Lilioid monocots - Knowledge (XXG)

545: 503: 524: 951:

they labelled "higher" and "lower asparagoids", and included both the Iridaceae and Orchidaceae from Dahlgren's Liliales. On the other hand, a number of families from three other orders (Asparagales, Dioscoreales, Melanthiales) segregated together with the remaining Liliales families. Genera from Dahlgren's Melanthiales were found in both dioscoreoids and the redefined Liliales. Finally Dahlgren's Burmanniales were found to belong with the dioscoreoids. Some Asparagales taxa were also found amongst the commelinoids. The stemonoids were formed from Stemonaceae and other families from a variety of orders, including

1691: 3376:; Soltis, Douglas E.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Morgan, David; Les, Donald H.; Mishler, Brent D.; Duvall, Melvin R.; Price, Robert A.; Hills, Harold G.; Qiu, Yin-Long; Kron, Kathleen A.; Rettig, Jeffrey H.; Conti, Elena; Palmer, Jeffrey D.; Manhart, James R.; Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Michaels, Helen J.; Kress, W. John; Karol, Kenneth G.; Clark, W. Dennis; Hedren, Mikael; Gaut, Brandon S.; Jansen, Robert K.; Kim, Ki-Joong; Wimpee, Charles F.; Smith, James F.; Furnier, Glenn R.; Strauss, Steven H.; Xiang, Qui-Yun; Plunkett, Gregory M.; 995:(which now represented the stemonoids as well as new families) added. While not formally assigning any supraordinal ranks, the classification did recognize an informal grouping of monocot orders as the commelinoids. Otherwise the APG recognized only six monocot orders (Acorales, Alismatales, Asparagales, Dioscoreales, Liliales and Pandanales). The last four were however grouped together in the resulting cladogram and most closely represent the concept of lilioids, although this left some unplaced monocot families, including 566: 1764: 42: 587: 1027:

commelinoids, being the only supraordinal grouping in the monocots to be named) and Petrosaviaceae remained unplaced. The second version of the APG coincided with the third Monocot Conference (2003), the findings from which, using additional molecular markers, helped to resolve some of the remaining questions regarding relationships within this assemblage. Petrosaviaceae was shown to be included in what Chase refers to as "liliids" and placed in order

64: 1799: 1615: 975:) from other superorders. This newly and more narrowly redefined Lilianae/Liliiflorae contained three orders, Asparagales, Liliales and Dioscoreales (which now included the stemonoids). This analysis also allowed for the establishment of a single synapomorphy, although this time by the presence of an inferior ovary. Significantly, the authors noted that it was no wonder the authors of angiosperm classifications had been exasperated by the Lilianae. 1857: 4996: 4965: 670: 1010:'s major monograph on the monocots and the Second Monocot Conference. Kubitzki defined superorder Lilianae as all monocots except superorders Commelinae, Alismatanae and the Acoraceae, that is the four orders Asparagales, Liliales, Dioscoreales and Pandanales. The Monocot Conference devoted an entire section to 1026:

There was now enough new data to justify revising the APG system, and a new classification was issued in 2003. Although this resulted in changes within the orders, it did not affect the relationship between them. Lilioid monocots were discussed but not formally recognized (commelinids, renamed from

950:

There was no clear clade corresponding to Dahlgren's Liliiflorae, whose families were distributed amongst the aroids and dioscoreoids. Of Dahlgren's Liliiflorae, the Dioscoreales largely grouped into dioscoreoids, with the exception of Stemonaceae. The Asparagales formed two major groupings, which

318:

methods in the 1990s resulted in a dismemberment of the Liliaceae and its subsequent redistribution across three lilioid orders (Liliales, Asparagales and Dioscoreales). Subsequent work has shown that two other more recently recognized orders, Petrosaviales and Pandanales also segregate with this

1786:

Pandanales are a medium size order (5 families, 36 genera, about 1,300 species) mainly tropical order many species of which produce strap-like leaves used in the manufacture of baskets, mats and straw hats. The order is very diverse including trees, vines and forest floor saprophytes. They are a

1093:

to Asparagales); to form a clade, all the groups joined by thick lines would need to be included. While Acorales and Alismatales have been collectively referred to as "alismatid monocots", the remaining clades (lilioid and commelinid monocots) have been referred to as the "core monocots". The

914:

