Mary 5445:30 December 5308:30 December 5034:Janata, A. 4919:13 November 3750:McGing 1986 3311:al-fāresīya 3288:18 November 2463:11 December 2378:Observances 2363:. Overall, 2227:Eram Garden 2208:Shah Square 2168:New Persian 2159:Old Persian 2119:Oeconomicus 2081:Khorramabad 2060:reliefs at 1944:Bam Citadel 1778:Zoroastrian 1608:lacquerware 1596:calligraphy 1558:Persian art 1533:Maharashtra 1402:Afghanistan 1328:Old Persian 1292:Old Persian 1200:Shīʿa Islam 1150:Persianized 1113:Arab states 807:Map of the 715:, found at 629:Ibn Battuta 605:Mazanderani 601:Khwarazmian 470:Old Persian 353:Afghanistan 162:Sunni Islam 74:60+ million 34:Persian cat 6589:Categories 6512:Others 1% 6505:and other 6027:Feyli Lurs 6011:Bakhtiaris 5959:Bashkardis 5878:Ethnologue 5554:0300039875 5135:2023-03-17 4529:Kuhrt 2013 4351:dynasties? 4319:2008020716 4090:075465740X 4065:0827611552 3831:ariya čiça 3777:Boyce 2001 2537:17 January 2457:Ethnologue 2438:References 2416:Sizdebedar 2327:carpet, a 2154:pairidaēza 2129:parádeisos 2122:, states: 2103:See also: 2042:Pasargadae 2023:Persepolis 1936:Persepolis 1932:Pasargadae 1912:See also: 1782:Manichaean 1761:See also: 1751:Literature 1652:Achaemenid 1505:South Asia 1492:, and the 1421:Tat people 1406:Uzbekistan 1398:Tajikistan 1374:See also: 1277:See also: 1162:South Asia 1154:Asia Minor 1134:Ghaznavids 1093:caliphates 925:Cappadocia 869:Asia Minor 856:Darius III 833:Persepolis 829:Pasargadae 790:indigenous 705:Lake Urmia 671:See also: 615:refers to 432:See also: 361:Uzbekistan 357:Tajikistan 138:Shia Islam 6545:Assyrians 6538:Georgians 6531:Armenians 6392:Yarsanism 6382:Mazdaznan 6377:Mazdakism 6352:Assianism 6317:Languages 6230:Yaghnobis 6185:Basseries 6134:Oroshoris 6070:Ossetians 6055:Mamasanis 6041:Hasanvand 5752:. 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