Personal information management

1101:. The user-subjective approach advances three design principles. In brief, the design should allow the following: 1) all project-related items no matter their form (or format) are to be organized together (the subjective project classification principle); 2) the importance of information (to the user) should determine its visual salience and accessibility (the subjective importance principle); and 3) information should be retrieved and used by the user in the same context as it was previously used in (the subjective context principle). The approach may suggest design principles that serve not only in evaluating and improving existing systems but also in creating new implementations. For example, according to the demotion principle, information items of lower subjective importance should be demoted (i.e., by making them less visible) so as not to distract the user but be kept within their original context just in case they are needed. The principle has been applied in the creation of several interesting prototypes. 762:

prototypes for PIM have been developed over the years. A tagging approach has also been pursued in commercial systems, most notably Gmail (as "labels"), but the success of tags so far is mixed. Bergman et al. found that users, when provided with options to use folders or tags, preferred folders to tags and, even when using tags, they typically refrained from adding more than a single tag per information item. Civan et al., through an engagement of participants in critical, comparative observation of both tagging and the use of folders were able to elicit some limitations of tagging not previously discussed openly such as, for example, that once a person decides to use multiple tags, it is usually important to continue doing so (else the tag not applied consistently becomes ineffective as a means of retrieving a complete set of items).

622:

Malone characterized personal organization strategies as 'neat' or 'messy' and described 'filing' and 'piling' approaches to the organization of information. Other studies showed that people vary their methods for keeping information according to anticipated uses of that information in the future. Studies explored the practical implications that human memory research might carry in the design of, for example, personal filing systems, and information retrieval systems. Studies demonstrated a preference for navigation (browsing, "location-based finding) in the return to personal files, a preference that endures today notwithstanding significant improvements in search support. and an increasing use of search as the preferred method of return to e-mails.

890:

to work best for us?", "Which retirement plan to choose?", "What should we pack for our trip?". These and many other decisions are generally based not on a single information item but on a collection of information items – documents, emails (e.g., with advice or impressions from friends and colleagues), web references, etc. Making sense of information is "meta" not only for its broader focus on information collections but also because it permeates most PIM activity even when the primary purpose may ostensibly be something else. For example, as people organize information into folders, ostensibly to ensure its subsequent retrieval, people may also be making sense and coming to a deeper understanding of this information.

868:. By some estimates, 30% or more of the computers in the United States are infected. However, the exchange of information, incoming and outgoing, is an essential part of living in the modern world. To order goods and services online, people must be prepared to "let out" their credit card information. To try out a potentially useful, new information tool, people may need to "let in" a download that could potentially make unwelcome changes to the web browser or the desktop. Providing for adequate control over the information, coming into and out of a PSI, is a major challenge. Even more challenging is the user interface to make clear the implications for various privacy choices particularly regarding 671:

in the current query, evolves. People may favor stepwise approach to finding needed information to preserve a greater sense of control and context over the finding process and smaller steps may also reduce the cognitive burden associated with query formulation. In some cases, there simply isn't a "direct" way to access the information. For example, a person's remembrance for a needed Web site may only be through an email message sent by a colleague i.e., a person may not recall a Web address nor even keywords that might get be used in a Web search but the person does recall that the Web site was mentioned recently in an email from a colleague).

881:

day go? Where has the time gone? What did I accomplish?". These last questions may often be voiced in reflection, perhaps on the commute home from work at the end of the workday. But there is increasing reason to expect that answers will be based on more than remembrance and reflection. Increasingly data incidentally, automatically captured over the course of a person's day and the person's interactions with various information tools to work with various forms of information (files, emails, texts, pictures, etc.) can be brought to bear in evaluations of a person's PIM practice and the identification of possible ways to improve.

1214:(from our previous writings) rather than a product of original writing. Certainly, management of text pieces pasted for re-use is a PIM activity, and this raises several interesting questions. How do we go about deciding when to re-use and when to write from scratch? We may sometimes spend more time chasing down a paragraph we have previously written than it would have taken to simply write a new paragraph expressing the same thoughts. Beyond this, we can wonder at what point a reliance on an increasing (and increasingly available) supply of previously written material begins to impact our creativity. 270:, a person might need to remember the top-level folder in which a document is located, and then browse through the folder contents to navigate to the desired document. Email systems often support additional methods for re-finding such as fielded search (e.g., search by sender, subject, date). The characteristics of the document types, the data that can be used to describe them (meta-data), and features of the systems used to store and organize them (e.g. fielded search) are all components that may influence how users accomplish personal information management. 959:, people are able to access new types of personal health data (e.g., physical activity, heart rate) outside healthcare institutions. PIM behavior also changes. Much of the effort to keep information is automated. But people may experience difficulties making sense of a using the information later, e.g., to plan future physical activities based on activity tracker data. People are also frequently engaged in other meta-level activities, such as maintaining and organizing (e.g., syncing data across different health-related mobile apps). 912:(e.g., "conscientiousness" or "neuroticism") have, in certain circumstances, been shown to correlate with the extent to which a person keeps and organizes information into a personal archive such as a personal filing system. However, another recent study found personality traits were not correlated with any aspects of personal filing systems, suggesting that PIM practices are influenced less by personality than by external factors such as the operating system used (i.e. Mac OS or Windows), which were seen to be much more predictive. 758:

may opt to put information in "piles" instead. (Digital counterparts to physical piling include leaving information in the email inbox or placing digital documents and web links into a holding folder such as "stuff to look at later".) But information kept in a pile, physical or virtual, is easily forgotten as the pile fades into a background of clutter and research indicates that a typical person's ability to keep track of different piles, by location alone, is limited.

1112:"). A tool that is good with respect to one kind of personal information or one PIM activity, may be bad with respect to another. For example, a new smartphone app that promises to deliver information potentially "relevant to me" (the "6th sense" in which information is personal) may do so only at the cost of a distracting increase in the information "directed to me" and by keeping too much personal information "about me" in a place not under the person's control. 1277:(PKM). However, knowledge is not a "thing" to be managed directly but rather indirectly e.g., through items of information such as Web pages, emails and paper documents. PKM is best regarded as a useful subset of PIM with special focus on important issues that might otherwise be overlooked such as self-directed efforts of knowledge elicitation ("What do I know? What have I learned?") and knowledge instillation ("how better to learn what it is I want to know?") 526:

upon its underlying form. Items can be created but not always deleted (completely). Most items can be copied, sent and transformed as in, for example, when a digital photo is taken of a paper document (transforming from paper to digital) and then possibly further transformed as when optical character recognition is used to extract text from the digital photo, and then transformed yet again when this information is sent to others via a text message.

