855:
monarch of the United
Kingdom. Papua New Guinea's and the Solomon Islands' constitutions both state that the references to the Queen "extend to Her Majesty's heirs and successors in the sovereignty of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", while Tuvalu's constitution states that "he provisions of this Constitution referring to the Sovereign extend, in accordance with section 13 (references to the Sovereign of Tuvalu) of Schedule 1, to the Heirs and Successors of the Sovereign according to law" and a reference to the sovereign of Tuvalu "shall be read as including a reference to (a) the Sovereign of the United Kingdom; or (b) any person exercising the whole or the relevant part of the sovereignty of the United Kingdom, as the case requires, in accordance with the law in force in England."
488:, almost every descendant of King George II needed the Queen's permission to marry, which by 2011 was thousands of people. While the Royal Marriages Act 1772 was in force, marrying without permission made the marriage void. Under the proposed new law, any already formalised marriage that was deemed invalid under the 1772 Act would be retroactively legalised; descendants of such a marriage would however remain excluded from the line of succession to the throne, to ensure that the validity of the descent of the Crown from King George II down to the present day could not be affected by the changes. These changes were approved by the other Commonwealth leaders.
1261:
1025:
910:
1224:
893:
1281:
1122:
1048:
1207:
1315:
979:
933:
842:, the governments of Jamaica and Belize had outlined that neither country would require domestic legislation to give effect to changes to the lines of succession to their thrones, as those lines were left by Belize's and Jamaica's constitutions to law of the United Kingdom. Wallace said on 13 March 2013 that the British government expected that the parliaments of Jamaica and Belize would not be consulted further by their governments.
1244:
1184:
1068:
956:
456:
1085:
1002:
1167:
1150:
1298:
1105:
467:
disqualification of those who married
Catholics, and limit the requirement for those in line to the throne to acquire permission of the sovereign to marry. The prohibition on Catholics becoming monarch would remain. The bill put before the Parliament of the United Kingdom would act as a model for the legislation required to be passed in at least some of the other realms.
321:, under which succession passed first to the monarch's or nearest dynast's legitimate sons (and to their legitimate issue) in order of birth, and subsequently to their daughters and their legitimate issue, again in order of birth, so that sons always inherit before their sisters, elder children inherit before younger, and descendants inherit before collateral relatives.
631:
sense, given that the immediacy had gone out of the matter and given that the next three people in line to the monarchy are males, it did not arise." In
February 2015 the Attorney-General, Michael Mischin, acknowledged "it is significantly overdue but that is just one of the facts of life". Western Australia finally passed its legislation on 3 March 2015. The
432:, announced that the British government was considering a change in the law. At about the same time, it was reported that Prime Minister David Cameron had written to the prime ministers of each of the other 15 Commonwealth realms, asking for their support in changing the succession to absolute primogeniture, and notifying them he would raise his proposals at
822:(another office held by Clegg). When publishing the proposed legislation the government had announced that it was expecting to bring the provisions into force at the same time as the other realms would be bringing into force any changes to their legislation or other changes necessary for them to implement the Perth Agreement.
1889:"The third element, on consent to royal marriages, was not mentioned in the Perth agreement, but had been referred to by the Prime Minister in an invitation to the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth Realms to consider issues relating to succession." Succession to the Crown Bill, Explanatory Notes, paragraph 7
854:
On 13 March 2013, Lord
Wallace of Tankerness said that the countries of Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands would not require amendments to their constitutions as the wording of each explicitly state that the heirs and successors to the monarch in each realm are the same as those to the
845:
Of
Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Saint Kitts and Nevis, it was also said by Lord Wallace of Tankerness: "We believe that it would be open to the other Caribbean realms to take a similar view , but it is, of course, for them to
749:
over, among other matters, its alleged failure to "follow the amending procedure" set out in section 41 of the
Constitution Act, 1982. The Attorney-General of Quebec joined as an intervener in support of the challenge. The court hearing began on 1 June 2015. On 16 February 2016, the court ruled
863:
The prime ministers' commitment to bring forward measures for the changes to be effective simultaneously was accomplished on 26 March 2015 by orders commencing the legislation passed in seven of the realms: Australia, Barbados, Canada, New
Zealand, St Kitts and Nevis, St Vincent and the Grenadines,
556:
The
Cabinet Secretary of New Zealand chaired a working group to discuss the best way of accomplishing the reforms in all the Commonwealth realms. The realms agreed that the United Kingdom would be the first to draft legislation, but that it would not be introduced without the agreement of the other
619:
on 13 February 2013. The federal government stated that if
Queensland were to proceed, it would override the state's legislation in favour of national legislation. Following an agreement at a COAG meeting in April 2013, Queensland on 2 May amended its bill to add permission for the Commonwealth to
630:
was asked why
Western Australia was taking so long to proceed with the necessary legislation, he replied: "I concede that it has taken a while, but there has been no particular reason for that. Western Australia had an election, and I guess that slowed things down a little bit, and in a practical
542:
Robert Hazell and Bob Morris pointed out that "the realms were free to alter their constitutions without reference to the UK, but the UK could not do so on this occasion without seeking the realms' consent; the realms were relatively freer to alter their constitutions than was the UK itself" and
474:
Cameron stated: "The idea that a younger son should become monarch instead of an elder daughter simply because he is a man, or that a future monarch can marry someone of any faith except a Catholic—this way of thinking is at odds with the modern countries that we have become." On the question of