In the 1995 study by Chase et al. referred to above, which was the largest yet to use purely molecular data, the results demonstrated paraphyly of the lilioids. However, because their data contradicted purely morphological phylogenies they were reluctant to draw definite conclusions as to the

473:) have petaloid flowers, the term 'lilioid' is a more accurate one for the group which excludes them, since the term petaloid monocot is still occasionally used in describing commelinids. The morphological concept of petaloid monocots has been equated with "animal-attracting" (that is, for 962:

In an attempt to resolve the apparent differences between morphological and molecularly defined trees, a combined analysis was undertaken which confirmed superorder Liliiflorae as monophyletic, provided that a few modifications were undertaken. These included the removal of two tribes of

2866:

An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic

3117:; Cohen, James I.; Duvall, Melvin R.; Givnish, Thomas J.; Graham, Sean W.; Petersen, Gitte; Pires, J. Chris; Seberg, Ole; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Leebens-Mack, Jim (2013), "Contrasting patterns of support among plastid genes and genomes for major clades of the monocotyledons", 3095:; Fay, M. F.; Devey, D. S.; Maurin, O; Rønsted, N; Davies, T. J; Pillon, Y; Petersen, G; Seberg, O; Tamura, M. N.; Asmussen, C. B.; Hilu, K; Borsch, T; Davis, J. I; Stevenson, D. W.; Pires, J. C.; Givnish, T. J.; Sytsma, K. J.; McPherson, M. A.; Graham, S. W.; Rai, H. S., 1942:"This superorder is extraordinarily variable and contains some groups which, in our estimation, are likely to have retained many features from the ancestral monocotyledons. The wide range of variation makes a definition difficult and in an evolutionary sense this unit is 734:'s Corolliferae ("Corolla bearing") (1936). Hence the concept that there was a natural grouping of monocots whose flowers were predominantly petaloid, gave notion to the term "petaloid monocots". The core group of petaloids were the Liliaceae, hence "lilioid monocots". 1014:

and included an update of their previous research by Chase and colleagues. On this occasion the latter felt that there was now enough data to put forward a definitive classification, defining the Lilioids as comprising the four orders placed in Lilianae by Kubitzki.

1035:. Rapid advances in understanding monocot relationships necessitated the release of another revision of the APG classification (2009), which incorporated these advances. Further definition of the relationships between lineages using multiple markers is continuing. 1058:(Acorales, Alismatales), lilioid monocots (the five other non-commelinid monocots) and commelinid monocots. They also organize their monocot research into two teams I: Alismatids and Lilioids and II: Commelinids. A similar approach is taken by 3761:

Pires, J.C.; Maureira, I.J.; Givnish, T.J.; Sytsma, K.J.; Seberg, O.; Petersen, G.; Davis, J. I.; Stevenson, D.W.; Rudall, P.J.; Fay, M.F. & Chase, M.W. (2006), "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales",

779:

segments (tepals), which would cover a broad swathe of families (he estimated three dozen across many orders). Other authors have defined it equally broadly as "having two whorls of tepals (sepals and petals) that are petal-like".

3508:; Clark, W. Dennis; Kress, W. John; Hills, Harold G.; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Smith, James F.; Gaut, Brandon S.; Zimmer, Elizabeth A.; Learn, Gerald H. (1 January 1993), "Phylogenetic Hypotheses for the Monocotyledons Constructed from 3380:; Swensen, Susan M.; Williams, Stephen E.; Gadek, Paul A.; Quinn, Christopher J.; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Golenberg, Edward; Learn, Gerald H.; Graham, Sean W.; Barrett, Spencer C. H.; Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Albert, Victor A. (1993), 3601:"C. D. Brickell, D. F. Cutler and Mary Gregory (Editors). Petaloid Monocotyledons, Horticultural and Botanical Research. Linnean Society Symposium Series No. 8, xii +222pp. Academic Press, London, 1980, £26.80. $ 62.00" 3963:

Zeng, Liping; Zhang, Qiang; Sun, Renran; Kong, Hongzhi; Zhang, Ning; Ma, Hong (24 September 2014), "Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times",

447:), the tepals have become clearly differentiated so that the flower has three coloured petals and three smaller green sepals. Almost all lilioid monocots retain at least three petal-like tepals. Since some 874:). In 1995 Chase et al. reviewed the understanding of the lilioids and equated them to Dahlgreen's Liliiflorae, which they designated as superorder Lilianae. They pointed out that the understanding of the 1084:

Chase & Reveal (monocots) based on molecular phylogenetic evidence. Lilioid monocot orders are bracketed, namely Petrosaviales, Dioscoreales, Pandanales, Liliales and Asparagales. These constitute a

3147:

Graham, S.W.; Zgurski, J.M.; McPherson, M.A.; Cherniawsky, D.M.; Saarela, J.M.; Horne, E.S.C.; Smith, S.Y.; Wong, W.A.; O'Brien, H.E.; Biron, V.L.; Pires, J.C.; Olmstead, R.G.; Chase, M.W.; Rai, H.S.,

1523:

APG may not be monophyletic and that Orchidaceae and Liliales may be sister groups, and in turn are the sister of Asparagales. However, their data produced conflicting models. Zeng et al. (2014) using

890:, that of a petaloid perianth, yet in discussing his Lilliflorae admitted it was undoubtedly paraphyletic. Dahlgren treated the monocots as split between ten superorders and placed five orders ( 983:

These findings, presented at the first Monocot Conference in 1993, with the addition of several studies that had become available in the interim, formed the basis of the 1998 consensus

282:

have also been applied to this assemblage at various times. From the early nineteenth century many of the species in this group of plants were put into a very broadly defined family,

3933: 3764: 3180: 2961: 3836:; Bateman, Richard M. (August 2002), "Roles of synorganisation, zygomorphy and heterotopy in floral evolution: the gynostemium and labellum of orchids and other lilioid monocots", 3721:

Mondragon-Palomino, M.; Theissen, G. (13 January 2009), "Why are orchid flowers so diverse? Reduction of evolutionary constraints by paralogues of class B floral homeotic genes",

1038:

Textbooks and other sources produced in the last century are inevitably based on older classifications. Publications using versions of the APG system are now appearing and the

319:

group, resulting in the modern concept of five constituent orders within the lilioid monocot assemblage. This has resulted in treating monocots as three informal groups,

3792: 718:) and the Glumaceae into two further orders. Various successive taxonomies of the monocots also emphasized the grouping of species with petaloid (undifferentiated) 544: 2914:

Monocots: Systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Sydney, Australia 1998)

856:. The family was demonstrated to include a significant number of unrelated groups, which belonged to quite separate families and even orders. For instance some 1054:

and hence the classification of the lilioid monocots shown in the cladogram below. The Kew botanists treat the monocots as falling into three major groupings:

4284: 1023:

between these four orders and the remaining monocot clades (commelinids and Petrosaviaceae), although at that time the Petrosaviaceae were still unplaced.

1039: 737:

The term "lilioid monocot" or lilioid" has had widely varying interpretations. One of the narrower applications is "lily-like" monocots, meaning the two

633:(Alismatales), they have six coloured tepals, and so could be called 'petaloid', but stamens and carpels are more numerous than in the lilioid monocots. 502: 4332: 4131: 4104: 3574: 3572:; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Pires, J. Chris (July 2015), "Phylogenetics, divergence times and diversification from three genomic partitions in monocots", 3482: 3255: 943:. They based the names of these groups on the closest corresponding superorders and orders of Dahlgren, with the exception of stemonoids (based on 848:

and the use of genetic data in determining relationships between species of monocots confirmed what many taxonomists had long suspected: Liliaceae

3805: 3514: 3393: 1909: 3875:; Bateman, Richard M. (1 April 2006). "Morphological Phylogenetic Analysis of Pandanales: Testing Contrasting Hypotheses of Floral Evolution". 4225: 2998: 2896: 2888:

Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution, Kew 1993)

2812: 2715: 803:

characters alone, lilioid species which clearly departed from the "lily" pattern were easily placed into separate families. For example, the

878:

of this group was critical for the establishment of a monocot classification. They also noted that while many authors treated this group as

3096: 523: 3172: 1821:

Liliales are a large size order (10 families, 67 genera, about 1,500 species) distributed worldwide, particularly in subtropical and

3225: 3134: 2926: 2845: 2789: 2769: 2745: 2692: 2668: 1089:

assemblage, that is groups with a common ancestor that do not include all direct descendants (in this case commelinids which are a

4016:(September 2001). "Generic circumscription and relationships in the tribe Melanthieae (Liliales, Melanthiaceae), with emphasis on 3381: 644:

species have brightly coloured and showy flowers. However, their apparent structure is misleading. For example, the six tepals of