364:, which learn a person's preferences either from explicit ratings or, implicitly, from a person's past selections, have the potential to make a person aware of information the person might not otherwise know about or think to search for. More conventionally, a person's network of friends, family and colleagues can provide a means for the person to incidentally encounter information of relevance. 25: 1253:(CSCW). GIM is to CSCW as PIM is to HCI. Just as concerns of PIM substantially overlap with but are not fully subsumed by concerns of HCI (nor vice versa), concerns of GIM overlap with but are not subsumed by concerns of CSCW. Information in support of GIM activities can be in non-digital forms such as paper calendars and bulletin boards that don't involve computers. 1007:, in which the participant is asked to give an interviewer a "tour" of the participant's various information collections (e.g., files, emails, Web bookmarks, digital photographs, paper documents, etc.), has proven a very useful, but expensive method of study with results bound by caveats reflecting the typically small number and narrow sampling of participants. 1000:"). Exploratory methods are demanding in the time of both observer and participant and can also be intrusive for the participants. Consequently, the number and nature of participants is likely to be limited i.e., participants may often be people "close at hand" to the observer as family, friends, colleagues or other members of the observer's community. 124: 66: 642:) or, alternatively, keeping, managing, and exploiting. Important research is also being done under the special topics: Personality, mood, and emotion both as impacting and impacted by a person's practice of PIM, the management of personal health information and the management of personal information over the long run and for legacy. 618:

manage information. The 1980s also saw the advent of so-called "PIM tools" that provided limited support for the management of such things as appointments and scheduling, to-do lists, phone numbers, and addresses. A community dedicated to the study and improvement of human–computer interaction also emerged in the 1980s.

889:

Efforts to make sense of information represent another set of meta-level activity that operate on personal information and the mapping between information and need. People must often assemble and analyze a larger collection of information to decide what to do next. "Which job applicant is most likely

880:

People seek to understand how they might improve various aspects of their PIM practices with questions such as "Do I really need to keep all this information?"; "Is this tool (application, applet, device) worth the troubles (time, frustration) of its use?" and, perhaps most persistent, "Where did the

842:

applies the demotion principle of the user-subjective approach to allow people to move less frequently used files in any given folder to a gray area at the bottom end of the listing of this folder. These files can still be accessed but are less visible and so less distracting of a person's attention.

757:

Keeping can be a difficult and error prone effort. Filing i.e., placing information items such as paper documents, digital documents and emails, into folders, can be especially so. To avoid, or delay filing information (e.g., until more is known concerning where the information might be used), people

711:

However, a preference persists for navigation as the primary means of re-finding personal files (e.g., stepwise folder traversal; scanning a list of files within a folder for the desired file), notwithstanding ongoing improvements in search support. The enduring preference for navigation as a primary

670:

A person's efforts to find useful information are often a sequence of interactions rather than a single transaction. Under a "berry picking" model of finding, information is gathered in bits and pieces through a series of interactions, and during this time, a person's expression of need, as reflected

666:

relates and especially to efforts to find information in public spaces such as the Web or a traditional library. There is a strong personal component even in efforts to find new information, never before experienced, from a public store such as the Web. For example, efforts to find information may be

229:

One ideal of PIM is that people should always have the right information in the right place, in the right form, and of sufficient completeness and quality to meet their current need. Technologies and tools can help so that people spend less time with time-consuming and error-prone clerical activities

915:

Aside from the correlation between practices of PIM and more enduring personality traits, there is evidence to indicate that a person's (more changeable) mood impacts activities of PIM so that, for example, a person experiencing negative moods, when organizing personal information, is more likely to

802:

Activities of keeping correlate with activities of organizing so that, for example, people with more elaborate folder structures tend to file information more often and sooner. However, people may be selective in the information forms for which they invest efforts to organize. The schoolteachers who

744:

Keeping activities are also triggered when people are interrupted during a current task and look for ways of preserving the current state so that work can be quickly resumed later. People keep appointments by entering reminders into a calendar and keep good ideas or "things to pick up at the grocery

674:

People may find (rather than re-find) information even when this information is ostensibly under their control. For example, items may be "pushed" into the PSI (e.g., via the inbox, podcast subscriptions, downloads). If these items are discovered later, it is through an act of finding not re-finding

621:

As befits the "information" focus of PIM, PIM-relevant research of the 1980s and 1990s extended beyond the study of a particular device or application towards larger ecosystems of information management to include, for example, the organization of the physical office and the management of paperwork.

525:

People work with information items as packages of information with properties that vary depending upon the information form involved. Files, emails, "tweets", Facebook updates, blog posts, etc. are each examples of the information item. The ways in which an information item can be manipulated depend

463:

Activities to make sense of and use information focus on the decisions to make and the actions to take for a collection of information, once gathered. For example, among the choices available in new automobiles (new laptops, new employees, etc.), which will best meet a person's needs? Or what is the

444:

Activities to maintain & organize focus on personal information collections such as a person's inbox, photo collection, or the digital documents in a personal file system. Included are efforts to delete or archive information that is out-of-date or no longer used, efforts to update file formats,

1260:

In larger organizational settings, the GIM goals of the organization may conflict with the PIM goals of individuals working within the organization, where the goals of different individuals may also conflict. Individuals may, for example, keep copies of secure documents on their private laptops for

1256:

Group and social considerations frequently enter into a person's PIM strategy. For example, one member of a household may agree to manage medical information for everyone in the household (e.g., shot records) while another member of the household manages financial information for the household. But

818:

Studies of people's folder organizations for digital information indicate that these have uses going far beyond the organization of files for later retrieval. Folders are information in their own right – representing, for example, a person's evolving understanding of a project and its components. A

727:

There have been some prototyping efforts to explore an in-context creation e.g., creation in the context of a project the person is working on, of not only files, but also other forms of information such as web references and email. Prototyping efforts have also explored ways to improve support for

617:

of a decade ago can now be found in devices that fit into the palm of a hand. The phrase "Personal Information Management" was itself apparently first used in the 1980s in the midst of general excitement over the potential of the personal computer to greatly enhance the human ability to process and

1302:

Much of the useful information a person receives comes, often unprompted, through a person's network of family, friends and colleagues. People reciprocate and much of the information a person sends to others reflects an attempt to build relationships and influence the behavior of others. As such,

