Personal life of Cicero - Knowledge (XXG)

965:. It says he was a gluttonous gourmand. It then says his wife committed sacrileges and perjury and implies that he committed incest with his daughter. It accuses him of allowing his wife to meddle in politics and receiving her as his own consultant in his own political business. It accuses him of setting up courts to convict his political enemies and then forcing them to give him money and property, including luxurious villas at Pompeii and Tusculum and his house in Rome. The invective says if he disputes this then to explain how he could have possibly earned the money required by inheritance or legal fees. The invective goes on to accuse him of blackmailing patricians into giving him money or else he would associate them to Catiline. The invective says that he is "suppliant to his enemies, insolent to his friends, in one party one day, in another the next, loyal to none". It accuses him of having the 285:. Greek was already being taught in Arpinum before the city was allied with Rome, which made assimilation into Roman society relatively seamless for the local elite. Cicero, like most of his contemporaries, was also educated in the teachings of the ancient Greek rhetoricians, and most prominent teachers of oratory of the time were themselves Greek. Cicero used his knowledge of Greek to translate many of the theoretical concepts of Greek philosophy into Latin, thus translating Greek philosophical works for a larger audience. He was so diligent in his studies of Greek culture and language as a youth that he was jokingly called the "little Greek boy" by his provincial family and friends. But it was precisely this obsession that tied him to the traditional Roman elite. 981:, Cicero recognised that the end of the Republic was almost certain. He stated that "the Republic, the Senate, the law courts are mere ciphers and that not one of us has any constitutional position at all." The civil war had destroyed the Republic. It wreaked destruction and decimated resources throughout the Roman Empire. Julius Caesar's victory had been absolute. Caesar's assassination failed to reinstate the Republic, despite further attacks on the Romans’ freedom by "Caesar’s own henchman, Mark Antony." His death only highlighted the stability of "one man rule" by the ensuing chaos and further civil wars that broke out with Caesar's murderers, 756:. Thus, it is not surprising that Cicero envisioned a "selfless nobility of successful individuals" rather than the patrician-dominated system. Senators had made huge profits by exploiting the provinces. Repeatedly, the oligarchy had proved to be short-sighted, reactionary and "operating with restricted and outmoded institutions that could no longer cope with the vast territories containing multifarious populations that was Rome at this point of its history". The repeated failings of the oligarchy were not only due to the leading patricians like Crassus and Hortensius, but also to the influx of conservative equites into the Senate's ranks. 832: 484:. Stoicism had already been introduced to Roman society during the previous generation, and it maintained popular appeal among the Romans. Cicero did not completely accept Stoicism's austere philosophy, but he did adopt a modified Stoicism prevalent during the time. Diodotus the Stoic became Cicero's protégé and lived in his house until his death. Diodotus demonstrated a truly Stoic attitude when he continued to study and teach despite losing his sight. 362: 605:

January, Cicero was stunned. "I have lost the one thing that bound me to life" he wrote to Atticus. Atticus told him to come for a visit during the first weeks of his bereavement, so that he could comfort him when his pain was at its greatest. In Atticus' large library, Cicero read everything that the Greek philosophers had written about overcoming grief, "but my sorrow defeats all consolation."

325:(knight) with good connections in Rome. Though he was a semi-invalid who could not enter public life, he compensated for this by studying extensively. Although little is known about Cicero's mother, Helvia, it was common for the wives of important Roman citizens to be responsible for the management of the household. Cicero's brother Quintus wrote in a letter that she was a thrifty housewife. 2662: 638:), but is unfortunately lost. A few fragments have survived, among them the poignant: "I have always fought against Fortune, and beaten her. Even in exile I played the man. But now I yield, and throw up my hand." He also planned to erect a small temple to the memory of Tullia, "his incomparable daughter." But he dropped this plan after a year, for reasons unknown. 31: 739:(all citizens of Italy), demonstrated Cicero's foresight as a statesman. He understood that fundamental change to the organization and the distribution of power within the Republic was required to secure its future. Cicero believed "the best men" would institute large-scale reforms which were contrary to their interests as the ruling 720:, term the "moral degradation" of the republican system. Cicero envisioned a Rome ruled by a selfless nobility of successful individuals determining the fate of the nation via consensus in the Senate. Thanks to his equestrian and country background Cicero had a broader outlook, less marred by self-interest than those of the 228:, translator, and philosopher. An impressive orator and successful lawyer, Cicero probably thought his political career his most important achievement. Today, he is appreciated primarily for his humanism and philosophical and political writings. His voluminous correspondence, much of it addressed to his friend 932:

Later on, Octavian came upon one of his grandsons reading a book by Cicero. The boy tried to conceal it, fearing his grandfather's reaction. Octavian (now called Augustus) took the book from him, read a part of it, and then handed the volume back, saying: "He was a learned man, dear child, a learned

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The establishment of individual power bases both within Rome and in the provinces undermined Cicero's guiding principle of a free state, and thus the Roman Republic itself. This factionalised the Senate into cliques, which constantly engaged each other for political advantage. These cliques were the

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probably at the age of 27, in 79 BC. The marriage, which was a marriage of convenience, was harmonious for some 30 years. Terentia was of patrician background and a wealthy heiress, both important concerns for the ambitious young man that Cicero was at this time. One of her sisters, or a cousin, had

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in Athens about 300 years earlier, arrived in Rome. Cicero, "inspired by an extraordinary zeal for philosophy", sat enthusiastically at his feet and absorbed Plato's philosophy, even calling Plato his god. He most admired Plato's moral and political seriousness, but he also respected his breadth of

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before they were enfranchised by the Romans. The assimilation of nearby Italian communities into Roman society, which took place during the 2nd and 1st centuries, made Cicero's future as a Roman statesman, orator and writer possible. Although a great master of Latin rhetoric and composition, Cicero

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The combination of the Roman governing system, used by the oligarchy to selfishly maximize economic exploitation, and the introduction of the business minded equites, increased the plundering of resources in the Empire. The large-scale extortion destabilized the political system further, which was