787:

stated in 1995, this taxonomic unit had been in a considerable state of flux, with significant variation between the systems of

4277: 4129:(2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", 295:(lily family). These classification systems are still found in many books and other sources. Within the monocots the Liliaceae 4102:(2003), "An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II", 1602: 194: 63: 4311: 3652:"Familial relationships of the monocot order Liliales based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis using four plastid loci: 3685: 987:(APG) ordinal scheme. Among other things, the Alismatales were expanded and new orders such as Acorales (a placement for 4337: 4327: 1879:

Asparagales are a large very diverse order (14 families, 1,122 genera, about 36,000 species), including many geophytes,

1051: 3928: 775:, are so broad as to be almost meaningless in that it had been used to refer to all species with conspicuous petals or 2955:

Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, 31 Mar–4 Apr 2003

4999: 4270: 4221: 4208: 4126: 4099: 4064: 3630: 3436: 3335: 1043: 984: 731: 2837:

The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)

833:

and colleagues were responsible for one of the most radical reorganisation of families, and in their 1985 monocot

4249: 3253:(February 2002), "Phylogenetics of Dioscoreales based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data", 3077:; Hahn, W. H.; Sullivan, S.; Joseph, J.; Molvray, M.; Kores, P. J.; Givnish, T. J.; Sytsma, K. J.; Pires, J. C., 2684: 372:

which can be considered to have been derived from a lily-like flower with six relatively similar tepals, and six

3300: 4322: 2831: 1914: 415:(shared characteristics) is rare since most conform to the general monocot pattern. This pattern is ancestral ( 4171: 3328:"Chloroplast DNA Systematics of Lilioid Monocots: Resources, Feasibility, and an Example from the Orchidaceae" 1829:. They are mainly perennial herbaceous and may be climbing plants that include the true lilies and many other 1019:

and colleagues (2002) followed Chase (2000), in using the term "lilioid monocots" and again noting unresolved

477:) as opposed to wind-pollinating plants (such as grasses) that have evolved very different floral structures. 1637:

Petrosaviales are a very small order (1 family, 2 genera, about 5 species) of rare leafless achlorophyllous,

2886: 2761: 307: 3080:

Higher-level systematics of the monocotyledons: An assessment of current knowledge and a new classification

640:, comprising grasses, rushes and sedges, flowers are either petal-less or have small, unshowy petals. Many 3327: 1690: 886:(excluding some descendants of a common ancestor). For instance, Dahlgren had based monophyly on a single 3966: 3285:(July 2003), "Recircumscription of the monocotyledonous family Petrosaviaceae to include Japonolirion", 674: 598: 4190: 3148: 636:

The later evolved commelinids have various kinds of flower, few of which are 'lily-like'. In the order

3975: 1509:

While this is the most commonly understood relationship, Davis et al. (2013) using a combination of

3074: 2801:; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2007), 2082: 1826: 1803: 1695: 1619: 514: 4231: 1102:(most recent common ancestor of the sampled species of the clade of interest) divergence times in 565: 4983: 4317: 4088: 4037: 3952: 3892: 3861: 3822: 3690: 3531: 3420: 3362: 3312: 3304: 1528: 1055: 1006:

Simultaneous with the release of the 1998 APG classification were two events: the publication of

723: 556: 385: 58: 1098:, that is diverging in succession from the line that leads to the commelinids. Numbers indicate 268:("lily-like"). Petaloid monocots refers to the flowers having tepals which all resemble petals ( 360:). Morphologically, the petaloid or lilioid monocots can be considered to possess five groups ( 5020: 4977: 4792: 4045: 4001: 3853: 3786: 3750: 3634: 3568:

Hertweck, Kate L.; Kinney, Michael S.; Stuart, Stephanie A.; Maurin, Olivier; Mathews, Sarah;

3455: 3221: 3211: 3130: 2994: 2970: 2922: 2892: 2841: 2808: 2785: 2765: 2741: 2711: 2688: 2664: 2576: 2372: 2298: 2283: 2039: 1880: 1768: 1668: 1638: 1536: 812: 586: 535: 2357: 2268: 2012: 4574: 4403: 4373: 4239: 4150: 4140: 4113: 4080: 4029: 3991: 3983: 3942: 3924: 3913: 3884: 3845: 3814: 3773: 3740: 3732: 3723: 3699: 3667: 3617: 3583: 3555: 3523: 3491: 3445: 3410: 3402: 3377: 3352: 3344: 3296: 3264: 3189: 3122: 3066: 2731: 1861: 1676: 1660: 862: 826: 800: 788: 760: 715: 482: 311: 4118: 3650:

Kim, Jung Sung; Hong, Jeong-Ki; Chase, Mark W.; Fay, Michael F.; Kim, Joo-Hwan (May 2013).