1237:

The study of PIM is also related to the field of human–computer interaction (HCI). Some of the more influential papers on PIM over the years have been published in HCI journals and conference proceedings. However, the "I" in PIM is for information – in various forms, paper-based and digital (e.g.,

927:

Beyond the negative feelings induced by information associated with a failed relationship, people experience negative feelings about their PIM practices, per se. People are shown in general to experience anxiety and dissatisfaction with respect to their personal information archives including both

850:

prototype supports an in-context creation and integration of project-related files, emails, web references, informal notes and other forms of information into a simplified, document-like interface meant to represent the project with headings corresponding to folders in the personal file system and

798:

Differences between people are especially apparent in their approaches to the maintenance and organization of information. Malone distinguished between "neat" and "messy" organizations of paper documents. "Messy" people had more piles in their offices and appeared to invest less effort than "neat"

707:

Support for searching personal information has improved dramatically over the years most notably in the provision for full-text indexing to improve search speed. With these improvements, preference may be shifting to search as a primary means for locating email messages (e.g., search on subject or

995:

At the same time, PIM research, at least in initial exploratory phases, must often be done in situ (e.g., in a person's workplace or office or at least where people have access to their laptops, smartphones and other devices of information management) so that people can be observed as they manage

991:

For research results to generalize, or else to be properly qualified, PIM research, at least in aggregate, should include the study of people, with a diversity of backgrounds and needs, over time as they work in many different situations, with different forms of information and different tools of

822:

However, people generally struggle to keep their information organized and often do not have reliable backup routines. People have trouble maintaining and organizing many distinct forms of information (e.g., digital documents, emails, and web references) and are sometimes observed to make special

794:

Activities of finding and, especially, keeping can segue into activities to maintain and organize as when, for example, efforts to keep a document in the file system prompt the creation of a new folder or efforts to re-find a document highlight the need to consolidate two folders with overlapping

769:

A person's ongoing use of a smartphone through the day can create a time-stamped record of events as a kind of automated keeping and especially of information "experienced by me" (see section, "The senses in which information is personal") with potential use in a person's efforts to journal or to

237:

A special focus of PIM concerns how people organize and maintain personal information collections, and methods that can help people in doing so. People may manage information in a variety of settings, for a variety of reasons, and with a variety of types of information. For example, a traditional

1293:

on a personal level make heavy use of information tools and external forms of information such as to-do lists, calendars, timelines, and email exchange. These are another form of information to be managed. Over the years, email, in particular, has been used in an ad hoc manner in support of task

468:

PIM activities overlap with one another. For example, the effort to keep an email attachment as a document in a personal file system may prompt an activity to organize the file system e.g., by creating a new folder for the document. Similarly, activities to organize may be prompted by a person's

1022:

A challenge is to combine, within or across studies, time-consuming (and often demographically biased) methods of exploratory observation with other methods that have broader, more economical reach. The exploratory methods bring out interesting patterns; the follow-on methods add in numbers and

967:

The purpose of PIM study is both descriptive and prescriptive. PIM research seeks to understand what people do now and the problems they encounter i.e., in the management of information and the use of information tools. This understanding is useful on its own but should also have application to

765:

Technologies may help to reduce the costs, in personal time and effort, of keeping and the likelihood of error. For example, the ability to take a digital photo of a sign, billboard announcement or the page of a paper document can obviate the task of otherwise transcribing (or photocopying) the

753:

The keeping decision can be characterized as a signal detection task subject to errors of two kinds: 1) an incorrect rejection ("miss") when information is ignored that later is needed and should have been kept (e.g., proof of charitable donations needed now to file a tax return) and 2) a false

740:

The ability to effectively handle information that is encountered by happenstance is essential to a person's ability to discover new material and make new connections. People also keep information that they have actively sought but do not have time to process currently. A search on the web, for

736:

Many events of daily life are roughly the converse of finding events: People encounter information and try to determine what, if anything, they should do with this information, i.e., people must match the information encountered to current or anticipated needs. Decisions and actions relating to

533:

Information fragmentation creates problems for each kind of PIM activity. Where to keep new information? Where to look for (re-find) information already kept? Meta-level activities, such as maintaining and organizing, are also more difficult and time-consuming when different stores on different

761:

Tagging provides another alternative to filing information items into folders. A strict folder hierarchy does not readily allow for the flexible classification of information even though, in a person's mind, an information item might fit in several different categories. A number of tag-related

472:

Meta-level activities overlap not only with finding and keeping activities but, even more so, with each other. For example, efforts to re-organize a personal file system can be motivated by the evaluation that the current file organization is too time-consuming to maintain and doesn't properly

481:

Information sent and received takes many different information forms in accordance with a growing list of communication modes, supporting tools, and people's customs, habits, and expectations. People still send paper-based letters, birthday cards, and thank you notes. But increasingly, people

1269:

Concerns of data management relate to PIM especially with respect to the safe, secure, long-term preservation of personal information in digital form. The study of information management and knowledge management in organizations also relates to the study of PIM and issues seen first at an

1261:

the sake of convenience even though doing so violates group (organizational) security. Given drawbacks—real or perceived—in the use of web services that support a shared use of folders, people working in a group may opt to share information instead through the use of e-mail attachments.

577:

After the 1950s research showed that the computer, as a symbol processor, could "think" (to varying degrees of fidelity) like people do, the 1960s saw an increasing interest in the use of the computer to help people to think better and to process information more effectively. Working with

686:. The steps of recall and recognition can iterate to progressively narrow the efforts to find the desired information. This interplay happens, for example, when people move through a folder hierarchy to a desired file or e-mail message or navigate through a website to a desired page. 529:

Information fragmentation is a key problem of PIM often made worse by the many information forms a person must work with. Information is scattered widely across information forms on different devices, in different formats, in different organizations, with different supporting tools.

1238:

books, digital documents, emails and, even, the letter magnets on a refrigerator in the kitchen). The "I" in HCI stands for "interaction" as this relates to the "C" – computers. (An argument has been advanced that HCI should be focused more on information rather than computers.)

723:

hypothesis, if a person's initial experience with a file included its placement in a folder, where the folder itself was reached by navigating through a hierarchy of containing folders, then the person will prefer a similar method – navigation – for return to the file later.

