4749:. Based on this principle, each individual speech sound is represented by a single letter and there is a one-to-one correspondence between sounds and the letters that represent them. This principle, besides increasing the clarity of the text and preventing confusion for the reader, is specifically useful for representing the native sounds of the Persian language, for which there are no equivalents in most other languages written in a Latin-based alphabet. For instance, compound letters used in the other variations, such as
334:
4807:
4793:
387:(in the strict sense) attempts to be a complete representation of the original writing, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words. Transliterations of Persian are used to represent individual Persian words or short quotations, in scholarly texts in English or other languages that do not use the Arabic alphabet.
4055:(though this is rarely done). The details of the spelling also depend on the contact language of the speaker; for example, the vowel is often spelt "oo" after English, but Persian speakers from Germany and some other European countries are more likely to use "u".
4015:. It has developed and spread due to a former lack of software supporting the Persian alphabet, and/or due to a lack of knowledge about the software that was available. Although Persian writing is supported in recent
3438:, which he initiated in a general letter on March 12, 1923. The Baháʼí transliteration scheme was based on a standard adopted by the Tenth International Congress of Orientalists which took place in
4051:
simplification of the scientific systems listed above (such as ALA-LC or BGN/PCGN), but ignoring any special letters or diacritical signs. ع may be written using the numeral "3", as in the
435:, without requiring a close or reversible correspondence with the Perso-Arabic script, and also without requiring a close correspondence to English phonetic values of Roman letters.
5037:
364:-heavy inventory of letters), many distinct words in standard Persian can have identical spellings, with widely varying pronunciations that differ in their (unwritten)
206:
5179:
5140:
5097:
5068:
4258:
from that of
Persian in Iran. As a result of these two factors romanization schemes of the Tajik Cyrillic script follow rather different principles. However,
5493:
416:) and/or unsystematic choices of spellings meant to guide English speakers using English spelling rules towards an approximation of the Persian sounds.
412:
Non-academic
English-language quotation of Persian words usually uses a simplification of one of the strict transliteration schemes (typically omitting
448:
5488:
4840:
5394:
4972:
4019:, there are still many cases where the Persian alphabet is unavailable and there is a need for an alternative way to write Persian with the
326:; road signs in Iran commonly include both Persian and English (in order to make them accessible to foreigners); and websites use romanized
4879:
199:
398:. The representation of the vowels of the Perso-Arabic alphabet is also complex, and transliterations are based on the written form.
5314:
5213:
5163:
5124:
2639:
has been lost, though the spelling has not been changed. It may be still heard in Dari as a relict pronunciation. The combination
4064:
2815:, Pahlavi and Avestan scripts. For each period there are established transcriptions and transliterations by prominent linguists.
340:
5683:
245:
227:
4914:
192:
4254:
in a standardized Latin script from 1926 until the late 1930s, when the script was officially changed to
Cyrillic. However,
4264:
302:. Several different romanization schemes exist, each with its own set of rules driven by its own set of ideological goals.
5678:
5330:
4550:
424:
3429:
5622:
5612:
5607:
5567:
5525:
5505:
5387:
5023:
3481:
A detailed introduction to the Baháʼí Persian romanization can usually be found at the back of a Baháʼí scripture.
5041:. Tenth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. New York, 31 July – 9 August 2012.
5602:
5597:
5540:
5510:
5432:
5688:
5577:
5552:
5500:
5463:
4020:
5535:
5530:
5483:
5478:
5468:
3442:
in
September 1894. Shoghi Effendi changed some details of the Congress's system, most notably in the use of
483:
175:
5637:
5587:
5562:
5520:
5458:
4835:
4830:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
2784:
2780:
2763:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2528:
2481:
2434:
2375:
2316:
2257:
2198:
2151:
2104:
2045:
1986:
1927:
1876:
1817:
1720:
1692:
1664:
1636:
1613:
1573:
1532:
1503:
1480:
1457:
1434:
1411:
1388:
1356:
1333:
1292:
1212:
1171:
1130:
1089:
1048:
1025:
981:
958:
935:
894:
871:
830:
789:
748:
710:
669:
646:
623:
600:
571:
395:
241:
237:
223:
5363:
5052:
5652:
5582:
5557:
5473:
5422:
5380:
4012:
3443:
2812:
472:
402:
394:
that are pronounced identically in
Persian. Therefore, transliterations of Persian are often based on
5642:
4746:
4554:
4052:
5657:
5592:
5572:
5417:
462:
406:
368:
sounds. Thus a romanization paradigm can follow either transliteration (which mirrors spelling and
5306:
5173:
5134:
5091:
5062:
5027:. Submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran. UNGEGN, 20th session. New York, 17–28 January 2000.
5205:
5198:
5437:
5310:
5209:
5159:
5120:
4910:
4904:
4825:
4255:
3314:
There exist some differences in transcription of Old
Persian preferred by different scholars:
2739:
428:
163:
5112:
5515:
5298:
4820:
4812:
4742:
4259:
4016:
3996:
3492:
2836:
413:
391:
353:
312:
283:
278:
33:
5024:
Toponymic
Guidelines for map and other editors – Revised edition 1998. Working Paper No. 41
4955:
390:
A transliteration will still have separate representations for different consonants of the
5627:
5367:
4004:
2830:
384:
287:
5453:
5299:
333:
5632:
5545:
5193:
4735:
4247:
4241:
3992:
3435:
295:
180:
17:
5672:
5427:
5242:
3455:
291:
149:
2811:
In the pre-Islamic period Old and Middle
Persian employed various scripts including
5403:
432:
327:
299:
4741:
Besides being one of the simplest variations proposed for the
Latinization of the
4560:
The letters of this variation of the Latin alphabet are the basic Latin letters:
3396:
gomgaşte báz áyad be Kanân qam maħor kolbeye ahzán şavad ruzi golestán qam maħor
5350:
4989:
4934:
4798:
4032:
4000:
369:
4806:
5647:
5276:
5228:
Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity.