1531:

time estimates within the lilioids have varied considerably, they were also able to obtain

41: 4877: 4735: 4385: 4348: 4294: 3600: 2952: 2951:

Columbus, J. T.; Friar, E. A.; Porter, J. M.; Prince, L. M.; Simpson, M. G., eds. (2006),

1842: 1532: 857: 796: 738: 577: 237: 226: 101: 50: 3382:"Phylogenetics of Seed Plants: An Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences from the Plastid Gene 3269: 3023:; Duvall, M. R.; Hills, H. G.; Conran, J. G.; Cox, A. V.; Eguiarte, L. E.; Hartwell, J.; 1527:

also found evidence for a sister relationship between Asparagales and Liliales. Although

3979: 3639:

Proceedings of the Zesde Internationaal Botanisch Congres, Amsterdam, 2–7 September 1935

2864: 1763: 815:

were put together in a very broadly defined Liliaceae, usually referred to as Liliaceae

4900: 4857: 4802: 4474: 4398: 3996: 3917: 3803:(March 2002), "Homologies of Inferior Ovaries and Septal Nectaries in Monocotyledons", 3745: 3622: 3596: 3470: 3150:

Robust inference of monocot deep phylogeny using an expanded multigene plastid data set

2827: 1745: 1326: 1047: 1007: 1000: 845: 804: 768: 691: 470: 431: 389: 381: 348:

The descriptive term "petaloid lilioid monocot" relates to the conspicuous petal-like (

88: 4262: 1798: 1713:

Dioscoreales are a small order (3 families, 21 genera, about 1,000 species) of mainly

1614: 5014: 4779: 4740: 4672: 4590: 4450: 4298: 4145: 4013: 3651: 3496: 3213:

Molecular systematics and seed plant phylogeny: a summary of a parsimony analysis of

3078: 3028: 3024: 2798: 2701: 1632: 1540: 1524: 1515: 1196: 1059: 1032: 1028: 968: 964: 875: 830: 792: 645: 508: 462: 458: 416: 241: 141: 114: 3956: 3896: 3865: 3826: 3316: 837:

defined the two orders (Asparagales and Liliales) which contain the bulk of monocot

4847: 4702: 4682: 4632: 4564: 4532: 4527: 4480: 3904:

Thorne, Robert F. (February 1983), "Proposed new realignments in the angiosperms",

3872: 3833: 3800: 3703: 3569: 3543: 3505: 3466: 3431: 3373: 3323: 3282: 3278: 3250: 3246: 3207: 3114: 3070: 3046: 3020: 2945: 2882: 2860: 1834: 1749: 1726: 1708: 1394: 1379: 1226: 1090: 1086: 1016: 972: 940: 932: 899: 895: 891: 887: 879: 871: 853: 784: 772: 699: 679: 641: 529: 466: 420: 412: 332: 328: 315: 245: 152: 3126: 2988: 2953:"Symposium issue: Monocots: comparative biology and evolution (excluding Poales). 2940: 2835: 2802: 2779: 2755: 2735: 2705: 2678: 2658: 1094:

relationship between the orders (with the exception of the two sister orders) is

882:(having a common ancestor), a closer reading of their texts revealed evidence of 4915: 4910: 4839: 4755: 4677: 4619: 4608: 4509: 4498: 4468: 4440: 4367: 4068: 3681: 3474: 1874: 1838: 1737: 1733: 1672: 1656: 1544: 1311: 1298: 1172: 1099: 952: 944: 928: 920: 741: 695: 618: 592: 492: 485:

types, secretory and plasmodial, the lilioid monocots are nearly all secretory.

474: 448: 424: 361: 260:) in which the majority of species have flowers with relatively large, coloured 257: 190: 3888: 3707: 1519:

by excluding its largest and most atypical family, Orchidaceae then Aparagales

714:). Lindley divided the Petaloideae into 32 "orders" (roughly corresponding to 434:

and a reduction of the number of stamens to three. In some groups (such as the

4964: 4895: 4872: 4797: 4750: 4745: 4725: 4687: 4603: 4486: 4425: 4417: 3947: 3849: 3778: 3560: 3194: 3092: 3062: 3042: 1781: 1729: 1645: 1242: 1103: 1095: 996: 992: 956: 903: 817: 753: 727: 550: 397: 324: 287: 249: 163: 4243: 2974: 1648:

in Japan, China, Southeast Asia and Borneo. They are characterized by having

1539:). On the other hand, a large data set using a combined analysis of nuclear, 767:. Although "petaloid" and "lilioid" have often been used interchangeably, as 4925: 4905: 4862: 4852: 4569: 4430: 4361: 3287: 1884: 1830: 1822: 1075: 924: 883: 838: 834: 808: 764: 749: 719: 703: 653: 444: 377: 365: 320: 300: 283: 4049: 4005: 3857: 3754: 3459: 3450: 2912: 1856: 807:

contained species whose flowers had six stamens and an inferior ovary. The

694:(1830), the grouping corresponding to the lilioid monocots was the "tribe" 3357: 17: 4920: 4829: 4824: 4812: 4760: 4730: 4654: 4551: 4517: 4492: 4435: 3736: 3415: 1904: 1816: 1714: 1341: 1274: 1150: 1117: 1020: 776: 756: 745: 702:'s system the monocots consisted of two tribes, the Petaloideae, and the 614: 571: 453: 439: 349: 274: 269: 253: 179: 2660:

Floral diagrams: an aid to understanding flower morphology and evolution

1535:

estimates for the origin of the lilioids at approximately 125 mya (

4887: 4867: 4717: 4707: 4697: 4692: 4579: 4155: 4092: 4041: 3987: 3608: 3546:(January 2001), "Pollen and anther characters in monocot systematics", 3535: 3475:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III" 3424: 3366: 3308: 1741: 1664: 1652: 1642: 1584: 1580: 1510: 707: 669: 629: 430:

Various trends are apparent among the lilioids, notably a change to an

405: 373: 234: 172: 168: 3672: 3588: 4930: 4664: 4642: 4522: 4462: 2707:

The families of the monocotyledons: Structure, evolution and taxonomy

1869:

Asparagales (includes orchids, irises, agaves, amaryllis, and onions)

1593: 1561: 1356: 711: 649: 637: 623: 478: 401: 393: 380:

has three carpels fused into a superior trilocular (three-chambered)

369: 357: 353: 265: 183: 145: 4084: 4033: 3527: 3406: 3348: 2804:

Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. (1st ed. 1999, 2nd 2002)

1955:

Subsequent to the 1993 Monocot Conference, and prior to publication.

3818: 1891:. Most are herbaceous perennials, but some are trees and climbers. 2918: 2175: 2173: 1888: 1855: 1797: 1762: 1722: 1689: 1649: 1613: 1570: 1080: 916: 668: 435: 261: 156: 75: 870:, were reclassified in families within Asparagales (in this case 613:

In the orders that branched off before the lilioid monocots, the

4069:"An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants" 3929:"An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants" 1718: 230: 4266: 967:(Melanthiales) and the inclusion of three additional families ( 771:

points out, some usages of "petaloid monocot", particularly in

2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 811:

contained those with three stamens and an inferior ovary. The

2063: 2061: 1375: 1322: 1192: 1146: 4202: 3173:"Molecular basis of development in petaloid monocot flowers" 3098:

Multigene analyses of monocot relationships : a summary

2249: 2247: 1124: Chase & Reveal (monocots) 131 1031:, while Dioscoreales and Pandanales were demonstrated to be 627:(Acorales), they have become insignificant. In others, like 4012:

Zomlefer, Wendy B.; Williams, Norris H.; Whitten, W. Mark;

3301:

10.1663/0007-196X(2003)055[0214:ROTMFP]2.0.CO;2

2885:; Cribb, P.J.; Cutler, D.F.; Humphries, C.J., eds. (1995), 2757:

Understanding flowers and flowering: an integrated approach

2557: 2555: 2553: 2049: 2047: 3171:

Johansen, Bo; Frederiksen, Signe; Skipper, Martin (2006),

3056: 3036: 2680:

An integrated system of classification of flowering plants

2541: 2539: 2459: 2457: 2320: 1985: 1740:

in tropical areas and have been a source of extraction of

648:

are small and hidden under expanded and brightly coloured

3838:

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

3635:"A new phylogenetic classification of the monocotyledons" 3434:(1 October 2004), "Monocot relationships: an overview", 2139: 2137: 4170:

Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison,

3113:

Davis, Jerrold I.; Mcneal, Joel R.; Barrett, Craig F.;

1547:

C was in agreement with the earlier APG relationships.