637:

Much PIM research can be grouped according to the PIM activity that is the primary focus of the research. These activities are reflected in the two main models of PIM, i.e., that primary PIM activities are finding/re-finding, keeping and meta-level activities (see section

1075:

With respect to methods for the evaluation of alternatives in PIM tools design, PIM researchers again face an "in situ" challenge. How to evaluate an alternative, as nearly as possible, in the working context of a person's PSI? One "let it lie" approach would provide for

431:

Activities to find (and re-find) move from a current need toward information to meet this need. If a person is asked by a colleague "When is the staff meeting?", for example, the person may meet the need (to answer accurately) by checking in a calendar of scheduled

979:

are also shown to impact PIM practices especially in the management of files. A person's practice is also observed to vary in significant ways with gender, age and current life circumstances. Certainly, differences among people on different sides of the so-called

546:

rather than the written word dominated, human memory was the primary means for information preservation. As information was increasingly rendered in paper form, tools were developed over time to meet the growing challenges of management. For example, the vertical

749:

failure. In order to avoid such a failure, people may, for example, self-e-mail a web page reference in addition to or instead of making a bookmark because the e-mail message with the reference appears in the inbox where it is more likely to be noticed and used.

238:

office worker might manage physical documents in a filing cabinet by placing them in hanging folders organized alphabetically by project name. More recently, this office worker might organize digital documents into the virtual folders of a local, computer-based

745:

store" by writing down a few cryptic lines on a loose piece of paper. People keep not only to ensure they have the information later, but also to build reminders to look for and use this information. Failure to remember to use information later is one kind of

291:

Owned by "me", e.g., paper documents in a home office, emails on a personal account, files on a personal computer or in the personal store of a Web cloud service. Preservation of this information especially for the longer-term and for legacy raises issues of

650:

Throughout a typical day, people repeatedly experience the need for information in large amounts and small (e.g., "When is my next meeting?"; "What's the status of the budget forecast?" "What's in the news today?") prompting activities to find and re-find.

1198:

has long been used to frame and explain human behavior and has recently been used as a basis for analyzing our choices concerning what information to keep and how – a key activity of PIM. Similarly, there is interplay between the psychological study of

819:

folder hierarchy can sometimes represent an informal problem decomposition with a parent folder representing a project and subfolders representing major components of the project (e.g., "wedding reception" and "church service" for a "wedding" project).

435:

Activities to keep move from encountered information toward anticipated need. A person may, for example, receive an email (information encountered) and flag (an act of keeping) as "high priority" or "read later" depending upon the message's assessed

1093:

even as an installed applet works to seamlessly synchronize the users files and folders with a Web store for the added benefits of a backup and options to synchronize this information with other devices and share this information with other users.

919:

Conversely, the information a person keeps or routinely encounters (e.g., via social media), can profoundly impact a person's mood. Even as explorations continue into the potential for the automatic, incidental capture of information (see section

948:, this type of personal health information usually requires people (i.e., patients) to engage in additional PIM finding activities to locate and gain access to health information and then to generate a comprehensible summary for their own use. 924:) there is growing awareness for the need to design for forgetting as well as for remembrance as, for example, when a person realizes the need to dispose of digital belongings in the aftermath of a romantic breakup or the death of a loved one. 700:

the finding sequence several times. A challenge in tool support is to provide people with ways to group or interrelate information items so that their chances improve of retrieving a complete set of the information needed to complete a task.

851:

subheadings (for tasks, sub-projects, or other project components) corresponding to subfolders. The intention is that a single, useful organization should emerge incidentally as people focus on the planning and completion of their projects.

859:

People face a continual evaluation of tradeoffs in deciding what information "flows" into and out of their PSI. Each interaction poses some degree of risk to privacy and security. Letting out information to the wrong recipients can lead to

314:

Directed toward "me", e.g., e-mails, phone calls, drop-ins, TV ads, web ads, pop-ups and including, even, self-interruptions (e.g., interrupting a work task to check a sports score). The management of incoming information raises issues of

265:

from their collections for re-use. For example, the office worker might re-locate a physical document by remembering the name of the project and then finding the appropriate folder by an alphabetical search. On a computer system with a

423:

Activities of PIM i.e., the actions people take to manage information that is personal to them in one or more of the ways listed above, can be seen as an effort to establish, use, and maintain a mapping between information and need.

534:

devices must be separately maintained. Problems of information fragmentation are especially manifest when a person must look across multiple devices and applications to gather together the information needed to complete a project.

806:

Activities of organization (e.g., creating and naming folders) segue into activities of maintenance such as consolidating redundant folders, archiving information no longer in active use, and ensuring that information is properly

1080:

between the tool under evaluation and a participant's PSI so that the tool can work with a participant's other tools and the participant's personal information (as opposed to working in a separate environment with "test" data).

3986: 574:," generally thought to be the first running artificial intelligence (AI) program. The computer of the 1950s was also an inspiration for the development of an information processing approach to human behavior and performance. 323:

have the potential to increase the relevance to the person of incoming information but at the potential cost of reinforcing a person's prejudices and preconceived notions or of filtering out information that the person should

373:

An encyclopaedic review of PIM literature suggests that all six senses of personal information listed above and the tools and technologies used to work with such information (from email applications and word processors to

278:

The purview of PIM is broad. A person's perception of and ability to effect change in the world is determined, constrained, and sometimes greatly extended, by an ability to receive, send and otherwise manage information.

837:

Empirical observations of PIM studies motivate prototyping efforts towards information tools to provide better support for the maintenance, organization and, going further, curation of personal information. For example,

1036:

The increasing use of activity tracking technology and the nearly round-the-clock use of smartphones creates new opportunities to gather PIM-relevant data with minimal time and trouble (but, of course, with participant

1010:

The guided tour method is one of several methods that are excellent for exploratory work but expensive and impractical to do with a larger, more diverse sampling of people. Other exploratory methods include the use of

774:

technology can further enrich the record of a person's daily activity with tremendous potential use for people to enrich their understanding of their daily lives and the healthiness of their diet and their activities.

4279:

Jones, W.; Capra, R.; Diekema, A.; Teevan, J.; Pérez-Quiñones, M.; Dinneen, J. D.; Hemminger, B. (2015). ""For Telling" the Present: Using the Delphi Method to Understand Personal Information Management Practices".

258:). People manage information in many more private, personal contexts as well. A parent may, for example, collect and organize photographs of their children into a photo album which might be paper-based or digital. 1257:

the collaborative organization and sharing of information is often difficult because, for example, the people working together in a group may have many different perspectives on how best to organize information.

