Military history of Iran

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and only descended to the plain after the Persian cavalry had reboarded their transport-ships – charging through the arrow-shower to conduct close-combat with spears and swords – a form of combat for which the Athenians were better equipped and better trained; at Thermopylae the Greek army deliberately deployed in a location that negated the Persians ability to use cavalry and missile-power, again forcing them to fight only head-on in close-combat and was forced to retreat only after the Persians were informed of a bypass that enabled them to circumvent this defensive position to defeat the Spartans; at Plataea the Persian attack was poorly coordinated and defeated piecemeal; Alexander the Great's Macedonian army that invaded the Persian empire was composed of a variety of infantry and cavalry types (combined-arms approach) that enabled it, together with Alexander's superior tactical generalship, to negate the Persian capabilities and, once again, force them to fight close-combat.

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cavalry required the enemy infantry to congregate in dense static formations, which were ideal targets for the Persian archers. Even heavily armoured infantry like the Greek hoplites would suffer heavy casualties in such conditions. Enemy infantry formations that scattered to reduce casualties from the dense volleys of Persian arrows, were exposed to a close-in shock assault by the Persian cavalry. Torn by the dilemma between exposure to a gradual attrition by the arrows or to being overwhelmed by a cavalry charge on their flanks, most armies faced by the Persians succumbed.

3846: 2449:"They used for arms, swords, lances, arquebuses, which all the soldiers carry and use; their arms are also superior and better tempered than those of any other nation. The barrels of the arquebuses are generally six spans long, and carry a ball little less than three ounces in weight. They use them with such facility that it does not hinder them drawing their bows nor handling their swords, keeping the latter hung at their saddle bows till occasion requires them. The arquebus is then put away behind the back so that one weapon does not impede the use of the other." 3886: 2588:

only paid token homage to the Persian State. One of the branches of service to benefit most from Nader's reforms was by far the artillery. During the reign of the Safavid dynasty gunpowder weapons were used to a relatively limited extent and were certainly not to be considered central to the Safavid military machine. Although most of Nader's military campaigns were conducted with an aggressive speed of advance which brought up difficulties in keeping up the heavy guns with the army's rapid marches, Nader placed great emphasis on enhancing his artillery units.

496: 2879:. Russia backed the Persian attacks, using Persia as a 'cat's paw' for expansion of its own interests. Britain feared the seizure of Herat would leave a route to attack British India controlled by a power friendly to Russia, and threatened Persia with closure of the trade of the Persian Gulf. When Persia abandoned its designs on Herat, the British no longer felt India was threatened. This, combined with growing Persian fears about Russian designs on their own country, led to the later period of Anglo-Persian military co-operation. 3495: 3507: 308: 3146:(called Arvand Rud in Persian) waterway in the 1937 Algiers Accord. Iran abrogated the 1937 accord and demanded a renegotiation which ended completely in its favor. Furthermore, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi embarked on an unprecedented modernisation program of the Iranian armed forces. In many cases Iran was being supplied with advanced weaponry even before it was supplied to the armed forces of the countries that developed it. During this period of strength Iran protected its interests militarily in the region: in 3860: 595: 2071: 124: 2592: 164: 3581: 3567: 2384: 1882: 3552: 2458: 2959:). Persian administrators thought the reforms could strengthen the country against foreign influences. The Swedish-influenced police had some success in building up Persian police in centralizing the country. After 1915, Russia and Britain demanded the recall of the Swedish advisers. Some Swedish officers left, while others sided with the Germans and Ottomans in their intervention in Persia. The remainder of the Gendarmerie was named 851: 6519: 6168: 6178: 3537: 3024: 2535:, and 300,000 Armenians were deported to Iran. Many of them were, as above mentioned, put in the ghilman corps, but the larger masses were deployed in the regular armies, the civil administration, royal household, but also as labourers, farmers, and craftsmen. Many notorious Iranian generals and commanders were of Caucasian ancestry. Many of their descendants linger forth in Iran as the 2639: 3522: 6226: 471:(171–138 BCE). The power of the early Parthian empire seems to have been overestimated by some ancient historians, who could not clearly separate the powerful later empire from its more humble obscure origins. The end of this long-lived empire came in 224 AD, when the empire was loosely organized and the last king was defeated by one of the empire's vassals, the 2441: 2647: 2255: 3627:, the Shah's departure was consummated. The Iranian military thereupon experienced a 60% desertion from its ranks. Following the ideological principles of the Islamic revolution in Iran, the new revolutionary government sought to strengthen its domestic situation by conducting a purge of senior military personnel closely associated with the 140: 3300:

The Imperial Iranian Navy maintained the largest fleet of operational attack hovercraft in the world. These hovercraft were obtained from various British and American companies and were later retrofitted with weaponry. In having this fleet the Iranian navy would be able to patrol shallow areas or the

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whereby the Ottoman Empire acknowledged the existing frontier between the two empires. These efforts to continue the modernisation of the army through the training of officers in Europe continued until the end of the Qajar dynasty. With the exceptions of Russian and British militaries, the Qajar army

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Following Nader Shah, many of the other leaders of the Afsharid dynasty were weak and the state they had built quickly gave way to the Qajars. As the control of the country de-centralised with the collapse of Nader Shah's rule, many of the peripheral territories of the Empire gained independence and

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have long offered the idea that Persia, on the verge of the Arab invasion, was a society in decline and decay and thus it embraced the invading Arab armies with open arms. This view is not widely accepted however. Some authors have for example used mostly Arab sources to illustrate that "contrary to

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in 1828 crippled Persia through the ceding of much of Persia's northern territories and the payment of a colossal war indemnity. The scale of the damage done to Persia through the treaty was so severe that The Persian Army and state would not regain its former strength till the rise and creation of

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The major weaknesses of the typical Persian tactics were that proper application of these tactics required: a) A wide battlefield composed of fairly flat and expansive terrain that would not hinder the rapid movement of massed horses and where the cavalry could conduct proper flanking maneuvers. b)

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In addition to these developments, the government of Iran had begun alongside American and British corporations, the licensed manufacturing of several different types of military equipment. Iran was very active in manufacturing Bell Helicopters, Boeing Helicopters and TOW missiles. Many bases were

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Most Persian failures can be attributed to one or more of these requirements not being met. Thus, the Scythians evaded the Persian army time and again because they were all mounted and conducted only hit-and-run raids on the Persians; at Marathon the Athenians deployed on a rocky mountainous slope

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in 1879, a force which was led by Russian officers and served as a vehicle for influence in Iran. The brigade gave the Russian Empire influence over the modernization of the Qajar army. This was especially pronounced because the Persian monarchy's legitimacy was predicated on an image of military

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Deeply dismayed by the missions' conclusions that there had been continued use of chemical weapons in the conflict between Iran and Iraq and that such use against Iranians had become more intense and frequent, Profoundly concerned by the danger of possible use of chemical weapons in the future,

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upon all States to continue to apply, to establish or to strengthen strict control of the export of chemical products serving for the production of chemical weapons, in particular to parties to a conflict, when it is established or when there is substantial reason to believe that they have used

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This picture of the Persian horseman, equipped for almost simultaneous use of the bow, sword, and firearm, aptly symbolized the dramatic and complexity of the scale of changes that the Persian Military was undergoing. While the use of personal firearms was becoming commonplace, the use of field

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armies. Unlike the Mamluks they lived to apply the lessons they had learnt on the battlefield. In the course of the sixteenth century, but still more in the seventeenth, the shahs of Iran took steps to acquire handguns and artillery pieces and to re-equip their forces with them. Initially, the

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would open the battle by harassing the enemy with hit and run attacks – shooting arrows and throwing small javelins – while the Persian sparabara formed up their battle-array. Then the Persian cavalry would move aside and attempt to harass the flanks of the enemy. Defending against the Persian

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In the late 1970s, Iran accelerated its orders from the United States in an attempt to outpace British, French and Chinese military orders. The Shah of Iran believed that Iran was destined to become a world super power, proudly led by one of the strongest militaries in the world. By 1972, the

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In the early 1970s the Iranian economy saw record years of growth thanks to booming oil prices. By 1976, the Iranian GDP was the largest in the Greater Middle East. The Shah (king) of Iran set about modernising the Iranian military, intent on purchasing billions of dollars worth of the most

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The Iranian military never received many of the orders placed in the late 1970s due to the Iranian Revolution occurring in February 1979. The list below seeks to highlight some of the major orders that were placed prior the Iranian revolution but were never completed or delivered.

2619:. These military factories achieved high levels of production and managed to equip the army with good quality cannon. However mobile workshops allowed for Nader to maintain his strategic mobility whilst preserving versatility in the deployment of heavy siege cannon when required. 3280:

Iran also notably received much of its armored equipment from the Soviet Union. These deals were usually bartered using cheap oil and natural gas from the Iranian side in exchange for Soviet expertise, training and equipment. In regards to military equipment Iran ordered

2476:, who went to Iran in 1598 with twenty-six followers and remained in the Persian service for a number of years. The brothers helped organize the army into an officer-paid and well-trained standing army similar to a European model. It was organized along three divisions: 2774:. In 1803, Fath Ali Shah was determined to get Georgia and Dagestan back, and fearing Russia would march on more south towards Persia and the Ottoman Empire too, declared war on Russia. While starting with the upper hand, Russians were ultimately victorious in the 660:

the claims, Iranians in fact fought long and hard against the invading Arabs." This view further more holds that once politically conquered, the Persians began engaging in a culture war of resistance and succeeded in forcing their own ways on the victorious Arabs.