398:, however, blocked all attempts to revise the succession laws, claiming it would raise too many constitutional issues and it was unnecessary at the time. The issue was raised again in January 2009, when a private member's bill to amend the Act of Succession was introduced in parliament. British
646:
government introduced a bill to request the federal parliament to change the law relating to royal succession in similar terms. On second reading it was explained that the Northern Territory's request or consent to the federal parliament enactment was not constitutionally necessary but that the
466:
At CHOGM on 28 October 2011, the prime ministers of the other Commonwealth realms agreed to support the proposed changes. The proposed changes were to replace male preference primogeniture with absolute primogeniture for all persons in the line of succession born after 28 October 2011, end the
3254:
The Bill of Rights 1688 (1 Will and Mar Sess 2, c 2) continues to be part of the laws of New Zealand... The Act of Settlement 1700 (12 and 13 Will 3, c 2) continues to be part of the laws of New Zealand... On the changeover, the Royal Marriages Act 1772 ceases to be part of the laws of New
732:
seeking to find the Succession to the Throne Act, 2013, unconstitutional due to allegedly contravening both section 2 of the Canada Act 1982 and section 15 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The charter challenge was dismissed as non-justiciable in August 2013. In August 2014, the
3514:
paragraph 42: "There is power to specify the time of day of commencement. Assuming that the other Realms make the same provision, this will enable the changes on succession to be brought into force at the same time – but at different local times – in all sixteen Commonwealth
699:
being automatically whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom, and the Canadian parliament need only assent to the changes made to the laws of succession in the United Kingdom by that realm's parliament, which can be achieved by ordinary legislation, without the approval of
864:
and the United Kingdom. The remaining realms (Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, St Lucia, Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu) concluded that legislation was not necessary. However in Canada the legislation was challenged in court (see
614:
and concluding from it that each state is sovereign and each should therefore pass its own legislation affecting the succession laws in its jurisdiction. Accordingly, the Queensland state government introduced its own Succession to the Crown Bill in the
2054:
In her comments to the summit on female equality, the Queen said: "It encourages us to find ways to show girls and women to play their full part." The BBC's royal correspondent, Nicholas Witchell, said this was a hint that the Queen herself backed the
712:
related to royal succession were a part of the Canadian constitution; and whether the Canadian law assented to the Succession to the Crown Bill 2012 as had been presented to the United Kingdom parliament or as amended by that body and passed into law.
406:
introduced to the House of Commons at Westminster, in early 2011, a private member's bill, which proposed that the Act of Settlement be amended to remove the provisions relating to Catholicism and change primogeniture governing the line of
547:
that the fact that the change in the succession was initiated by the United Kingdom government was a reminder to the other Commonwealth realms that "their crown is derivative, if not subordinate" to the crown of the United Kingdom.
282:– are independent of each other, while sharing one person as monarch in a constitutionally equal fashion. The working group later affirmed that, across all these realms, appropriate laws were passed and came into effect, and the
594:
was, incorporated into Australian law, and the Act of Settlement is part of the laws of the Australian states and territories, and therefore not only Australia but also its states had to change their laws. At a meeting of the
737:
upheld the lower court decision on the ground that succession rules are not subject to the charter of rights and that the applicant had no standing to bring the challenge as he has no connection with the royal family.
500:, who said she was "very enthusiastic about it. You would expect the first Australian woman prime minister to be very enthusiastic about a change which equals equality for women in a new area." Canadian prime minister
846:
decide how best to give the changes effect." The parliament of Barbados passed the Succession to the Throne Act, 2013, which signified the legislature's acquiescence to the British Succession to the Crown Bill 2013.
783:
on 18 February 2013 and received royal assent on 17 December 2013. The act removed the Royal Marriages Act 1772 as a law of New Zealand and amended the Bill of Rights 1688 and Act of Settlement 1701, as well as the
560:
On 2 December 2012, the British government received final agreement in writing from the governments of the other 15 Commonwealth realms regarding all three elements of the reform. On 4 December 2012, the day after
340:(the mother of George I), and debar those who are Catholics or who have married Catholics. The descendants of those who are debarred for being or marrying Catholics, however, may still be eligible to succeed. By a
530:
also criticised the failure to remove the ban on Catholics sitting on the throne as "fanning a religious hostility the rest of Europe was already growing beyond." A representative of the British campaigning group
483:
Along with the changes in the succession law, Cameron proposed that the necessity for royal consent to marriages in the royal family should be limited to the first six people in line to the throne. Under the
3831:
3151:
523:
was more critical, saying: "It is deeply disappointing that the reform has stopped short of removing the unjustifiable barrier on a Catholic becoming monarch." While welcoming the gender equality reforms,
4181:
1608:
806:
announced that the government would introduce a bill to parliament as soon as possible. The bill was introduced to parliament on 13 December 2012 and passed the House of Commons on 28 January 2013. The
565:'s pregnancy was announced, Clegg announced this final agreement, adding that the other realm governments had confirmed that they would be "able to take the necessary measures in their own countries."
3725:
475:
continued requirements that the sovereign be a Protestant, Cameron added, "Let me be clear, the monarch must be in communion with the Church of England because he or she is the head of that Church."