754:

positive when information kept as useful (incorrectly judged as "signal") turns out not to be used later. Information kept and never used only adds to the clutter – digital and physical – in a person's life.

667:

directed by a personally created outline, self-addressed email reminder or a to-do list. In addition, information inside a person's PSI can be used to support a more targeted, personalized search of the web.

459:

Activities to measure and evaluate include efforts to assess the time effectiveness of a practice of PIM e.g., "Am I spending too much time in email?"; "Is this folder structure worth the trouble it takes to

944:. People often have difficulty managing or even navigating a variety of paper or electronic medical records across multiple health services in different specializations and institutions. Also referred to as 307:) kept by others such as credit records, health records, search history, etc. Such information can greatly impact a person's reputation, treatment and ability to get things done and raises major issues of 1175:, in its efforts to apply these questions more broadly to the study and simulation of intelligent behavior, is also related to PIM. (Cognitive science, in turn, has significant overlap with the field of 598:'s book Cognitive Psychology, the 1960s also saw the emergence of cognitive psychology as a discipline that focused primarily on a better understanding of the human ability to think, learn, and remember. 1104:

Finally, a simple "checklist" methodology of tool design", follows from an assessment of a proposed tool design with respect to each of the six senses in which information can be personal (see section "

625:

PIM, as a contemporary field of inquiry with a self-identified community of researchers, traces its origins to a Special Interest Group (SIG) session on PIM at the CHI 2004 conference and to a special

693:

to look in the first place. People may take the trouble to create Web bookmarks or to file away documents and then forget about this information so that, in worst case, the original effort is wasted.

594:

also completed work on a hypertext system called NLS (oN-Line System). Engelbart advanced the notion that the computer could be used to augment the human intellect. As heralded by the publication of

3759:

Mac Users Do It Differently: the Role of Operating System and Individual Differences in File Management book-title=Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

1171:, as the study of how people learn and remember, problem solve, and make decisions, necessarily also includes the study of how people make smart use of available information. The related field of 704:

Over the years, PIM studies have determined that people prefer to return to personal information, most notably the information kept in personal digital files, by navigating rather than searching.

971:

The nature of PIM makes its study challenging. The techniques and preferred methods of a person's PIM practice can vary considerably with information form (e.g., files vs. emails) and over time.

741:

example, often produces much more information than can be consumed in the current session. Both the decision to keep this information for later use and the steps to do so are keeping activities.

335:, social media posts, published reports and articles. Information provided by a person – deliberately and inadvertently – can prove decisive in the impressions that others form of this person. 803:

participated in one study, for example, reported having regular "spring cleaning" habits for organization and maintenance of paper documents but no comparable habits for digital information.

1045:

for achieving consensus has been used to leverage the expertise and experience of PIM researchers as means of extending, indirectly, the number and diversity of PIM practices represented.

3665:

Bergman, O.; Tucker, S.; Beyth-Marom, R.; Cutrell, E.; Whittaker, S. (2009). "It's not that important: Demoting personal information of low subjective importance using GrayArea".

1436:

Jones, William; Dinneen, Jesse David; Capra, Robert; Diekema, Anne R; Pérez-Quiñones, Manuel A (2017). "Personal Information Management (PIM)". In Clark, M.; McDonald, J. (eds.).

554:

With the increasing availability of computers in the 1950s came an interest in the computer as a source of metaphors and a test bed for efforts to understand the human ability to

712:

means of return to files may have a neurological basis i.e., navigation to files appears to use mental facilities similar to those people use to navigate in the physical world.

287:

Research in the field of personal information management has considered six senses in which information can be personal (to “me”) and so an object of person’s PIM activities:

1922: 5016: 1056:

for paper-based information to a wide range of computer-based applications for the management of digital information, ranging from applications people use every day such as

5174: 338:

Experienced by "me", e.g., Web history, photos (taken by others as well as by "me"), journal entries, full-motion videos from head-mounted cameras and other efforts to

218:

messages for everyday use to complete tasks (work-related or not) and fulfill a person's various roles (as parent, employee, friend, member of community, etc.); it is

38: 445:

and efforts to create backups of information to secure against loss. Also included are efforts to create an organizing structure in support of keeping and re-finding.

5090:

For Richer, for Poorer, in Sickness or in Health...: The Long-Term Management of Personal Information. PIM 2016 Workshop, in conjunction with the 2016 CHI Conference

2110:

O. Bergman; R. Beyth-Marom; R. Nachmias; N. Gradovitch; S. Whittaker (2008). "Improved search engines and navigation preference in personal information management".

1033:

The automated gathering of data on collections in a PSI e.g., for a personal file system to measure number of folders, depth, and average number of files per folder.

1307:(PNM) is a crucial aspect of PIM and can be understood as the practice of managing the links and connections to other people for social and professional benefits. 1249:(GIM, usually pronounced with a soft "G") has been written about elsewhere in the context of PIM. The study of GIM, in turn, has clear relevance to the study of 1182:

There is great potential for a mutually beneficial interplay between cognitive science and PIM. Sub-areas of cognitive science of clear relevance to PIM include

360:

to "me"—a catch-all category that includes information of potential relevance to a person e.g., information a person doesn't know about but ought to know about.

2478:

Teevan, J.; Alvarado, C.; Ackerman, M.S.; Karger, D.R. (2004). "The perfect search engine Is not enough: A study of orienteering behavior in directed search".

1217:

As people do PIM they work in an external environment that includes other people, available technology, and, often, an organizational setting. This means that

2149: 928:

concerns of possible loss of the information and also express concerns about their ability and effectiveness in managing and organizing their information.

872:. What, for example, are the personal information privacy implications of clicking the "Sign Up" button for use of social media services such as Facebook. 728:

navigation e.g., by highlighting and otherwise making it easier to follow, the paths people are more likely to take in their navigation back to a file.

4646:

Hicks, B.J.; Dong, A.; Palmer, R.; Mcalpine, H. C. (2008). "Organizing and managing personal electronic files: A mechanical engineer's perspective".

3822:

Alon, L.; Nachmias, R. (2020). "Anxious and frustrated but still competent: Affective aspects of interactions with personal information management".

1910:. 12th Annual ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 1989). Vol. 23. Cambridge, MA. pp. 207–210. 202:) is the study and implementation of the activities that people perform in order to acquire or create, store, organize, maintain, retrieve, and use 5380: 799:

people in filing information. Comparable differences have been observed in the ways people organize digital documents, emails, and web references.