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era. Originally only deployed for being fierce warriors and having beautiful women, this policy was notably significantly expanded under Shah Abbas I, who would use them as a complete new layer in Persian society, most notably to crush the power of the feudal

2699:. Agha Mohammad Khan, furious at his Georgian subjects, starting his expedition with 60,000 cavalry under his command, defeated the Russian garrisons stationed there and drove them back out of the entire Caucasus in several important battles, and completely 174:

The Achaemenid Empire (559–330 BCE) was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Greater Iran. The empire possessed a "national army" of roughly 120.000-150.000 troops, plus several tens of thousands of troops from their allies.

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At this time Iran was investing over $ 10bn in the construction of nuclear power stations; 8 locations would be built by the US, 2 by Germany and 2 by France, for its 23,000 MW nuclear project which could produce enough uranium for 500–600 warheads.

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class). Iran had entered discussions with Great Britain as early as the late 1960s to purchase a nuclear powered aircraft carrier that would give Iran amphibious attack capabilities in the Indian Ocean. While initially interested in purchasing one

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This period marked a serious decline in Persia's power and thus its military prowess. From here onwards the Qajar dynasty would face great difficulty in its efforts, due to the international policies mapped out by some western great powers and not

2468:(1587–1629) was instrumental in bringing about a 'modern' gunpowder era in the Persian army. Following the Ottoman Army model that had impressed him in combat the Shah set about to build his new army. He was much helped by two English brothers, 2939:

By the 1910s, the Qajar Iran was decentralised to the extent that foreign powers sought to bolster the central authority of the Qajars by providing military aid. It was viewed as a process of defensive modernisation; however, this also led to

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was the preferred missile-weapon of the Persians. At maximum rate of fire a sparabara haivarabam of 10,000 men could launch approximately 100,000 arrows in a single minute and maintain this rate for a number of minutes. Typically the Persian

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maritime patrol planes for ocean surveillance and anti-submarine warfare. Unlike the air force, the Imperial Iranian Navy did not solely rely on American armaments and used a wide variety of suppliers. From Germany, Iran ordered 6 diesel

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to identify different units. A large variety of colors were used, some of the most common being yellow, purple, and blue. However, this system was probably limited to native Persian troops and was not used for their numerous allies.

4396:"The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhs." 3340:

A massive order was made by the Iranian government in an attempt to modernize the Iranian Imperial Navy and give it the capability to patrol the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. The Navy had placed an order for 4

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cavalry model, and employed new types of armour and siege warfare techniques. This was the beginning for a military system which served him and his successors for over 400 years, during which the Sassanid Empire was, along with the

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Persia won back many of its lost territories, notably in the Caucasus, only to be lost again through a series of bitter wars with Russia. In the west the Qajars effectively stopped encroachment of their Ottoman arch-rival in the

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since 1555, since the early days of the Safavid dynasty, but while Iran was in chaos and tumult, many of their subjects had declared themselves quasi-independent, or in the case of the Georgians, had plotted an alliance with the

2703:, and carried of some 15,000 captives back to Iran. Following the capture of Georgia, Agha Mohammad Khan was murdered by two of his servants who feared they would be executed. The rise of the Qajars was very closely timed with 5613:

Determined to intensify its efforts to end all use of chemical weapons in violation of international obligations now and in the future, 1. Condemns resolutely the use of chemical weapons in the conflict between Iran and Iraq,

5376:"The ascendance of Iran : a study of the emergence of an assertive Iranian foreign policy and its impact on Iranian-Soviet relations. : Williams, James Harlon;Magnus, Ralph H. : Free Download & Streaming" 3420:

During this same time-frame in the 1970s the Imperial Iranian Army was making several advancements and placing massive orders to keep up with other branches of the military. To reinforce the ground troops Iran ordered 500

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action (hand-to-hand combat with spears, axes and swords), this was a secondary capability and the Persians preferred to maintain their distance from the enemy in order to defeat him with superior missile-power. The

3092:. In part, this involved sending hundreds of officers to European and American military academies. It also involved having foreigners re-train the existing army within Iran. In this period a national air force (the 2677:

plundered and slaughtered the aristocrats of the previous Zand dynasty. Following this, Agha Mohammad Khan was determined to regain all lost territories following the death of Nadir Shah. First on his was the

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In the 1960s as Iran began to prosper from oil revenues, and diplomatic relations were established with many countries, Iran began to expand its military. In the 1960s it purchased Canada's fleet of 90

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and the latter's cancellation of the economic elements of the treaty as 'tsarist imperialistic policies'. After these periods of Russo-Persian Wars, Russian influence in Persia rose significantly too.

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in 900. Amr bin Laith was forced to surrender most of their territories to the new rulers. The Saffarids were subsequently confined to their heartland of Sistan, with their role reduced to that of

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on his travel to Europe for 21 francs each. The artillery included around 500 smooth-bore and 60 rifled guns, all made of brass, the latter of which had been rifled in Iran on the Belgian system.

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Foreign powers had an increasing influence over time including on the Qajar army. Nonetheless irregular forces, such as tribal cavalry, remained a major element into the late nineteenth century.

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Rudi Matthee, "Unwalled Cities and Restless Nomads: Firearms and Artillery in Safavid Iran" in Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society, ed. Charles Melville (London, 1996)

1723:(from 930 to 935), who took advantage of a rebellion in the Samanid army of Iran to seize power in northern Iran. He soon expanded his domains and captured the cities of Hamadan and Isfahan. 586:, setting on forth the conflict that had started since the time of their predecessors, the Parthians, and would end after around 720 years, making it the longest conflict in human history. 1626: 2817:

sent a large number of Persians to England to study Western military technology and at the same time he invited British officers to Persia to train the Persian forces under his command.

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The indecisive eight-year Iran-Iraq War (IIW), which began on 22 September 1980 when Iraq invaded Iran, wreaked havoc on the region and the Iranian military. After it expanded into the

3409:. Talks were in place for Iran to purchase 3 modified versions of these carriers however no official record stands to prove that such an order was placed. From France, Iran ordered 12 6383: 2999:

Ultimately, through Qajar rule the military institution was further developed and a capable and regionally superior military force was developed, which saw limited service during the

2872:, again under Persian rule. In this, though the Afghans were no match for the Persian Army, the Persians were not successful, this time because of British intervention as part of the 3913: 2413:, viewed firearms with distaste, and at first made little attempt to adopt them into their armed forces. Like the Mamluks they were taught the error of their ways by the powerful 1715:

The Ziyarids, also spelled Zeyarids (زیاریان or آل زیار), were an Iranian dynasty that ruled in the Caspian sea provinces of Gorgan and Mazandaran from 930 to 1090 (also known as

6494: 2955:. The involvement of a neutral country was seen to avoid "Great Game" rivalry between Russia and Britain, as well as avoid siding with any particular alliance (in the prelude to 2433:

Despite their initial reluctance, the Persians very rapidly acquired the art of making and using handguns. A Venetian envoy, Vincenzo di Alessandri, in a report presented to the

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in June 1941, the United Kingdom (UK) and the Soviet Union became allies. Both saw the newly opened Trans-Iranian Railroad as a strategic route to transport supplies from the

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managed to win several victories over the Russians. Iran's inability to develop modern artillery during the preceding, and the Qajar, dynasty resulted in the signing of the

2246:. After Tamerlane's death in 1405, there was a brief unsuccessful attempt to re-establish the Jalayirid sultanate and Jalayirid sultanate was ended by Kara Koyunlu in 1432. 690:. Tahir's military victories were rewarded with the gift of lands in the east of Persia, which were subsequently extended by his successors as far as the borders of India. 6504: 3601: 3382:

from the Netherlands, each one armed with Mk. 46 torpedoes, Harpoon missiles and Sea Sparrow anti-aircraft missiles. In the same year Iran sought to order a further four

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At the end of the Qajar dynasty in 1925, Reza Shah's Pahlavi army would include members of the gendarmerie, Cossacks, and former members of the South Persia Rifles.

6416: 6314: 3314: 2910: 3662: 3655: 3753:, and especially in the decade from 2010, Iran has made no secret of its ambitions as a regional-class power. It was formally excluded from participation in the 6477: 1619: 3718:

Regionally, since the Islamic Revolution, Iran has sought to exert its influence by supporting various groups (militarily and politically). It openly supports

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provided a catalyst for the reformation of the Persian military, as previously all large quantities of copper for cannon smelting had been imported from the

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entered into a period of uncertainty. The previously highly organized military fragmented and the pieces were left for the following dynasties to collect.

543:, and to further this aim, he reformed the military by forming a standing army which was under his personal command and whose officers were separate from 338:

Parthia was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran, but at the height of its power, the Parthian dynasty covered all of

6296: 3919: 217:, or shield-bearers) were equipped with a large rectangular wicker shield called a spara, and armed with a short spear, measuring around six feet long. 123: 4776: 3041: 693:

The Tahirid dynasty is considered to be the first independent dynasty from the Abbasid Caliphate established in Khorasan. They were overthrown by the

54:) has had a long and checkered military culture and history; ranging from triumphant and unchallenged ancient military supremacy, affording effective 3410: 2888: 2821: 2563: 1612: 239:

Good coordination between the cavalry, infantry, and missile units. c) An enemy inferior in mobility. d) An enemy lacking a combined-arms military.

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herself. Persia's efforts would also be weakened due to continual economic, political, and military pressure from outside of the country (see the

3871: 1988: 488: 2809:. Set Khan's development of domestic artillery production not only helped further the Azerbaijan-based military reform, but also contributed to 6319: 6257: 5892: 3845: 3816:

Your presence has always been a calamity for this region and the farther you go from our region and our nations the more security would come.