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In the 50s BC, Cicero's letters to Terentia became shorter and colder. He complained to his friends that Terentia had betrayed him but did not specify in which sense. Perhaps the marriage simply could not outlast the strain of the political upheaval in Rome, Cicero's involvement in it, and various

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During this period in Roman history, if one was to be considered "cultured", it was necessary to be able to speak both Latin and Greek. The Roman upper class often preferred Greek to Latin in private correspondence, recognizing its more refined and precise expressions, and its greater subtlety and

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government. However, his career as a statesman was marked by inconsistencies and a tendency to shift his position in response to changes in the political climate. His indecision may be attributed to his sensitive and impressionable personality; he was prone to overreaction in the face of political

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was too idealistic. Also, Roman institutions had failed to keep pace with Rome's enormous expansion. The Republic had reached such a state of disrepair that regardless of Cicero's talents and passion, Rome lacked "persons loyal to to trust with armies." Cicero lacked the political power and any

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Cicero's last words were said to have been, "There is nothing proper about what you are doing, soldier, but do try to kill me properly." He was decapitated by his pursuers. Once discovered, he bowed to his captors, leaning his head out of the litter in a gladiatorial gesture to ease the task. By

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Among the proscribed, Cicero was one of the most viciously and doggedly hunted. Other victims included the tribune Salvius, who, after siding with Antony, moved his support directly and fully to Cicero. Cicero was viewed with sympathy by a large segment of the public, and many people refused to

567:. Cicero laments to Terentia in a letter written during his exile in Greece that "neither the gods whom you have worshipped with such a devotion nor the men that I have ever served, have shown the slightest sign of gratitude toward us". She was a pious and probably a rather down-to-earth person. 545:

as he wrote about them: "For it appears to me that among the many exceptional and divine things your Athens has produced and contributed to human life, nothing is better than those Eleusinian mysteries. For by means of them we have transformed from a rough and savage way of life to the state of

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was one of convenience. He describes her in a letter to his brother Quintus: "How affectionate, how modest, how clever! The express image of my face, my speech, my very soul." When she suddenly became ill in February 45 BC and died after having seemingly recovered from giving birth to a son in

236:, the 1st-century BC biographer of Atticus, remarked that Cicero's letters to Atticus contained such a wealth of detail "concerning the inclinations of leading men, the faults of the generals, and the revolutions in the government" that their reader had little need for a history of the period. 778:. The conflict between the two classes showed no signs of short-term resolution. The ruling class for over a century had showed nothing of "selfless service" to the Republic and through their actions only undermined its stability, contributing to the creation of a society ripe for revolution. 583:

of Terentia, who came from a wealthy family. This marriage did not last long. Shortly after the marriage had taken place Cicero's daughter, Tullia, died. Publilia had been jealous of her and was so unsympathetic over her death that Cicero divorced her. Several friends of his, among them

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maintained their position of power. Cicero did not envisage widespread reform, but a return to the "golden age" of the Republic. Despite Cicero's attempts to court Pompey over to the republican side, he failed to secure either Pompey's genuine support or peace for Rome.

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explains that the name was originally given to one of Cicero's ancestors who had a cleft in the tip of his nose resembling a chickpea. Plutarch adds that Cicero was urged to change this deprecatory name when he entered politics, but refused, saying that he would make

563:– a very great honour. Terentia was a strong-willed woman and (citing Plutarch) "she took more interest in her husband's political career than she allowed him to take in household affairs". She did not share Cicero's intellectual interests nor his 628:). For several months he just walked in the woods, crying. "I plunge into the dense wild wood early in the day and stay there until evening", he wrote to Atticus. Later he decided to write a book for himself on overcoming grief. This book, 546:

humanity, and have been civilized. Just as they are called initiations, so in actual fact we have learned from them the fundamentals of life, and have grasped the basis not only for living with joy but also for dying with a better hope."

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sometime in early 79 BC. However, Cicero himself says his departure was to hone his oratorical skills, and in particular to strengthen his body, which at the time was dangerously frail. In Athens, he studied philosophy with

766:. Moreover, this period of Roman history was marked by constant in-fighting between the senators and the equites over political power and control of the courts. The problem arose because Sulla originally enfranchised the 941:

Cicero's self-promoted image presents him as a virtuous hero of the patrician republic, but in his own lifetime he was criticized severely by the populares and their champions. A diatribe attributed to

453:, when he was visiting Rome c. 91 BC. His fellow student at Scaevola's, Titus Pomponius, accompanied him. Titus Pomponius (Atticus), unlike Cicero, would remain an Epicurean for the rest of his life. 2069:

Bailey, D. R. Shackleton. Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives. Handbook of Electioneering. Cicero Volume XXVIII, Loeb Classical Library 462, 2002. p. 371

2060:

Bailey, D. R. Shackleton. Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives. Handbook of Electioneering. Cicero Volume XXVIII, Loeb Classical Library 462, 2002. p. 369

2051:

Bailey, D. R. Shackleton. Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives. Handbook of Electioneering. Cicero Volume XXVIII, Loeb Classical Library 462, 2002. p. 369

2042:

Bailey, D. R. Shackleton. Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives. Handbook of Electioneering. Cicero Volume XXVIII, Loeb Classical Library 462, 2002. p. 371

2033:

Bailey, D. R. Shackleton. Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives. Handbook of Electioneering. Cicero Volume XXVIII, Loeb Classical Library 462, 2002. p. 371

2024:

Bailey, D. R. Shackleton. Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives. Handbook of Electioneering. Cicero Volume XXVIII, Loeb Classical Library 462, 2002. p. 369

2015:

Bailey, D. R. Shackleton. Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives. Handbook of Electioneering. Cicero Volume XXVIII, Loeb Classical Library 462, 2002. p. 367

2006:

Bailey, D. R. Shackleton. Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives. Handbook of Electioneering. Cicero Volume XXVIII, Loeb Classical Library 462, 2002. p. 367

1997:

Bailey, D. R. Shackleton. Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives. Handbook of Electioneering. Cicero Volume XXVIII, Loeb Classical Library 462, 2002. p. 367

1988:

Bailey, D. R. Shackleton. Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives. Handbook of Electioneering. Cicero Volume XXVIII, Loeb Classical Library 462, 2002. p. 367

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Cicero aspired to a republican system dominated by a ruling aristocratic class of men, "who so conducted themselves as to win for their policy the approval of all good men." Further, he sought a

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and that he was related not to Republicans but to the family of Marius. Then he is accused of being sexually depraved and specifically it says he engaged in a corrupt sexual relationship with

818:, which directly conflicted with the republican model as it did not comply with the system of holding a consulship for one year only. Cicero's vision for the Republic could not succeed if the 2082:

Bailey, D. R. Shackleton.Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives. Handbook of Electioneering. Cicero Volume XXVIII, Loeb Classical Library 462, 2002.