230:

of PIM (such as looking for and organising information). But tools and technologies can also overwhelm people with too much information leading to

830:

for which they are not prepared. At the same time, these stores offer their owners the opportunity, with the right training and tool support, for

3988:

From user needs to opportunities in personal information management: A case study on organisational strategies in cross-media information spaces

5375: 5167: 4031:

Dinneen, J. D.; Frissen, I. (2020). "Mac Users Do It Differently: The Role of Operating System and Individual Differences in File Management".

4244:

Feng, Y.; Agosto, D. E. (2019). "Revisiting personal information management through information practices with activity tracking technology".

3417:

Diekema, A. R.; Olsen, M. W. (2014). "Teacher Personal information management (PIM) practices: Finding, keeping, and Re-Finding information".

3296:

Feng, Y.; Agosto, D. E. (2019). "Revisiting personal information management through information practices with activity tracking technology".

3163:

Dourish, P.; Edwards, W. K.; LaMarca, A.; Salisbury, M. (1999). "Presto: An experimental architecture for fluid interactive document spaces".

2624:

Whittaker, S.; Matthews, T.; Cerruti, J.; Badenes, H.; Tang, J. (2011). "Am I Wasting My Time Organizing Email?: A Study of Email Refinding".

864:. Letting in the wrong kind of information can mean that a person's devices are "infected" and the person's data is corrupted or "locked" for 696:

Also, finding/re-finding often means not just assembling a single item of information but rather a set of information. The person may need to

411:

paper documents relating to personal finances and possessions, as organized into the hanging folders of a traditional vertical filing cabinet.

5026: 4782: 4737: 4630: 4519: 4432: 4220: 4160: 4058: 4007: 3488: 2829: 2784: 2687: 2373: 2259: 1415: 1381: 1347: 1019:

wherein participants report on their PIM actions and experiences over time possibly as prompted (e.g., by a beep or a text on a smartphone).

3681: 1823:

D. O. Case (1986). "Collection and organization of written information by social scientists and humanists: a review and exploratory study".

146: 76: 44: 469:

efforts to find a document as when, for example, a person discovers that two folders have overlapping content and should be consolidated.

87: 4411:

Jones, William; Pirolli, Peter; Card, Stuart K.; Fidel, Raya; Gershon, Nahum; Morville, Peter; Nardi, Bonnie; Russell, Daniel M. (2006).

3742:

Massey, C.; TenBrook, S.; Tatum, C.; Whittaker, S. (April 2014). "PIM and personality: What do our personal file systems say about us?".

2509:

Abrams, D.; Baecker, R.; Chignell, M. (1998). "Information archiving with bookmarks: Personal web space construction and organization".

1250: 555: 2511:

CHI '98: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Eds KaratCMLundACoutazJ, et Al.), Los Angeles, USA

1097:

As what is better described as a methodology of tool design rather than a method, Bergman reports good success in the application of a

3772:

Whittaker, S.; Massey, C. (2020). "Mood and personal information management: how we feel influences how we organize our information".

3213:

Bergman, O.; Gradovitch, N.; Bar-Ilan, J.; Beyth-Marom, R. (2013). "Folder versus tag preference in personal information management".

1317: 782:

movement, life logging, in the extreme, a 'total capture" of information. Tracking technologies raise serious issues of privacy (see "

5064:

The PIM Workshop: An NSF-Sponsored Invitational Workshop on Personal Information Management, January 27-29, 2005, Seattle, Washington

4613:

Grudin, J. (1988). "Why CSCW applications fail: problems in the design and evaluation of organization of organizational interfaces".

2018: 5160: 4554: 1501: 182: 164: 105: 52: 3616:

Marshall, C.C. (2008). "Rethinking personal digital archiving, part 2: Implications for services, applications, and institutions".

5080:

Personal Information Management: PIM 2009 Workshop, in conjunction with ASIS&T 2009. November 7-8, 2009, Vancouver, BC, Canada

2613:. SIGIR 2003: 26th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. pp. 72–79. 342:. The increasing use of tools that keep a time-stamped record of a person's activities and bodily states either explicitly (e.g., 319:: It can sometimes have critical importance but at other times, it can distract and derail a person's efforts to get things done. 1191: 1452: 1137: 1098: 456:

and efforts to manage email subscriptions and efforts to filter incoming email (e.g., by marking some as "junk" or "spam").

5289: 2428:

Teevan, J.; Dumais, S.T.; Horvitz, E. (2005). "Personalizing search via automated analysis of interests and activities.".

2306:. Personal Information Management 2005: A Special Workshop Sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Seattle, WA, USA. 1274: 1133: 968:

understand what might be done in techniques, training and, especially, tool design to improve a person's practice of PIM.

223: 905:

can impact a person's practice of PIM and, in turn, a person's emotions can be impacted by the person's practice of PIM.

719:

repeatedly observed in psychological research such that preferred method of return aligns with initial exposure. Under a

5385: 5327: 3950:

Jones, W (2015). "Building a Better World with our Information: The Future of Personal Information Management, Part 3".

1342: 1246: 1190:. For example, folders created to hold information for a big project such as "plan my wedding" may sometimes resemble a 1089:

exemplify this approach: Users can continue to work with their files and folders locally on their computers through the

1069: 770:

return to information previously experienced ("I think I read the email while in the taxi on the way to the airport…").

375: 320: 3122:

Dourish, P.; Edwards, W. K.; LaMarca, A.; Lamping, J.; Petersen, K.; Salisbury, M.; Terry, D. B.; Thornton, J. (2000).

142: 138: 5102: 4912:

In B. Cronin (Ed.), "Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST), 45". Medford, NJ: Information Today.

1698:

D. C. Engelbart (1961). "Special considerations of the individual as a user, generator and retriever of information".

1273:

Concerns of knowledge management on a personal (vs. organizational) level have given rise to arguments for a field of

626: 4084:"Anxious and frustrated but still competent: Affective aspects of interactions with personal information management" 2559:

Bergman, O; Whittaker, S.; Schooler, J. (2020). "Out of sight and out of mind: Bookmarks are created but not used".

2005:

D. O. Case (1991). "Conceptual organization and retrieval of text by historians - the role of memory and metaphor".

482:

communicate using digital forms of information including emails, digital documents shared (as attachments or via a

1129: 1016: 1048:

The purview of PIM tool design applies to virtually any tool people use to work with their information including "

2180: 678:

Lansdale characterized the retrieval of information as a two-step process involving interplay between actions to

261:

PIM considers not only the methods used to store and organize information, but also is concerned with how people

4578:

Dinneen, Jesse David; Krtalić, Maja (2020). "E-mail as legacy: managing and preserving e-mail as a collection".