3494: 3472: 3318: 139: 6133: 5404: 5161:. Foreign Relations of the U.S., 1969–1976, Volume E–4, Documents on Iran and Iraq, 1969–1972. May 1972 – via Office of the Historian. 5809: 3506: 5172: 3359:(these were transferred rather than sold to Iran from the US Navy) armed with Harpoon missiles. In addition the navy sought to acquire 39 3154:

was crushed. In November 1971, Iranian forces seized control of three uninhabited but strategic islands at the mouth of the Persian Gulf;

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Following the Iran-Iraq War, an ambitious military rebuilding program was set into motion with the intention to create a fully fledged

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on top of the 79 that had arrived. All of these orders were due in 1980. In September 1976 Iran formally requested the purchase of 250

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dynasty was founded on slaughter and plunder of Iranians, particularly Zoroasterian Iranians. The Qajars, under their dynasty founder,

6291: 5705: 5359: 5281: 5254: 4664: 4305: 4061: 3986: 3433:, which had been specifically designed for the Imperial Iranian Army. Some other major equipment on order included hundreds of Soviet 2547:(see Peoples of the Caucasus in Iran), and many millions of Iranians are estimated to have Caucasian ancestry as a following of this. 6143: 3885: 2837: 2775: 799:) to become a warlord. He seized control of the Seistan region, conquering all of Afghanistan, modern-day eastern Iran, and parts of 6543: 6306: 6242: 5665: 5484: 3696: 3403: 3399: 3309:

Imperial Iranian Armed Forces had a total of 298,300 personnel, excluding the nation’s police. A year later, in 1973, around 59% of

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When the Carter administration turned down Iran's request for nuclear capable missiles, it turned to Israel. It was working on the

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Iran's purchases from the United Kingdom prior to the 1979 revolution included 1 decommissioned and modernized British destroyer (

6017: 4974: 3932: 3456:, where a massive infantry unit and air force presence would serve to protect Iran from any Iraqi aggression, while the other in 3190: 6102: 648:. However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new 5942: 5937: 5832: 3326: 2396: 1313: 706: 516: 495: 5679: 5651: 2844:

too, the Persian army ultimately proved no match for the significantly larger and equally capable Russian army. The following

6357: 6062: 6037: 5852: 5842: 4372: 4092: 4017: 3045: 3000: 2813:'s realization of the critical importance of the use of foreign techniques and military technology in the Persian military. 1064: 4312:

This map varies from other maps which are slightly different in scope, especially along the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

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was to house a port capable of housing submarines and aircraft carriers which would allow Iran to patrol the Indian Ocean.

6459: 6411: 6286: 6273: 6148: 6138: 6022: 5902: 3597: 3124: 1084: 792: 187: 30: 6192: 3859: 6042: 5997: 5967: 5867: 4206:., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 270: "Aleppo remained a buffer between the Buyid empire and Byzantium". 4123:

Dū qarn-i sukūt : sarguz̲asht-i ḥavādis̲ va awz̤āʻ-i tārīkhī dar dū qarn-i avval-i Islām (Two Centuries of Silence)

3687:. Islamic Iran has always striven to foster and develop the nuclear science industry it captured from the Shah. In 2002 2933: 6107: 3551: 2840:. While in the first year of the war Persia managed to regain almost all lost territories, reaching almost Georgia and 512: 6431: 6207: 6067: 6052: 5982: 5972: 5962: 5837: 3942: 3468: 2869: 67: 3452:

under construction to house all of the military equipment. Two very notable and large bases were to be built were in

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class) equipped with Harpoon missiles. Of this order, approximately 6 were delivered and the subsequent 6 cancelled.

163: 5952: 5932: 5882: 5425: 6112: 6047: 6027: 6012: 5927: 5917: 5877: 5857: 4424: 2708: 621: 6092: 5977: 4566:"The Military of Qajar Iran: The Features of an Irregular Army from the Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century" 2905:

and from 20,000 to 30,000 of other firearms. The Tabatières were captured by the Germans in 1870 and then sold to

6522: 6421: 6391: 6032: 5987: 5922: 5897: 5887: 5872: 5847: 3684: 3542: 3093: 1694: 1253: 1244: 5947: 5862: 4428: 3536: 3329:, however this order would not have arrived until 1985. In addition to this, in late 1977 Iran ordered 7 Boeing 3174:

sophisticated and advanced equipment and weaponry from countries like the United States and the United Kingdom.

6153: 6072: 6007: 5992: 5957: 5912: 5824: 5802: 4383: 4356: 3739: 2802: 2338: 803:. Using their capital (Zaranj) as base for an aggressive expansion eastwards and westwards, they overthrew the 468: 264: 3580: 3139: 893: 582:, while in the west it was engaged in a recurrent struggle against its rival, the Roman Empire and later the 6396: 3704: 3376: 3034: 2993: 2921: 2906: 2580:

took the reins of the country. This period and the centuries following it were characterised by the rise in

2515: 307: 5323: 4939:"Thirty minutes to choose your fighter jet: how the Shah of Iran chose the F-14 Tomcat over the F-15 Eagle" 2932:, Qajar Iran was invaded by Russia to support the Shah, with British diplomatic support. This included the 2778:. From the beginning, Russian troops had a great advantage over the Persians as they possessed much modern 742:

in 928 AD. After their defeat some of the soldiers and generals of the Alavids joined the Samanid dynasty.

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submarines due to arrive in 1980 intended to protect Iran in the Indian Ocean. From Italy, Iran ordered 6

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groups are also supported as needed in order to maintain control of its Kurdish regions. In neighbouring

46:. Largely credited to its historically unchanged geographical and geopolitical condition, the modern-day 6499: 6362: 6352: 4391: 3527: 3521: 3128: 3101: 3097: 2845: 3437:

outfitted with anti-tank missiles. In addition the Iranians sought to strengthen their position in the

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however, reports the number of Chassepot rifles at 20,000 and the Tabatière rifles at 30,000 in 1892.

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The Safavid era also saw the mass integration of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Caucasians, notably

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Ultimately, under the Qajars, Persia was shaped into its modern form. Initially, under the reign of

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The number of Russian officers in the Cossack Brigade would increase over time. Britain also sent

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created a new strong army, based on the latest European models, for the newly chosen Crown-Prince

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because it was "deeply dismayed" and "profoundly concerned" that both Iran and Iraq had employed

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status for its time; to a series of near-catastrophic defeats (beginning with the destruction of

3640: 3631:. It is still unclear how many were dismissed or executed. The purge encouraged the dictator of 3231:

missiles. Furthermore, Iran ordered hundreds of helicopters from the United States, notably 202

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Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press, 1988), 147.

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A3 tanks from the United States. The largest order was placed with the United Kingdom for 2000

3375:, capable of anti-submarine warfare and outfitted with Otomat missiles. In 1978 Iran ordered 8 5701: 5574: 5492: 5355: 5277: 5250: 5119: 4877: 4739: 4670: 4660: 4585: 4546: 4500: 4368: 4301: 4126: 4088: 4057: 4013: 3982: 3976: 3877: 3805: 3349: 3330: 2829: 2683: 2544: 2536: 2465: 2383: 2136: 2104: 1858: 1273: 1263: 1114: 1054: 874: 675: 656: 574:("the realm of Iran") from the East against the incursions of central Asiatic nomads like the 561: 446: 355: 247: 130: 109: 4051: 2996:

was merged with the gendarmerie and other forces, and would become supported by the British.

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remained in Persia as members of the Cossack Brigade rather than fighting for or against the

5740: 5380: 4869: 4731: 4577: 4492: 3937: 3774: 3762: 3666: 3438: 3430: 3274: 3262: 3258: 3167: 2457: 2023: 1810: 1670: 1423: 1373: 1323: 1206: 808: 767: 694: 683: 583: 536: 467:

had settled in Parthia and built a small independent kingdom, they rose to power under king

5625: 1881: 209:

The usual tactic employed by the Persians in the early period of the empire, was to form a

5144: 5132: 4777:"The Swedish-led Gendarmerie in Persia 1911–1916 State Building and Internal Colonization" 3628: 3282: 3247: 3224: 3077: 2783: 2662: 2495:

Shah Abbas's new model army was massively successful and allowed him to re-unite parts of

2469: 2039: 1987: 1903: 1698: 1686: 1533: 1353: 1303: 1293: 1196: 1156: 1104: 1074: 804: 747: 669: 637: 508: 487: 434: 319: 311: 292: 258: 115: 75: 43: 4693: 4029: 3961: 3654:

Navy and Iran (1987-1988), the IIW ended on 20 August 1988 when both parties accepted a

5715:

The Middle East: 2000 Years of History From The Rise of Christianity to the Present Day

3809: 3731: 3688: 3636: 3445: 3313:

males were fit for service. In regards to the Imperial Iranian Air Force, in 1976 Iran

3270: 3163: 2975: 2917: 2825: 2806: 2766:

With the consolidation of the Treaty of Georgievsk, Russia annexed eastern Georgia and

2692: 2519: 2473: 2434: 2414: 2392: 2334: 2263: 2012: 1948: 1838: 1798: 1779: 1741: 1682: 1666: 1660: 1583: 1503: 1463: 1393: 1333: 994: 926: 746:

the son of Ziar was one of the generals that joined the Samanids. He later founded the

739: 645: 641: 579: 565: 540: 441:

between 150 BCE and 224 CE. It was the third native dynasty of ancient Iran (after the

63: 4982: 4911: 4623:(First ed.). New York: D. Appleton and Company, 549 and 551 Broadway. p. 91. 4481:"The Russian Military Mission and the Birth of the Persian Cossack Brigade: 1879–1894" 4145: 2499:

and expand his nations territories at a time of great external pressure and conflict.

1639:

The Saffarid empire did not last long after Ya'qub's death. His brother and successor

850: 6537: 6171: 5375: 4997: 4897: 4759: 4605: 4520: 4399: 3778: 3651: 3619:, who had been exiled by the shah for 15 years, heightened the rhetoric against the " 3480: 3422: 3216: 3201:

maritime patrol aircraft and two decommissioned and modernised American destroyers, (

3143: 3123:, despite his declaration of neutrality. In August 1941, the UK and the Soviet Union 2857: 2732: 2670: 2567: 2523: 2322: 2096: 1940: 1910: 1897: 1854: 1640: 1563: 1553: 1543: 1403: 1363: 1343: 1146: 957: 906: 836: 755: 751: 731: 520: 329: 221: 98: 4938: 3820:

In 2021, the regular army had announced that it will launch a satellite into space.