413:) would become Cicero's chief emotional support and adviser. "You are a second brother to me, an 'alter ego' to whom I can tell everything," Cicero wrote in one of his letters to Atticus. 268:(modern-day Arpino), a hill town 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Rome. The Arpinians received Roman citizenship in 188 BC, but had started to speak Latin rather than their native 3265: 538:

who had previously taught Cicero while on a visit to Rome. Molon helped Cicero hone the excesses in his style, as well as train his body and lungs for the demands of public speaking.

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and other young lawyers would study under Cicero; an association of the sort was considered a great honour to both teacher and pupil. He also had the support of his family's patrons,

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in a litter going to the seaside from where he hoped to embark on a ship to Macedonia. When the assassins arrived his own slaves said they had not seen him, but he was given away by

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In the invective the author first cricitizes him for arrogantly acting like a native patrician, when in fact his family was from a town far away from the city and he himself was a

1194:. A disparity occurs in his assassination, which occurs in an orchard rather than on the road to the sea. The TV series also depicts Cicero's assassination at the hands of the 1190:. The portrayal broadly adheres to the historical record, reflecting Cicero's political indecision and continued switching of allegiances between the various factions in Rome's 378:

According to Plutarch, Cicero was an extremely talented student, whose learning attracted attention from all over Rome, affording him the opportunity to study Roman law under

898:, both of whom had displayed the heads of their enemies in the Forum. He was the only victim of the Triumvirate's proscriptions to be displayed in that manner. According to 1004:(freedom) the Romans enjoyed for centuries. Cicero's vision had some fundamental flaws. It harked back to a "golden age" that may never have existed. Cicero's idea of the 882:

baring his neck and throat to the soldiers, he was indicating that he wouldn't resist. His hands were cut off as well and nailed and displayed along with the head on the

1309: 2298: 1165:) appears as a supporter of Octavius. This portrayal deviates sharply from history, as Cicero survives the civil war to witness Octavius assume the title of princeps. 312:, though he received little political benefit from this connection. In fact, it may have hindered his political aims, as Marius's political allies were defeated in 2507: 445:. He would eventually introduce Greek philosophy to the Romans and create a philosophical vocabulary for it in Latin. The first philosopher he met was the 387: 2088:

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Latin extracts of Cicero on Himself, translated by Charles Gordon Cooper, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1963

917:, during his year as a consul in 30 BC, avenged his father's death somewhat when he announced to the Senate Mark Antony's naval defeat at the 1719: 962: 438:. He also wrote, probably during his exile, a poem 'de consulatu suo' (On his Own Consulship), which has been, perhaps unfairly, ridiculed. 774:, naturally backed their claims to participate in the legal process; moreover, the constant conflict was incompatible with his vision of a 252:

and private change. "Would that he had been able to endure prosperity with greater self-control and adversity with more fortitude!" wrote

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His wife Terentia brought him besides a dowry of a hundred thousand denarii, and he received a bequest which amounted to ninety thousand.

530:. In Asia Minor, he met the leading orators of the region and continued to study with them. Cicero then journeyed to Rhodes to meet with 3177: 910:

took Cicero's head, pulled out his tongue, and jabbed it repeatedly with her hairpin in final revenge against Cicero's power of speech.

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would become a philosopher like him, but that was wishful thinking. Marcus himself wished for a military career. He joined the army of

2891: 617:. He sent an exquisite letter that posterity has much admired, full of subtle, melancholy reflection on the transiency of all things. 441:

In the late 90s and early 80s BC Cicero fell in love with philosophy, which was to have a great role in his life, ultimately adopting

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Cicero is generally perceived to be one of the most versatile minds of ancient Rome. He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of

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other disputes between the two. The divorce appears to have taken place in 47 or 46 BC. In 46 or 45 BC, Cicero married a young girl,

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In his youth, Cicero tried his hand at poetry, although his main interests lay elsewhere. His poetic works include translations of

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contrary to republican values. He also failed to a certain extent to recognize the real power structures that operated in Rome.

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in 49 BC, one of the most symbolic and infamous events in Roman history, Caesar is said to have quoted the Athenian playwright

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Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero's letters to Atticus, Vol, I, II, IV, VI, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain, 1965

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philosopher Kratippos in 48 BC, but he used this absence from "his father's vigilant eye" to "eat, drink and be merry."

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nuance. Knowledge about Greek culture and literature was extremely influential for upper class Roman society. When

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repealed and then exploiting that by extorting Roman citizens into giving him money by threats in the court.

3012: 2990: 2832: 2609: 1183: 1157: 1122: 1106: 1076: 762: 753: 614: 406: 402: 391: 297: 229: 3186: 3021: 2884: 2754: 986: 450: 289: 2694: 2687: 1162: 1043: 695: 1408: 588:, a woman who shared Cicero's interest in philosophy, tried to mend the break but he remained adamant. 232:, has been especially influential, introducing the art of refined letter writing to European culture. 3043: 2818: 2661: 2499: 2423: 1028: 1009:

military skill or resources, to enforce his ideal. To enforce republican values and institutions was

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during the 80s BC, and anyone connected to the Marian regime was viewed as a potential troublemaker.

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was not "Roman" in the traditional sense; he was quite self-conscious of this for his entire life.