3285:. 68th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIST 2008). Columbus, OH. 4512:

Building a Better World with our Information: The Future of Personal Information Management, Part 3, Chapter 10

3571: 3513: 3068:

Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

839: 786:"). Additional questions arise concerning the utility and even the practical accessibility of "total capture". 267: 4332:"The user-subjective approach to personal information management systems design: Evidence and implementations" 1905: 3335:. First ACM Workshop on Continuous Archival and Retrieval of Personal Experiences (CARPE '04). pp. 1–21. 605:

in a refrigerated room, gained further validity from work in the late 1970s and through the 1980s to produce

3913:"Revisiting personal information management through information practices with activity tracking technology" 1176: 1141: 1108:") and each of the six activities of PIM (finding, keeping and the four meta-level activities, see section " 427:

Two activities of PIM occur repeatedly throughout a person's day and are often prompted by external events.

4999: 4982: 4916: 4909: 2443:

Bates, M. J. (1989). "The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online search interface".

2390: 5001:

Transforming Technologies to Manage Our Information: The Future of Personal Information Management, Part 2

4874: 3807:

Sas, C.; Whittaker, S. (2013). "Design for forgetting: Disposing of digital possessions after a breakup".

1153: 945: 716: 219: 4938: 3597:

Marshall, C. C. (2008). "Rethinking personal digital archiving, Part 1: Four challenges from the field".

3388:"Stuff goes into the computer and doesn't come out" A cross-tool study of personal information management 2223:

Jones, William; Wenning, Abe; Bruce, Harry (2014). "How Do People Re-find Files, Emails and Web Pages?".

3559:. HCI International 2003: 10th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. pp. 616–620. 3066:

Whittaker, S.; Sidner, C. (1996). "Email overload: Exploring personal information management of email".

2996:

Whittaker, S.; Hirschberg, J. (2001). "The character, value and management of personal paper archives".

2887:

Ellis, J.; Kvavilashvili, L. (2000). "Prospective memory in 2000: Past, present and future directions".

2574:

Whittaker, S.; Hirschberg, J. (2001). "The character, value and management of personal paper archives".

2480:

Human Factors in Computing Systems. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference (CHI 2004), Vienna, Austria

1644:

S. Carmody; W. Gross; T. Nelson; D. Rice; A. Van Dam (1969). "A hypertext editing system for the /360".

1327: 1222: 1145: 663: 590:", developed one of the first hypertext systems, The Hypertext Editing System, in 1968. That same year, 262: 80:

that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

4965: 4282:

Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY, USA)

551:, now such a standard feature of home and workplace offices, was first commercially available in 1893. 4810: 2872:

Czerwinski, M.; Horvitz, E.; Wilhite, S. (2004). "A Diary Study of Task Switching and Interruptions".

2036: 1944: 5354: 5335: 4413:""It's About the Information Stupid!": Why We Need a Separate Field of Human-information Interaction" 3346:

Sellen, A. J.; Whittaker, S. (2010). "Beyond total capture: A constructive critique of lifelogging".

2716: 1211: 1168: 1149: 1121: 1086: 1012: 812: 659: 483: 316: 297: 243: 231: 4956: 448:

Activities to manage privacy and the flow of information include, for example, decisions concerning

5350: 5053: 4967:

Building a Better World with our Information: The Future of Personal Information Management, Part 3

4121: 3635:

Whittaker, S. (2011). "Personal information management: From information consumption to curation".

2284: 1157: 778:

Technologies to automate the keeping of personal information segue to personal informatics and the

655: 610: 361: 350:) or implicitly (e.g., through Web page browsing, emails and texts) has given rise to notions of a 3698:

Ackerman, M. S.; Cranor, L. (1999). "Privacy critics: UI components to safeguard users' privacy".

3083:"The spatial metaphor for user interfaces—Experimental tests of reference by location versus name" 2703:

Benn, Y.; Bergman, O.; Glazer, L.; Arent, P.; Wilkinson, I. D.; Varley, R.; Whittaker, S. (2015).

4855: 4788: 4743: 4698: 4663: 4595: 4560: 4477: 4438: 4312: 4261: 4226: 4166: 4103: 4064: 4036: 4013: 3967: 3932: 3893: 3839: 3789: 3577: 3537: 3519: 3494: 3434: 3399: 3363: 3313: 3263: 3180: 3145: 3104: 3013: 2942: 2835: 2790: 2637: 2591: 2522: 2491: 2460: 2326: 2265: 2172: 2127: 2056: 1886: 1840: 1507: 1332: 1218: 1207:

and the PIM study of how people use tags and folders to describe and organize their information.

1027: 940:

in healthcare institutions (e.g., clinics, hospitals, insurance providers), often in the form of

937: 909: 746: 293: 251: 2965:"Finders, keepers? The present and future perfect in support of personal information management" 2660:

Jones, W.; Wenning, A.; Bruce, H. (2014). "How Do People Re-find Files, Emails and Web Pages?".

2206:"How do we find personal files?: the effect of OS, presentation, & depth on file navigation" 133:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

5128: 4541:. Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems, INTERACT '93 AND CHI '93. pp. 23–30. 4301:

Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems

3198:

Cutrell, E.; Robbins, D.; Dumais, S.; Sarin, R. (2006). "Fast, Flexible Filtering with Phlat".

2540:

Bruce, H.; Jones, W.; Dumais, S. (2004). "Information behavior that keeps found things found".

1865:"How do people organize their desks: implications for the design of office information-systems" 5238: 5220: 5152: 5030: 5022: 4778: 4733: 4681:

Bergman, Ofer; Whittaker, Steve; Falk, Noa (2014). "Shared files: The retrieval perspective".