4788:
4250:
or Tajik
Persian is a variety of the Persian language. It was written in the
4251:
452:
373:
361:
5243:"Утвержденный президиумом научного совета ВЦК НА новый персидский алфавит"
3402:یوسف گم گشته باز آید به کنعان غم مخور کلبهی احزان شود روزی گلستان غم مخور
4072:
233:
4973:"Romanization system for Persian (Dari and Farsi). BGN/PCGN 1958 System"
5351:
Comparison of DMG, UN, ALA-LC, BGN/PCGN, EI, ISO 233-3 transliterations
5361:
Iranian Committee on the Standardization of Geographical Names (ICSGN)
4549:
A variation (that is sometimes called "Pârstin") proposed by linguist
499:(1967), the Iranian national system (1966), that was approved by the
5006:
4861:"A preliminary linguistic analysis of Romanized Persian SMS messages"
3439:
500:
401:
Transliterations commonly used in the English-speaking world include
3872:
4860:
4063:
In the USSR from 1931 to 1938, the Persian alphabet based on Latin
447:(1969), a strict scientific system by the German Oriental Society (
4008:
365:
357:
332:
308:
168:
5355:
4496:
4493:
4300:
4297:
3977:
3962:
3947:
3932:
3917:
3902:
3887:
3857:
3842:
3827:
3812:
3808:
3793:
3778:
3763:
3748:
3733:
3718:
3703:
3688:
3673:
3658:
3643:
3628:
3613:
3598:
3583:
3568:
3553:
3538:
3523:
3508:
3504:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
50:
47:
44:
5376:
5372:
2592:
Hamza and ayn are not transliterated at the beginning of words.
319:
Romanization is familiar to many Persian speakers. Many use an
5360:
3411:
The hut of madness will become a garden one day, don't be sad
119:
451:). It corresponds to Deutsches Institut für Normung standard
5204:. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p.
4710:, plus the additional letters to support the native sounds:
27:
Representation of the Persian language with the Latin script
4880:"Why do Iranian police uniforms say "police" in English?"
4557:
for the transliteration of the Perso-Arabic scripture.
4077:
3377:A sample romanization (a poem by Hafez):
5038:
New Persian Romanization System. E/CONF.101/118/Rev.1*
4906:
Languages of the world: cataloging issues and problems
4553:
in 1976 has seen some use by other linguists, such as
3408:
The lost Joseph will get back to Canaan, don't be sad
3991:
It is common to write Persian language with only the
268:
5335:
An introduction to the writing of the Persian script
2635:
in Classical Persian. In modern varieties the glide
372:) or transcription (which mirrors pronunciation and
232:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
5446:
5410:
5197:
4734:(the latter three from Slavic alphabets, like the
427:of Persian attempt to straightforwardly represent
43:
4545:Variation proposed by Mir Shamsuddin Adib-Soltani
246:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3462:(Arabic: ال) according to pronunciation (e.g.
5388:
5264:. Eşqaвad: Nәşrijjate dovʟәtije Torkmәnestan.
4075:, as well as textbooks and other literature.
2775:
2755:
2721:
2702:
2620:
2608:The dot below may be used instead of cedilla.
2512:
2465:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2182:
2135:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1914:
1907:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1713:
1685:
1657:
1629:
1606:
1566:
1525:
1496:
1473:
1450:
1427:
1404:
1381:
1349:
1326:
1285:
1246:
1205:
1164:
1123:
1082:
1041:
1018:
974:
951:
928:
887:
864:
823:
782:
741:
703:
662:
639:
616:
593:
564:
481:(1960), the system used in early editions of
200:
40:
8:
2588:
2586:
2584:
339:with both Latin and Perso-Arabic scripts at
5154:Hoffmann, Karl; Forssman, Bernhard (1996).
4067:. It was used for teaching in schools, the
5395:
5381:
5373:
5178:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5139:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5096:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5086:. New Heaven, Connecticut. pp. 12–13.
5067:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4023:. This way of writing is sometimes called
3401:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2617:At the beginning of words the combination
207:
193:
29:
4745:alphabet, this variation is based on the
324:romanization for text messaging and email
5232:, 39(1): 10. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
5001:
4999:
4909:. New York: Haworth Press. p. 137.
4071:(Red Banner) newspaper was published in
3488:
3379:
3301:
3299:
3297:
2817:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
1738:
517:
5337:. Tehran, Iran: Amirkabir Publications.
4851:
4841:List of English words of Persian origin
4267:The Tajik alphabet in Latin (1928-1940)
4059:Persian alphabet based on Latin in USSR
3293:
2687:Not transliterated at the end of words.
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2564:
147:
32:
5171:
5132:
5089:
5060:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
509:(2012), its contemporary modification.
493:(2012), its contemporary modification.
4928:
4926:
3434:Baháʼís use a system standardized by
2795:
2793:
2695:
2693:
449:Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft
277:
7:
5411:By publisher (for several languages)
5356:Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts
5284:Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts
4942:Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts
279:[lɒːtiːn.neviːˌsijefɒːɾˈsiː]
236:. For the distinction between ,
2776:
2756:
2722:
2703:
2621:
2513:
2466:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2183:
2136:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
1980:
1973:
1915:
1908:
1870:
1863:
1811:
1804:
1714:
1686:
1658:
1630:
1607:
1567:
1526:
1497:
1474:
1451:
1428:
1405:
1382:
1350:
1327:
1286:
1247:
1206:
1165:
1124:
1083:
1042:
1019:
975:
952:
929:
888:
865:
824:
783:
742:
704:
663:
640:
617:
594:
565:
261:
5156:Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre
3458:when writing the definite article
337:A sign shows the name of a station
307:Finglish" Being a combination of
25:
5301:A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar
4865:Journal of Novel Applied Sciences
4878:Beam, Christopher (2009-06-17).
4805:
4791:
4765:are respectively represented by
4256:Tajik phonology differs slightly
341:Varzeshgah-e Azadi Metro Station
5262:Rahe nov. Əʟefвa вәraje kudәkan
5247:Культура и письменность Востока
5051:Bartholomae, Christian (1904).
3305:Slash signifies equal variants.
282:) is the representation of the
228:International Phonetic Alphabet
323:
1:
5447:By language or writing system
5158:. Innsbruck. pp. 41–44.
1373:somewhat resembling French R
1318:somewhat resembling French R
5331:Adib-Soltani, Mir Shamsuddin
5117:A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary
5057:. Strassburg. p. XXIII.
4047:). In most cases this is an
3485:ASCII Internet romanizations
3454:), and in incorporating the
305:Also in Iran being named = "
4903:Joachim, Martin D. (1993).
4551:Mir Shamsuddin Adib-Soltani
4262:still uses this alphabet .
3424:Baháʼí Persian romanization
856:Spanish J (as in jalapeño)
269:
5705:
4961:. The Library of Congress.
4239:
3427:
3419:Other romanization schemes
2766:. Often transliterated as
396:transliterations of Arabic
5111:MacKenzie, D. N. (1971).
3976:
3961:
3946:
3931:
3916:
3901:
3886:
3871:
3856:
3841:
3826:
3807:
3792:
3777:
3762:
3747:
3732:
3717:
3702:
3687:
3672:
3657:
3642:
3627:
3612:
3597:
3582:
3567:
3552:
3537:
3522:
3503:
3279:
3271:
3260:
3252:
3238:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3184:
3159:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3097:
3089:
3078:
3067:
3056:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3018:
3010:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2907:
2899:
2888:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
1966:
1959:
1856:
1849:
1797:
1790:
1730:
1727:
1702:
1699:
1674:
1671:
1646:
1643:
1617:
1513:
1507:
1484:
1461:
1438:
1415:
1392:
1369:
1360:
1337:
1029:
962:
939:
875:
729:
650:
627:
604:
581:
578:
439:Main romanization schemes
41:
5082:Kent, Roland G. (1950).
5054:Altiranisches Wörterbuch
3356:= tr, θʳ, ϑʳ, ṙ, s͜s, s̀
2578:Used as a vowel as well.
5297:Perry, John R. (2005).
4992:. Encyclopædia Iranica.
4859:Akbari, Mohsen (2013).
3446:in certain cases (e.g.
360:writing system (with a
258:Latinization of Persian
224:phonetic transcriptions
18:Persian transliteration
5684:Romanization of Arabic
4836:Romanization of Syriac
4831:Romanization of Arabic
348:Romanization paradigms
344:
221:This article contains
5200:Baháʼí Administration
2813:Old Persian cuneiform
2787:in Classical Persian.
2743:) are rarely written.
2718:When used instead of
473:BGN/PCGN romanization
403:BGN/PCGN romanization
336:
5275:Pedersen, Thomas T.
4933:Pedersen, Thomas T.
4747:Alphabetic principle
4555:David Neil MacKenzie
4236:Tajik Latin alphabet
4053:Arabic chat alphabet
4021:basic Latin alphabet
3386:Perso-Arabic script
2728:at the end of words.
2709:at the end of words.
484:Encyclopædia Iranica
270:Lâtin-Nēvisiyē Fârsi
5679:Persian orthography
5260:R. Axundov (1932).
5249:. 1931. p. 80.
4269:
3995:(as opposed to the
2737:Diacritical signs (
2699:In the combination
1741:
1007:S as in television
520:
463:ALA-LC romanization
407:ALA-LC Romanization
354:Perso-Arabic script
150:Perso-Arabic script
5366:2010-12-02 at the
5305:. Brill. pp.
5230:English World-wide
4265:
3430:Baháʼí orthography
2807:Pre-Islamic period
1739:
518:
345:
262:لاتیننِویسی فارسی
5666:
5665:
4990:"Transliteration"
4935:"Persian (Farsi)"
4826:Persian phonology
4757:, in addition to
4542:
4541:
4233:
4232:
4017:operating systems
3989:
3988:
3416:
3415:
3284:
3283:
2762:from the earlier
2555:
2554:
1737:
1736:
1009:or G as in genre
774:Ch as in Charlie
429:Persian phonology
414:diacritical marks
267:
217:
216:
16:(Redirected from
5696:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5374:
5339:
5338:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5304:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5281:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5239:
5233:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5203:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5177:
5169:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5138:
5130:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5066:
5058:
5048:
5042:
5034:
5028:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4856:
4821:Persian alphabet
4815:
4813:Languages portal
4810:
4809:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4270:
4260:Google Translate
4078:
3999:) especially in
3997:Persian alphabet
3982:
3980:
3967:
3965:
3952:
3950:
3937:
3935:
3922:
3920:
3907:
3905:
3892:
3890:
3877:
3875:
3862:
3860:
3847:
3845:
3832:
3830:
3817:
3815:
3798:
3796:
3783:
3781:
3768:
3766:
3753:
3751:
3738:
3736:
3723:
3721:
3708:
3706:
3693:
3691:
3678:
3676:
3663:
3661:
3648:
3646:
3633:
3631:
3618:
3616:
3603:
3601:
3588:
3586:
3573:
3571:
3558:
3556:
3543:
3541:
3528:
3526:
3513:
3511:
3489:
3403:
3380:
3371:
3350:= ϑ, þ, th, ṯ, ṭ
3312:
3306:
3303:
2818:
2800:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2744:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2688:
2685:
2674:
2671:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2593:
2590:
2579:
2576:
2530:
2516:
2515:
2483:
2469:
2468:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2200:
2186:
2185:
2153:
2139:
2138:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1929:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1742:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1465:M as in Michael
1459:
1454:
1453:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1250:
1249:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1027:
1022:
1021:
983:
978:
977:
960:
955:
954:
937:
932:
931:
896:
891:
890:
873:
868:
867:
832:
827:
826:
815:H as in holiday
791:
786:
785:
750:
745:
744:
712:
707:
706:
671:
666:
665:
648:
643:
642:
625:
620:
619:
602:
597:
596:
573:
568:
567:
521:
514:Comparison table
392:Persian alphabet
284:Persian language
281:
276:
272:
266:romanized:
265:
263:
243:
239:
209:
202:
195:
143:
142:
141:
140:
34:Persian alphabet
30:
21:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5689:Persian scripts
5669:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5442:
5406:
5401:
5368:Wayback Machine
5347:
5342:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5279:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5227:
5223:
5216:
5194:Effendi, Shoghi
5192:
5191:
5187:
5170:
5166:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5131:
5127:
5113:"Transcription"
5110:
5109:
5105:
5088:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5059:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5031:
5021:
5017:
5009:
5005:
5004:
4997:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4937:
4932:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4888:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4547:
4244:
4238:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4061:
4005:social networks
3975:
3960:
3945:
3930:
3915:
3900:
3885:
3870:
3855:
3840:
3825:
3806:
3791:
3776:
3761:
3746:
3731:
3716:
3701:
3686:
3671:
3656:
3641:
3626:
3611:
3596:
3581:
3566:
3551:
3536:
3521:
3502:
3487:
3432:
3426:
3421:
3375:
3374:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3295:
2828:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2774:. For example,
2753:
2751:
2747:
2736:
2732:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2700:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2677:
2672:
2651:
2643:was changed to
2627:was pronounced
2618:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2596:
2591:
2582:
2577:
2566:
2280:U as in actual
1769:BGN/PCGN (1958)
1517:V as in vision
1074:Sh as in sheep
943:R as in rabbit
541:BGN/PCGN (1958)
528:
516:
441:
422:
385:Transliteration
382:
380:Transliteration
350:
338:
288:Iranian Persian
274:
251:
250:
249:
213:
159:Transliteration
148:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5702:
5700:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5671:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5358:
5353:
5346:
5345:External links
5343:
5341:
5340:
5322:
5315:
5289:
5267:
5252:
5234:
5221:
5214:
5185:
5164:
5146:
5125:
5103:
5074:
5043:
5029:
5015:
4995:
4981:
4964:
4947:
4922:
4915:
4895:
4884:Slate Magazine
4870:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4802:
4786:
4783:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4248:Tajik language
4242:Tajik alphabet
4240:Main article:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4060:
4057:
3993:Latin alphabet
3987:
3986:
3983:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3486:
3483:
3436:Shoghi Effendi
3428:Main article:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3307:
3292:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2827:Middle Persian
2825:
2822:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2789:
2745:
2730:
2711:
2689:
2675:
2649:
2610:
2594:
2580:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2457:Ay as in play
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2339:Y as in happy
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1781:Pronunciation
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1277:- as in uh-oh
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
979:
972:
968:
967:
964:
961:
956:
949:
945:
944:
941:
938:
933:
926:
922:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
892:
885:
881:
880:
877:
874:
869:
862:
858:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
828:
821:
817:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
787:
780:
776:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
746:
739:
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
708:
701:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
667:
660:
656:
655:
652:
649:
644:
637:
633:
632:
629:
626:
621:
614:
610:
609:
606:
603:
598:
591:
587:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
569:
562:
558:
557:
556:Pronunciation
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
525:
515:
512:
511:
510:
504:
494:
488:
476:
466:
456:
440:
437:
425:Transcriptions
421:
418:
381:
378:
349:
346:
244:⟩, see
220:
219:
218:
215:
214:
212:
211:
204:
197:
189:
186:
185:
184:
183:
178:
173:
172:
171:
161:
153:
152:
145:
144:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5701:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5393:
5391:
5386:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5318:
5316:9789004143234
5312:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5293:
5290:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5268:
5263:
5256:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5222:
5217:
5215:0-87743-166-3
5211:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5167:
5165:3-85124-652-7
5161:
5157:
5150:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5128:
5126:9781136613951
5122:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5085:
5078:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5056:
5055:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4899:
4896:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4852:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4803:
4800:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4235:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3470:, instead of
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:solar letters
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:Persian Rūmi
3382:
3381:
3378:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3332:= kh, ḵ, ḥ, ḫ
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2799:After vowels.
2796:
2794:
2790:
2773:
2769:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2715:
2712:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2551:Ye as in yes
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2504:Ye as in yes
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2464:
2462:U+064E U+06CC
2461:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2403:U+064E U+06CC
2402:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2344:U+064E U+0648
2343:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2285:U+0650 U+06CC
2284:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2226:U+064F U+0648
2225:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2181:
2179:U+06CC U+0670
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2134:
2132:U+064E U+06CC
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2014:U+064E U+0627
2013:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1904:U+0648 U+064F
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1766:ALA-LC (1997)
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:Y as in Yale
1620:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:N as in name
1487:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:L as in lamp
1441:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:C as in card
1395:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:F as in Fred
1340:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:Z as in zero
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:t as in tank
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:Z as in zero
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
980:
973:
970:
969:
966:Z as in zero
965:
957:
950:
947:
946:
942:
934:
927:
924:
923:
920:Z as in zero
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
893:
886:
883:
882:
879:D as in Dave
878:
870:
863:
860:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
829:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
788:
781:
778:
777:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
747:
740:
737:
736:
732:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
709:
702:
699:
698:
695:S as in sand
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
668:
661:
658:
657:
654:T as in tall
653:
645:
638:
635:
634:
630:
622:
615:
612:
611:
607:
599:
592:
589:
588:
584:
575:
570:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
538:ALA-LC (1997)
537:
534:
531:
526:
523:
522:
513:
508:
505:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
485:
480:
477:
474:
470:
467:
464:
460:
457:
454:
450:
446:
443:
442:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
420:Transcription
419:
417:
415:
410:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
388:
386:
379:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
347:
342:
335:
331:
329:
325:
322:
317:
316:
314:
310:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
271:
259:
255:
247:
235:
231:
229:
225:
210:
205:
203:
198:
196:
191:
190:
188:
187:
182:
179:
177:
174:
170:
167:
166:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:
151:
146:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
49:
46:
39:
38:
35:
31:
19:
5617:
5494:in Singapore
5404:Romanization
5334:
5325:
5300:
5292:
5283:
5270:
5261:
5255:
5246:
5237:
5229:
5224:
5199:
5188:
5155:
5149:
5116:
5106:
5083:
5077:
5053:
5046:
5036:
5032:
5022:
5018:
4984:
4967:
4950:
4941:
4905:
4898:
4887:. Retrieved
4883:
4873:
4864:
4854:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4548:
4266:
4245:
4069:Bejraqe Sorx
4068:
4062:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4028:
4024:
3990:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3433:
3410:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3376:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3310:
3286:
3285:
2810:
2771:
2767:
2748:
2738:
2733:
2714:
2647:(see below).
2613:
2557:
2556:
2221:O as in hot
2174:O as in hot
2127:O as in hot
2068:O as in hot
2009:E as in ten
1840:A as in cat
1558:H as in hot
1115:S as in Sam
1033:S as in Sam
1008:
733:J as in jam
631:P as in pet
608:B as in Bob
506:
496:
490:
482:
478:
471:(1958), the
468:
461:(1997), the
458:
444:
433:Latin script
423:
411:
400:
389:
383:
352:Because the
351:
328:domain names
320:
318:
306:
304:
300:Latin script
257:
254:Romanization
253:
252:
240:and ⟨
222:
158:
5084:Old Persian
4799:Iran portal
4033:portmanteau
4001:online chat
3955:o, u, v, w
3450:instead of
2843:Consonants
2824:Old Persian
2398:O as in go
1950:O as in go
1899:O as in go
1419:G as in go
519:Consonants
370:orthography
298:) with the
5673:Categories
5658:Vietnamese
5526:Macedonian
5506:Belarusian
5119:. London.
4916:1560245204
4889:2022-03-09
4847:References
4217:ز ,ذ ظ ,ض
3497:Fingilish
2960:š, š́, ṣ̌
2783:"sun" was
1778:UN (2012)
1763:DMG (1969)
553:UN (2012)
535:DMG (1969)
275:pronounced
260:(Persian:
181:Numeration
164:Diacritics
5603:Maldivian
5598:Malayalam
5573:Inuktitut
5541:Ukrainian
5511:Bulgarian
5489:in Taiwan
5174:cite book
5135:cite book
5092:cite book
5063:cite book
5012:. UNGEGN.
5007:"Persian"
4956:"Persian"
4252:Tajik SSR
4029:Pingilish
4025:Fingilish
3476:al-Saddiq
3468:as-Saddiq
1775:UN (1967)
1772:EI (2012)
550:UN (1967)
547:EI (2012)
544:EI (1960)
453:DIN 31635
374:phonology
362:consonant
5623:Sanskrit
5578:Japanese
5553:Georgian
5501:Cyrillic
5464:Armenian
5423:BGN/PCGN
5364:Archived
5333:(1976).
5196:(1974).
4785:See also
4187:ث ,س ,ص
4073:Ashgabat
4065:was used
3820:a, e, ā
3472:al-Rahim
3464:ar-Rahim
3444:digraphs
3389:English
3082:n, ń, ṇ
2760:⟩
2754:⟨
2726:⟩
2720:⟨
2707:⟩
2701:⟨
2673:In Dari.
2625:⟩
2619:⟨
2501:–e, –ye
1757:Isolated
503:in 1967.
469:BGN/PCGN
238:/ /
234:Help:IPA
176:Numerals
5633:Tibetan
5618:Persian
5608:Marathi
5536:Serbian
5531:Russian
5484:Chinese
5479:Burmese
5469:Bengali
5454:Amharic
5277:"Tajik"
4743:Persian
4045:English
4041:Persian
3981:
3966:
3951:
3936:
3921:
3906:
3891:
3876:
3861:
3846:
3831:
3816:
3797:
3782:
3767:
3752:
3737:
3722:
3707:
3692:
3677:
3662:
3647:
3632:
3617:
3602:
3587:
3572:
3557:
3542:
3527:
3512:
3493:Persian
3394:Yusefê
3368:= j, w.
3128:Vowels
2837:Avestan
2831:Pahlavi
2740:harakat
2498:–e, –ye
2495:–e, –ye
2492:–e, –ye
2489:–i, –yi
2486:–e, –ye
1754:Initial
1745:Unicode
1740:Vowels
527:Persian
524:Unicode
431:in the
313:English
226:in the
5653:Uyghur
5638:Telugu
5628:Syriac
5613:Nepali
5588:Korean
5563:Hebrew
5521:Kyrgyz
5516:Kazakh
5474:Berber
5459:Arabic
5418:ALA-LC
5313:
5212:
5162:
5123:
4913:
4738:one).
4227:ع , ٴ
4049:ad hoc
4009:emails
3865:gh, q
3835:gh, q
3741:sh, š
3711:zh, ž
3636:kh, x
3606:ch, č
3440:Geneva
3326:= i, u
3152:ą, ą̇
3133:Short
3060:ŋ, ŋʷ
3049:m, m̨
3011:xʷ/xᵛ
3003:x, x́
2933:θʳ/ϑʳ
2892:t, t̰
2785:/xʷar/
2752:After
2509:U+06C0
2482:–e,–je
2448:ey, ay
2389:ow, aw
2073:U+0622
1955:U+0650
1845:U+064F
1786:U+064E
1751:Medial
1710:U+0626
1682:U+0624
1654:U+0623
1626:U+0621
1603:U+06CC
1563:U+0629
1522:U+0647
1493:U+0648
1470:U+0646
1447:U+0645
1424:U+0644
1401:U+06AF
1378:U+06A9
1346:U+0642
1323:U+0641
1282:U+063A
1243:U+0639
1202:U+0638
1161:U+0637
1120:U+0636
1079:U+0635
1038:U+0634
1015:U+0633
971:U+0698
948:U+0632
925:U+0631
884:U+0630
861:U+062F
820:U+062E
779:U+062D
738:U+0686
700:U+062C
659:U+062B
636:U+062A
613:U+067E
590:U+0628
585:_____
561:U+0627
529:letter
501:UNGEGN
459:ALA-LC
356:is an
321:ad hoc
242:
5583:Khmer
5568:Hindi
5558:Greek
5546:Uzbek
5309:–35.
5280:(PDF)
5010:(PDF)
4976:(PDF)
4959:(PDF)
4938:(PDF)
4736:Czech
4197:ت ,ط
4175:ق ,غ
4128:ﻫ ,ح
4037:Farsi
3985:i, y
3516:a, ā
3287:Notes
3231:å/ā̊
3225:ɑː~ɒː
3212:Long
3123:y, ẏ
3103:w~ʋ~v
3022:g, ġ
2872:β~ʋ~w
2781:/xor/
2764:/xʷa/
2641:/xʷa/
2558:Notes
2435:ej~aj
2376:ow~aw
2317:iː,eː
2258:uː,oː
2199:ɑː~ɒː
2152:ɑː~ɒː
2112:ā, ʼā
2109:ā, ʾā
2105:ɑː~ɒː
2046:ɑː~ɒː
1748:Final
366:vowel
358:abjad
309:Farsi
296:Tajik
230:(IPA)
169:Hamza
5648:Urdu
5643:Thai
5438:Yale
5428:GOST
5311:ISBN
5210:ISBN
5180:link
5160:ISBN
5141:link
5121:ISBN
5098:link
5069:link
4911:ISBN
4777:and
4761:and
4753:and
4411:T t
4372:/ˈi/
4332:/dʒ/
4327:/tʃ/
4311:Ī ī
4246:The
4135:اِى
4043:and
4011:and
3366:y, v
3362:= p̱
3324:ī, ū
3030:ɣ/γ
2984:j/ǰ
2981:ɟ~dʒ
2976:c/č
2973:c~tʃ
2930:ç/ϑʳ
2900:θ/ϑ
2881:β/w
2645:/xo/
2633:/xʷ/
2629:/xw/
2548:–ye
2422:اَیـ
2415:ـَیـ
2330:i, ē
2304:اِیـ
2297:ـِیـ
2271:u, ō
1511:v, w
1223:z̧/ẓ
579:ʼ, —
576:ʾ, —
405:and
311:and
294:and
292:Dari
5593:Lao
5433:ISO
4537:/ʔ/
4532:/ʒ/
4527:/z/
4522:/χ/
4517:/v/
4512:/ɵ/
4507:/u/
4490:Z z
4487:X x
4484:V v
4481:Ū ū
4478:U u
4472:/t/
4467:/ʃ/
4462:/s/
4457:/ɾ/
4452:/q/
4447:/p/
4442:/o/
4437:/n/
4432:/m/
4427:/l/
4422:/k/
4417:/j/
4408:Ş ş
4405:S s
4402:R r
4399:Q q
4396:P p
4393:O o
4390:N n
4387:M m
4384:L l
4381:K k
4378:J j
4367:/i/
4362:/h/
4357:/ʁ/
4352:/ɡ/
4347:/f/
4342:/e/
4337:/d/
4322:/b/
4317:/a/
4308:I i
4305:H h
4294:G g
4291:F f
4288:E e
4285:D d
4282:Ç ç
4279:C c
4276:B ʙ
4273:A a
4220:Ƶ ƶ
4215:Z z
4210:X x
4205:V v
4202:او
4200:U u
4195:T t
4190:Ş ş
4185:S s
4178:R r
4173:Q q
4168:P p
4165:اُ
4163:O o
4158:N n
4153:M m
4148:L ʟ
4143:K k
4138:J j
4133:I i
4126:H h
4121:G g
4116:F f
4113:اَ
4111:Ә ә
4108:اِ
4106:E e
4101:D d
4096:Ç ç
4091:C c
4086:B в
4081:A a
4039:or
4035:of
4031:(a
4027:or
4013:SMS
3478:).
3460:al-
3448:s͟h
3344:= ǧ
3342:j/ǰ
3338:= ǩ
3336:c/č
3320:= â
3242:ə̄
3196:(o)
3174:(e)
3071:ŋ́
2919:(δ)
2821:IPA
2777:خور
2772:xva
2770:or
2768:xwa
2637:/ʷ/
2631:or
2545:–ye
2542:–ye
2539:–ye
2536:–ʼi
2533:–ye
2529:–je
2514:ـهٔ
2467:ـیِ
2454:ey
2429:اَی
2408:ـَی
2395:ow
2370:اَو
2363:اَو
2356:ـَو
2349:ـَو
2311:اِی
2290:ـِی
2252:اُو
2245:اُو
2238:ـُو
2231:ـُو
2184:ـیٰ
2137:ـَی
2026:ـَا
2019:ـَا
1916:ـوَ
1909:ـوَ
1760:IPA
1721:ʔ,∅
1693:ʔ,∅
1665:ʔ,∅
1637:ʔ,∅
1574:∅,t
1504:v~w
1357:ɢ~ɣ
1306:g͟h
1293:ɢ~ɣ
1182:ţ/ṭ
1100:ş/ṣ
1062:s͟h
995:z͟h
908:d͟h
844:k͟h
800:ḩ/ḥ
724:d͟j
683:t͟h
572:ʔ,∅
532:IPA
445:DMG
376:).
256:or
5675::
5307:34
5282:.
5245:.
5208:.
5206:43
5176:}}
5172:{{
5137:}}
5133:{{
5115:.
5094:}}
5090:{{
5065:}}
5061:{{
4998:^
4940:.
4925:^
4882:.
4863:.
4781:.
4773:,
4769:,
4763:zh
4759:sh
4755:gh
4751:kh
4731:Žž
4728:,
4725:Šš
4722:,
4719:Čč
4716:,
4713:Ââ
4707:Zz
4704:,
4701:Yy
4698:,
4695:Xx
4692:,
4689:Vv
4686:,
4683:Uu
4680:,
4677:Tt
4674:,
4671:Ss
4668:,
4665:Rr
4662:,
4659:Qq
4656:,
4653:Pp
4650:,
4647:Oo
4644:,
4641:Nn
4638:,
4635:Mm
4632:,
4629:Ll
4626:,
4623:Kk
4620:,
4617:Jj
4614:,
4611:Ii
4608:,
4605:Hh
4602:,
4599:Gg
4596:,
4593:Ff
4590:,
4587:Ee
4584:,
4581:Dd
4578:,
4575:Cc
4572:,
4569:Bb
4566:,
4563:Aa
4501:ʼ
4222:ژ
4212:خ
4207:و
4192:ش
4180:ر
4170:پ
4160:ن
4155:م
4150:ل
4145:ک
4140:ى
4123:گ
4118:ف
4103:د
4098:ج
4093:چ
4088:ب
4083:آ
4007:,
4003:,
3970:h
3940:n
3925:m
3910:l
3895:g
3880:k
3850:f
3801:z
3786:t
3771:z
3756:s
3726:s
3696:z
3681:r
3666:z
3651:d
3621:h
3591:j
3576:s
3561:t
3546:p
3531:b
3474:,
3466:,
3296:^
3289::
3280:ū
3277:uː
3272:ō
3266:oː
3261:ī
3258:iː
3253:ē
3247:əː
3220:ā
3217:aː
3207:u
3199:o
3185:i
3177:e
3163:ə
3141:a
3112:v
3098:l
3090:r
3065:ŋʲ
3038:h
3008:xʷ
2992:k
2968:ž
2949:z
2941:s
2927:θr
2922:δ
2908:d
2867:b
2859:f
2851:p
2792:^
2704:یة
2692:^
2678:^
2652:^
2622:خو
2597:^
2583:^
2567:^
2560::
2451:ey
2445:ey
2442:ay
2439:ai
2392:ow
2386:ow
2383:aw
2380:au
2336:i
2277:u
2218:ā
2171:ā
2124:ā
2085:ـآ
2078:ـآ
2065:ā
2006:e
1981:اِ
1974:اِ
1967:ـِ
1960:ـِ
1947:o
1896:o
1871:اُ
1864:اُ
1857:ـُ
1850:ـُ
1837:a
1812:اَ
1805:اَ
1798:ـَ
1791:ـَ
1731:ʾ
1703:ʾ
1675:ʾ
1647:ʾ
1618:y
1596:—
1555:h
1514:v
1485:n
1462:m
1439:l
1416:g
1393:k
1370:q
1338:f
1315:q
1312:gh
1303:gh
1300:gh
1274:ʿ
1235:z
1232:z̧
1194:t
1153:z
1138:z̤
1112:s
1071:š
1068:sh
1059:sh
1056:sh
1030:s
1004:ž
1001:zh
992:zh
989:zh
963:z
940:r
917:z
914:z̄
905:z̄
876:d
853:x
850:kh
841:kh
838:kh
812:h
771:č
768:ch
759:ch
756:ch
749:tʃ
730:j
711:dʒ
692:s
689:s̄
680:s̄
677:s̱
674:s̱
651:t
628:p
605:b
582:ʾ
507:UN
497:UN
491:EI
479:EI
409:.
330:.
290:,
273:,
264:,
5396:e
5389:t
5382:v
5319:.
5286:.
5218:.
5182:)
5168:.
5143:)
5129:.
5100:)
5071:)
4978:.
4944:.
4919:.
4892:.
4867:.
4779:ž
4775:š
4771:q
4767:x
4497:ƶ
4494:Ƶ
4301:ƣ
4298:Ƣ
4225:'
3978:ی
3963:ه
3948:و
3933:ن
3918:م
3903:ل
3888:گ
3873:ک
3858:ق
3843:ف
3828:غ
3813:ء
3811:،
3809:ع
3794:ظ
3779:ط
3764:ض
3749:ص
3734:ش
3719:س
3704:ژ
3689:ز
3674:ر
3659:ذ
3644:د
3629:خ
3614:ح
3599:چ
3584:ج
3569:ث
3554:ت
3539:پ
3524:ب
3509:ا
3507:،
3505:آ
3452:š
3360:f
3354:ç
3348:θ
3330:x
3318:ā
3269:—
3250:—
3239:—
3236:ə
3228:—
3204:u
3193:—
3190:o
3182:i
3171:—
3168:e
3160:—
3157:ə
3149:—
3146:ã
3138:a
3120:y
3117:j
3109:w
3106:v
3095:l
3087:r
3079:n
3076:n
3068:—
3057:—
3054:ŋ
3046:m
3043:m
3035:h
3027:ɣ
3019:g
3016:g
3000:x
2997:x
2989:k
2965:ʒ
2957:š
2954:ʃ
2946:z
2938:s
2916:—
2913:ð
2905:d
2897:θ
2889:t
2886:t
2878:β
2875:—
2864:b
2856:f
2848:p
2833:)
2829:(
2757:خ
2723:ت
2525:—
2522:—
2519:—
2478:—
2475:—
2472:—
2333:ī
2327:ī
2324:ī
2321:ī
2274:ū
2268:ū
2265:ū
2262:ū
2215:ā
2212:ā
2209:á
2206:á
2203:ā
2195:—
2192:—
2189:—
2168:á
2165:ā
2162:á
2159:á
2156:ā
2148:—
2145:—
2142:—
2121:ā
2118:ā
2115:ā
2099:آ
2092:آ
2062:ā
2059:ā
2056:ā
2053:ā
2050:ā
2040:آ
2033:آ
2003:e
2000:e
1997:e
1994:i
1991:e
1987:e
1944:o
1941:u
1938:o
1935:o
1932:o
1928:o
1924:—
1921:—
1893:o
1890:u
1887:o
1884:o
1881:o
1877:o
1834:a
1831:a
1828:a
1825:a
1822:a
1818:æ
1728:ʼ
1725:ʾ
1715:ئ
1700:ʼ
1697:ʾ
1687:ؤ
1672:ʼ
1669:ʾ
1659:أ
1644:ʼ
1641:ʾ
1631:ء
1614:j
1608:ی
1593:—
1590:h
1587:t
1584:—
1581:h
1578:—
1568:ة
1552:h
1549:h
1546:h
1543:h
1540:h
1537:h
1533:h
1527:ه
1508:v
1498:و
1481:n
1475:ن
1458:m
1452:م
1435:l
1429:ل
1412:ɡ
1406:گ
1389:k
1383:ک
1367:ḳ
1364:ḳ
1361:q
1351:ق
1334:f
1328:ف
1309:ḡ
1297:ġ
1287:غ
1271:ʿ
1268:ʻ
1265:ʻ
1262:ʼ
1259:ʻ
1256:ʿ
1253:ə
1248:ع
1229:ẓ
1226:ẓ
1220:ẓ
1217:ẓ
1213:z
1207:ظ
1191:ţ
1188:ṭ
1185:ṭ
1179:ṭ
1176:ṭ
1172:t
1166:ط
1150:ẕ
1147:ż
1144:ḍ
1141:ẕ
1135:ż
1131:z
1125:ض
1109:ş
1106:ṣ
1103:ṣ
1097:ṣ
1094:ṣ
1090:s
1084:ص
1065:š
1053:š
1049:ʃ
1043:ش
1026:s
1020:س
998:ž
986:ž
982:ʒ
976:ژ
959:z
953:ز
936:r
930:ر
911:ḏ
902:ẕ
899:ẕ
895:z
889:ذ
872:d
866:د
847:ḵ
835:ḫ
831:x
825:خ
809:ḩ
806:ḥ
803:ḥ
797:ḥ
794:ḥ
790:h
784:ح
765:č
762:č
753:č
743:چ
727:j
721:j
718:j
715:ǧ
705:ج
686:ṯ
670:s
664:ث
647:t
641:ت
624:p
618:پ
601:b
595:ب
566:ا
487:.
475:.
465:.
455:.
343:.
315:.
286:(
248:.
208:e
201:t
194:v
138:ی
135:ه
132:و
129:ن
126:م
123:ل
120:گ
117:ک
114:ق
111:ف
108:غ
105:ع
102:ظ
99:ط
96:ض
93:ص
90:ش
87:س
84:ژ
81:ز
78:ر
75:ذ
72:د
69:خ
66:ح
63:چ
60:ج
57:ث
54:ت
51:پ
48:ب
45:ا
20:)
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