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Gruen, Erich, The last Generation of the Roman Republic, University of California Press, US, 1974

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After a while, he withdrew from all company to complete solitude in his newly acquired villa in

831: 770:, but then these privileges were soon removed after he stepped down from office. Cicero, as an 3164: 3147: 3129: 2930: 2877: 2637: 2288: 2274: 2226: 2209: 2204: 2161: 2134: 2106: 1725: 1715: 1707: 1600: 815: 269: 814:

had distinctly dictatorial ways. Caesar, Crassus and Pompey were at one time the head of the

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provided the underpinnings of one of the most significant politicians of the Roman Republic.

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Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Selected Political Speeches, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1969

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Cicero remained the "Republic's last true friend" as he spoke out for his ideals and of the

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March, Duane A., "Cicero and the 'Gang of Five'," Classical World, volume 82 (1989) 225–234

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Castren and Pietilä-Castren: "Antiikin käsikirja" /"Handbook of antiquity" (2000) p. 237

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paints a picture of him that is much different than the well-known image of him as man.

3168: 3075: 3007: 2916: 2595: 1149: 875: 707: 504: 248: 202: 1267: 3254: 3202: 3160: 2974: 2630: 2486: 2311: 2182:, Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic, University of Oxford Press, London, 1936 1090: 1085: 887: 799: 654: 635: 606: 579:. It is thought that Cicero needed her money, particularly after having to repay the 560: 244: 210: 150: 1373:

Everitt, A.: "Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician" (2001) p. 35

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report that they had seen him. He was caught December 7, 43 BC leaving his villa in

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Scullard, H.H. From the Gracchi to Nero, University Paperbacks, Great Britain, 1968

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Smith, R.E., Cicero the Statesman, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain, 1966

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sent him letters of condolence. So did his old friend and colleague, the lawyer

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In the years 79–78 BC, Cicero continued his studies while on a tour of Greece,

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Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Selected Works, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1971

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Cicero's parents were Marcus Tullius Cicero and Helvia, and he had a brother,

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Cowell, Cicero and the Roman Republic, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1973

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of 80 BC (as Cicero's argument challenged the authority of Sulla's freedman,

3084: 3003: 2761: 2245: 1191: 846:, he had sympathized with the assassins. This, plus a personal rivalry with 740: 691: 585: 446: 165: 117: 2141:. Edited, Abridged, and with a Critical Foreword by Hans-Friedrich Mueller. 308:. Cicero was only distantly related to one notable person born in Arpinum, 2292: 1701: 224:

and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary, distinguishing himself as a

3173: 3079: 3066: 3057: 3052: 2901: 2366: 2358: 2346: 2325: 2150: 1969: 1697: 1580: 994: 922: 903: 859: 671: 634:, was highly appreciated in antiquity (and made an immense impression on 601: 555: 535: 500: 481: 434: 394:. The latter was a model to Cicero both as an orator and as a statesman. 337: 333: 329: 282: 225: 105: 2408: 2340: 3156: 3151: 3142: 3138: 3102: 2923: 2602: 2329: 1581:"Mystery Inquisitors: Performance, Authority, and Sacrilege at Eleusis" 943: 867: 803: 717: 716:, nor was it a straightforward desire to revitalise what many, such as 650: 517:), while it seems that Cicero also criticised Sulla in the lost speech 461: 321: 265: 214: 43: 30: 2260: 3111: 3034: 3016: 2439: 982: 907: 883: 791: 687: 646: 625: 492: 429: 425: 179: 81: 77: 59: 2869: 2153:, Fall of the Roman Republic, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1972 239:

During the chaotic middle period of the first century BC, marked by

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It is commonly known that Cicero held great love for his daughter

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Rawson, Elizabeth, Cicero, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1975

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SORGLL: Cicero, In Catilinam I; I,1-3, read by Robert Sonkowsky

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led him to aid considerably Marcus Minor's career. He became an

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Links with the equestrian class, combined with his status as a

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continuously under pressure by both foreign wars and from the

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argued for two days against Cicero being added to the list.

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Terentia, Tullia and Publilia: the women of Cicero's family

657:. Cicero sent him to Athens to study as a disciple of the 1465:

Rawson, Elizabeth: "Cicero, a portrait" (1975) pp. 14–15

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After his father's murder, Marcus joined the army of the

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Cicero: the life and times of Rome's greatest politician

674:. Augustus' bad conscience for having put Cicero on the 336:. Romans often chose down-to-earth personal surnames. 201:, played a critical role in the transformation of the 690:

in 30 BC together with Augustus, and later appointed

213:, Cicero is widely considered one of Rome's greatest 1887:

Antiikin käsikirja/Encyclopedia of the Ancient World

1075:; Cicero first appears as a precocious young boy in 1036:; probably performed 1599 but unpublished until the 3195: 2954: 2908: 2849: 2810: 2732: 2679: 2672: 2545: 2476: 2469: 2208:, University of Chicago Press, 448 pages, Reprint: 1924: 1922: 1751: 1749: 133: 123: 101: 91: 69: 53: 37: 21: 332:, personal surname, is derived from the Latin for 1487: 1485: 469:imagination. Cicero nonetheless rejected Plato's 1619:"The Eleusinian Mysteries: The Rites of Demeter" 810:were generally republicans, some leaders of the 300:. Cicero's family belonged to the local gentry, 256:, a contemporary Roman statesman and historian. 247:, Cicero championed a return to the traditional 2319:Biographies and descriptions of Cicero's time: 1144:, a British-Italian film (2003), also shown as 3266:Personal life and relationships of individuals 1755:Haskell, H.J.: "This was Cicero" (1964) p. 249 1382:Rawson, E. "Cicero, a portrait" (1975) pp. 2–3 1022:Modern fiction, listed in order of publication 842:Although Cicero had not been a conspirator in 2885: 2424: 1652:Haskell, H.J.: "This was Cicero" (1964) p. 96 1643:Rawson, E.: "Cicero, a portrait" (1975) p. 25 1391:Rawson, E.: "Cicero, a portrait" (1975) p. 17 1355:Rawson, E.: "Cicero, a portrait" (1975) p. 7. 1280:Haskell, H.J.:"This was Cicero" (1964) p. 296 8: 2284:Classics Collection (see: M. Tullius Cicero) 1364:Rawson, E.: "Cicero, a portrait" (1975) p. 8 397:Cicero's fellow students with Scaevola were 2122:, Fawcett publications, Inc. Greenwich, CN 1148:in some countries, where Cicero (played by 902:(in a story often mistakenly attributed to 503:, Sulla was angered by Cicero's defence of 2892: 2878: 2870: 2676: 2473: 2431: 2417: 2409: 989:, and finally between his own supporters, 29: 18: 2246:Quotes with Cicero's teachings on oratory 2127:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 1491:Rawson: "Cicero, a portrait" (1975) p. 18 2368:Social life at Rome in the Age of Cicero 2328:'s biography of Cicero contained in the 1885:Paavo Castren & L. Pietilä-Castren: 1300:"UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 3, 2019" 752:meant that Cicero was isolated from the 382:. In the same way, years later, a young 2314:: text, concordances and frequency list 2261:The Internet Encyclopædia of Philosophy 2187:Cicero: A sketch of his life and works. 1229: 710:was not simply the maintenance of the 649:in 49 BC and after Pompey's defeat at 526:, the 'Old Academic' and initiator of 264:Cicero was born January 3, 106 BC, in 176:personal life of Marcus Tullius Cicero 2297:UAH (Latin, with translation notes): 1665:, London: Routledge, 2007, pp. 129ff. 1060:(1965), a fictionalized biography by 7: 2352:Ancient Classics for English Readers 2225:, Doubleday & Company, Reprint: 1312:from the original on January 3, 2019 1102:that imagines Cicero's last thoughts 2256:University of Texas Cicero Homepage 1322:Roman philosopher Cicero in 106 B.C 1186:prominently; the role is played by 925:and his capable commander-in-chief 519:In defence of the women of Arretium 304:but had no familial ties with the 16:Overview of Cicero's personal life 14: 541:Cicero probably took part in the 319:Cicero's father was a well-to-do 2360:Roman life in the days of Cicero 296:, the sister of Cicero's friend 2189:Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. 1897:James Leigh Strachan-Davidson. 1809:Samtliga brev/Collected letters 1202:was not Cicero's actual killer. 1152:) appears in several vignettes. 874:, a freed slave of his brother 476:Shortly thereafter, Cicero met 1116:(2009; published in the US as 890:according to the tradition of 1: 2575:De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum 2397:At Middlebury College website 2308:, translated by Walter Miller 1579:Gagnéé, Renaud (2009-10-01). 1271:16, trans. John Selby Watson. 1098:(2006), a short monologue by 844:Julius Caesar's assassination 2840:Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem 933:man who loved his country". 702:Political and social thought 515:Lucius Cornelius Chrysogonus 1674:Treggiari, op. cit., p. 133 1155:In the 2005 ABC miniseries 915:Marcus Tullius Cicero Minor 600:, although his marriage to 3282: 2938:On the Malice of Herodotus 2508:De Partitionibus Oratoriae 2350:by Rev. W. Lucas Collins ( 1624:World History Encyclopedia 1476:"Cicero: De consulatu suo" 1305:United Press International 1146:Augustus The First Emperor 835:Portrait of Cicero in the 670:but was later pardoned by 653:48 BC, he was pardoned by 641:Cicero hoped that his son 370:, 1464 fresco, now at the 3231: 2658: 2515:De Optimo Genere Oratorum 2446: 2251:Links to Cicero resources 2156:Rawson, Elizabeth (1975) 1196:fictionalized Titus Pullo 786:, led by such figures as 428:, which later influenced 28: 2582:Tusculanae Disputationes 2385:Dryden's translation of 2362:by Rev. Alfred J. Church 2105:, hardback, 359 pages, 1958:Cicero, A turbulent life 1597:10.1525/CA.2009.28.2.211 1404:(1975) pp. 5–6; Cicero, 1346:Plutarch: "Lives" p. 874 1198:, though the historical 952:Invective Against Cicero 733:consensus omnium bonorum 706:Cicero's vision for the 559:been chosen to become a 432:to use that poem in the 367:The Young Cicero Reading 243:and the dictatorship of 3196:Translators and editors 2833:Epistulae ad Familiares 2610:Cato Maior de Senectute 2180:Strachan-Davidson, J.L. 2125:Gibbon, Edward (1793). 2097:Everitt, Anthony 2001, 1089:series (1991–2005), by 1071:series (1990-2007), by 615:Servius Sulpicius Rufus 592:Tullia and Marcus Minor 403:Servius Sulpicius Rufus 392:Lucius Licinius Crassus 388:Marcus Aemilius Scaurus 380:Quintus Mucius Scaevola 349:("Swollen-ankled") and 199:Roman constitutionalist 2755:Divinatio in Caecilium 2666: 2160:, Allen Lane, London 2118:Haskell, H.J.: (1946) 950:and also known as the 839: 375: 306:Roman senatorial class 290:Quintus Tullius Cicero 2688:De Imperio Cn. Pompei 2665:Marcus Tullius Cicero 2664: 2440:Marcus Tullius Cicero 2339:by Anthony Trollope, 2322:At Project Gutenberg 2282:(Latin and English): 1781:, 12.14. Rawson, E.: 1184:Marcus Tullius Cicero 834: 798:, led by such men as 790:, and in later years 364: 23:Marcus Tullius Cicero 2819:Epistulae ad Atticum 1161:, Cicero (played by 686:, and was nominated 543:Eleusinian Mysteries 524:Antiochus of Ascalon 464:that was founded by 384:Marcus Caelius Rufus 292:, who later married 279:crossing the Rubicon 260:Childhood and family 217:and prose stylists. 