5297: 4806: 4237: 3891: 3801: 3797: 3758: 3750: 3692: 3647: 3453: 3194: 3132: 3116: 3112: 2979: 2850: 2712: 2628: 2496: 2350: 2279: 2269: 2243: 2156: 2124: 2100: 2019: 1976: 1956: 1920: 1890: 1822: 1818: 1690: 1573: 1513: 1453: 1176: 1126: 861: 575: 557: 450: 391: 387: 367: 288: 226: 71: 51: 5111: 4924:

Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the origins of Iranian primacy in the Persian Gulf

687: 5607: 5349: 5271: 5244: 4735: 4650: 4581: 2794:

in 1813. This marked a turning point in the Qajar attitude towards the military.

2669:

The second half of the 18th century saw a new dynasty take hold in Iran. The new

6181: 5590:"The Role of the United Nations in the Settlement of the Iran-Iraq War, 1980–88" 5218: 3735: 3620: 3220: 3209: 3202: 3120: 3023: 3004: 2956: 2814: 2810: 2787: 2748: 2532: 2503: 2481: 2461:

A painting on the wall of the Chel-Sooton Palace in Isfahan of Shah Abbas at war

2291: 2287: 2120: 2108: 2035: 1964: 1952: 1944: 1924: 1846: 1837:

it experienced major territorial losses. It lost its western territories to the

1787: 1678: 1674: 1283: 1186: 820: 781: 735: 438: 371: 296: 280: 210: 4858:"Imperial Power and Dictatorship: Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 1921–1926" 4216: 4161: 2646: 2638: 795:, a man of humble origins who rose from an obscure beginning as a coppersmith ( 6329: 4873: 4496: 4204:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs

3334: 3294: 3228: 3151: 2873: 2798: 2760: 2744: 2716: 2608: 2577: 2373: 2132: 1968: 1960: 1814: 1769: 1738: 1716: 1593: 1523: 1433: 1383: 1137: 812: 758:) were also among generals of the Alavid dynasty who joined the Samanid army. 719: 682:, the Tahirid rulers were effectively independent. The dynasty was founded by 548: 532: 500: 375: 347: 55: 5496: 4881: 4743: 4674: 4589: 4550: 4504: 4343:

John Perry, "The Historical Role of Turkish in Relation to Persian of Iran",

3119:

to the Soviet Union and were concerned that Reza Shah was sympathetic to the

2786:

three centuries earlier. Nevertheless, the Persian army under the command of

2480:('crown servants or slaves' conscripted from hundreds of thousands of ethnic 6449: 4656: 4130: 3719: 3572: 3085: 2898: 2779: 2763:), and social and political pressures from within would make matters worse. 2528: 2511: 2507: 2489: 2485: 2330: 2232: 2210: 2199: 2164: 2079: 1826: 1806: 1732: 1483: 1443: 1166: 1044: 791:(now in Afghanistan). The dynasty was founded by – and took its name from – 426: 214: 17: 5787: 5745: 5728: 5015: 4781:

Sharmin and Bijan Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies

2001:

The Khwarezmian dynasty, also known as Khwarezmids or Khwarezm Shahs was a

5772: 5755: 2440: 2046:, a former slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed the governor of 5173:"WRMEA – Iran's Alarming Military Buildup Transfixes Wary Gulf Neighbors" 5087: 4957: 3754: 3457: 3426: 3352:, Phalanx CIWSs and Mark 46 torpedoes; as well as 3 used and retrofitted 3240: 3186: 3080:

came to power, the Qajar dynasty was already weak from years of war with

2877:(See papers by Waibel and Esandari Qajar within the Qajar Studies source) 2841: 2767: 2724: 2687: 2679: 2318: 2299: 2295: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2059: 2047: 1932: 1745: 1720: 1710: 975: 966: 800: 743: 476: 457: 379: 272: 4751: 4719: 4597: 4565: 4512: 4480: 2989:

in 1916, which was initially separate from the Persian army until 1921.

190:, the King's personal guard division. The smallest unit was the ten-man 5698:

Arms and Armor from Iran: The Bronze Age to the End of the Qajar Period

5540: 5430: 3743: 3723: 3048: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2736: 2612: 2573: 2531:. Under Abbas' own reign, some 200,000 Georgians, tens of thousands of 2477: 2406: 2228: 2128: 2088: 2031: 2027: 1870: 1862: 1830: 1801:

upon his succession to rule of territories centered around the city of

1644: 1004: 944: 935: 840: 715: 679: 552: 437:, beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled 403: 395: 343: 323: 231: 202: 178:

The Persian army was divided into regiments of a thousand each, called

4889: 4857: 3193:

fighter planes, including 16 of the RF-4E reconnaissance variant; 166

5459:"The Iranian deals | The Guardian BAE investigation | guardian.co.uk" 4394:(reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: 4300:. American Edition, New York: Covent Garden Books. pp. 65, 228. 3789: 3727: 3395: 3290: 3286: 3081: 2952: 2756: 2596: 2581: 2551: 2402: 2238:

The Jalayirid sultanate lasted about fifty years, until disrupted by

2224: 2216: 2172: 2140: 2092: 2085: 2008: 1972: 1936: 1916: 1866: 1802: 1783: 1775: 1648: 1216: 1024: 832: 824: 788: 773: 738:

region of Iran. Their reign was ended when they were defeated by the

633: 544: 472: 464: 407: 383: 359: 284: 276: 4652:

Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and Orientalism

3625:

focused popular anger on the United States and its embassy in Tehran

3475:(ONUC) in the 1960s, and ten years later, Iranian troops joined the 1809:, a break-away ex-general of the Samanid sultans. Sebuktigin's son, 74:

at the northeastern boundary of the lands traditionally home to the

3708: 2254: 6334: 4539:"Opinion | The Editorial Notebook; Persia: The Great Game Goes On" 3793: 3782: 3770: 3766: 3712: 3434: 3266: 3084:. The standing Persian army was almost non-existent. The new king 2967: 2865: 2782:, the use of which had never sunk into the Persian army since the 2728: 2720: 2659:

Two Royal Officers in Full Uniform, One of 274 Vintage Photographs

2653: 2645: 2637: 2456: 2439: 2410: 2382: 2359: 2314: 2303: 2275: 2272: 2253: 2239: 2176: 2069: 2005: 1986: 1947:

tribal confederations of Central Asia and marked the beginning of

1913: 1880: 1752:. They founded a confederation that controlled most of modern-day 1749: 1034: 948: 816: 649: 593: 494: 486: 461: 442: 422: 399: 363: 306: 5159:"RECENT TRENDS IN IRANIAN ARMS PROCUREMENT - Department of State" 5112:

4202:

Busse, Heribert (1975), "Iran Under the Buyids", in Frye, R. N.,

2820:

The army's transformation was phenomenal as can be seen from the

6231: 5530:

Nuclear Iran: The Birth of an Atomic State By David Patrikarakos

5483:

Times, Elaine Sciolino, Special to the New York (1 April 1986).

3700: 3632: 3310: 3147: 2833:

of the time was unquestionably the most powerful in the region.

2616: 2604: 2283: 2220: 2116: 2112: 2055: 1757: 1753: 916: 777: 754:, Hassan and Ahmad the sons of Buye (that were founders of the 727: 723: 712: 570: 430: 351: 339: 87: 59: 47: 6196: 5791: 5666:"Iran, Russia and China Plan Joint Naval Drill in Gulf of Oman" 4463:

Ethnicity, identity, and the development of nationalism in Iran

3398:

aircraft carrier, which was later on cancelled by the British,

421:

The Parthian empire was led by the Arsacid dynasty, led by the

5204: 3711:

consortium, which signed in 2015 with Iran the now-imperilled

3017: 1782:

slave origin which existed from 975 to 1187 and ruled much of

697:, who annexed Khorasan to their own empire in eastern Persia. 3197:

fighters including 15 of the RF-5A reconnaissance variant; 6

2963:

after a patrol unit that existed in the early Qajar dynasty.

2454:

artillery was limited and remained on the whole ineffective.

2333:

in the early 18th century, and was formally dissolved by the

6476: 3715:

that was designed to prevent nuclear weaponization by Iran.

3142:

fell into a steep decline, mainly due to a dispute over the

2897:

In 1878, the arsenals in Tehran and Tabriz contained 10,000

2735:, after several successful campaigns of his own against the 1927:

from the 11th to 14th centuries. They set up an empire, the

1813:, expanded the empire in the region that stretched from the 849: 4638:(First ed.). London: Spottiswoode and co. p. 602. 3674:

chemical weapons in violation of international obligations.

3223:

anti aircraft batteries with over 2000 missiles, over 2500

3135:, both countries withdrew their military forces from Iran. 2242:'s conquests and the revolts of the "Black sheep Turks" or 5608:"Security Council Resolution 620 (1988) of 26 August 1988" 4363:, Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, 1845:

resulting in a restriction of its holdings to what is now

5723:, Journal of the Qajar Studies Association, London: 2005. 5717:, Bernard Lewis, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995. 3096:) was established and the foundation for a new navy (the 2364:

Iranian military armor, steel and leather, dated 1450AD.

