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behaviours, as well as what others feel is important for the person. It can engage participants personally by allowing them to hear of deeply felt hopes and fears. It can assist people in a circle of support to re-frame their views of the person it is focused on. It can help a group to solve difficult problems. In the US, person-centered planning can help to create new lifestyles, new homes and jobs, diverse kinds of support (informal and formal) and new social relationships.
139:, Beth Mount, Connie Lyle O'Brien, technical assistance "partners" of the RRTC (e.g., Michael Smull, Wade Hitzing, Karen Green-McGowen, Nick Arambarri) and person-centred planning in Canada by Jack Pearpoint, Judith Snow and Marsha Forest. Whilst it was developed because of the social and service response to disability, it was quickly recognised to be as useful for many other individuals and groups of people.
93:, though recently it has been advocated as a method of planning personalised support with many other sections of society who find themselves disempowered by traditional methods of service delivery, including children, people with physical disabilities, people with mental health issues and older people. PCP is accepted as evidence based practice in many countries throughout the world.
146:, arguing for a shift in the balance of power between people and the services on which they rely. Person centred planning is based in the social model of disability because it places the emphasis on transforming the options available to the person, rather than on 'fixing' or changing the person. Specifically person-centred planning was based diversely on principles of
33:
187:
planning is designed specifically to 'empower' people, to directly support their social inclusion, and to directly challenge their devaluation. One of the benefits of person-centered planning is that it can address the perennial "service problems" of ethnicity, gender, culture and age by starting with planning by or with the "whole person".
191:
have little in common with person-centred planning as originally envisaged. Person-centered planning through the
Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Community Integration in the US was, in part, an agency and systems change process as opposed to only an "individual planning" process moving to an "individual budgeting process".
300:
responsibility for the uncountable losses imposed by service activities that keep people idle, disconnected and alienated from their own purposes in life. One way to understand leadership is to see it as waking up to people's capacities and the organisational and systemic practices that devalue and demean those capacities.
128:
organisations which are set up to help people in relation to their disability (or at least in relation to how other people have responded to that disability). It would include health and social care services funded by government or local authorities, but also privately funded or voluntary sector projects of many kinds.
256:
more readily available. Plans are updated as and when the individual wishes to make changes, or when a goal or aspiration is achieved. If part of a regular planning process in the US, regular plan updates are usually required by regulatory agencies (e.g., state offices in the US through local agencies).
158:. Prior to its inception, these principles were crystallised by John O'Brien and Connie Lyle O'Brien in the 'Framework for Accomplishment' which listed five key areas important in shaping people's quality of life, and asserting that services should be judged by the extent to which they enable people to:
346:
In New York State (USA), the Office for People with
Developmental Disabilities (OPWDD), has mandated the use of person-centered planning in all new service development for people with intellectual disabilities. Person-centered planning is central to the new approaches to person-directed supports with
330:
too few people have access to proper person centred planning... In too many local authorities, person centred planning is not at the centre of how things are done. The challenge of the next three years is to take all this innovative work and make sure that more – and eventually all – people have real
182:
The person-centered concept grew out of the critique of the "facility-based services" approach in the US (and worldwide) that was central to the development of "support approaches" in the US The nationwide technical assistance funded by the
National Institute on Disability Research and Rehabilitation
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The philosophical content expects services to be responsive to the needs of people that use the service, rather than prescriptive in the types of services offered. These principles are reliant on mechanisms such as individualised funding packages and the organisational capacity to design and deliver
304:
A key obstacle to people achieving better lives has been the risk averse culture that has been prevalent in human services for a variety of reasons. Advocates of person centred thinking argue that applying person centred thinking tools to the risk decision-making process, and finding strategies that
198:
Person-centred planning offers an alternative to traditional models, striving to place the individual at the centre of decision-making, treating family members as partners. The process focusses on discovering the person's gifts, skills and capacities, and on listening for what is really important to
194:
Person-centred planning involves the individual receiving the service, with family members, neighbors, employers, community members, and friends, and professionals (such as physician/ doctors, psychiatrists, nurses, support workers, care managers, therapists, and social workers) developing a plan on
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Many human service settings are zones of compliance in which relationships are subordinated to and constrained by complex and detailed rules. In those environments, unless staff commit themselves to be people's allies and treat the rules and boundaries and structures as constraints to be creatively
178:
The title 'person-centred' is used because those who developed it and used it initially shared a belief that services tend to work in a 'service-centred' way. This 'service-centred' behaviour appears in many forms, but an example is that a person who is isolated would be offered different groups to
282:
Some time later, the formal system can develop a plan for service delivery that may be based on and consistent with the person's plan, that recognizes and supports the contributions of the person, family and community, and that clearly acknowledges the limitations of what the system is prepared to
190:
Person-centred planning is not one clearly defined process, but a range of processes sharing a general philosophical background, and aiming at similar outcomes. As it has become more well known further processes and procedures have also been given the title 'person-centred planning'. Some of these
355:
Person centred thinking and planning is founded on the premise that genuine listening contains an implied promise to take action. Unless what is learned about how the person wishes to live, and where they wish to go in their lives is recorded and acted upon, any planning will have been a waste of
308:
The key advocates of PCP and associated person centered approaches warn of the danger of adopting the model in a bureaucratic way – adopting the 'form' of PCP, without the philosophical content. By changing it to fit existing practices rather than using it in its original form, most or all of its
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The resultant plan may be in any format that is accessible to the individual, such as a document, a drawing or an oral plan recorded onto a tape or compact disc. Multimedia techniques are becoming more popular for this type of planning as development costs decrease and the technology used becomes
127:
Person-centred planning was created in response to some specific problems with the way in which society responds to people with disabilities. Those who first described the processes were responding to the effects that 'services' can have on people's lives. In this context 'services' refers to the
207:
Person-centered planning utilises a number of techniques, with the central premise that any methods used must be reflective of the individual's personal communication mechanisms and assist them to outline their needs, wishes and goals. There is no differentiation between the process used and the
342:
Local authorities in
Britain are now being challenged by government to change their model to one that is founded on person centred approaches: "This move is from the model of care, where an individual receives the care determined by a professional, to one that has person centred planning at its
313:"support" services. It is essential that organisations and agencies providing services make a commitment to strive for person-centredness in all of their activities, which can result in major changes in areas of practice such as recruitment, staff training, and business planning and management.
299:
Most service organisations have the social function of putting people to sleep, keeping them from seeing the social reality that faces people with disabilities ... People go to sleep when the slogan that "we are doing the best that is possible for 'them'" distracts from noticing and taking
247:
skills are some methods commonly used in the development of a person centred plan, as are PATH (Planning
Alternative Tomorrows With Hope), circles of support (Canada), MAPS (Canada), personal futures planning (O'Brien & Mount, US), Essential Lifestyle Planning (Maryland, US), person centred
316:
While secondary users may debate the use of person-centered approaches to achieve the myriad goals it attempts to achieve, i.e., increased inclusion (Schwartz, Jacobson and
Holburn, 2000) and "defining person-centeredness", others point to recent research such as "The Impact of Person Centred
186:
A central idea behind person-centred planning, is that services which are set up to respond to problems of social exclusion, disempowerment, and devaluation, can unintentionally make the situation of individual people worse (i.e. further disempower, devalue and exclude people). Person-centred
259:
Person-centred planning can have many effects that go beyond the making of plans. It can create a space during which someone who is not usually listened to has central stage. It can insist that discussion is centred on what the person is telling us is important to them, with their words and
112:
programme for social care. The coalition government continued this commitment through 'Capable
Communities and Active Citizens' (2010), and in 2011 over 30 health and social care organisations set up a sector-wide agreement 'Think Local, Act Personal' (2011) to transform adult social care.
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heart, with the individual firmly at the centre in identifying what is personally important to deliver his or her outcomes." The government recognises that this will require a fundamental change in the way services are organised and think: "Personalisation is about whole system change."
122:
Person
Centred Planning discovers and acts on what is important to a person. It is a process for continual listening and learning, focussing on what are important to someone now and in the future, and acting on this in alliance with their family and their
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279:. In this view, the Person-Centered Plan (PCP) offers a platform for the person and their trusted allies to identify and express their vision and commitments without limiting that expression to what can or will be provided by the service system.
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community participation and quality of life with the individual. In contrast, traditional models of planning have focussed on the person's deficits and negative behaviours, labelling the person and creating a disempowering mindset from the start.