209:. A contemporary of 2971:Alexander the Great 2826:Epistulae ad Brutum 2617:Laelius de Amicitia 2380:At Heraklia website 2185:Taylor, H. (1918). 1585:Classical Antiquity 1411:(Quintus to Cicero) 1308:. January 3, 2019. 1218:Marcus Tullius Tiro 1134:Film and television 1034:William Shakespeare 575:, who had been his 443:Academic Skepticism 345:more glorious than 245:Gaius Julius Caesar 3208:Arthur Hugh Clough 2748:Pro Roscio Amerino 2667: 2647:Paradoxa Stoicorum 2158:Cicero, A portrait 2131:The Modern Library 1811:ad Fam. 4, 5 and 6 1779:Letters to Atticus 1708:Perrin, Bernadotte 1402:Cicero, a portrait 1335:Cicero, a portrait 1241:Cicero, a portrait 1141:Imperium: Augustus 1100:Robert Olen Butler 1073:Colleen McCullough 856:Second Triumvirate 840: 680:Second Triumvirate 510:Pro Roscio Amerino 460:, the head of the 399:Gaius Marius Minor 376: 372:Wallace Collection 191:political theorist 3248: 3247: 3235:Comparison extant 3165:Tiberius Gracchus 2931:De genio Socratis 2867: 2866: 2806: 2805: 2695:In Catilinam I–IV 2656: 2655: 2638:Somnium Scipionis 2289:The Latin Library 2275:Project Gutenberg 2267:Works by Cicero: 2205:The Art of Memory 1876:(1964) pp. 103–04 1721:978-0-674-99114-9 1661:Susan Treggiari, 1265:Cornelius Nepos, 1256:(1964) pp. 300–01 1006:concordia ordinum 906:), Antony's wife 816:First Triumvirate 776:concordia ordinum 729:concordia ordinum 694:of Syria and the 480:, an exponent of 254:C. Asinius Pollio 172: 171: 124:Literary movement 57:December 7, 43 BC 41:January 3, 106 BC 3273: 3218:Philemon Holland 3107:Cato the Younger 2987:Aratus of Sicyon 2894: 2887: 2880: 2871: 2790:Pro Archia Poeta 2677: 2589:De Natura Deorum 2474: 2456:Political career 2433: 2426: 2419: 2410: 2389:from Plutarch's 2223:A Pillar of Iron 2200:Francis A. Yates 2070: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1967: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1939: 1933: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1870: 1864: 1857: 1851: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1825: 1818: 1812: 1805: 1799: 1792: 1786: 1775: 1769: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1706:. Translated by 1703:Plutarch's Lives 1694: 1688: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1576: 1570: 1563: 1557: 1550: 1544: 1537: 1531: 1524: 1518: 1511: 1505: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1448: 1442: 1433: 1427: 1418: 1412: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1263: 1257: 1250: 1244: 1234: 1058:A Pillar of Iron 1049:epistolary novel 948:Contra Ciceronem 919:Battle of Actium 696:province of Asia 678:list during the 532:Apollonius Molon 528:Middle Platonism 458:Philo of Larissa 222:Greek philosophy 128:Golden Age Latin 33: 19: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3227: 3191: 3178:Aemilius Paulus 2950: 2946:Pseudo-Plutarch 2904: 2898: 2868: 2863: 2845: 2802: 2728: 2702:In Toga Candida 2668: 2652: 2541: 2478: 2465: 2442: 2437: 2373:W. Warde Fowler 2293:Works of Cicero 2280:Perseus Project 2271:Works by Cicero 2239: 2219:Taylor Caldwell 2196: 2194:Further reading 2120:This was Cicero 2079: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1951: 1940: 1936: 1930:This was Cicero 1928:Haskell, H.J.: 1927: 1920: 1909: 1905: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1874:This was Cicero 1872:Haskell, H.J.: 1871: 1867: 1858: 1854: 1848:This was Cicero 1846:Haskell, H.J.: 1845: 1841: 1832: 1828: 1822:This was Cicero 1820:Haskell, H.J.: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1802: 1793: 1789: 1776: 1772: 1766:This was Cicero 1763: 1759: 1754: 1747: 1734: 1732: 1722: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1627: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1564: 1560: 1551: 1547: 1538: 1534: 1525: 1521: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1483: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1449: 1445: 1434: 1430: 1419: 1415: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1332: 1328: 1315: 1313: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1264: 1260: 1254:This was Cicero 1252:Haskell, H.J.: 1251: 1247: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1213:Caecilia Attica 1209: 1136: 1078:The Grass Crown 1068:Masters of Rome 1062:Taylor Caldwell 1053:Thornton Wilder 1024: 1019: 1017:Popular culture 975: 939: 837:Vatican Museums 829: 806:. Although the 704: 594: 554:Cicero married 552: 499:: according to 471:Theory of forms 407:Titus Pomponius 359: 262: 234:Cornelius Nepos 160: 145: 58: 42: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3279: 3277: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3253: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3238:Four unpaired 3236: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3169:Gaius Gracchus 3154: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3008:Cato the Elder 3001: 2984: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2920: 2917:Parallel Lives 2912: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2705: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2596:De Divinatione 2592: 2585: 2578: 2571: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2490: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2391:Parallel Lives 2382: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2364: 2356: 2344: 2337:Life of Cicero 2334: 2331:Parallel Lives 2317: 2316: 2315: 2312:Cicero's works 2309: 2301: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2238: 2237:External links 2235: 2234: 2233: 2216: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2123: 2116: 2113: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2062: 2053: 2044: 2035: 2026: 2017: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1962: 1949: 1934: 1918: 1903: 1901:. 