691:
that had been laid before the United Kingdom parliament (later, after amendment, to be given royal assent there on 25 April 2013 as the Succession to the Crown Act 2013). The position taken by the
603:, and the premiers of five states agreed each state legislature would pass a law permitting the federal parliament to alter the line of succession for the Commonwealth and all the states. However,
1436:
3269:"Parliamentary business > Committees > Committees A-Z > Lords Select > Constitution Committee > News > Committee warns against rush to legislate on Succession to the Crown Bill"
1416:
750:
Canada "did not have to change its laws nor its Constitution for the British royal succession rules to be amended and effective". The ruling was appealed by the plaintiffs and was heard by the
3597:
4308:
704:. There was disagreement over this process, mainly on whether the rules of succession involved the office of the Queen, thus requiring a constitutional amendment under Section 41(a) of the
4494:
3204:
1131:
Succession to the Throne Act, 2013, passed 26 March 2013. Challenged in court in Ontario and Quebec; matter came to an end in April 2020 after several rulings against the plaintiffs, when
4016:
4479:
1688:
2245:
4464:
2822:
4499:
814:
opposed the government's plans to fast-track the bill, which led to the government's decision to observe normal legislative time limits in the House of Lords. The act received
647:
government of the Northern Territory considered it desirable that arrangements in the Northern Territory would mirror those between the Australian Commonwealth and its states.
4174:
3177:
754:
in February 2018. The court released its decision upholding the lower court judgement on 28 October 2019. In December 2019, the appellants filed an application with the
4378:
662:
4459:
543:
that this inversion of the constitutional situation under imperialism was surprising to some. However, as a corollary, they pointed to Peter Boyce's earlier assertion in
4484:
4504:
4489:
3268:
4474:
3621:
1381:
3877:
305:; the succession positions of Lady Davina's son Tāne (born 2012) and daughter Senna (born 2010) were reversed, Tāne becoming 29th and Senna becoming 28th in line.
4301:
4167:
2430:
4087:
1960:
433:
202:
102:
92:
24:
1598:
516:
in February 2013 found that 73% of Canadians polled "agreed with the change, which would permit a first-born female to become queen even if she had brothers."
2637:
818:
on 25 April 2013, passing into law, but its provisions altering the law of succession would not come into force until a time to be formally appointed by the
386:
unanimously passed a motion in 1999 calling for the complete removal of any discrimination linked to the monarchy and the repeal of the Act of Settlement. A
3895:
2649:
2270:
283:
4519:
4454:
4037:
3029:
2746:
3738:
3387:
2564:
2134:
1413:
4294:
3389:
An Act to provide for the Parliament of Barbados to acquiesce to alterations in the law relating to the succession to the Throne of the United Kingdom
2963:
1905:
535:
said monarchical succession is inherently biased and "To suggest that this has anything to do with equality is utterly absurd," an opinion echoed by
4509:
831:
3929:
3912:
2590:
4424:
4250:
4208:
372:
3133:
3106:
2939:
1552:"That whosoever shall hereafter come to the Possession of this Crown shall joyn in Communion with the Church of England as by Law established."
568:
While some realms deferred to the British legislation, a number of the other realms passed their own laws effecting the changes in succession.
3946:
2392:
2160:
1522:
128:
965:
Succession to the Crown Act 2013, passed 2 May 2013, altering the succession and requesting that the Parliament of Australia do the same.
762:
the Quebec Court of Appeal's decision. In April 2020, the Supreme Court declined to grant leave to appeal, bringing the matter to an end.
1696:
725:
about Canada having a different line of succession to the other realms if the Canadian law were eventually found to be unconstitutional.
2707:
701:
293:
On the day the changes came into effect in March 2015, the first of the persons affected by the headline provision were the children of
3528:
2826:
785:
669:
656:
616:
298:
287:
2197:
708:; whether, by the principle of either received law, by statute law, or both, the Bill of Rights 1689, the Act of Settlement, and the
4073:
2899:
1465:
835:
729:
596:
532:
391:
3794:
2620:
2536:
1661:
4439:
4388:
4317:
1324:
1265:
1260:
797:
688:
577:
536:
408:
267:
153:
119:
3087:
2029:
The Queen signalled her approval of the changes by allowing her private secretary, Sir Christopher Geidt, to attend the meeting.
639:
was granted on 24 March 2015. The change to the succession law in the United Kingdom finally came into effect on 26 March 2015.
4325:
4055:
1342:
776:
The Bill of Rights 1688 and Act of Settlement 1701 are, and The Royal Marriages Act 1772 was, part of the laws of New Zealand.
562:
302:
3366:
4434:
4373:
1414:
Statement by Prime Minister Stephen Harper on Canada Providing Assent to Amendments to Rules Governing the Line of Succession
1094:
Succession to the Throne Bill passed in the House of Assembly on 15 November 2013. Passed by the Senate on 20 November 2013.
2916:
4449:
2768:
2728:
2182:
819:
161:
44:
4469:
4419:
624:
1987:
4444:
4429:
4274:
4214:
4202:
2407:
1491:
734:
505:
348:, the line of succession cannot be altered in any realm without the assent of the parliaments of the other 15 realms.
345:
207:
81:
1964:
205:(CHOGM). The institutional and constitutional principles of Commonwealth realms are shared equally as enacted in the
152:
as their head of state. The document agreed that the governments of the realms would amend their laws concerning the
3414:
3505:
3342:
1890:
722:
677:
2458:
1820:
452:
is to convene together nations and celebrate plans, projects, agreements and initiatives between all its members.
4514:
4154:
4149:
3054:
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (22 July 2013). "Royal Baby Bill Challenge Joined By Quebec Attorney General".
2541:
1788:
1193:
771:
742:
557:
realms and would not be commenced until the appropriate domestic arrangements were in place in the other realms.
2294:
4524:
4414:
4348:
3574:
3290:
591:
485:
460:
449:
4262:
3239:
387:
2754:
4191:
3776:
2883:
2787:
2013:
1642:"Law barring Catholics from throne upheld: Act of Settlement: Ontario court quashes lawsuit against Crown",
1132:
755:
632:
364:
4155:"Statement" of Friday 28 October 2011 issued at Perth, as published in the United Kingdom, Annex 1, page 10
4363:
2863:
2220:
1136:
811:
751:
705:
623:
In November 2014, during a debate on the Succession to the Crown Bill in Western Australia, when the then
587:
368:
356:
351:
Challenges had been made against the Act of Settlement, especially its provisions regarding Catholics and
329:
165:
3686:
2993:
4338:
4256:
4226:
4135:
2343:
1394:
1228:
1223:
746:
604:
412:
378:
In the United Kingdom, from time to time there had been debate over repealing the clause that prevents "
279:
684:
on 26 March 2013 and received royal assent on the following day. It came into force on 26 March 2015.
178:
Establishing that only the six people closest to the throne require the monarch's permission to marry.
4343:
4333:
4238:
2808:
509:
4358:
4353:
3815:
3762:
3698:
3670:
2783:
O'Donohue v. Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada and Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Ontario
897:
892:
680:
as Bill C-53 on 31 January 2013 and passed by that body on 4 February. It was then approved by the
583:
383:
333:
294:
275:
144:
was made in Australia in 2011 by the prime ministers of what were then the sixteen states known as
123:
3860:
3712:
2769:"SUCCESSION TO THE CROWN (REQUEST) (NATIONAL UNIFORM LEGISLATION) BILL 2013 Second Reading Speech"
2481:
2119:
875:
4368:
4244:
4232:
4220:
4003:
2520:
2506:
1603:
1307:
Realm's government asserted that domestic legislation was not required to implement the changes.
1290:
Realm's government asserted that domestic legislation was not required to implement the changes.
1253:
Realm's government asserted that domestic legislation was not required to implement the changes.
1216:
Realm's government asserted that domestic legislation was not required to implement the changes.
1176:
Realm's government asserted that domestic legislation was not required to implement the changes.
1159:
Realm's government asserted that domestic legislation was not required to implement the changes.
1114:
Realm's government asserted that domestic legislation was not required to implement the changes.
1077:
Realm's government asserted that domestic legislation was not required to implement the changes.
902:
Realm's government asserted that domestic legislation was not required to implement the changes.
696:
643:
611:
325:
168:(which does not distinguish sex as a succession criterion), for those born after 28 October 2011;
145:
3998:
3310:
2320:
1574:
4159:
2888:
2895:
2683:
2665:
2388:
2358:
2176:
1538:
1518:
1047:
779:
The Royal Succession Bill was introduced to the Parliament of New Zealand by Justice Minister
709:
692:
399:
360:
341:
337:
187:
4088:"If royal baby is a girl, throne succession faces legal hurdles from Commonwealth and Quebec"
3687:
Succession to the Crown (Request) Bill 2013. NSW Parliament website. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
1211:
1206:
1024:
681:
251:
3963:
3575:"Order Fixing March 26, 2015 as the Day on which the Act Comes into Force (P.C. 2015-338)"
1718:
1420:
1285:
1280:
978:
932:
759:
607:
255:
4150:
House of Commons Political and Constitutional Reform Committee: Rules of Royal Succession
4105:
2385:
The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand
1319:
1314:
839:
808:
780:
545:
The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand
513:
501:
455:
219:
3449:
674:
An Act to assent to alterations in the law touching the Succession to the Throne, 2013
440:, Western Australia. While discussions took place during the summit, it was an agenda
4408:
627:
600:
497:
352:
318:
183:
76:
4017:"Some Commonwealth countries still without royal assent on primogeniture law change"
1843:
1629:
O'Donohue, Tony, "Why Canada must take on Britain over the 1701 Act of Settlement",
4393:
4286:
3644:
3324:
815:
636:
526:
520:
468:
149:
3205:"Lagassé: Who cares about the monarchy? Certainly not the Supreme Court of Canada"
2067:
1766:
394:—was introduced in the House of Lords in December 2004. The government, headed by
367:, took issue with the provisions that exclude Catholics from the throne In 2002,
4136:
Succession to the Crown Act 2013. UK Parliament website. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
3468:
2729:"Written statements - Written questions, answers and statements - UK Parliament"
2357:(12). Edmonton: Alberta Law Review and Centre for Constitutional Studies: 5–32.
1248:
1243:
1188:
1183:
1072:
1067:
313:
Succession to the throne in each of the Commonwealth realms is governed both by
263:
243:
231:
218:
chaired a working group to determine the process. The Commonwealth realms – the
215:
3551:
2790:, paragraphs 3 and 24 (Ontario Superior Court of Justice 26 June 2003).
504:
described himself "supportive" of the reforms as "obvious modernizations". The
382:" (Catholics) or those who marry one from ascending to the British throne. The
336:. These laws originally restricted the succession to legitimate descendants of
1796:, London: The Stationery Office Limited, 7 December 2011, p. 10 (Annex 1)
955:
803:
459:
Signage for events related to the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in
429:
395:
314:
211:, which made the process of implementing the agreement lengthy and complex.
164:(under which males take precedence over females in the royal succession) with
3623:
Commencement of Succession to the Crown Act 2013 :Written statement - HCWS490
2362:
2747:"SUCCESSION TO THE CROWN (REQUEST) (NATIONAL UNIFORM LEGISLATION) BILL 2013"
2271:"Canadians OK with a first-born royal daughter as their monarch, poll finds"
1961:"PM welcomes proposal to amend rules governing the royal line of succession"
914:
909:
403:
227:
198:
3896:"Hansard 24 February 2015 (Legislative Council: second and third readings)"
2344:"If the Queen Has No Reserve Powers Left, What Is the Modern Monarchy For?"
3152:"Quebec court rejects appeal of challenge to British royal succession law"
3134:"Quebec Court of Appeal hearing case about who can inherit Canada's Crown"
3069:
186:
becoming monarch and the requirement for them to be in communion with the
3425:
2093:
2041:
1937:
1872:
1744:
1437:"Deux profs de l'Université Laval déboutés dans la cause du "bébé royal""
1089:
1084:
1001:
445:
239:
172:
3325:"Parliamentary career for Mr Nick Clegg - MPs and Lords - UK Parliament"
2014:"Australia's warm welcome as Queen announces reform to succession rules"
3845:
3371:
3295:
2429:
Miranda, Charles; Fife-Yeomans, Janet; Jones, Gemma (4 December 2012).
1171:
1166:
1154:
1149:
1034:
Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2013, passed on 17 October 2013.
496:
Cameron's proposals were supported by the Prime Minister of Australia,
247:
235:
3088:"Canadian law professors challenge 'colonial' law on royal succession"
1302:
1297:
1126:
1121:
1109:
1104:
379:
271:
259:
223:
3529:"Power to the princesses: Australia wraps up succession law changes"
3070:"Latest Breaking News, Headlines & Updates | National Post"
988:
Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2014, passed on 17 June 2014.
214:
By December 2012, all the realm governments had agreed to enact it.
3947:"Minutes of proceedings of the House of Assembly, 15 November 2013"
1873:"Succession to the Crown Act - Parliamentary Bills - UK Parliament"
1011:
Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2013, passed 29 August 2013.
3299:. United Kingdom: House of Lords. 14 February 2013. col. 829.
2894:(5th ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 63.
2869:
Professor Anne Twomey - Succession to the Crown: foiled by Canada?
2591:"Queensland warned for dragging heels on royal succession changes"
454:
437:
194:
54:
1599:"Why Canada must take on Britain over the 1701 Act of Settlement"
942:
Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2013, passed 25 June 2013.
741:
The validity of the Canadian parliament's legislation came under
3827:
3825:
3645:"The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 (Commencement) Order 2015"
3007:
4290:
4163:
2135:"Commonwealth leaders agree to change archaic succession rules"
2867:
1466:"Royal succession law not subject to charter challenge: court"
1057:
Succession to the Crown Act 2015, passed on 24 February 2015.
3849:. Victoria: Legislative Council. 17 October 2013. p. 54.
3596:
Governor General of New Zealand=in-Council (25 March 2015),
721:
There was some speculation in the press before the birth of
635:
passed the Succession to the Crown Act on 19 March 2015 and
317:
and statute. Under common law, the Crown was transmitted by
3585:(7). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada: 972. 8 April 2015.
2811: (Ontario Superior Court of Justice 9 August 2013).
1988:"Royal succession gender equality approved by Commonwealth"
3424:, Port Moresby: Government Printing Office, archived from
3343:"Explanatory Notes to Bills: Succession to the Crown Bill"
1959:
Office of the Prime Minister of Canada (28 October 2011).
428:
In 2011, the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom,
3422:
Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea
3367:"Lords Hansard text for 13 Mar 201313 Mar 2013 (pt 0002)"
3291:"Lords Hansard text for 14 Feb 201314 Feb 2013 (pt 0002)"
3178:"La succession au trône devant la Cour suprême du Canada"
2461:. British Deputy Prime Minister's Office. 4 December 2012
868:
above) and the matter remained pending until April 2020.
661:
The Act of Settlement 1701, the Bill of Rights 1689, and
156:
and related matters. The changes, in summary, comprised:
3872:
3870:
3113:(Changes to royal succession face legal fight in Quebec)
3030:"Changes to royal succession face legal fight in Quebec"
2684:"Succession to the Crown Commencement Proclamation 2015"
2431:"Royal baby's future succession in hands of New Zealand"
2246:"New Zealand supports changes to Royal succession rules"
1906:"Harper 'supportive' of updating royal succession rules"
1745:"Royal succession reform is being discussed, Clegg says"
919:
Succession to the Crown Act 2015, passed 19 March 2015.
171:
Ending disqualification of any person who had married a
3360:
3358:
3356:
2565:"Right royal split over how to change succession rules"
2489:, New South Wales Government Printing Office, p. 3
1662:"Catholics still barred from throne despite law change"
16:
2011 reform to British and Commonwealth succession laws
4074:"Whether a Boy or a Girl, Third in Line to the Throne"
3553:
Succession to the Crown Commencement Proclamation 2015
2996: (Court of Appeal for Ontario 26 August 2014).
2321:"Changes to monarchy rules offer no benefit to Canada"
2198:"Succession debate set to shape 21st century monarchy"
2163:. Canoe. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013
2120:"Succession to the Crown Act 2013 - Explanatory Notes"
802:
On 4 December 2012, the British Deputy Prime Minister
599:(COAG) in mid-December 2012, the then prime minister,
448:
form of government - the across-the-board function of
4056:"Succession to the Crown Act (Saint Kitts and Nevis)"
1270:
Succession To The Crown Act 2013, passed 3 July 2013
2850:
Re: Resolution to amend the Constitution, 1 SCR 753
2408:"Prime Minister unveils changes to royal succession"
2068:"David Cameron proposes changes to royal succession"
2042:"Queen opens summit with royal succession on agenda"
1767:"David Cameron proposes changes to royal succession"
434:
that year's Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
355:. In Canada, where the Act of Settlement is part of
4324:
3930:"Text of the bill at Barbados Parliament's website"
2964:"William and Kate's baby may face uncertain future"
2872:(Digital video). London: University College London.
2453:
2451:
2323:. Citizens for a Canadian Republic. 28 October 2011
108:
98:
88:
72:
61:
50:
40:
30:
23:
2887:
2410:. British Prime Minister's Office. 28 October 2011
1233:Succession to the Crown Bill, passed 8 July 2013.
695:was that Canada has no royal succession laws, the
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
2638:WA Hansard, 11 November 2014 (.pdf file, page 16)
1382:Statement by Nick Clegg MP, UK parliament website
444:as most Commonwealth member states do not have a
4495:Papua New Guinea and the Commonwealth of Nations
4379:His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
4038:"Royal Succession Bill - New Zealand Parliament"
3375:. United Kingdom: House of Lords. col. 310.
2652:(Legislative Council: second and third readings)
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1492:"What do the new royal succession changes mean?"
663:His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
4480:Solomon Islands and the Commonwealth of Nations
2917:"Royal baby bill delivered in House of Commons"
2621:"Bills this Parliament - Queensland Parliament"
1822:Succession to the Crown Bill: Explanatory notes
1656:
1654:
1652:
371:that argued the Act of Settlement violates the
286:reiterated this on 26 March 2015. Canada's law
2537:"Leaders abandon rule on male heir succession"
4302:
4175:
2848:Supreme Court of Canada (28 September 1981),
1689:"St Lucia backs change to laws of succession"
25:22nd Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
8:
4465:Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3739:"Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2014"
3599:Royal Succession Act Commencement Order 2015
3492:
3395:, Bridgetown: Government Information Service
3365:Lord Wallace of Tankerness (13 March 2013).
2825:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from
2798:
2796:
1963:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from
193:The Agreement was signed in October 2011 in
4500:Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Nations
3682:
3680:
3244:, Wellington: Queen's Printer, S.10, 11, 12
508:also expressed favour for the plan, as did
375:, but the case was dismissed by the court.
284:Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
4309:
4295:
4287:
4182:
4168:
4160:
3985:
3816:Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2013
3763:Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2013
3713:Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2014
3671:Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2013
3657:
3267:Lords Select Committee (21 January 2013).
2804:Bryan Teskey v. Attorney General of Canada
2615:
2613:
2611:
2159:Schwass-Bueckert, Kate (28 October 2011).
2094:"Girls equal in British throne succession"
1938:"Girls equal in British throne succession"
1844:"Girls equal in British throne succession"
1431:
1429:
1377:
20:
4460:Constitutional laws of the United Kingdom
4131:
4129:
4032:
4030:
3964:"Senate order paper for 20 November 2013"
2852:, Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 785
1899:
1897:
1384:, 26 March 2015 (retrieved on same date).
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
834:, who sponsored the British government's
4485:Barbados and the Commonwealth of Nations
2723:
2721:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2660:
2658:
2459:"Royal succession rules will be changed"
2387:, Sydney: Federation Press, p. 23,
1814:
1812:
1810:
1561:
1409:
1407:
203:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
4505:Grenada and the Commonwealth of Nations
4490:Bahamas and the Commonwealth of Nations
4209:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927
3527:Professor Anne Twomey (26 March 2015).
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
1867:
1865:
1517:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 42.
1353:
471:was understood to support the changes.
373:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
328:, which restates the provisions of the
4475:Tuvalu and the Commonwealth of Nations
2483:Succession to the Crown (Request) Bill
2174:
1196:(Bill 99-1), passed 10 December 2013.
620:act and the bill passed the same day.
3913:"House order paper, 15 November 2013"
3777:"View - Tasmanian Legislation Online"
3556:, Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia
3132:Marin, Stephanie (19 February 2018).
2295:"Royal succession: Queen and country"
1460:
1458:
344:made explicit in the preamble to the
129:Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II
7:
3834:(.pdf file) (retrieved 5 March 2014)
3203:Lagassé, Phillippe (26 April 2020).
2915:McGregor, Janyce (31 January 2013).
2342:Hazell, Robert; Morris, Bob (2017).
1611:from the original on 29 January 2017
865:
3107:"La cause du "bébé royal" en appel"
2989:Teskey v. Canada (Attorney General)
2708:"Succession to the Crown Bill 2015"
2535:Coorey, Phillip (29 October 2011).
2269:Hinkson, Kamila (8 February 2013),
610:disagreed, citing Section 7 of the
324:Succession is also governed by the
3999:Succession to the Throne Act, 2013
3311:"Succession to the Crown Act 2013"
2821:Senate of Canada (20 March 2013).
2733:questions-statements.parliament.uk
2666:"Succession to the Crown Act 2015"
2508:Imperial Acts Application Act 1969
2012:Watt, Nicholas (28 October 2011).
1986:Watt, Nicholas (28 October 2011).
1904:Cheadle, Bruce (14 October 2011).
1819:Parliament of the United Kingdom,
1719:"Fresh bid to reform monarchy law"
1597:Spector, Norman (30 August 2007).
786:Imperial Laws Application Act 1988
670:Succession to the Throne Act, 2013
657:Succession to the Throne Act, 2013
617:Legislative Assembly of Queensland
299:Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
14:
4520:2010s in Perth, Western Australia
4455:Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3550:Cosgrove, Peter (24 March 2015),
3506:"Explanatory note to the UK bill"
2589:Ireland, Judith (17 April 2013).
2563:Hurst, Daniel (7 December 2012).
2219:Postmedia News (4 January 2011),
2133:Kennedy, Mark (29 October 2011).
1515:The Monarchy and the Constitution
730:Ontario Superior Court of Justice
689:Succession to the Crown Bill 2013
597:Council of Australian Governments
369:O'Donohue launched a court action
154:succession to their shared throne
4389:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
4318:Succession to the British throne
4072:Castle, Stephen (22 July 2013).
3861:Succession to the Crown Act 2015
3699:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
2994: Blair, Pepall, and Hourigan
2962:Palmer, Richard (11 June 2013).
2351:Review of Constitutional Studies
2221:"New rules for royal succession"
1687:Cecil, Nicholas (8 March 2011).
1325:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
1313:
1296:
1279:
1266:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1259:
1242:
1222:
1205:
1182:
1165:
1148:
1120:
1103:
1083:
1066:
1046:
1023:
1000:
977:
954:
931:
908:
891:
798:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
665:are part of the laws of Canada.
578:Succession to the Crown Act 2015
537:Citizens for a Canadian Republic
409:succession to the British throne
268:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4510:2011 in international relations
3846:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
3372:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
3296:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
3105:Sèguin, Rhèal (15 March 2016).
3008:"Extraits des rôles d'audience"
2244:Chapman, Paul (18 April 2011),
1576:The Statute of Westminster 1931
1343:Royal Succession Bills and Acts
877:
728:An application was made to the
303:Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester
4425:Monarchy of the United Kingdom
4374:Accession Declaration Act 1910
2196:Rowe, Matt (13 October 2011).
1494:. Royal Central. 26 March 2015
1043:
1020:
997:
974:
951:
928:
832:the Lord Wallace of Tankerness
290:in court but has been upheld.
1:
3799:, p. 1518. 18 September 2013"
3620:Clegg, Nick (26 March 2015),
3602:, Wellington: Queen's Printer
3475:, Funafuti: TuvaluIslands.com
3028:Sèguin, Rhèal (7 June 2013).
820:Lord President of the Council
319:male-preference primogeniture
162:male-preference primogeniture
3832:Victorian Parliament website
3797:Tasmanian Government Gazette
2944:, Queen's Printer for Canada
2640:(retrieved 12 November 2014)
2525:. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
2511:. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
836:Succession to the Crown Bill
392:Succession to the Crown Bill
338:Sophia, Electress of Hanover
201:, which hosted the biennial
4275:Charter of the Commonwealth
2383:Boyce, Peter John (2008a),
2044:. BBC News. 28 October 2011
1579:, CHAPTER 4 22 and 23 Geo 5
1135:denied leave to appeal the
735:Court of Appeal for Ontario
506:Monarchist League of Canada
357:Canadian constitutional law
346:Statute of Westminster 1931
208:Statute of Westminster 1931
4541:
4251:Millbrook Action Programme
3781:www.legislation.tas.gov.au
3473:The Constitution of Tuvalu
3347:publications.parliament.uk
795:
769:
723:Prince George of Cambridge
678:House of Commons of Canada
668:The Canadian government's
654:
575:
4198:
3726:SA Legislative Tracking.
3626:, London: Queen's Printer
3469:"Part 4, Div. 1, Art. 49"
3006:Ministère de la Justice.
2788:2003 CanLII 41404
2706:Commonwealth Parliament.
2625:www.parliament.qld.gov.au
2542:The Sydney Morning Herald
2181:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2161:"The succession question"
1790:Rules of Royal Succession
1513:Bogdanor, Vernon (1995).
1306:
1289:
1252:
1215:
1194:Royal Succession Act 2013
1175:
1158:
1113:
1076:
901:
884:
881:
878:
772:Royal Succession Act 2013
120:succession to the thrones
113:
4349:Coronation Oath Act 1688
4263:Latimer House Principles
3882:www.parliament.wa.gov.au
2890:The Government of Canada
2884:Macgregor Dawson, Robert
2650:Hansard 24 February 2015
1327:, passed 22 April 2013.
687:The act gives assent to
592:Royal Marriages Act 1772
563:the Duchess of Cambridge
519:Scottish First Minister
512:. A poll carried out by
486:Royal Marriages Act 1772
461:Perth, Western Australia
450:Head of the Commonwealth
297:, the elder daughter of
4440:Monarchy of New Zealand
4192:Commonwealth of Nations
3495:, Sched. 1, Art. 13 (2)
1693:London Evening Standard
1395:"UK commencement order"
1133:Supreme Court of Canada
882:Parliamentary progress
756:Supreme Court of Canada
365:Toronto city councillor
4364:Act of Settlement 1701
4215:Statute of Westminster
2938:Parliament of Canada,
2688:www.legislation.gov.au
2670:www.legislation.gov.au
2522:Imperial Acts Act 1980
1940:. BBC. 28 October 2011
1769:. BBC. 12 October 2011
1137:Quebec Court of Appeal
812:Constitution Committee
752:Quebec Court of Appeal
706:Constitution Act, 1982
672:, with the long title
588:Act of Settlement 1701
463:
330:Act of Settlement 1701
166:absolute primogeniture
4435:Monarchy of Australia
4257:Edinburgh Declaration
4227:Singapore Declaration
4190:Key documents of the
3467:Elizabeth II (1978),
3413:Elizabeth II (1975),
3386:Elizabeth II (2013),
3329:members.parliament.uk
3241:Royal Succession Bill
3238:Elizabeth II (2013),
2866:(18 September 2014).
2823:"LCJC Meeting No. 74"
2480:Elizabeth II (2013),
1229:Saint Kitts and Nevis
747:Quebec Superior Court
633:Australian parliament
552:Legislative processes
458:
402:Member of Parliament
388:private member's bill
280:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4450:Monarchy of Barbados
4384:Perth Agreement 2011
4239:Langkawi Declaration
3728:Accessed 22 May 2014
2809: Hackland R.S.J.
1747:. BBC. 16 April 2011
1419:3 April 2015 at the
850:Other Pacific realms
676:, was tabled in the
510:Monarchy New Zealand
353:preference for males
4470:Monarchy of Jamaica
4420:Commonwealth realms
4359:Claim of Right 1689
4354:Bill of Rights 1689
4344:Succession Act 1543
4339:Succession Act 1536
4334:Succession Act 1533
4203:Balfour Declaration
4021:www.telegraph.co.uk
3878:"Progress of Bills"
2751:www8.austlii.edu.au
1877:bills.parliament.uk
898:Antigua and Barbuda
584:Bill of Rights 1689
384:Scottish Parliament
334:Bill of Rights 1689
295:Lady Davina Windsor
276:Antigua and Barbuda
146:Commonwealth realms
124:Commonwealth realms
57:, Western Australia
4445:Monarchy of Belize
4430:Monarchy of Canada
4245:Harare Declaration
4233:Lusaka Declaration
4221:London Declaration
3531:. The Conversation
3431:on 29 January 2013
3034:The Globe and Mail
2595:The Canberra Times
1967:on 30 October 2011
1604:The Globe and Mail
1443:. 16 February 2016
1014:12 September 2013
644:Northern Territory
612:Australia Act 1986
605:Queensland Premier
464:
424:Line of succession
326:Acts of Union 1707
148:, all recognising
35:28–30 October 2011
4402:
4401:
4369:Act of Union 1706
4284:
4283:
4042:www.parliament.nz
3795:""Royal Assent".
3493:Elizabeth II 1978
3271:. Queen's Printer
3184:. 23 January 2020
2394:978-1-86287-700-9
2301:. 28 October 2011
2100:. 28 October 2011
2074:. 12 October 2011
1850:. 30 October 2011
1825:, Queen's Printer
1725:. 21 January 2009
1668:. 28 October 2011
1633:, August 30, 2007
1543:, 1700, Section 3
1540:Act of Settlement
1524:978-0-19-829334-7
1334:
1333:
1199:17 December 2013
1053:Western Australia
697:country's monarch
419:Proposals in 2011
190:was not altered.
188:Church of England
138:
137:
4532:
4515:2011 in politics
4311:
4304:
4297:
4288:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4161:
4138:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4110:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4034:
4025:
4024:
4013:
4007:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3874:
3865:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3820:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3773:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3709:
3703:
3695:
3689:
3684:
3675:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3454:wipolex.wipo.int
3446:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3419:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3362:
3351:
3350:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3235:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3158:. Canadian Press
3156:Montreal Gazette
3148:
3142:
3141:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2893:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2753:. Archived from
2743:
2737:
2736:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2692:
2691:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2617:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2512:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2348:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2139:Montreal Gazette
2130:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1934:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1901:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1848:The Sunday Times
1840:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1816:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1695:. Archived from
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1658:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1472:. 26 August 2014
1462:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1433:
1424:
1423:, 26 March 2015
1411:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1318:
1317:
1301:
1300:
1284:
1283:
1264:
1263:
1247:
1246:
1227:
1226:
1212:Papua New Guinea
1210:
1209:
1187:
1186:
1170:
1169:
1153:
1152:
1125:
1124:
1108:
1107:
1088:
1087:
1071:
1070:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1037:22 October 2013
1028:
1027:
1021:
1005:
1004:
998:
982:
981:
975:
959:
958:
952:
936:
935:
929:
913:
912:
896:
895:
876:
859:Changes effected
826:Caribbean realms
252:Papua New Guinea
64:
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21:
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693:federal Cabinet
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182:The ban on non-
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