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Person centred planning has been shown to work. The world's largest study into person centred planning described how it helps people get improvements in important parts of their lives and indicated that this was at no additional
633:
O'Brien J. (1989) What's worth working for? Leadership for Better
Quality Human Services. Syracuse NY. The Center on Human Policy, Syracuse University for the Research and Training Center on Community Living of University of
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effects are lost. The hope of funding it in the USA was to influence the processes, such as planning through the
Medicaid home and community-based waiver services for people moving from institutions to the community.
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strengthening the voice of the person, and those who know the person best in accounting for their history, evaluating their present conditions in terms of valued experiences and defining desirable changes in their
317:
Planning", which suggests that person centred planning can make a considerable difference to people's quality of life and explores the optimum conditions for person centred approaches. 'Valuing People Now' says
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the person. It is based on the values of human rights, interdependence, choice and social inclusion, and can be designed to enable people to direct their own services and supports, in a personalised way.
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In the UK initiatives such as individual budgets and self-directed supports using models like In Control mean that person centred planning can now be used to directly influence a person's
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Many of the limitations discussed below reflect challenges and limitations in the implementation of person-centered planning approaches in the context of formal human service systems.
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in 2001, and as part of 'Valuing People Now', a 3-year plan, in 2009. It is promoted as a key method for delivering the personalisation objectives of the UK government's
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Person-centered planning has similarities to other processes and ideas, but was first named and described more definitely by a group of people in the US, including the
402:
896:
Claes, Claudia; Van Hove, Geert; Vandevelde, Stijn; van Loon, Jos; Schalock, Robert L. (2010). "Person-Centered Planning: Analysis of Research and Effectiveness".
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are based on who the person is, can enable a more positive approach to risk that doesn't use risk as an excuse to trap people in boring and unproductive lives.
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Key articles on person-centered person centered personpersoncenteredperson centered centredcenteeredcentredcentred planning on the www.isja.org.uk directory
1367:
688:
Mount, B (1992) Person Centred Planning; A Sourcebook of Values, Ideas and Methods to Encourage Person-Centered Development. New York, Graphic Futures
89:) is a set of approaches designed to assist an individual to plan their life and supports. It is most often used for life planning with people with
136:
1268:
A New Plan: Using Positive Psychology to Renew the Promise of Person-Centered Planning for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
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John O'Brien sums up the problem of trying to deliver person centredness through formal service systems that have a very different culture thus:
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Person-centered planning in the USA has continued to be investigated at the secondary research level and validated for more general use (e.g.,
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tools to build from one page profiles into person centred descriptions/collections of person centred Information and on into full scale plans.
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output and outcomes of the PCP; instead, it pursues social inclusion through means such as community participation, employment and recreation.
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attend (each run by a service specifically for people sharing a specific label), rather than being helped to make friends in ordinary society.
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engaged as opposed to simply conforming, person centred work will be limited to improving the conditions of people's confinement in services.
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Racino, J. (1999). "Statewide approaches to community integration: moving toward technical assistance strategies that make a difference".
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Racino, J. (1999). Policy, program evaluation and research in disability: Community support for all. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press.
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characterised the key similarities or 'family resemblances' of the different person centred methods and approaches into four themes:
135:'s Rehabilitation Research and Training Center (RRTC) on Community Integration e.g., Julie Ann Racino, Zana Lutfiyya, Steve Taylor,
69:
851:
Building a stronger system for people with developmental disabilities: A six-month progress report from commissioner Courtney Burke
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The Learning Community for Person Centered Practices (Person Centered Thinking and Essential Lifestyle Planning and more...)
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1109:(Speech). 'Practicalities and Possibilities' Conference. London, UK: Commission for Social Care Inspection. Archived from
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Another approach to this question is to envision person-centered planning as an approach that is anchored in the person's
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time, and more importantly a betrayal of the person and the trust they have placed in those who have planned with them.
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183:(NIDRR), which included the person-centered approaches, is reported in the "Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation".
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1245:. UK Higher Education OUP Humanities & Social Sciences Health & Social Welfare. McGraw-Hill Education.
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988:"Person-centred planning or person-centred action? Policy and practice in intellectual disability services"
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Neill, Max; Allen, Julie; Woodhead, Neil; Reid, Stephen; Irwin, Lori; Sanderson, Helen (11 July 2008),
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The nonrestrictive environment: On community integration for people with the most severe disabilities
1030:, London, UK: Personalisation Network, Care Services Improvement Partnership, UK Department of Health
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236:
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Robertson, J.; Emerson, E.; Hatton, C.; Elliott, J.; McIntosh, B.; Swift, P.; et al. (2005),
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A practical guide to delivering personalisation: Person-centred practice in health and social care
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One Page Profiles: Going from a one page profile to person centred plan or support plan
363:, giving them direct control over who delivers their support, and how it is delivered.
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actively searching for a person's gifts and capacities in the context of community life
17:
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are based on stronger self-determination than traditional person-centered approaches.
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Housing, support, and community: Choices and strategies for adults with disabilities
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Valuing People Now: a new three-year strategy for people with learning disabilities
1200:. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. 35.
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Person Centred Planning and Care Management with People with Learning Disabilities
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Taylor, Steven J.; Racino, Julie; Knoll, James; Lutfiyya, Zana (January 1986).
1147:. Community Participation Series. Vol. 2. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
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reviews, Getting to Know You (Wisconsin, US), and most recently the use of
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Person-centered personcenteredPerson-CentredPerson Centred Planning Pages
1106:
Seizing the day on person-centred thinking and planning with older people
854:, New York Office for People with Developmental Disabilities, p. 28
472:"The Emergence of Person Centred Planning as Evidence Based Practice"
1171:, Lancaster, UK: Institute for Health Research, Lancaster University
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using ordinary language and images, rather than professional jargon
1338:, from Implementing Person-Centered Planning: Voices of Experience
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People, Plans and Possibilities: Exploring person centred planning
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All My Life's a Circle. Using the tools: Circles, MAPS & PATHS
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Falvey, MA., Forest, M., Pearpoint, J. and Rosenberg, RL. 1997.
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Definitions of person-centred planning, thinking and approaches
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Defining Person Centeredness: Results of Two Consensus Methods
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470:
Sanderson, Helen; Thompson, Jeanette; Kilbane, Jackie (2006).
26:
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Sanderson, H., Kennedy, K., Ritchie, P. and Goodwin G. 1997.
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A Positive Approach To Risk Requires Person Centred Thinking
825:, Department of Health (UK), 17 January 2008, archived from
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Implementing Person Centred Planning: Voices of Experience
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Racino, J.; Walker, P.; O'Connor, S.; Taylor, S. (1993).
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Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities
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Conversations on Citizenship & Person-Centered Work
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One page profile to person centred plan or support plan
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He calls for leadership to challenge these boundaries:
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The Circles Network – What is Person Centred Planning?
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Be treated with respect and have a valued social role
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Community-Building and Commitment-Building with Path
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Joliet, IL: High Tide Press. ISBN 978-1-892696-69-4
762:
750:
100:in the United Kingdom through the 'Valuing People'
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218:seeing people first, rather than diagnostic labels
96:Person-centred planning was adopted as government
1239:Thompson, J.; Kilbane, J.; Sanderson, H. (2007).
1196:Schwartz, AA., Jacobson, JW., Holburn, SC. 2000.
1067:. Vol. 3. Toronto, Canada: Inclusion Press.
331:choice and control over their lives and services.
142:Disabled people in the UK and USA developed the
579:Personalisation through person centred planning
403:Planning Alternative Tomorrows with Hope (PATH)
786:Racino, 1999 Note: This citation is ambiguous.
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1063:O'Brien, John; Blessing, Carol, eds. (2011).
1042:Neill, M.; Sanderson, H.; Bailey, G. (2008),
951:Department of Health (UK) (19 January 2009),
8:
1083:A Little Book About Person Centred Planning
898:Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
439:. Banbury, UK: Families Leading Planning UK
986:Mansell, Jim; Beadle-Brown, Julie (2004).
1242:Person Centred Practice For Professionals
1191:Essential Lifestyle Planning for Everyone
554:. UK Department of Health. Archived from
527:. UK Department of Health. Archived from
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1291:Helen Sanderson Associates: Reading Room
1281:Writings of John and Connie Lyle O'Brien
1088:O'Brien, J. and Lyle O'Brien, C. 2006.
1081:O'Brien, J. and Lyle O'Brien, C. 1988.