2282:

descent whose empire included the whole of Central Asia,

686:, a leading general in the service of the Abbasid caliph 531:

The birth of the Sassanid army dates back to the rise of

4258:

Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources

3703:

became concerned around this time with Iran's potential

3100:) was laid. Other armed forces of the time included the 2492:), Tofongchis (musketeers), and Topchis (artillery-men) 2418:

principal sources of these weapons appears to have been

811:

in 873. By the time of Ya'qub's death, he had conquered

4010:

The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World

433:

plateau, after defeating and disposing the Hellenistic

3746:, and nearly went to war against the Taliban in 1998. 3639:

to view Iran as disorganised and weak, leading to the

3170:

missiles. These aircraft were later sold to Pakistan.

539:, to the throne. Ardashir aimed at the revival of the 5485:"Documents Detail Israeli Missile Deal With the Shah" 3177:

Iran's purchases from the United States prior to the

2603:

The main centres of Persian armament production were

4144:

Hatch Dupree, Nancy (1979). "Sites in Perspective".

3788:

In September 2019, as joint military exercises with

2925:

prowess, first Turkic and then European-influenced.

6487: 6440: 6382: 6375: 6343: 6305: 6272: 6265: 6256: 6121: 6081: 5823: 5541:"This Page Has Been Deleted or Moved form Iran Map" 4108:(Iran's Cultural History). 4 volumes. Tehran. 1982. 3785:Emirates along the West coast of the Persian Gulf. 3477:

United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)

3441:by setting up missile sites in the close vicinity. 3265:systems. Additionally Iran purchased several dozen 2111:, in what territories which today comprise most of 1685:theocratic nobility. It was among the first native 776:, which is a historical region now in southeastern 772:The Saffarid dynasty ruled a short-lived empire in 213:that archers could fire over. These troops (called 5453: 5451: 5449: 3602:List of United Nations resolutions concerning Iran 1963:and are regarded as the cultural ancestors of the 186:, or division. The best known haivarabam were the 5668:. The Maritime Executive, LLC. 23 September 2013. 4413:The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history 2970:to reinforce the Brigade. After the start of the 2864:also saw attempts by Persia to bring the city of 2107:in 1219–1224, and founded by Genghis's grandson, 5652:"Iran plans Gulf exercise with Russia and China" 4807:"Sweden ii. Swedish Officers in Persia, 1911–15" 4365:"Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times" 2042:of the 13th century. The dynasty was founded by 2038:, and later as independent rulers, up until the 2026:, in the period of about 1077 to 1231, first as 568:in Western Eurasia. The Sassanid army protected 5082: 5080: 3814: 3707:, and that led in 2006 to the formation of the 3671: 2707:'s order to invade Iran once again. During the 6495:Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics 5654:. Times Newspapers Limited. 23 September 2019. 2891:and in the east the situation remained fluid. 2095:in the 13th century, considered a part of the 609: Under the Patriarchal Caliphate, 632–661 547:, local princes and nobility. He restored the 449:dynasties). Parthia was the arch-enemy of the 6208: 5803: 5727:Moshtagh Khorasani, Manouchehr (March 2009). 5721:Qajar Studies: War and Peace in the Qajar Era 3138:Following a number of clashes in April 1969, 2518:in Persian society, starting with the era of 2290:, as well as large parts of Pakistan, India, 1857:. In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to 1620: 157:Right: Persian soldier. Left: Median soldier. 145:The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent. 44:thousands of years' worth of recorded history 8: 5680:"ورود ارتش ایران به باشگاه سازندگان ماهواره" 5516:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4862:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3257:,) and a vast array of missiles such as the 2686:. Iran had intermittently ruled most of the 2522:, and which would last all the way till the 726:. They were descendants of the second Shi'a 5756:"Persian Firearms Part One: The Matchlocks" 4175:, Online Edition, 2007, "Samanid Dynasty", 3978:Ancient Syria:A Three Thousand Year History 3761:, especially as one of the sponsors of the 3726:in order to influence Lebanon and threaten 3088:, was quick to develop a new military, the 2951:was founded in 1911 with the assistance of 2302:. It was founded by the militant conqueror 491:The Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent. 6379: 6269: 6262: 6215: 6201: 6193: 5810: 5796: 5788: 5773:"Persian Firearms Part Two: The Flintlock" 3920:Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force 3824:Gallery of Islamic Republic service crests 3337:jets designed to refuel planes in midair. 3333:AWACS command and control aircraft and 12 2387:The Safavid Empire at its greatest extent. 2099:. The Ilkhanate was based, originally, on 1627: 1613: 845: 615: Under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 42:has been relatively well-documented, with 5744: 5626:"Iran's gulf of misunderstanding with US" 4415:, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44. 3064:Learn how and when to remove this message 2576:state a brilliant general by the name of 2171:. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with 5246:US Arms Policies Towards the Shah's Iran 5016:"[2.0] Second-Generation Cobras" 3411:La Combattante II type fast attack craft 2590: 2564:Military of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran 2147:. The Ilkhanate initially embraced many 5771:Moshtagh Khorasani, Manouchehr (2009). 5754:Moshtagh Khorasani, Manouchehr (2009). 5696:Moshtagh Khorasani, Manouchehr (2006). 5270:Tessmer, Arnold L. (1 September 1995). 3953: 3827: 3669:on an indiscriminate basis, and called 3490: 3227:air to ground missiles and over 10,000 859: 784:. Their rule was between 861 and 1003. 220:Though equipped and trained to conduct 119: 5509: 5273:Politics of Compromise: NATO and AWACS 5140: 5128: 5117: 4564:Rabi, Uzi; Ter-Oganov, Nugzar (2012). 4532: 4530: 4479:Rabi, Uzi; Ter-Oganov, Nugzar (2009). 4053:The Huns, Rome and the birth of Europe 3777:mark it as a threat to the status quo 3650:, where it led to clashes between the 2151:, but was particularly sympathetic to 1651:of the Samanids and their successors. 201:The royal army used a system of color 194:. Ten dathabas formed the hundred man 4801: 4799: 4797: 4771: 4769: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4474: 4472: 3757:(2003–2011). Its contention with the 3487:Gallery of Pahlavi-era service crests 3473:United Nations Operation in the Congo 2550:Upon the fall of the Safavid dynasty 1943:. The dynasty had its origins in the 1931:, which at its height stretched from 551:military organizations, retained the 7: 5733:Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 5219:"F-16 Air Forces – Cancelled Orders" 5088:"The Imperial Iranian Ground Force." 4958:"The Imperial Iranian Ground Force." 4238:"Encyclopedia Iranica: "Deylamites"" 3661:On 26 August 1988, the UN published 3215:). As of 1976 Iran had acquired 500 3127:and deposed him in favor of his son 3111:Following Germany's invasion of the 3046:adding citations to reliable sources 2824:(1821) where the new army routed an 2313:In the 16th century, Timurid prince 2219:descendant dynasty which ruled over 1991:The Khwarezmid Empire at its zenith. 1869:until its subsequent capture by the 5405:"National Intelligence Daily Cable" 3705:weaponization of nuclear technology 3607:Under Ruhollah Khomeini (1979–1989) 2739:, with the help of Minister of War 2366:New York Metropolitan Museum of Art 5729:"Las Técnicas de la Esgrima Persa" 4334:, (Rutgers University Press, 1991) 4147:An Historical Guide To Afghanistan 2345:Qara Qoyunlu Turkomans (1374–1468) 1719:). The founder of the dynasty was 1643:was defeated in a battle with the 674:Although nominally subject to the 429:which reunited and ruled over the 314:at its greatest extent, c. 60 BCE. 25: 6417:Immigration & Passport Police 6248:General Staff of the Armed Forces 6243:Supreme National Security Council 5351:The Global Arms Trade: A Handbook 5298:"DDG-993 KIDD-class – Navy Ships" 4634:Curzon, George Nathaniel (1892). 4537:Meyer, Karl E. (10 August 1987). 3697:Proliferation Security Initiative 3679:Under Ali Khamenei (1989–present) 3253:), 4 British-built frigates (the 2930:Persian Constitutional Revolution 2731:again. His nephew and successor, 2215:The Jalayirids (آل جلایر) were a 1967:– the present-day inhabitants of 734:) and brought Islam to the south 535:(r. 226–241), the founder of the 499:Reconstruction of a Sassanid-era 6518: 6517: 6224: 6176: 6167: 6166: 5682:. Khabar Fori. 31 December 2021. 4388:"Chorasmia ii. In Islamic times" 3933:History of the Iranian Air Force 3912: 3898: 3884: 3870: 3858: 3844: 3838:Headquarter of Iran Armed Forces 3830: 3592:Islamic Republic of Iran (1979-) 3579: 3565: 3550: 3535: 3520: 3505: 3500:Imperial Iranian Ministry of War 3493: 3448:ballistic missiles with Israel. 3191:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II 3022: 2437:on 24 September 1572, observes: 2356:Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans (1378–1503) 2321:, invaded India and founded the 2227:after the breakup of the Mongol 1939:and which was the target of the 1790:, and the northern parts of the 1760:in the 10th and 11th centuries. 839:, Khorasan, and nearly reaching 640:and the eventual decline of the 636:(633–656) led to the end of the 598:The Islamic conquest of Persia. 564:, one of the two superpowers of 303:Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE) 253:Seleucid Empire (312 BCE–63 BCE) 162: 150: 138: 122: 5588:Bardehle, Peter (Spring 1992). 5431:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4636:Persia and the Persian question 3663:Security Council Resolution 620 3033:needs additional citations for 2992:In 1921, the Russian-officered 2889:Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823) 2836:With his new army, Abbas Mirza 2397:Military of the Safavid dynasty 2205:Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432) 711:The Alavids or Alavians were a 707:Alid dynasties of northern Iran 517:Military of the Sasanian Empire 271:'s dominion, including central 104:Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE) 6358:Irregular Warfare Headquarters 6134:British Indian Ocean Territory 4347:, Vol. 5, (2001), pp. 193–200. 4056:. Cambridge University Press. 3742:for over a decade against the 3348:armed with Standard missiles, 2183:Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393) 2054:, became the first hereditary 1983:Khwarazmian Empire (1077–1231) 1665:The Samanids (819–999) were a 590:Arab-Muslim conquest (633–654) 62:), most notably including the 1: 6427:Criminal Investigation Police 5575:"Iran-Iraq UNIMOG Background" 4935:2.^ navsource.org USS Zellars 4933:history.navy.mil: USS Stormes 4856:Zirinsky, Michael P. (1992). 4621:The armies of Asia and Europe 4104:Mohammad Mohammadi Malayeri, 3781:, under which flourish minor 3598:Islamic Republic of Iran Army 3156:Abu Musa and the Tunb islands 2776:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 2711:, Russian troops crossed the 2572:Following the decline of the 1865:and the capital was moved to 1825:; and in the west it reached 1744:dynasty that originated from 898: 603: Under Muhammad, 622–632 129:A golden chariot made during 31:Islamic Republic of Iran Army 5243:McGlinchey, Stephen (2014). 5201:National Intelligence Survey 4736:10.1080/00210862.2012.759334 4718:Deutschmann, Moritz (2013). 4582:10.1080/00210862.2011.637776 4427:, "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty", ( 3975:Bryce, Trevor (March 2014). 3808:declared to America and the 3558:Imperial Iranian Gendarmerie 3285:artillery vehicles, BTR 300 2934:Russian occupation of Tabriz 2558:Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796) 2194:Chobanid dynasty (1338–1357) 1919:dynasty that ruled parts of 1764:Ghaznavid dynasty (977–1186) 453:for nearly three centuries. 5412:Central Intelligence Agency 3943:Central Treaty Organization 3691:tagged Iran with the label 3469:United Nations peacekeeping 3301:gulf and avoid minefields. 3297:multiple rocket launchers. 3219:from the United States, 52 3131:. Following the end of the 3014:Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979) 2828:army. This resulted in the 2723:, while they also moved to 2715:river and invaded parts of 1889:in 1092, upon the death of 1797:The dynasty was founded by 1693:and Central Asia after the 762:Saffarid dynasty (861–1003) 6560: 5777:Classic Arms and Militaria 5760:Classic Arms and Militaria 5348:Tan, Andrew T. H. (2014). 4298:The Atlas of World History 4012:, 2002, Gorgias Press LLC 3769:, and its military aid to 3595: 3543:Imperial Iranian Air Force 3471:operations. It joined the 3400:Iran expressed interest in 3389:(similar in design to the 3094:Imperial Iranian Air Force 2727:with the aim of occupying 2709:Persian expedition of 1796 2626: 2561: 2390: 2379:Safavid Empire (1501–1736) 2371: 2348: 2325:, which ruled most of the 2261: 2258:Flag of the Timurid Empire 2250:Timurid Empire (1370–1507) 2208: 2197: 2186: 2077: 1994: 1959:, the Seljuqs adopted the 1901: 1895: 1767: 1730: 1708: 1705:Ziyarid dynasty (931–1090) 1673:, named after its founder 1658: 1221:8th/9th century – 1238 / 9 1065:Ancient kingdom of Armenia 907:Proto-Elamite civilization 843:but then suffered defeat. 793:Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar 765: 704: 701:Alavid dynasties (864–928) 667: 625: 622:Islamic conquest of Persia 619: 524: 506: 327: 317: 263:The Seleucid Empire was a 256: 245: 182:. Ten hazarabams formed a 113: 107: 96: 85: 28: 6513: 6474: 6238: 6162: 5324:"Iran Navy Modernization" 4874:10.1017/S0020743800022388 4497:10.1080/00210860902907396 4332:The Empire of the Steppes 4282:Encyclopædia Britannica, 4119:ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn Zarrīnʹkūb 3962:"Parthia (2): the empire" 3611:In 1979, the year of the 2642:Iran in the 20th century. 2599:from the Afsharid period. 1877:Seljuk Empire (1037–1194) 1737:The Buyid dynasty were a 787:The Saffarid capital was 664:Tahirid dynasty (821–873) 483:Sassanid Empire (224–651) 6544:Military history of Iran 5883:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5818:Military history of Asia 4649:Andreeva, Elena (2007). 3407:-class aircraft carriers 2803:Set Khan Astvatsatourian 2770:in 1801, dethroning the 2634:Qajar Empire (1789–1925) 2623:Zand dynasty (1751–1794) 2339:Indian Rebellion of 1857 2329:until its decline after 1902:Not to be confused with 1805:from his father-in-law, 1727:Buyid dynasty (934–1062) 1697:and the collapse of the 1655:Samanid Empire (819–999) 985:Bactria–Margiana Complex 756:Buyid (Buwayhid) dynasty 632:The Islamic conquest of 48:Islamic Republic of Iran 40:military history of Iran 6144:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4425:Encyclopædia Britannica 4345:Iran & the Caucasus 4173:Encyclopædia Britannica 4106:Tarikh-i Farhang-i Iran 3773:over the course of the 2994:Persian Cossack Brigade 2985:The British formed the 2922:Persian Cossack Brigade 2584:power to Iran's north. 2516:peoples of the Caucasus 2310:) in the 14th century. 1699:Sassanid Persian empire 513:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 50:(historically known as 6481: 5746:10.18002/rama.v4i1.223 5426:"The Harrier Aircraft" 5328:www.globalsecurity.org 5064:www.globalsecurity.org 5041:"HMS Sluys, destroyer" 4659:. pp. 20, 63–76. 4296:Black, Jeremy (2005). 4050:Kim, Hyun Jin (2013). 3818: 3676: 3237:Boeing CH-47C Chinooks 2838:invaded Russia in 1826 2666: 2651: 2643: 2600: 2462: 2445: 2401:The Safavid rulers of 2388: 2369: 2278:dynasty of originally 2259: 2161:Franco-Mongol alliance 2075: 2052:Qutb ud-Dīn Muhammad I 1992: 1893: 1774:The Ghaznavids were a 1514:Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans 1095:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 854: 628:Early Muslim conquests 617: 504: 492: 315: 72:Asiatic nomadic tribes 6480: 6412:Anti-Narcotics Police 6363:Jihad of Construction 5403:CIA (23 March 1978). 5045:www.naval-history.net 4836:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4832:"South Persia Rifles" 4619:Upton, Emory (1878). 4392:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4286:, Online Edition 2007 3738:, Iran supported the 3656:UN-brokered ceasefire 3528:Imperial Iranian Navy 3513:Imperial Iranian Army 3319:F-16 Fighting Falcons 3233:Bell AH-1J Sea Cobras 3181:in 1979 included: 79 3129:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 3098:Imperial Iranian Navy 3090:Imperial Iranian Army 2942:internal colonisation 2846:Treaty of Turkmenchay 2657: 2649: 2641: 2594: 2460: 2443: 2386: 2363: 2257: 2073: 2066:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 1990: 1884: 1833:. Under the reign of 999:c. 1500 BCE – 500 BCE 853: 626:Further information: 597: 498: 490: 469:Mithridates the Great 425:, a confederation of 328:Further information: 310: 246:Further information: 6307:Revolutionary Guards 6058:United Arab Emirates 5276:. Diane Publishing. 4985:on 24 September 2015 3906:Revolutionary Guards 3865:Ground Force of Iran 3852:Iranian Armed Forces 3467:Iran contributed to 3323:Grumman F-14 Tomcats 3273:light tanks and 790 3166:fighters armed with 3042:improve this article 2741:Mirza Assadolah Khan 2697:Treaty of Georgievsk 2268:The Timurids were a 2167:in order to conquer 2103:'s campaigns in the 2084:The Ilkhanate was a 2074:Map of the Ilkhanate 2044:Anush Tigin Gharchai 1955:. After arriving in 1843:Battle of Dandanaqan 1669:in Central Asia and 1524:Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans 1314:Zaydis of Tabaristan 6085:limited recognition 5632:. 25 September 2006 5463:www.theguardian.com 4998:"Phantom with Iran" 4361:Camb. Hist. of Iran 4284:"Ghaznavid Dynasty" 4190:The History of Iran 3695:, and in 2003, the 3140:relations with Iraq 3106:Iranian Gendarmerie 2987:South Persia Rifles 2949:Iranian Gendarmerie 2856:The reigns of both 2705:Catherine the Great 2682:, and most notably 2541:Iranian Circassians 2327:Indian subcontinent 2189:Muzaffarids of Iran 1929:Great Seljuq Empire 1909:The Seljuqs were a 1887:Great Seljuq Empire 1792:Indian subcontinent 1681:despite being from 1414:Khwarazmian dynasty 1187:Kabul Shahi kingdom 1089:c. 302 BCE – 580 CE 1015:Neo-Assyrian Empire 894:Kura–Araxes culture 342:proper, as well as 334:Roman-Parthian Wars 269:Alexander the Great 267:successor state of 93:Medes (678–549 BCE) 82:Elam (3500–539 BCE) 6482: 5594:Conflict Quarterly 5489:The New York Times 5020:www.airvectors.net 5002:www.joebaugher.com 4945:. 11 February 2013 4543:The New York Times 4440:The History Files 4125:. Tihrān: Sukhan. 4008:George Rawlinson, 3617:Ayatollah Khomeini 3361:Lockheed P-3 Orion 3199:Lockheed P-3 Orion 3179:Iranian Revolution 2976:tsarist supporters 2972:Russian Revolution 2884:Agha Mohammad Khan 2868:, occupied by the 2862:Nasser al-Din Shah 2822:Battle of Erzeroum 2792:Treaty of Gulistan 2772:Bagrationi dynasty 2675:Agha Mohammad Khan 2667: 2652: 2644: 2601: 2463: 2446: 2389: 2370: 2260: 2175:in 1295, embraced 2076: 1997:Khwarezmian Empire 1993: 1894: 1494:Jalairid Sultanate 1474:Muzaffarid dynasty 1254:Rashidun Caliphate 1227:Kingdom of Georgia 1177:Hephthalite Empire 855: 618: 527:Roman–Persian Wars 505: 493: 316: 6531: 6530: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6422:Diplomatic Police 6392:Prevention Police 6371: 6370: 6297:Air Defense Force 6190: 6189: 6127:other territories 5577:. United Nations. 5203:: 11 – via 5139:Missing or empty 4694:"Cossack Brigade" 4273:. Edinburgh, 1963 4188:Daniel, Elton L. 3878:Air Force of Iran 3806:President Rouhani 3740:Northern Alliance 3685:military industry 3357:-class submarines 3346:-class destroyers 3331:Boeing E-3 Sentry 3321:and a further 71 3086:Reza Shah Pahlavi 3074: 3073: 3066: 2830:Treaty of Erzurum 2797:Mining copper in 2545:Iranian Armenians 2537:Iranian Georgians 2444:Safavid Guns 17AD 2105:Khwarezmid Empire 1859:Ala al-Din Husayn 1677:who converted to 1637: 1636: 1602: 1601: 1274:Abbasid Caliphate 1264:Umayyad Caliphate 1235: 1234: 1135: 1134: 1119:2nd century BCE – 1115:Caucasian Albania 1055:Achaemenid Empire 1005:Kingdom of Mannai 917:Elamite dynasties 780:and southwestern 676:Abbasid Caliphate 657:Muslim historians 562:East Roman Empire 248:Persian Immortals 169:Persian warriors. 131:Achaemenid Empire 110:Achaemenid Empire 16:(Redirected from 6551: 6521: 6520: 6380: 6270: 6263: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6194: 6180: 6170: 6169: 6139:Christmas Island 5825:Sovereign states 5812: 5805: 5798: 5789: 5784: 5767: 5750: 5748: 5711: 5700:. 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Bosworth: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4103: 4099: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3929: 3922: 3917: 3908: 3903: 3894: 3889: 3880: 3875: 3866: 3863: 3854: 3849: 3840: 3835: 3826: 3681: 3629:Pahlavi dynasty 3609: 3604: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3575: 3570: 3561: 3555: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3525: 3516: 3510: 3501: 3498: 3489: 3431:Chieftain tanks 3387:-class frigates 3380:-class frigates 3373:-class frigates 3289:along with 270 3275:Chieftain tanks 3225:AGM-65 Maverick 3078:Pahlavi dynasty 3070: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3039: 3027: 3016: 3005:First World War 2784:Safavid dynasty 2663:Brooklyn Museum 2636: 2631: 2625: 2570: 2562:Main articles: 2560: 2399: 2391:Main articles: 2381: 2376: 2358: 2353: 2347: 2317:, the ruler of 2266: 2252: 2213: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2191: 2185: 2159:, and sought a 2091:established in 2082: 2068: 2015:mamluk origin. 1999: 1985: 1961:Persian culture 1907: 1904:Seleucid Empire 1900: 1879: 1772: 1766: 1735: 1729: 1713: 1707: 1667:Persian dynasty 1663: 1657: 1633: 1604: 1603: 1354:Ziyarid dynasty 1304:Dulafid dynasty 1294:Tahirid dynasty 1247: 1237: 1236: 1197:Dabuyid dynasty 1157:Sasanian Empire 1141: 1131:27 BCE – 330 CE 1120: 1105:Parthian Empire 1075:Seleucid Empire 871: 805:Tahirid dynasty 770: 764: 748:Ziyarid dynasty 709: 703: 672: 670:Tahirid dynasty 666: 638:Sassanid Empire 630: 624: 616: 612: 610: 606: 604: 600: 592: 529: 523: 509:Sasanian Empire 507:Main articles: 485: 435:Seleucid Empire 390:, the coast of 336: 326: 320:Parthian Empire 318:Main articles: 312:Parthian Empire 305: 261: 259:Seleucid Empire 255: 250: 170: 167: 158: 155: 146: 143: 134: 127: 118: 116:Achaemenid navy 112: 106: 101: 95: 90: 84: 76:Iranian peoples 70:as well as the 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6557: 6555: 6547: 6546: 6536: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6446: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6402:Traffic Police 6399: 6394: 6388: 6386: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6353:Imperial Guard 6349: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6276: 6267: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6174: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6087: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5768: 5751: 5735:(in Spanish). 5724: 5718: 5712: 5707:978-3932942228 5706: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5671: 5657: 5643: 5617: 5599: 5580: 5566: 5564:(2000), p. 220 5553: 5532: 5523: 5475: 5445: 5417: 5395: 5367: 5361:978-1136969546 5360: 5340: 5314: 5289: 5283:978-0788121548 5282: 5262: 5256:978-1317697091 5255: 5235: 5210: 5185: 5164: 5150: 5103: 5076: 5060:"Alvand Class" 5032: 4926: 4917: 4903: 4868:(4): 639–663. 4848: 4823: 4811:Iranica Online 4793: 4765: 4730:(3): 401–413. 4710: 4698:Iranica Online 4680: 4666:978-0203962206 4665: 4641: 4626: 4611: 4576:(3): 333–354. 4556: 4526: 4491:(3): 445–463. 4468: 4454: 4445: 4433: 4417: 4404: 4384:C. E. Bosworth 4376: 4349: 4336: 4323: 4314: 4307:978-0756618612 4306: 4288: 4275: 4271:The Ghaznavids 4262: 4250: 4229: 4208: 4195: 4180: 4165: 4153: 4136: 4110: 4097: 4076: 4063:978-1107009066 4062: 4042: 4021: 4001: 3988:978-0199646678 3987: 3981:. OUP Oxford. 3967: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3911: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3895: 3890: 3883: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3857: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3699:was born. The 3689:George W. Bush 3680: 3677: 3637:Saddam Hussein 3608: 3605: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3586:Imperial Guard 3585: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3556: 3549: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3532: 3526: 3519: 3517: 3511: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3446:Project Flower 3423:M109 howitzers 3327:F/A-18 Hornets 3271:FV101 Scorpion 3217:M109 howitzers 3164:Canadair Sabre 3102:Imperial Guard 3072: 3071: 3030: 3028: 3021: 3015: 3012: 2918:Russian Empire 2807:Ottoman Empire 2701:sacked Tbilisi 2693:Russian Empire 2635: 2632: 2627:Main article: 2624: 2621: 2559: 2556: 2520:Shah Tahmasp I 2474:Robert Shirley 2435:Council of Ten 2393:Safavid Empire 2380: 2377: 2372:Main article: 2357: 2354: 2349:Main article: 2346: 2343: 2335:British Empire 2264:Timurid Empire 2262:Main article: 2251: 2248: 2231:of Persia (or 2209:Main article: 2206: 2203: 2198:Main article: 2195: 2192: 2187:Main article: 2184: 2181: 2143:, and western 2078:Main article: 2067: 2064: 1995:Main article: 1984: 1981: 1896:Main article: 1878: 1875: 1768:Main article: 1765: 1762: 1731:Main article: 1728: 1725: 1709:Main article: 1706: 1703: 1661:Samanid Empire 1659:Main article: 1656: 1653: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1617: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1584:Durrani Empire 1580: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1534:Safavid Empire 1530: 1529: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1504:Timurid Empire 1500: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1464:Ottoman Empire 1460: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1398:pre-879 – 1215 1396: 1394:Ghurid dynasty 1390: 1389: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1334:Samanid Empire 1330: 1329: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1121:8th century CE 1117: 1111: 1110: 1109:248 BCE–224 CE 1107: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1001: 1000: 997: 995:Avestan period 991: 990: 987: 981: 980: 978: 972: 971: 969: 963: 962: 960: 954: 953: 951: 941: 940: 938: 932: 931: 929: 927:Jiroft culture 923: 922: 919: 913: 912: 909: 903: 902: 901:3400 – c. 2000 896: 890: 889: 887: 872: 869: 868: 865: 864: 857: 856: 766:Main article: 763: 760: 740:Samanid Empire 705:Main article: 702: 699: 668:Main article: 665: 662: 620:Main article: 611: 605: 599: 591: 588: 566:late antiquity 560:and later the 541:Persian Empire 484: 481: 304: 301: 257:Main article: 254: 251: 172: 171: 168: 161: 159: 156: 149: 147: 144: 137: 135: 133:(550–330 BCE). 