1894, p. 427 1890: 1878: 1865: 1852: 1839: 1826: 1813: 1800: 1787: 1770: 1764:Haskell H.J.: 1757: 1745: 1720: 1689: 1676: 1667: 1654: 1645: 1636: 1610: 1591:(2): 211–247. 1571: 1558: 1545: 1532: 1519: 1506: 1493: 1481: 1467: 1458: 1443: 1428: 1413: 1393: 1384: 1375: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1339: 1326: 1291: 1282: 1273: 1258: 1245: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1166: 1153: 1150:Gottfried John 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1103: 1093: 1082: 1064: 1055: 1040: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 974: 971: 938: 935: 913:Cicero's son, 876:Quintus Cicero 858:. Reportedly, 828: 825: 703: 700: 593: 590: 551: 548: 505:Sextus Roscius 358: 355: 261: 258: 203:Roman Republic 170: 169: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 71: 67: 66: 55: 51: 50: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3278: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3203:Jacques Amyot 3201: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2975:Julius Caesar 2972: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2631:De Re Publica 2628: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546:Philosophical 2544: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2488: 2487:De Inventione 2484: 2483: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2451:Personal life 2449: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2231:0-385-05303-7 2228: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2214:0-226-95001-8 2211: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2166:0-7139-0864-5 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2139:0-375-75811-9 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2111:0-375-50746-9 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1956:Everitt, A.: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1943:Roman History 1941:Cassius Dio, 1938: 1935: 1932:(1964) p. 293 1931: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1513:c.f. Cicero, 1510: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1406:Ad Familiares 1403: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1246: 1243:(1975) p. 303 1242: 1238: 1233: 1230: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1163:Michael Byrne 1160: 1159: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:Robert Harris 1125: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1091:Steven Saylor 1088: 1087: 1086:Roma Sub Rosa 1083: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1044:Ides of March 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1029:Julius Caesar 1026: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 972: 970: 968: 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 936: 934: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888:Forum Romanum 885: 879: 877: 873: 869: 863: 861: 857: 853: 852:proscriptions 849: 845: 838: 833: 826: 824: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800:Julius Caesar 797: 793: 789: 785: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 764: 757: 755: 751: 750: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 714: 709: 701: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 668: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 639: 637: 636:St. Augustine 633: 632: 627: 623: 618: 616: 612: 608: 603: 599: 591: 589: 587: 582: 578: 574: 568: 566: 562: 561:Vestal Virgin 557: 549: 547: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 520: 516: 512: 511: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 479: 474: 472: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 436: 431: 427: 423: 419: 414: 412: 411:philhellenism 408: 404: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 373: 369: 368: 363: 356: 354: 352: 348: 344: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 323: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 302:domi nobiles, 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 280: 274: 271: 267: 259: 257: 255: 250: 246: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 218: 216: 212: 211:Julius Caesar 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 185: 181: 177: 168: 167: 163: 159: 158: 153: 152: 151:De Inventione 148: 144: 143: 139: 136: 134:Notable works 132: 129: 126: 122: 119: 115: 111: 107: 104: 100: 97: 96:Ancient Roman 94: 90: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 68: 65: 61: 56: 52: 49: 45: 40: 36: 32: 27: 20: 3239: 3223:Thomas North 3183:Themistocles 3134:Gaius Marius 2978: 2922: 2915: 2858:Summum bonum 2856: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2817: 2795: 2788: 2783:Pro Cluentio 2781: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2746: 2741:Pro Quinctio 2739: 2721: 2716:Pro Marcello 2714: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2645: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2615: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2580: 2573: 2566: 2559: 2552: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2506: 2492: 2485: 2479:and politics 2450: 2390: 2386: 2367: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2336: 2330: 2303: 2222: 2203: 2186: 2157: 2126: 2119: 2103:Random House 2098: 2065: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2029: 2020: 2011: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1973: 1965: 1957: 1952: 1942: 1937: 1929: 1911: 1906: 1898: 1893: 1886: 1881: 1873: 1868: 1860: 1859:Rawson, E.: 1855: 1847: 1842: 1837:, pp. 225–27 1834: 1833:Rawson, E.: 1829: 1821: 1816: 1808: 1803: 1795: 1794:Rawson, E.: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1765: 1760: 1740: 1733:. Retrieved 1702: 1692: 1684: 1683:Rawson, E.: 1679: 1670: 1662: 1657: 1648: 1639: 1628:. Retrieved 1622: 1613: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1566: 