1051:, Stockport: Helen Sanderson Associates
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91:learning and developmental disabilities
1266:Dykstra, Art; Dykstra, Thane; (2020).
892:. Jessica Kingsley Publishing, London.
873:Thompson, Kilbane & Sanderson 2007
718:Neill, M.; Sanderson, H.; Bailey, G.,
667:
610:Thompson, Kilbane & Sanderson 2007
599:. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
1193:. Helen Sanderson Associates, London.
1165:The impact of person centred planning
457:
7:
1128:Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation
960:, London, UK: Author, archived from
888:Cambridge, P. and Carnaby, S. 2005.
1189:Sanderson, H. and Smull, M. 2005.
1103:Platt, Dame Denise (9 July 2007).
942:Department of Health (UK) (2007),
933:Department of Health (UK) (2001),
434:"What is person centred planning?"
42:tone or style may not reflect the
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1368:Social care in the United Kingdom
865:Sanderson, H.; Duffy, S. (2008).
595:Sanderson, H.; Lewis, J. (2012).
1007:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2004.00175.x
52:guide to writing better articles
31:
822:Transforming adult social care
808:Department of Health (UK) 2007
511:Department of Health (UK) 2009
432:Laycock, Ben (20 March 2004).
1:
700:person centred thinking tools
277:personal relationship network
1099:. Abingdon Press, Nashville.
1092:. Inclusion Press, Toronto.
1085:. Inclusion Press, Toronto.
982:. Inclusion Press, Toronto.
763:O'Brien & Blessing 2011
751:O'Brien & Blessing 2011
378:Direct support professional
1389:
1373:Developmental disabilities
910:10.1352/1934-9556-48.6.432
622:Sanderson & Lewis 2012
491:10.1108/147690182006000014
479:Journal of Integrated Care
383:Disability rights movement
144:social model of disability
1342:Think Local, Act Personal
550:Valuing People Now team.
523:Valuing People Now team.
848:Burke, Courtney (2011),
413:Social role valorization
373:Developmental disability
156:social role valorization
1312:"Valuing People Papers"
250:Person centred thinking
233:Person centred thinking
83:Person-centred planning
46:used on Knowledge (XXG)
18:Person Centred Planning
1314:. 2001. Archived from
1215:Center on Human Policy
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326:However it continues:
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133:Center on Human Policy
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50:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
796:Robertson et al. 2005
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174:Grow in relationships
162:Share ordinary places
148:community integration
120:
946:, London, UK: Author
937:, London, UK: Author
552:"Valuing People Now"
241:graphic facilitation
108:Putting People First
237:total communication
1358:Community building
1113:on 15 October 2007
1097:Circles Of Friends
944:Valuing People Now
875:, pp. 256–279
656:Taylor et al. 1986
644:Racino et al. 1993
398:Options counseling
393:Independent living
1252:978-0-335-22195-0
1154:978-1-55766-090-9
1095:Perske, R. 1988.
1074:978-1-895418-87-3
829:on 7 January 2013
775:Neill et al. 2008
525:"Personalisation"
337:Claes et al. 2010
273:natural community
168:Develop abilities
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16:(Redirected from
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239:techniques,
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165:Make choices
150:/inclusion/
141:
137:John O'Brien
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60:October 2011
57:
41:
1134:(1): 31–44.
668:Racino 1999
264:Limitations
102:white paper
1352:Categories
1055:8 December
1001:(1): 1–9.
738:2011-09-23
634:Minnesota.
458:Platt 2007
419:References
212:Beth Mount
117:Background
918:1934-9491
283:provide.
1322:28 April
1117:28 April
1034:28 April
1012:29 April
971:28 April
926:21166549
562:28 April
535:28 April
496:28 April
443:28 April
367:See also
351:Outcomes
235:skills,
123:friends.
1258:15 June
1230:15 June
1175:15 June
833:15 June
203:Methods
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322:cost.
110:'
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1324:2017
1260:2017
1247:ISBN
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1177:2017
1149:ISBN
1119:2017
1069:ISBN
1057:2008
1036:2017
1014:2017
973:2017
922:PMID
914:ISSN
846:cf.
835:2017
564:2017
537:2017
498:2017
445:2017
275:and
228:life
1003:doi
906:doi
871:in
487:doi
339:).
87:PCP
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