128: 121: 108:Main article: 105: 102: 97:Main article: 94: 91: 86:Main article: 83: 80: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6556: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6524: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6315:Ground Forces 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6282:Ground Forces 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6218: 6213: 6211: 6206: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6173: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6108:South Ossetia 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5813: 5808: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5542: 5536: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5519: 5513: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5476: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5396: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5354:. Routledge. 5353: 5352: 5344: 5341: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5315: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5266: 5263: 5258: 5252: 5249:. Routledge. 5248: 5247: 5239: 5236: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5146: 5134: 5121: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5092: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5065: 5061: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5021: 5017: 5003: 4999: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4962: 4959: 4944: 4940: 4930: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4849: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4711: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4645: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4627: 4622: 4615: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4251: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4192:. p. 74. 4191: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4140: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4046: 4043: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3779:Pax Americana 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3652:United States 3649: 3644: 3642: 3641:Iran–Iraq War 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3481:Golan Heights 3478: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3381: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3345: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3243:helicopters. 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3144:Shatt al-Arab 3141: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3068: 3065: 3057: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3031:This section 3029: 3025: 3020: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2858:Mohammad Shah 2854: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2743:and Minister 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733:Fath Ali Shah 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2568:Afsharid navy 2565: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2378: 2375: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2352: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2323:Mughal Empire 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2270:Central Asian 2265: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2204: 2201: 2193: 2190: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097:Mongol Empire 2094: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1989: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:Western Turks 1962: 1958: 1954: 1951:power in the 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:First Crusade 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1911:Turco-Persian 1905: 1899: 1898:Seljuq Empire 1892: 1888: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1849:, as well as 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1695:Arab conquest 1692: 1689:dynasties in 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1662: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641:Amr bin Laith 1630: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1564:Afsharid Iran 1562: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1554:Hotak dynasty 1552: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1544:Mughal Empire 1542: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1404:Seljuk Empire 1402: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1364:Buyid dynasty 1362: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1344:Sajid dynasty 1342: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1147:Kushan Empire 1145: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1035:Median Empire 1033: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 998: 996: 993: 992: 988: 986: 983: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 970: 968: 965: 964: 961: 959: 956: 955: 952: 950: 946: 943: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 920: 918: 915: 914: 910: 908: 905: 904: 897: 895: 892: 891: 888: 886: 885: 881: 880: 877: 876: 867: 866: 863: 858: 852: 848: 847: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 769: 761: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 732:Hasan ibn Ali 729: 725: 721: 717: 714: 708: 700: 698: 696: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 671: 663: 661: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 629: 623: 596: 589: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 572: 567: 563: 559: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 528: 522: 521:Sasanian navy 518: 514: 510: 502: 497: 489: 482: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 335: 331: 330:Parthian shot 325: 321: 313: 309: 302: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 260: 252: 249: 244: 240: 236: 233: 228: 223: 218: 216: 212: 207: 204: 199: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 165: 160: 153: 148: 141: 136: 132: 125: 120: 117: 111: 103: 100: 99:Median Empire 92: 89: 81: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 64:ancient Greek 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 19: 6500:Cyberwarfare 6441: 6432:Border Guard 6407:Cyber Police 6344: 6258:Armed Forces 6230:Military of 6123:Dependencies 6053:Turkmenistan 6018:Saudi Arabia 5907: 5780: 5776: 5763: 5759: 5739:(1): 20–49. 5736: 5732: 5720: 5714: 5697: 5674: 5660: 5646: 5634:. Retrieved 5629: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5593: 5583: 5569: 5561: 5556: 5544:. Retrieved 5535: 5526: 5502:10 September 5500:. Retrieved 5488: 5478: 5468:10 September 5466:. Retrieved 5462: 5438:10 September 5436:. Retrieved 5429: 5420: 5411: 5398: 5386:. Retrieved 5379: 5370: 5350: 5343: 5331:. Retrieved 5327: 5322:Pike, John. 5317: 5305:. Retrieved 5301: 5292: 5272: 5265: 5245: 5238: 5226:. Retrieved 5223:www.f-16.net 5222: 5213: 5200: 5188: 5176:. Retrieved 5167: 5153: 5141:|title= 5106: 5096:10 September 5094:. Retrieved 5091:aryamehr.org 5090: 5067:. Retrieved 5063: 5058:Pike, John. 5048:. Retrieved 5044: 5035: 5025:10 September 5023:. Retrieved 5019: 5005:. Retrieved 5001: 4987:. Retrieved 4983:the original 4979:www.iiaf.net 4978: 4975:"IIAF – F-5" 4964:. Retrieved 4961:aryamehr.org 4960: 4947:. Retrieved 4942: 4929: 4920: 4906: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4839:. Retrieved 4835: 4826: 4814:. Retrieved 4810: 4784:. Retrieved 4780: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4701:. Retrieved 4697: 4651: 4644: 4635: 4629: 4620: 4614: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4542: 4488: 4484: 4462: 4457: 4448: 4436: 4420: 4412: 4407: 4395: 4387: 4379: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4344: 4339: 4331: 4326: 4317: 4297: 4291: 4278: 4270: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4241:. Retrieved 4232: 4220:. Retrieved 4211: 4203: 4198: 4189: 4183: 4172: 4168: 4160:Britannica, 4156: 4146: 4139: 4122: 4113: 4105: 4100: 4084: 4079: 4067:. Retrieved 4052: 4045: 4033:. Retrieved 4024: 4009: 4004: 3992:. Retrieved 3977: 3970: 3956: 3892:Navy of Iran 3819: 3815: 3802:Indian Ocean 3798:Gulf of Oman 3787: 3759:Saudi Arabia 3748: 3717: 3693:Axis of evil 3682: 3672: 3660: 3648:Persian Gulf 3645: 3610: 3466: 3462: 3450: 3443: 3419: 3414: 3404: 3390: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3354: 3343: 3339: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3279: 3255:Alvand class 3249: 3245: 3211: 3204: 3195:Northrop F-5 3183:F-14 Tomcats 3176: 3172: 3160: 3137: 3125:invaded Iran 3117:Persian Gulf 3113:Soviet Union 3110: 3075: 3060: 3051: 3040:Please help 3035:verification 3032: 3009: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2980:Soviet Union 2965: 2960: 2946: 2938: 2927: 2915: 2896: 2893: 2881: 2876: 2855: 2851:Soviet Union 2835: 2819: 2796: 2765: 2753: 2668: 2658: 2650:Abbas Mirza. 2629:Zand dynasty 2602: 2586: 2571: 2549: 2514:, and other 2501: 2497:Greater Iran 2494: 2464: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2432: 2400: 2351:Kara Koyunlu 2312: 2307: 2280:Turko-Mongol 2267: 2244:Kara Koyunlu 2237: 2223:and western 2214: 2157:Christianity 2125:Turkmenistan 2101:Genghis Khan 2083: 2020:Greater Iran 2017: 2000: 1977:Turkmenistan 1921:Central Asia 1908: 1891:Malik Shah I 1823:Indian Ocean 1819:Indus Valley 1811:Shah Mahmoud 1796: 1773: 1736: 1714: 1691:Greater Iran 1664: 1638: 1574:Zand dynasty 1454:Kart dynasty 1136: 1127:Roman Empire 882: 873: 862:Greater Iran 813:Kabul Valley 807:and annexed 796: 786: 771: 710: 692: 673: 654: 644:religion in 631: 576:Hephthalites 569: 558:Roman Empire 530: 455: 451:Roman Empire 420: 392:Saudi Arabia 388:Persian Gulf 368:Turkmenistan 337: 297:Indus valley 289:Turkmenistan 262: 241: 237: 219: 208: 200: 195: 191: 183: 179: 177: 173: 39: 37: 35: 26: 18:Persian army 6455:Gendarmerie 6182:Asia portal 6083:States with 6003:Philippines 5943:South Korea 5938:North Korea 5833:Afghanistan 5783:(2): 22–26. 5766:(1): 42–47. 5546:10 November 5388:9 September 5333:9 September 5307:9 September 5228:9 September 5178:9 September 5069:2 September 5050:2 September 5007:2 September 4989:2 September 4966:2 September 4949:2 September 4243:10 November 4222:10 November 4085:Lost Wisdom 4030:"Sassanids" 3736:Afghanistan 3621:Great Satan 3413:(named the 3221:MIM-23 Hawk 3189:tanks, 225 3121:Axis powers 2957:World War I 2928:During the 2911:Lord Curzon 2815:Abbas Mirza 2811:Abbas Mirza 2788:Abbas Mirza 2749:Abbas Mirza 2533:Circassians 2504:Circassians 2482:Circassians 2405:, like the 2292:Mesopotamia 2288:Afghanistan 2121:Afghanistan 2050:. His son, 2036:Kara-Khitan 2018:They ruled 2011:dynasty of 1953:Middle East 1925:Middle East 1851:Balochistan 1847:Afghanistan 1788:Transoxania 1778:dynasty of 1683:Zoroastrian 1679:Sunni Islam 1675:Saman Khuda 1284:Shirvanshah 1211:880s – 1045 870:Pre-Islamic 860:History of 829:Baluchistan 821:Tocharistan 782:Afghanistan 736:Caspian Sea 642:Zoroastrian 439:Mesopotamia 372:Afghanistan 281:Mesopotamia 265:Hellenistic 211:shield wall 66:kingdom of 6330:Quds Force 6063:Uzbekistan 6038:Tajikistan 5953:Kyrgyzstan 5933:Kazakhstan 5853:Bangladesh 5843:Azerbaijan 5129:|url= 4655:. London: 4373:8175412461 4093:0934211906 4083:Milani A. 4018:1931956480 3949:References 3810:G7 Nations 3730:. 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UNHCR. 5562:Khomeini, 5512:cite news 5497:0362-4331 4898:159878744 4882:0020-7438 4760:143785614 4744:0021-0862 4675:166422396 4657:Routledge 4606:159730844 4590:0021-0862 4551:0362-4331 4521:143812599 4505:0021-0862 3720:Hezbollah 3615:in which 3573:Shahrbani 3391:Kortenaer 3378:Kortenaer 3248:HMS 3210:USS 3203:USS 3076:When the 2901:, 40,000 2780:artillery 2529:Qizilbash 2512:Armenians 2508:Georgians 2490:Armenians 2486:Georgians 2331:Aurangzeb 2308:Tamerlane 2286:, modern 2240:Tamerlane 2233:Ilkhanate 2211:Jalayerid 2200:Chupanids 2169:Palestine 2165:Crusaders 2163:with the 2149:religions 2080:Ilkhanate 1873:in 1186. 1807:Alp Tigin 1733:Buwayhids 1598:1794–1925 1588:1794–1826 1578:1750–1794 1568:1736–1750 1558:1722–1729 1548:1526–1857 1538:1501–1722 1528:1378–1508 1518:1407–1468 1508:1370–1507 1498:1339–1432 1488:1337–1357 1478:1314–1393 1468:1299–1923 1458:1231–1389 1448:1256–1353 1444:Ilkhanate 1438:1148–1282 1428:1077–1307 1418:1077–1231 1408:1037–1194 1231:1008–1490 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