1561: 1553: 1548: 1540: 1535: 1527: 1522: 1514: 1509: 1501: 1496: 1470: 1461: 1451: 1446: 1436: 1431: 1421: 1416: 1405: 1401: 1400:Rawson, E.: 1396: 1387: 1378: 1369: 1360: 1351: 1342: 1334: 1333:Rawson, E.: 1329: 1321: 1316:September 3, 1314:. Retrieved 1303: 1294: 1285: 1276: 1266: 1261: 1253: 1248: 1240: 1232: 1188:David Bamber 1177: 1156: 1145: 1139: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1095: 1084: 1077: 1066: 1057: 1042: 1027: 1010: 1005: 1001: 999: 976: 958: 956: 947: 940: 931: 921:in 31 BC by 912: 880: 864: 841: 819: 811: 807: 795: 783: 780: 775: 771: 767: 761: 758: 747: 745: 736: 732: 728: 726: 711: 705: 676:proscription 665: 663: 640: 629: 619: 595: 569: 553: 540: 518: 508: 486: 475: 455: 449:philosopher 440: 433: 421: 415: 396: 377: 365: 350: 346: 342: 327: 320: 318: 310:Gaius Marius 301: 287: 275: 263: 238: 219: 207:Roman Empire 175: 173: 164: 161: 155: 149: 146: 142:Pro Quinctio 140: 137: 3213:John Dryden 3094:Philopoemen 3031:Demosthenes 2776:Pro Caecina 2723:Philippicae 2624:De Officiis 2343:– Volume II 2305:De Officiis 2299:Cicero Page 1515:de Officiis 1337:(1975) p. 1 1200:Titus Pullo 1047:(1948), an 1038:First Folio 1032:(1623), by 991:Mark Antony 963:Marcus Piso 900:Cassius Dio 848:Mark Antony 737:tota Italia 735:to include 667:Liberatores 659:Peripatetic 565:agnosticism 536:rhetorician 534:, a famous 353:("Puppy"). 314:a civil war 195:philosopher 157:De Officiis 147:Philosophy: 92:Nationality 86:philosopher 3255:Categories 3098:Flamininus 2991:Artaxerxes 2966:Coriolanus 2962:Alcibiades 2797:Pro Caelio 2769:Pro Tullio 2709:Pro Milone 2568:Consolatio 2554:Hortensius 2536:De Legibus 2494:De Oratore 2077:References 1910:Plutarch, 1735:3 November 1630:2019-04-27 1500:Plutarch, 1450:Plutarch, 1435:Plutarch, 1420:Plutarch, 1237:Rawson, E. 1176:TV series 1118:Conspirata 1011:ipso facto 977:After the 967:Lex Porcia 872:Philologus 794:, and the 749:novus homo 722:patricians 713:status quo 631:Consolatio 489:Asia Minor 456:In 87 BC, 422:Phaenomena 249:republican 241:civil wars 189:, lawyer, 114:philosophy 74:Politician 70:Occupation 3161:Cleomenes 3148:Sertorius 3121:Poplicola 3116:Agesilaus 3089:Marcellus 3085:Pelopidas 3022:Demetrius 3004:Aristides 2900:Works of 2762:In Verrem 2680:Political 2561:Academica 2470:Treatises 2291:(Latin): 2242:General: 1730:264953938 1605:0278-6656 1192:civil war 1182:features 1096:Severance 979:civil war 959:novo homo 937:Criticism 820:populares 812:optimates 808:optimates 796:populares 784:optimates 763:populares 754:optimates 741:oligarchy 724:of Rome. 692:proconsul 651:Pharsalus 586:Caerellia 550:Marriages 447:Epicurean 328:Cicero's 205:into the 187:statesman 166:In Verrem 138:Politics: 3187:Camillus 3174:Timoleon 3080:Lycurgus 3067:Lysander 3058:Lucullus 3053:Pericles 2902:Plutarch 2733:Judicial 2673:Orations 2500:Book III 2477:Rhetoric 2461:Writings 2341:Volume I 2326:Plutarch 2221:(1965), 2202:(1974). 2151:Plutarch 2133:(2003), 1970:Plutarch 1863:, p. 250 1824:, p. 250 1807:Cicero, 1777:Cicero, 1700:(1967). 1698:Plutarch 1565:Cicero, 1552:Cicero, 1539:Cicero, 1310:Archived 1207:See also 1123:Dictator 1110:(2006), 1107:Imperium 1002:libertas 995:Octavian 923:Octavian 904:Plutarch 860:Octavian 708:Republic 672:Augustus 602:Terentia 573:Publilia 556:Terentia 501:Plutarch 482:Stoicism 478:Diodotus 451:Phaedrus 435:Georgics 420:and the 338:Plutarch 334:chickpea 330:cognomen 294:Pomponia 283:Menander 270:Volscian 226:linguist 106:politics 3152:Eumenes 3143:Theseus 3139:Romulus 3130:Pyrrhus 3103:Phocion 3013:Crassus 2924:Moralia 2850:Related 2811:Letters 2603:De Fato 1768:, p. 95 1409:16.26.2 1268:Atticus 1120:), and 1113:Lustrum 987:Cassius 946:called 944:Sallust 927:Agrippa 886:in the 868:Formiae 854:of the 804:Crassus 768:equites 718:Sallust 507:in the 462:Academy 357:Studies 351:Catulus 347:Scaurus 298:Atticus 266:Arpinum 230:Atticus 215:orators 118:oratory 102:Subject 44:Arpinum 3261:Cicero 3112:Pompey 3049:Fabius 3044:Brutus 3035:Cicero 3026:Antony 3017:Nicias 2529:Orator 2522:Brutus 2387:Cicero 2348:Cicero 2229: 2212: 2164: 2137: 2109: 1974:Cicero 1960:(2001) 1946:47.8.4 1915:46.3–5 1912:Cicero 1861:Cicero 1850:p. 251 1835:Cicero 1798:p. 226 1796:Cicero 1785:p. 225 1783:Cicero 1728: 1718: 1687:p. 225 1685:Cicero 1603: 1569:315–17 1567:Brutus 1554:Brutus 1543:313–14 1541:Brutus 1502:Cicero 1452:Cicero 1437:Cicero 1422:Cicero 1158:Empire 1081:(1991) 983:Brutus 973:Legacy 908:Fulvia 892:Marius 884:Rostra 792:Pompey 688:consul 655:Caesar 647:Pompey 643:Marcus 626:Naples 622:Astura 611:Brutus 607:Caesar 598:Tullia 493:Rhodes 491:, and 430:Virgil 426:Aratus 343:Cicero 197:, and 180:Cicero 82:orator 78:lawyer 60:Formia 3240:Lives 3125:Solon 3071:Sulla 3062:Cimon 2995:Galba 2955:Lives 2909:Works 1528:Caec. 1526:Cic. 1504:3.2–5 1425:1.3–5 1224:Notes 896:Sulla 827:Death 772:eques 684:augur 581:dowry 497:Sulla 466:Plato 418:Homer 322:eques 184:Roman 64:Italy 48:Italy 3185:and 3176:and 3163:and 3157:Agis 3150:and 3141:and 3132:and 3123:and 3114:and 3105:and 3096:and 3087:and 3078:and 3076:Numa 3069:and 3060:and 3051:and 3042:and 3040:Dion 3033:and 3024:and 3015:and 3006:and 2999:Otho 2993:and 2980:life 2973:and 2964:and 2227:ISBN 2210:ISBN 2162:ISBN 2135:ISBN 2107:ISBN 1978:49.5 1899:Rome 1737:2021 1726:OCLC 1716:ISBN 1601:ISSN 1517:2.51 1318:2019 1179:Rome 1174:BBC2 1168:The 993:and 985:and 894:and 802:and 788:Cato 609:and 577:ward 390:and 182:, a 174:The 162:Law: 84:and 54:Died 38:Born 2371:by 2273:at 1712:101 1593:doi 1556:315 1530:97. 1455:3.2 1440:2.2 1170:HBO 1051:by 424:of 110:law 3257:: 3167:/ 3159:/ 2997:/ 2989:/ 2129:, 2101:, 1976:, 1972:, 1921:^ 1748:^ 1739:. 1724:. 1714:. 1621:. 1599:. 1589:28 1587:. 1583:. 1484:^ 1320:. 1302:. 1239:: 997:. 878:. 698:. 473:. 401:, 193:, 154:, 116:, 112:, 108:, 80:, 76:, 62:, 46:, 2983:) 2977:( 2940:" 2936:" 2933:" 2929:" 2893:e 2886:t 2879:v 2432:e 2425:t 2418:v 2354:) 1633:. 1607:. 1595:: 1478:. 1172:/ 374:.

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Index