4626: 4550: 4515: 4428: 4216: 4156: 4054: 4003: 3484: 3048: 2921:"Once found, what then? A study of "keeping" behaviors in the personal use of Web information" 2825: 2780: 2742: 2683: 2410: 2369: 2255: 1907:

How a personal document's intended use or purpose affects its classification in an office]

1760: 1497: 1453:"A Report on the NSF-Sponsored Workshop on Personal Information Management, Seattle, WA, 2005" 1411: 1377: 1204: 1172: 1125: 1082: 952: 902: 606: 591: 487: 379: 328: 247: 4364: 3533: 3456:. ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2005). pp. 1505–1508. 5304: 5279: 5264: 5195: 5005: 4988: 4971: 4847: 4846:. ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2003). pp. 345–352. 4822: 4770: 4725: 4690: 4655: 4618: 4587: 4542: 4469: 4420: 4393: 4343: 4304: 4253: 4208: 4148: 4095: 4046: 3995: 3959: 3924: 3885: 3831: 3781: 3703: 3644: 3529: 3476: 3473:

CHI '15: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

3426: 3391: 3355: 3305: 3253: 3222: 3172: 3135: 3094: 3040: 3005: 2976: 2932: 2896: 2817: 2772: 2732: 2724: 2705:"Navigating through digital folders uses the same brain structures as real world navigation" 2675: 2665: 2629: 2583: 2514: 2483: 2452: 2402: 2344: 2336: 2304:

A Report on the NSF-Sponsored Workshop on Personal Information Management, Seattle, WA, 2005

2247: 2164: 2119: 2087: 2075: 2048: 2014: 1987: 1956: 1876: 1832: 1752: 1707: 1589: 1577: 1489: 1352: 1304: 1226: 1195: 972: 869: 827: 771: 614: 567: 449: 4495:

Lutters, Wayne G.; Ackerman, Mark S.; Zhou, Xiaomu (2007). "Group Information Management".

3283:

Better to organize personal information by folders or by tags?: The devil is in the details

5345: 5070:

PIM 2006 Workshop, in conjunction with SIGIR 2006. August 10-11, 2006, Seattle, Washington

4984:

The Future of Personal Information Management, Part 1: Our Information, Always and Forever

3515:

The long term fate of our digital belongings: Toward a service model for personal archives

2287:; W. Jones (2004). "A special interest group session on personal information management". 1290: 1286: 1187: 1183: 779: 602: 579: 559: 351: 4897:

Jones, W, Dinneen, J. D., Capra, R., Diekema, A. R., & Pérez-Quiñones, M. A. (2017).

4844:

Taking email to task: The design and evaluation of a task management centered email tool

4536: 2853:

Erdelez, S.; Rioux, K. (2000). "Sharing information encountered for others on the Web".

2720: 4615:

CSCW '88: Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work

4369:. ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2005). Portland, OR. 2737: 1945:"On the applied use of human memory models: the memory extender personal filing system" 1200: 1065: 981: 941: 861: 826:

With ever increasing stores of personal digital information, people face challenges of

571: 548: 543: 503: 402:

photos, digital or paper-based, possibly as organized into albums, virtual or physical;

5109: 5009: 4992: 4975: 4297:"Making It Real: Towards Practical Progress in the Management of Personal Information" 3963: 3667:

Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

2238:

Whittaker, Steve; Mathews, Tara; Cerruti, Julian; Badenes, Hernan; Tang, John (2011).

1975: 1960: 1015:

collected, for example, as a participant completes a keeping or finding task, and the

5369: 5074: 5018:

Keeping found things found: the study and practice of personal information management

4599: 4265: 4230: 4107: 4068: 3936: 3843: 3793: 3725:"Understanding my data, myself: Supporting self-reflection with ubicomp technologies" 3317: 3044: 3017: 2595: 2205: 2060: 1991: 1864: 1756: 1337: 1042: 916:

create a structure with more folders where folders, on average, contain fewer files.

595: 304: 5069: 4667: 4481: 4442: 4316: 4170: 3971: 3897: 3857:

Bruce, Harry; Wenning, Abe; Jones, Elisabeth; Vinson, Julia; Jones, William (2010).

3541: 3438: 3403: 3267: 3184: 3108: 2946: 2641: 2464: 2269: 2176: 2131: 1844: 1660: 1511: 5274: 5063: 4792: 4747: 4702: 4564: 4124:; Chignell, M (2007). "Individual Differences In Personal Information Management". 4033:

Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

4017: 3498: 3367: 3149: 2839: 2794: 2495: 2210:

Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

1890: 1322: 1090: 1049: 976: 563: 495: 464:

overall picture of health that emerges from all the data kept by a fitness tracker?

387: 255: 4859: 4761:

Capra, Robert; Marchionini, Gary; Velasco-Martin, Javier; Muller, Katrina (2010).

2526: 2076:"The persistence of behavior and form in the organization of personal information" 1682: 570:

pioneered the computer's use as a tool to model human thought. They produced "The

5089: 5075:

PIM 2008 Workshop in conjunction with SIGCHI 2008, April 2008, in Florence, Italy

3648: 2406: 2340: 4099: 3835: 1057: 1053: 988:", personality traits and even a person's current mood can impact PIM behavior. 956: 898: 408:

emails, organized into email folders or, possibly, left in an ever larger inbox;

347: 239: 203: 5057: 4381: 3859:

Seeking an ideal solution to the management of personal information collections

3785: 2609:

Dumais, S.; Cutrell, E.; Cadiz, J.; Jancke, G.; Sarin, R.; Robbins, D. (2003).

1836: 823:

efforts to consolidate different information forms into a single organization.

5299: 5269: 5259: 5205: 5134: 5060:. CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1598–1599. 4366:

Don't take my folders away! Organizing personal information to get things done

4083: 3999: 3454:

Don't take my folders away! Organizing personal information to get things done

1668:

Proceedings of the December 9–11, 1968, Fall Joint Computer Conference, Part I

583: 4762: 4717: 4457: 4412: 4397: 3258: 3241: 2414: 2239: 5294: 4774: 4729: 4659: 4535:

Berlin, L. M.; Jeffries, R.; O'Day, V. L.; Paepcke, A.; Wharton, C. (1993).

4473: 4424: 4308: 4212: 4205:

Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

4152: 4050: 3889: 3724: 3480: 3359: 3124:"Extending document management systems with user-specific active properties" 2937: 2920: 2821: 2776: 2633: 2251: 2204:

O. Bergman; S. Whittaker; M. Sanderson; R. Nachmias; A. Ramamoorthy (2012).

2148:

O. Bergman; S. Whittaker; M. Sanderson; R. Nachmias; A. Ramamoorthy (2010).

2123: 1623: 1493: 1481: 737:

encountered information are collectively referred to as keeping activities.

587: 519: 440:

Meta-level activities focus more broadly on aspects of the mapping itself.

357: 303:

About "me". This refers especially to information (sometimes referred to as

145:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

3052: 2746: 2391:"Personal information management: From information consumption to curation" 1764: 1711: 5034: 4851: 4827: 4767: