Persistent organic pollutant

1336:(UNEP) on May 22, 2001. The UNEP decided that POP regulation needed to be addressed globally for the future. The purpose statement of the agreement is "to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants." As of 2024, there are 185 countries plus the European Union have ratified the Stockholm Convention. The convention and its participants have recognized the potential human and environmental toxicity of POPs. They recognize that POPs have the potential for long-range transport and bioaccumulation and biomagnification. The convention seeks to study and then judge whether or not a number of chemicals that have been developed with advances in technology and science can be categorized as POPs. The initial meeting in 2001 made a preliminary list, termed the "dirty dozen", of chemicals that are classified as POPs. As of 2024, the 1593:, describing the impact of DDT spraying on the US environment and human health. DDT's persistence in the soil for up to 10–15 years after application has resulted in widespread and persistent DDT residues throughout the world including the arctic, even though it has been banned or severely restricted in most of the world. DDT is toxic to many organisms including birds where it is detrimental to reproduction due to eggshell thinning. DDT can be detected in foods from all over the world and food-borne DDT remains the greatest source of human exposure. Short-term acute effects of DDT on humans are limited, however long-term exposure has been associated with chronic health effects including increased risk of cancer and diabetes, reduced reproductive success, and neurological disease. 1319: 1975: 1543:, an insecticide used on cotton, cereal, grain, fruits, nuts, and vegetables, as well as for tick and mite control in livestock. Widespread toxaphene use in the US and chemical persistence, with a half-life of up to 12 years in soil, results in residual toxaphene in the environment. Toxaphene is highly toxic to fish, inducing dramatic weight loss and reduced egg viability. Human exposure primarily results from food. While human toxicity to direct toxaphene exposure is low, the compound is classified as a possible human carcinogen. 1851:

or not chronic, low level exposure to POPs can have a health impact on the endocrine system and development of organisms from different species. The study found that exposure of POPs during a critical developmental time frame can produce a permanent changes in the organisms path of development. Exposure of POPs during non-critical developmental time frames may not lead to detectable diseases and health complications later in their life. In wildlife, the critical development time frames are

1195:. The stability and lipophilicity of organic compounds often correlates with their halogen content, thus polyhalogenated organic compounds are of particular concern. They exert their negative effects on the environment through two processes: long range transport, which allows them to travel far from their source, and bioaccumulation, which reconcentrates these chemical compounds to potentially dangerous levels. Compounds that make up POPs are also classed as 5966: 999: 1757:. Global use and manufacturing of endosulfan has been banned under the Stockholm convention in 2011, although many countries had previously banned or introduced phase-outs of the chemical when the ban was announced. Toxic to humans and aquatic and terrestrial organisms, linked to congenital physical disorders, mental retardation, and death. Endosulfans' negative health effects are primarily liked to its endocrine disrupting capacity acting as an 1452:, a pesticide used to control termites, textile pests, insect-borne diseases and insects living in agricultural soils. In soil and insects, aldrin can be oxidized, resulting in rapid conversion to dieldrin. Dieldrin's half-life is approximately five years. Dieldrin is highly toxic to fish and other aquatic animals, particularly frogs, whose embryos can develop spinal deformities after exposure to low levels. Dieldrin has been linked to 5928: 1822:. People and animals are exposed to POPs mostly through their diet, occupationally, or while growing in the womb. For humans not exposed to POPs through accidental or occupational means, over 90% of exposure comes from animal product foods due to bioaccumulation in fat tissues and bioaccumulate through the food chain. In general, POP serum levels increase with age and tend to be higher in females than males. 4468: 1354: 5976: 1011: 60: 5957: 5949: 5941: 1610:, and are classified as a possible human carcinogen. In laboratory studies of dioxin effects an increase in birth defects and stillbirths, and lethal exposure have been associated with the substances. Food, particularly from animals, is the principal source of human exposure to dioxins. Dioxins were present in 1406:

In May 1995, the UNEP Governing Council investigated POPs. Initially the Convention recognized only twelve POPs for their adverse effects on human health and the environment, placing a global ban on these particularly harmful and toxic compounds and requiring its parties to take measures to eliminate

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periods of fetus, newborn and child can have a lasting effect throughout their lifespan. A 2002 study summarizes data on endocrine disruption and health complications from exposure to POPs during critical developmental stages in an organism's lifespan. The study aimed to answer the question whether

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have implicated indoor environments as a major sources for human exposure via inhalation and ingestion. Furthermore, significant indoor POP pollution must be a major route of human POP exposure, considering the modern trend in spending larger proportions of life indoors. Several studies have shown

1567:, an estimated half-life of 10 years. PCBs are toxic to fish at high doses, and associated with spawning failure at low doses. Human exposure occurs through food, and is associated with reproductive failure and immune suppression. Immediate effects of PCB exposure include pigmentation of nails and 2109:

is negligible compared to photocatalytic degradation. A method of removal of POPs from marine environments that has been explored is adsorption. It occurs when an absorbable solute comes into contact with a solid with a porous surface structure. This technique was investigated by Mohamed Nageeb

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Vallack, Harry W.; Bakker, Dick J.; Brandt, Ingvar; Broström-Lundén, Eva; Brouwer, Abraham; Bull, Keith R.; Gough, Clair; Guardans, Ramon; Holoubek, Ivan; Jansson, Bo; Koch, Rainer; Kuylenstierna, Johan; Lecloux, André; Mackay, Donald; McCutcheon, Patrick; Mocarelli, Paolo; Taalman, Rob D.F.

1659:, a synthetic chlorinated organic compound, is primarily used as an agricultural pesticide, related to DDT and Mirex. Chlordecone is toxic to aquatic organisms, and classified as a possible human carcinogen. Many countries have banned chlordecone sale and use, or intend to destroy stockpiles. 1296:

of living organisms including human tissues for long periods of time. Persistent chemicals tend to have higher concentrations and are eliminated more slowly. Dietary accumulation or bioaccumulation is another hallmark characteristic of POPs, as POPs move up the food chain, they increase in

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nature of POPs, makes such compounds highly susceptible to bioaccumulation. Thus POPs not only persist in the environment, but also as they are taken in by animals they bioaccumulate, increasing their concentration and toxicity in the environment. This increase in concentration is called

1472:, an insecticide sprayed on the leaves of crops, and used to control rodents. Animals can metabolize endrin, so fatty tissue accumulation is not an issue, however the chemical has a long half-life in soil for up to 12 years. Endrin is highly toxic to aquatic animals and humans as a 1731:(PeCB), is a pesticide and unintentional byproduct. PeCB has also been used in PCB products, dyestuff carriers, as a fungicide, a flame retardant, and a chemical intermediate. This compound is moderately toxic to humans, whilst being highly toxic to aquatic organisms. 3471: 1280:

rates. Due to this capacity for long-range transport, POP environmental contamination is extensive, even in areas where POPs have never been used, and will remain in these environments years after restrictions implemented due to their resistance to degradation.

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Wang, Yuting; Gui, Jiang; Howe, Caitlin G.; Emond, Jennifer A.; Criswell, Rachel L.; Gallagher, Lisa G.; Huset, Carin A.; Peterson, Lisa A.; Botelho, Julianne Cook; Calafat, Antonia M.; Christensen, Brock; Karagas, Margaret R.; Romano, Megan E. (July 2024).

1237:, resisting breakdown reactions in the air, to travel long distances before being re-deposited. This results in accumulation of POPs in areas far from where they were used or emitted, specifically environments where POPs have never been introduced such as 1310:

biomagnification, which is where organisms higher up in the food chain have a greater accumulation of POPs. Bioaccumulation and long-range transport are the reason why POPs can accumulate in organisms like whales, even in remote areas like Antarctica.

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primarily used to kill soil insects and termites, along with cotton insects, grasshoppers, other crop pests, and malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Heptachlor, even at very low doses has been associated with the decline of several wild bird populations –

1436:, an insecticide used to control termites and on a range of agricultural crops, is known to be lethal in various species of birds, including mallard ducks, bobwhite quail, and pink shrimp; it is a chemical that remains in the soil with a reported 1997:. With synergistic effects, the toxicity of each compound is enhanced (or depressed) by the presence of other compounds in the mixture. When put together, the effects can far exceed the approximated additive effects of the POP compound mixture. 1634:

production. Structurally similar to dioxins, the two compounds share toxic effects. Furans persist in the environment and classified as possible human carcinogens. Human exposure to furans primarily results from food, particularly animal

1497:. In laboratory tests have shown high-dose heptachlor as lethal, with adverse behavioral changes and reduced reproductive success at low-doses, and is classified as a possible human carcinogen. Human exposure primarily results from food. 2240:

El-Shahawi, M.S.; Hamza, A.; Bashammakh, A.S.; Al-Saggaf, W.T. (15 March 2010). "An overview on the accumulation, distribution, transformations, toxicity and analytical methods for the monitoring of persistent organic pollutants".

1737:(tetraBDE) and pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE) are industrial chemicals and the main components of commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE). This pair of molecules have been detected in humans in all regions of the world. 2069:

In 2024, a worldwide study of 45,000 groundwater samples found that 31% of samples contained levels of PFAS that were harmful to human health; these samples were taken from areas not near any obvious source of contamination.

3479: 1583:(DDT) is probably the most infamous POP. It was widely used as insecticide during WWII to protect against malaria and typhus. After the war, DDT was used as an agricultural insecticide. In 1962, the American biologist 4321: 1518:

called porphyria turcica, which can be lethal. Mothers who pass HCB to their infants through the placenta and breast milk had limited reproductive success including infant death. Human exposure is primarily from

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Vijgen, John; de Borst, Bram; Weber, Roland; Stobiecki, Tomasz; Forter, Martin (2019). "HCH and lindane contaminated sites: European and global need for a permanent solution for a long-time neglected issue".

1253:). A determining factor for the long-range transport is the fraction of a POP that is adsorbed on aerosols. In adsorbed form it is – as opposed to the gas phase – protected from photo-oxidation, i.e. direct 5902: 958: 5897: 1601:

are unintentional by-products of high-temperature processes, such as incomplete combustion and pesticide production. Dioxins are typically emitted from the burning of hospital waste, municipal waste, and

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Studies have investigated the correlation between low level exposure of POPs and various diseases. In order to assess disease risk due to POPs in a particular location, government agencies may produce a

1725:, linked to liver and kidney damage as well as adverse reproductive and developmental effects in various laboratory animals. Production of lindane unintentionally produces two other POPs α-HCH and β-HCH. 1340:

has signed the Stockholm Convention but has not ratified it. There are a handful of other countries that have not ratified the convention but most countries in the world have ratified the convention.

1575:, as the chemical can persist in a mother's body for up to 7 years, resulting in developmental delays and behavioral problems in her children. Food contamination has led to large scale PCB exposure. 1753:

are a group of chlorinated insecticides used to control pests on crops such coffee, cotton, rice and sorghum and soybeans, tsetse flies, ectoparasites of cattle. They are used as a

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in plastics, rubber, and electrical goods. Mirex is one of the most stable and persistent pesticides, with a half-life of up to 10 years. Mirex is toxic to several plant, fish and

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Dewan, Jain V; Gupta P; Banerjee BD. (February 2013). "Organochlorine pesticide residues in maternal blood, cord blood, placenta, and breastmilk and their relation to birth size".

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Remili, Anaïs; Gallego, Pierre; Pinzone, Marianna; Castro, Cristina; Jauniaux, Thierry; Garigliany, Mutien-Marie; Malarvannan, Govindan; Covaci, Adrian; Das, Krishna (2020-12-01).

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Kelly, Barry C.; Ikonomou, Michael G.; Blair, Joel D.; Morin, Anne E.; Gobas, Frank A. P. C. (13 July 2007). "Food Web–Specific Biomagnification of Persistent Organic Pollutants".

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Evaluation of the effects of POPs on health is very challenging in the laboratory setting. For example, for organisms exposed to a mixture of POPs, the effects are assumed to be

1327: 1085: 3822: 1107:, and industrial chemicals. Although some POPs arise naturally (e.g. from volcanoes), most are man-made. The "dirty dozen" POPs identified by the Stockholm Convention include 4045: 1084:

The effect of POPs on human and environmental health was discussed, with intention to eliminate or severely restrict their production, by the international community at the

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had been, but only if mothers had either excessive or inadequate weight gain during pregnancy. No correlation between POP exposure and gestational age was found. A 2013

3318:"Persistent organic pollutants exposure during pregnancy, maternal gestational weight gain, and birth outcomes in the mother-child cohort in Crete, Greece (RHEA study)" 3635: 2149: 2119: 1196: 2058:

It had been thought that PFAAs would eventually end up in the oceans, where they would be diluted over decades, but a field study published in 2021 by researchers at

1614:, which was used by the United States in chemical warfare against Vietnam and caused devastating multi-generational effects in both Vietnamese and American civilians. 1606:, along with automobile emissions, peat, coal, and wood. Dioxins have been associated with several adverse effects in humans, including immune and enzyme disorders, 5915: 2751:

Evaluación de la distribución de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COPs) en aire en la zona de la cuenca del Plata mediante muestreadores pasivos artificiales

963: 2435:"River otters (Lontra canadensis) "trapped" in a coastal environment contaminated with persistent organic pollutants: Demographic and physiological consequences" 1371: 6009: 2952:"Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) breeding off Mozambique and Ecuador show geographic variation of persistent organic pollutants and isotopic niches" 2433:

Huang, Andrew C.; Nelson, Cait; Elliott, John E.; Guertin, Daniel A.; Ritland, Carol; Drouillard, Ken; Cheng, Kimberly M.; Schwantje, Helen M. (2018-07-01).

5610: 1799: 1041: 729: 2124: 3949:"Exploring Solar Energy Solutions for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Degradation: Advancements and Future Directions in Photocatalytic Processes" 2110:

Rashed of Aswan University, Egypt. Current efforts are more focused on banning the use and production of POPs worldwide rather than removal of POPs.

1695:(octaBDE). Commercial octaBDE is highly persistent in the environment, whose only degradation pathway is through debromination and the production of 5999: 5849: 4038: 1464:

capacity. Dieldrin residues have been found in air, water, soil, fish, birds, and mammals. Human exposure to dieldrin primarily derives from food.

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Beyer A.; Mackay D.; Matthies M.; Wania F.; Webster E. (2000). "Assessing Long-Range Transport Potential of Persistent Organic Pollutants".

1428:, and others, is also known to kill birds, fish, and humans. Humans are primarily exposed to aldrin through dairy products and animal meats. 5180: 4992: 4364: 4331: 4300: 2926: 2278:"Studies of Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of PCBs in Mustelids Based on Concentration and Congener Patterns in Predators and Preys" 2205: 1333: 222: 5952: 2882:

Lohmann, Rainer; Breivik, Knut; Dachs, Jordi; Muir, Derek (November 2007). "Global fate of POPs: Current and future research directions".

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Damstra T (2002). "Potential Effects of Certain Persistent Organic Pollutants and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Health of Children".

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Damstra T (2002). "Potential Effects of Certain Persistent Organic Pollutants and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Health of Children".

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Koester, Carolyn J.; Hites, Ronald A. (March 1992). "Photodegradation of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans adsorbed to fly ash".

5145: 5038: 4708: 3495:"Analysis of PFOA in dosed CD-1 mice. Part 2. Disposition of PFOA in tissues and fluids from pregnant and lactating mice and their pups" 2276:

Leonards, P. E. G.; Broekhuizen, S.; de Voogt, P.; Van Straalen, N. M.; Brinkman, U. A.Th.; Cofino, W. P.; van Hattum, B. (1998-11-01).

2032: 1967: 349: 269: 1705:(γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), a pesticide used as a broad spectrum insecticide for seed, soil, leaf, tree and wood treatment, and against 5910: 5887: 5066: 4726: 4487: 4031: 3989:. Intech. London (2013). Chapter 7 - Adsorption techniques for the removal of persistent organic pollutants from water and wastewater. 943: 857: 299: 3657:"Sea Spray Aerosol (SSA) as a Source of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) to the Atmosphere: Field Evidence from Long-Term Air Monitoring" 5699: 5585: 5079: 5074: 3252: 1393: 799: 704: 3043: 1077:

processes. They are toxic and adversely affect human health and the environment around the world. Because they can be transported

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The majority of POPs are known to disrupt normal functioning of the endocrine system. Low level exposure to POPs during critical

1645: 5960: 3915: 5625: 5362: 4752: 4652: 3857:"Association of diet with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in plasma and human milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study" 2659:

Raff, Jonathan D.; Hites, Ronald A. (October 2007). "Deposition versus Photochemical Removal of PBDEs from Lake Superior Air".

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species, with suggested carcinogenic capacity in humans. Humans are exposed primarily through animal meat, fish, and wild game.

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and water, most POPs generated in one country can and do affect people and wildlife far from where they are used and released.

1034: 744: 507: 89: 3108: 4316: 4295: 4192: 1923:, and head circumference. The lower the birth weight and head circumference of the infants was, the higher POP levels during 1880: 1375: 3316:

Vafeiadi, M; Vrijheid M; Fthenou E; Chalkiadaki G; Rantakokko P; Kiviranta H; Kyrtopoulos SA; Chatzi L; Kogevinas M (2014).

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can result in higher levels of PFAs found in foods such as white rice, coffee, and animals reared on contaminated ground.

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safety standards, leading to the conclusion that "the global spread of these four PFAAs in the atmosphere has led to the

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concentration as they are processed and metabolized in certain tissues of organisms. The natural capacity for animals

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of one year. Chlordane has been postulated to affect the human immune system and is classified as a possible human

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POPs have low solubility in water but are easily captured by solid particles, and are soluble in organic fluids (

759: 724: 684: 337: 304: 154: 5642: 5165: 5106: 5017: 4602: 4597: 4522: 4507: 4357: 4207: 4197: 4059: 3779: 2331:

Elliott, Kyle Hamish; Cesh, Lillian S.; Dooley, Jessica A.; Letcher, Robert J.; Elliott, John E. (2009-06-01).

1912: 1734: 1688: 1631: 1140: 754: 374: 309: 246: 3573:"Outside the Safe Operating Space of a New Planetary Boundary for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)" 5854: 5620: 5150: 4701: 4502: 1960: 1692: 1684: 1673:. α-HCH and β-HCH are highly persistent in the water of colder regions. α-HCH and β-HCH have been linked to 784: 739: 359: 2062:

found that they are often transferred from water to air when waves reach land, are a significant source of

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of POPs is typically associated with the compounds high lipid solubility and ability to accumulate in the

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Szabo DT, Loccisano AE (March 30, 2012). "POPs and Human Health Risk Assessment". In Schecter A (ed.).

1652:, and other compounds. Additions to the initial 2001 Stockholm Convention list are the following POPs: 2332: 5590: 5245: 4941: 4637: 4582: 4112: 4107: 4080: 4017: 3868: 3733: 3720:"Constraining global transport of perfluoroalkyl acids on sea spray aerosol using field measurements" 3674: 3590: 3506: 3374: 3329: 3144: 2963: 2951: 2891: 2797: 2668: 2625: 2590: 2539: 2446: 2344: 2289: 2059: 1924: 1860: 1807: 1798:

POP exposure may cause developmental defects, chronic illnesses, and death. Some are carcinogens per

1696: 434: 167: 2388:"Food web bioaccumulation model for polychlorinated biphenyls in San Francisco Bay, California, USA" 1563:, and as additives in paint, carbonless copy paper, and plastics. Persistence varies with degree of 6019: 5657: 5595: 5562: 5501: 5433: 5298: 5293: 5271: 4845: 4675: 4567: 4350: 4242: 3823:"'I don't know how we'll survive': the farmers facing ruin in America's 'forever chemicals' crisis" 3072: 2333:"PCBs and DDE, but not PBDEs, increase with trophic level and marine input in nestling bald eagles" 2018: 1911:

A Greek study from 2014 investigated the link between maternal weight gain during pregnancy, their

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effects. The study stated that POP exposure can lead to negative health effects especially in the

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on food crops. HCB-treated seed grain consumption is associated with photosensitive skin lesions,

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Current studies aimed at minimizing POPs in the environment are investigating their behavior in

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Fenton SE, Reiner JL, Nakayama SF, Delinsky AD, Stanko JP, Hines EP, et al. (June 2009).

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patterns that characterize certain POPs have challenged this notion. Recent studies of indoor

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conducted 2009 in Indian mothers and their offspring showed prenatal exposure of two types of

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Sha, Bo; Johansson, Jana H.; Salter, Matthew E.; Blichner, Sara M.; Cousins, Ian T. (2024).

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POPs typically are halogenated organic compounds (see lists below) and as such exhibit high

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that indoor (air and dust) POP levels to exceed outdoor (air and soil) POP concentrations.

1859:, and during reproductive periods. In humans, the critical development timeframe is during 5667: 5577: 5543: 5428: 5382: 5308: 5235: 5155: 5058: 5000: 4855: 4542: 4142: 4128: 3237:

Dioxins and Health: Including Other Persistent Organic Pollutants and Endocrine Disruptors

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Wania F., Mackay D. (1996). "Tracking the Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants".

1990: 1831: 1780: 1603: 1528: 1289: 1230: 1172: 697: 657: 527: 492: 424: 364: 292: 229: 129: 2833:"Persistent Organic Pollutants in Serum and Several Different Fat Compartments in Humans" 3872: 3801: 3754: 3737: 3719: 3678: 3655:

Sha B, Johansson JH, Tunved P, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Cousins IT, Salter ME (January 2022).

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CHAPTER XXVII – ENVIRONMENT – 15. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

2859: 2832: 2155: 2106: 2090: 2048: 2044: 1293: 1176: 1104: 1070: 1015: 819: 719: 674: 667: 662: 419: 114: 3636:"PFAS 'forever chemicals' constantly cycle through ground, air and water, study finds" 3386: 2809: 2209: 5993: 5734: 5635: 5421: 5350: 5122: 4870: 4734: 4608: 4165: 3009: 2984: 2137: 2063: 2033:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances § Prevalence in rain, soil, water bodies, and air

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Soil is also contaminated and the chemicals have been found in remote areas such as

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Traditionally it was thought that human exposure to POPs occurred primarily through

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and swelling of the eyelids, along with fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Effects are

1564: 1490: 1246: 1245:. POPs can be present as vapors in the atmosphere or bound to the surface of solid 1199:(persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic) or TOMPs (toxic organic micro pollutants). 867: 829: 814: 645: 610: 555: 274: 134: 3856: 3178:

Cheek, A O; Vonier, P M; Oberdörster, E; Burow, B C; McLachlan, J A (1998-02-01).

2254: 1276:). POPs are not easily degraded in the environment due to their stability and low 3342: 3317: 3156: 2975: 2903: 2459: 2434: 5692: 5687: 5372: 5367: 5338: 5303: 5276: 4806: 4452: 4432: 4395: 4161: 4133: 4068: 1951:, reduced the birth weight, length, head circumference and chest circumference. 1776: 1714: 1656: 1556: 1421: 1353: 1306: 1273: 1180: 1096: 789: 487: 467: 104: 4002:

World Health Organization Persistent Organic Pollutants: Impact on Child Health

3244: 2749: 5869: 5486: 4801: 4794: 4777: 4762: 4492: 4442: 4237: 2073: 1750: 1623: 1532: 1480: 1473: 1441: 1302: 1258: 1254: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1188: 1124: 1074: 839: 595: 99: 3972: 3927: 3888: 3834: 3203: 2993: 2688: 2645: 2468: 2411: 2364: 2309: 5798: 5750: 5724: 5672: 5506: 5468: 5218: 5208: 4880: 4742: 4717: 4457: 4447: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4390: 4381: 4373: 4326: 4232: 4202: 4072: 3686: 3602: 3195: 2551: 2165: 1896: 1607: 1560: 1539: 1507: 1485: 1437: 1432: 1136: 1112: 1092: 907: 862: 824: 774: 709: 615: 79: 59: 49: 3964: 3916:"Coffee, eggs and white rice linked to higher levels of PFAS in human body" 3900: 3763: 3745: 3704: 3620: 3536: 3429: 3394: 3351: 3294: 3164: 3001: 2911: 2868: 2817: 2760: 2734: 2696: 2559: 2492:

Walker, C.H., "Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective" (2001).

2476: 2419: 2372: 2262: 3561:

Walker, C.H., "Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective" (2001)

3421: 3286: 3221: 2849: 2317: 2301: 1444:. Chlordane air pollution is believed the primary route of human exposure. 1322:

State parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

5443: 5387: 5048: 4897: 4865: 4247: 3806: 2788:(November 1998). "Controlling persistent organic pollutants–what next?". 1448: 1116: 279: 3571:

Cousins IT, Johansson JH, Salter ME, Sha B, Scheringer M (August 2022).

3180:"Environmental signaling: a biological context for endocrine disruption" 2637: 2277: 5404: 4907: 4885: 4772: 4767: 4400: 4252: 4224: 4153: 4055: 1994: 1888: 1709:

in animals and humans (head lice and scabies). Lindane undergoes rapid

1702: 1670: 1597: 1417: 1378: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1250: 1100: 2726: 2680: 2602: 1968:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances § Health and environmental effects

5808: 5788: 5682: 5357: 4850: 2754:(Tesis) (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de La Plata. p. 160. 1856: 1852: 1669:(β-HCH) are insecticides as well as by-products in the production of 1506:) was first introduced in 1945–59 to treat seeds because it can kill 1468: 1412: 1148: 1120: 1108: 917: 897: 804: 794: 502: 3071:. United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Archived from 2403: 5818: 5760: 5101: 5033: 4931: 4823: 2927:"Persistent Organic Pollutants: A Global Issue, A Global Response" 1973: 1948: 1884: 1743:(PFOS) and related compounds are extremely persistent and readily 1622:

are by-products of high-temperature processes, such as incomplete

1523: 1511: 1332:

The Stockholm Convention was adopted and put into practice by the

1132: 927: 872: 264: 3476:

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans

2039:

In 2022, levels of at least four perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in

34:

Organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation

5793: 4914: 4902: 4818: 3802:"Pollution: 'Forever chemicals' in rainwater exceed safe levels" 2040: 2014: 2006: 1222: 1156: 902: 149: 144: 109: 4690: 4346: 4027: 2105:

degradation products have been identified in these reactions.

1940: 1915:-exposure level and PCB level in their newborn infants, their 1578: 1347: 1269: 1265: 1214: 1144: 4342: 4686: 3472:"Some Chemicals Used as Solvents and in Polymer Manufacture" 1871:

The same study in 2002 with evidence of a link from POPs to

3780:"PFAS 'Forever Chemicals' Are Pervasive in Water Worldwide" 2047:

health advisories as well as comparable Danish, Dutch, and

1155:. However, there have since been many new POPs added (e.g. 3239:. Vol. 3rd. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 579–618. 3116:, Secretary-General of the United Nations, 26 August 2009 2831:

Yu, George W.; Laseter, John; Mylander, Charles (2011).

2503:"Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemicals (PBTs)" 2197:

Ritter L; Solomon KR; Forget J; Stemeroff M; O'Leary C.

1775:

in the building industry. HBCD is persistent, toxic and

1644:

Since 2001, this list has been expanded to include some

1527:, an insecticide used against ants and termites or as a 4009:, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 4006: 3552:

ed. Harrad, S., "Persistent Organic Pollutants" (2010).

3094: 3044:"STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS" 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2282:

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

1907:

Gestational weight gain and newborn head circumference

2782: 2780: 2778: 2097:

the most are the main subjects of these experiments.

1328:

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

1314:

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

1301:

to concentrate ingested chemicals, along with poorly

1086:

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

2043:

water worldwide greatly exceeded the EPA's lifetime

5878: 5827: 5776: 5743: 5576: 5515: 5477: 5459: 5259: 5194: 5131: 5057: 5026: 4991: 4975: 4940: 4733: 4630: 4475: 4380: 4309: 4266: 4223: 4185: 4152: 4121: 4067: 3987:

Organic pollutants - Monitoring, risk and treatment

3268: 3266: 3264: 2488: 2486: 1217:phase under certain environmental temperatures and 3548: 3546: 2525: 2523: 1887:quality and quantity, altered sex ratio and early 1460:, and classified as immunotoxic, neurotoxic, with 1407:or reduce the release of POPs in the environment. 1187:reflecting the nonreactivity of C-Cl bonds toward 4013:Resources on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 2708: 2706: 2386:Gobas, Frank A.P.C.; Arnot, Jon A. (2010-05-14). 2144:Environmental Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutant 2150:Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances 2120:Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants 1476:. Human exposure results primarily through food. 4020:, POP monitoring in the Alpine region (Europe) 4702: 4358: 4039: 2339:. Thematic Issue - BioMicroWorld Conference. 1691:(heptaBDE) are main components of commercial 1630:or in automobiles, pesticide production, and 1035: 8: 3452:"Emerging chemical risks in Europe — 'PFAS'" 1993:. Mixtures of POPs can in principle produce 1978:Effects of exposure to PFASs on human health 1891:onset. For females exposed to POPs, altered 27:"POPs" redirects here. For other uses, see 4709: 4695: 4687: 4365: 4351: 4343: 4046: 4032: 4024: 3947:Bertucci, Simone; Lova, Paola (May 2024). 2837:Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2125:Center for International Environmental Law 1344:Compounds on the Stockholm Convention list 1065:that are resistant to degradation through 1042: 1028: 932: 58: 36: 3753: 3694: 3610: 3526: 3341: 3211: 2983: 2858: 2848: 2790:Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2759: 2458: 2055:for chemical pollution being exceeded". 1875:also linked low dose exposure of POPs to 1830:which takes into account the pollutants' 1640:New POPs on the Stockholm Convention list 1394:Learn how and when to remove this message 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2093:. POPs that are found in humans and in 1317: 5850:Pollutant release and transfer register 3021: 3019: 2176: 1416:, an insecticide used in soils to kill 971: 935: 48: 3662:Environmental Science & Technology 3578:Environmental Science & Technology 2715:Environmental Science & Technology 2661:Environmental Science & Technology 2618:Environmental Science & Technology 2583:Environmental Science & Technology 2392:Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2131:International POPs Elimination Network 2085:Control and removal in the environment 2001:In urban areas and indoor environments 3777:Erdenesanaa, Delger (April 8, 2024). 3478:. Vol. 110. 2016. Archived from 3095:"Website of the Stockholm Convention" 3038: 3036: 3034: 2748:Astoviza, Malena J. (15 April 2014). 1961:Regulation of chemicals § Issues 7: 5940: 5181:Electromagnetic radiation and health 4301:List of environmental health hazards 2206:United Nations Environment Programme 1783:and long-range transport properties. 1376:adding citations to reliable sources 1334:United Nations Environment Programme 6010:Environmental effects of pesticides 5956: 5948: 5039:Radium and radon in the environment 270:Radium and radon in the environment 4186:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs 3025:United Nations Treaty Collection: 2091:photocatalytic oxidation reactions 25: 3634:Perkins, Tom (18 December 2021). 3387:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.083 3184:Environmental Health Perspectives 5974: 5964: 5955: 5947: 5939: 5927: 5926: 4466: 3861:Science of the Total Environment 3800:McGrath, Matt (August 2, 2022). 2507:Safer Chemicals Healthy Families 2337:Science of the Total Environment 2031:This section is an excerpt from 1985:Additive and synergistic effects 1966:This section is an excerpt from 1699:, which themselves can be toxic. 1646:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1352: 1009: 997: 4753:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 3881:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173157 2357:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.027 2199:"Persistent organic pollutants" 1580:Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 1363:needs additional citations for 90:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 6000:Biodegradable waste management 3519:10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.02.012 959:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 1: 6015:Persistent organic pollutants 5241:Electrical resistance heating 2810:10.1016/S1382-6689(98)00036-2 2255:10.1016/j.talanta.2009.09.055 1947:) impaired the growth of the 1619:Polychlorinated dibenzofurans 1183:compounds also exhibit great 1153:polychlorinated dibenzofurans 1055:Persistent organic pollutants 430:Electrical resistance heating 18:Persistent organic pollutants 4893:Persistent organic pollutant 4528:Persistent organic pollutant 4332:Toxic Substances Control Act 4291:Persistent organic pollutant 3343:10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.015 3157:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.029 2976:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115575 2904:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.051 2460:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.035 1828:human health risk assessment 1794:Health effects of pesticides 1741:Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid 140:Persistent organic pollutant 64:Air pollution from a factory 5903:Least polluted cities by PM 4671:Index of pesticide articles 4498:Agricultural spray adjuvant 4286:Great Pacific garbage patch 3914:Perkins, Tom (2024-07-04). 3821:Perkins, Tom (2022-03-22). 3457:European Environment Agency 2925:US EPA, OITA (2014-04-02). 1836:dose-response relationships 1806:. Many POPs are capable of 1650:brominated flame retardants 1163:Consequences of persistence 6041: 5845:Pollution haven hypothesis 5768:Brain health and pollution 5006:Ecological light pollution 4836:Internal combustion engine 4666:Integrated Pest Management 4513:Integrated pest management 4327:Japan Toxic Substances Law 4122:Miscellaneous plasticizers 3245:10.1002/9781118184141.ch19 2030: 1965: 1958: 1791: 1769:brominated flame retardant 1325: 1206: 26: 5924: 5648:Nonpoint source pollution 5568:War and environmental law 4927:Volatile organic compound 4724: 4661: 4563:Paradox of the pesticides 4464: 4322:European REACH regulation 4317:California Proposition 65 4060:polyhalogenated compounds 3671:American Chemical Society 3587:American Chemical Society 2985:10067/1744230151162165141 2107:Photochemical degradation 1933:organochlorine pesticides 1548:Polychlorinated biphenyls 1171:. For this reason, they 685:War and environmental law 305:Health effects from noise 155:Volatile organic compound 5107:Marine mammals and sonar 5018:Radio spectrum pollution 4603:Pesticide Action Network 4523:Non-pesticide management 1881:male reproductive system 1735:Tetrabromodiphenyl ether 1689:heptabromodiphenyl ether 1632:polychlorinated biphenyl 1257:as well as oxidation by 310:Marine mammals and sonar 5953:WikiProject Environment 5911:Most polluted countries 5855:Polluter pays principle 5586:Agricultural wastewater 4503:Biological pest control 3687:10.1021/acs.est.1c04277 3603:10.1021/acs.est.2c02765 3499:Reproductive Toxicology 3196:10.1289/ehp.106-1533276 3137:Environmental Pollution 3110:Depositary notification 2956:Environmental Pollution 2884:Environmental Pollution 2552:10.1126/science.1138275 2439:Environmental Pollution 1693:octabromodiphenyl ether 1685:Hexabromodiphenyl ether 1667:β-Hexachlorocyclohexane 1663:α-Hexachlorocyclohexane 1557:electrical transformers 785:Freshwater salinization 705:Agricultural wastewater 5971:Environment portal 5204:Agricultural pollution 4616:The Pesticide Question 4213:Perfluorooctanoic acid 3965:10.1002/solr.202400116 3746:10.1126/sciadv.adl1026 1979: 1955:Health effects of PFAS 1816:central nervous system 1765:Hexabromocyclododecane 1514:, debilitation, and a 1323: 1299:gastrointestinal tract 1193:photolytic degradation 1004:Environment portal 5626:Industrial wastewater 5492:Clutter (advertising) 5400:Municipal solid waste 5246:Soil guideline values 5090:Sustainable transport 4983:Information pollution 4783:Open burning of waste 4518:Maximum residue limit 4488:Environmental effects 3422:10.1081/clt-120006748 3287:10.1081/clt-120006748 2302:10.1007/s002449900428 1977: 1802:, possibly including 1426:Western corn rootworm 1321: 745:Industrial wastewater 513:Municipal solid waste 435:Soil guideline values 29:Pops (disambiguation) 5898:Most polluted cities 5591:Biological pollution 5502:Overhead power lines 4676:Pesticide categories 3460:. December 12, 2019. 2761:10.35537/10915/34729 2095:aquatic environments 2060:Stockholm University 1925:prenatal development 1903:have been reported. 1899:outcomes as well as 1893:reproductive tissues 1883:, such as decreased 1873:endocrine disruption 1842:Endocrine disruption 1808:endocrine disruption 1697:bromodiphenyl ethers 1553:heat exchange fluids 1462:endocrine disrupting 1372:improve this article 1203:Long-range transport 1099:, and some are also 954:Most polluted cities 606:Overhead power lines 5961:WikiProject Ecology 5658:Ocean acidification 5563:Unexploded ordnance 5434:Post-consumer waste 5294:Foam food container 5272:Biodegradable waste 4846:Global distillation 4243:Endocrine disruptor 3873:2024ScTEn.93373157W 3738:2024SciA...10L1026S 3679:2022EnST...56..228S 3595:2022EnST...5611172C 3511:2009RepTx..27..365F 3410:Clinical Toxicology 3379:2013Chmsp..90.1704D 3334:2014EnInt..64..116V 3275:Clinical Toxicology 3149:2019EPoll.248..696V 2968:2020EPoll.26715575R 2896:2007EPoll.150..150L 2850:10.1155/2011/417980 2802:1998EnvTP...6..143V 2673:2007EnST...41.6725R 2638:10.1021/es00027a008 2630:1992EnST...26..502K 2595:2000EnST...34..699B 2544:2007Sci...317..236K 2451:2018EPoll.238..306H 2349:2009ScTEn.407.3867E 2294:1998ArECT..35..654L 1995:synergistic effects 1877:reproductive health 1867:Reproductive system 1812:reproductive system 1679:Alzheimer's disease 1454:Parkinson's disease 1209:Global distillation 770:Ocean acidification 680:Unexploded ordnance 601:Advertising clutter 533:Post-consumer waste 478:Foam food container 463:Biodegradable waste 120:Global distillation 5981:Ecology portal 5865:Waste minimisation 5840:Industrial ecology 5835:Cleaner production 5653:Nutrient pollution 5530:Herbicidal warfare 5324:Construction waste 4960:Introduced species 4831:Indoor air quality 4758:Chlorofluorocarbon 4258:Polymer fume fever 3786:The New York Times 3482:on March 24, 2020. 2078:Soil contamination 2053:planetary boundary 1980: 1929:case-control study 1773:thermal insulation 1771:primarily used in 1729:Pentachlorobenzene 1628:waste incineration 1516:metabolic disorder 1324: 1016:Ecology portal 641:Herbicidal warfare 185:Introduced species 125:Indoor air quality 95:Chlorofluorocarbon 5987: 5986: 5860:Pollution control 5540:Nuclear holocaust 5449:Thermal treatment 5417:Plastic pollution 5334:Mercury poisoning 5287:Battery recycling 5186:Radioactive waste 4955:Genetic pollution 4950:Biological hazard 4748:Air quality index 4684: 4683: 4340: 4339: 4274:Plastic pollution 4054:Health issues of 3190:(suppl 1): 5–10. 3069:"The Dirty Dozen" 2727:10.1021/es962399q 2681:10.1021/es070789e 2667:(19): 6725–6731. 2603:10.1021/es990207w 2538:(5835): 236–239. 2343:(12): 3867–3875. 1861:fetal development 1755:wood preservative 1573:transgenerational 1502:Hexachlorobenzene 1495:American kestrels 1404: 1403: 1396: 1063:organic compounds 1052: 1051: 987: 986: 653:Nuclear holocaust 576:Urban heat island 390:Radioactive waste 175:Biological hazard 85:Air quality index 16:(Redirected from 6032: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5969: 5968: 5959: 5958: 5951: 5950: 5943: 5942: 5930: 5929: 5804:Legacy pollution 5663:Oil exploitation 5525:Chemical warfare 5439:Waste management 5346:Industrial waste 5314:Biomedical waste 5282:Electronic waste 5267:Advertising mail 5251:Phytoremediation 5226:Land degradation 5011:Overillumination 4965:Invasive species 4711: 4704: 4697: 4688: 4470: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4344: 4279:Rubber pollution 4129:Organophosphates 4048: 4041: 4034: 4025: 3990: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3895: 11247473. 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3782: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3757: 3732:(14): eadl1026. 3725:Science Advances 3715: 3709: 3708: 3698: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3614: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3530: 3505:(3–4): 365–372. 3490: 3484: 3483: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3373:(5): 1704–1710. 3362: 3356: 3355: 3345: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3270: 3259: 3258: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3131: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3048: 3040: 3029: 3023: 3014: 3013: 2987: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2862: 2852: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2784: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2763: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2721:(9): 390A–396A. 2710: 2701: 2700: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2527: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2514: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2462: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2398:(6): 1385–1395. 2383: 2377: 2376: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2249:(5): 1587–1597. 2237: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2214: 2208:. Archived from 2203: 2194: 2011:indoor pollution 1711:biomagnification 1569:mucous membranes 1551:(PCBs), used as 1399: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1379: 1356: 1348: 1169:lipid solubility 1044: 1037: 1030: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1002: 1001: 933: 636:Chemical warfare 538:Waste management 498:Industrial waste 473:Electronic waste 458:Advertising mail 440:Phytoremediation 415:Land degradation 355:Depleted uranium 240:Overillumination 190:Invasive species 62: 52: 37: 21: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6029: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5975: 5973: 5963: 5920: 5906: 5874: 5823: 5772: 5739: 5678:Pharmaceuticals 5668:Oil exploration 5572: 5544:Nuclear fallout 5511: 5473: 5455: 5429:Packaging waste 5383:Deep sea mining 5309:Hazardous waste 5255: 5236:Open defecation 5190: 5156:Nuclear fallout 5151:Nuclear fission 5127: 5053: 5022: 4993:Electromagnetic 4987: 4971: 4936: 4856:Ozone depletion 4729: 4720: 4715: 4685: 4680: 4657: 4626: 4471: 4462: 4376: 4371: 4341: 4336: 4305: 4262: 4219: 4181: 4148: 4117: 4063: 4052: 3998: 3993: 3984: 3980: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3932: 3930: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3839: 3837: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3589:: 11172–11179. 3570: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3272: 3271: 3262: 3255: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3075:on 4 March 2016 3067: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3049:. pp. 1–43 3046: 3042: 3041: 3032: 3024: 3017: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2933: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2786: 2785: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2512: 2510: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2484: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2404:10.1002/etc.164 2385: 2384: 2380: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2275: 2274: 2270: 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6002: 5992: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5893:Law by country 5890: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5715:Surface runoff 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5601:Eutrophication 5598: 5593: 5588: 5582: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5558:Scorched earth 5555: 5552:nuclear winter 5548:nuclear famine 5537: 5527: 5521: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5483: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5446: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5393:Uranium mining 5390: 5385: 5380: 5378:Surface mining 5375: 5370: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5329:Lead poisoning 5326: 5321: 5319:Chemical waste 5316: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5231:Bioremediation 5228: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5200: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5146:Bioremediation 5143: 5137: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067:Transportation 5063: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5008: 4997: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4841:Global dimming 4838: 4833: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4812:Diesel exhaust 4804: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4643:European Union 4640: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4622:Toxicity class 4619: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4598:Restricted use 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4508:Gene silencing 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4483:Health effects 4479: 4477: 4476:Related topics 4473: 4472: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4387: 4385: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4229: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4172:Vinyl chloride 4169: 4166:Polycarbonates 4158: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4140: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4065: 4064: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4015: 4010: 4004: 3997: 3996:External links 3994: 3992: 3991: 3978: 3939: 3906: 3846: 3813: 3792: 3769: 3710: 3647: 3626: 3563: 3554: 3542: 3485: 3463: 3443: 3416:(4): 457–465. 3400: 3357: 3308: 3281:(4): 457–465. 3260: 3253: 3227: 3170: 3126: 3100: 3086: 3060: 3030: 3015: 2942: 2917: 2890:(1): 150–165. 2874: 2823: 2796:(3): 143–175. 2774: 2740: 2702: 2651: 2624:(3): 502–507. 2608: 2589:(4): 699–703. 2573: 2519: 2494: 2482: 2425: 2378: 2323: 2288:(4): 654–665. 2268: 2225: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2156:Tetraethyllead 2153: 2147: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2115: 2112: 2086: 2083: 2049:European Union 2045:drinking water 2037: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2002: 1999: 1986: 1983: 1972: 1964: 1956: 1953: 1908: 1905: 1868: 1865: 1843: 1840: 1789: 1788:Health effects 1786: 1785: 1784: 1762: 1748: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1700: 1687:(hexaBDE) and 1682: 1660: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1615: 1594: 1576: 1544: 1536: 1520: 1498: 1477: 1465: 1445: 1429: 1402: 1401: 1360: 1358: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1326:Main article: 1315: 1312: 1286: 1283: 1204: 1201: 1164: 1161: 1091:Most POPs are 1050: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1032: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1006: 991: 990: 985: 984: 983: 982: 974: 973: 969: 968: 967: 966: 961: 956: 951: 949:Law by country 946: 938: 937: 931: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 878: 877: 876: 875: 870: 860: 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 820:Surface runoff 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 720:Eutrophication 717: 712: 707: 701: 696: 695: 692: 691: 688: 687: 682: 677: 675:Scorched earth 672: 671: 670: 668:Nuclear winter 665: 663:Nuclear famine 660: 650: 649: 648: 638: 632: 627: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 592: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 572: 567: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 552: 549: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 420:Bioremediation 417: 412: 406: 401: 400: 397: 396: 393: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 350:Bioremediation 347: 341: 336: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 300:Transportation 296: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 247:Radio spectrum 244: 243: 242: 237: 226: 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 206: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 193: 192: 182: 177: 171: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 115:Global dimming 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 76: 71: 70: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 46: 45: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6037: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6005:Ecotoxicology 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5982: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5954: 5946: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5735:Water quality 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5497:Traffic signs 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5422:Microplastics 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5412:Nanomaterials 5410: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5351:Lead smelting 5349: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5171:Radioactivity 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5123:Noise control 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4871:Metal working 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4654: 4653:United States 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4609:Silent Spring 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4225:Health issues 4222: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3985:Rashed, M.N. 3982: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3940: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3847: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3781: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3254:9781118184141 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3127: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3045: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2943: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2215:on 2007-09-26 2211: 2207: 2200: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2138:Silent Spring 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2064:air pollution 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1976: 1969: 1962: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1901:endometriosis 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1848:developmental 1841: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1820:immune system 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:breast cancer 1801: 1795: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707:ectoparasites 1704: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590:Silent Spring 1586: 1585:Rachel Carson 1582: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1458:breast cancer 1455: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1398: 1395: 1387: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1361:This section 1359: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1338:United States 1335: 1329: 1320: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1294:fatty tissues 1291: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278:decomposition 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1243:Arctic Circle 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:fatty tissues 1174: 1173:bioaccumulate 1170: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1007: 1005: 1000: 995: 994: 993: 992: 981: 978: 977: 976: 975: 970: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 941: 940: 939: 934: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 890: 884: 883: 874: 871: 869: 866: 865: 864: 861: 859: 856: 855: 849: 848: 841: 838: 836: 835:Water quality 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 702: 699: 694: 693: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 654: 651: 647: 644: 643: 642: 639: 637: 634: 633: 630: 625: 624: 617: 614: 612: 611:Traffic signs 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 593: 590: 585: 584: 577: 574: 573: 570: 565: 564: 557: 554: 553: 547: 546: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 518:Nanomaterials 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 449: 448: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 404: 399: 398: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 380:Radioactivity 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 342: 339: 334: 333: 326: 325:Soundproofing 323: 321: 320:Noise control 318: 316: 315:Noise barrier 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 294: 289: 288: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 256: 255: 248: 245: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 219: 218: 211: 208: 207: 201: 200: 191: 188: 187: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 169: 164: 163: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 77: 74: 69: 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