2969:(1), Claremont, Ca.: Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 2235: 2233: 2231: 2103: 2101: 1513:

genomes have suggested that if Asparagales is treated

621:, flowers differ in several ways. In some cases, like 2118: 915:

monophyly of this group. They identified four major

829:'s definition, for example, is the broadest of all. 656:

which resemble petals and may be mistaken for them.

4886: 4838: 4811: 4777: 4716: 4663: 4641: 4617: 4588: 4549: 4508: 4449: 4416: 4383: 4346: 2294: 2279: 2264: 2179: 690:In one of the earliest monocot taxonomies, that of 2588: 2516: 2514: 1833:. Their economic importance lies in their use for 799:(1985). When classification systems were based on 264:. This characteristic is similar to that found in 3686:"The new phylogeny of the Lilioid Monocotyledons" 1944:undoubtedly paraphyletic rather than monophyletic 3220:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 243–252, 939:, and a core group of Asparagales, Liliales and 27:Grade of flowering plant orders, within Lilianae 4020:: evidence from ITS and trnL-F sequence data". 3200: 3165: 3107: 2599: 2483: 2416: 2067: 1974: 3086: 2778:Hedges, S. Blair; Kumar, Sudhir, eds. (2009), 2368: 4278: 4227:Monocots I: General Alismatids & Lilioids 4173:Diversity and Evolution of Monocots: Lilioids 2911:Wilson, K. L.; Morrison, D. A., eds. (2000), 2611: 2438: 2394: 2353: 2342: 2309: 2253: 2223: 2053: 1933:Dahlgren did not actually use the exact term. 491:Lilioid monocots: Botanical illustrations of 8: 3791:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3232: 3027:; Caddick, L. R.; Cameron, K. M.; Hoot, S., 2635: 2561: 2427: 2383: 2373:Systematics of the Lilioids pp. 345–524 2212: 1078:shown below displays the orders of Lilianae 947:for which there was no obvious equivalent). 4192:Monocots: (II) – Liliales & Asparagales 2572: 2545: 2531: 2463: 2201: 4817: 4785: 4647: 4625: 4596: 4557: 4455: 4413: 4391: 4354: 4285: 4271: 4263: 4204:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 3141: 2987:Wilkin, Paul; Mayo, Simon J, eds. (2013), 2623: 2093: 2024: 1555:Five orders make up the lilioid monocots. 1040:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 759:, the whole of Liliales, or restricted to 356:which superficially resemble true lilies ( 40: 31: 4154: 4144: 4117: 3995: 3946: 3777: 3744: 3671: 3621: 3587: 3559: 3495: 3449: 3414: 3356: 3268: 3193: 2993:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2740:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2663:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2143: 2129: 4132:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 4105:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 3660:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 3575:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 3483:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 3256:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 3249:; Wilkin, Paul; Hedderson, Terry A. J.; 3051:Monocot systematics: A combined analysis 2734:; García-Arenal, Fernando, eds. (1995), 1543:and plastid genes together with nuclear 841:, as constituting the lilioid monocots. 748:, but the term has also been applied to 4073:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 3806:International Journal of Plant Sciences 3515:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 3394:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 2494: 2239: 2107: 2078: 1967: 1926: 1910:List of systems of plant classification 419:) for the lilioid monocots. Structural 4119:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x 3784: 3504:Duvall, Melvin R.; Clegg, Michael T.; 3326:; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (December 1989), 2506: 2405: 2190: 2165: 2154: 2035: 2008: 1996: 1986:Mondragon-Palomino & Theissen 2009 2449: 2331: 1841:. They are also a source of food and 1725:as food reserves, but also including 481:structure shows that of the two main 331:in the sense that commelinids form a 233:with common characteristics) of five 7: 3270:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.138002123.x 2840:, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2704:; Clifford, H.T.; Yeo, P.F. (1985), 1721:and the ability to form underground 609:Comparison with other monocot orders 368:) whorls. Lilioid monocots all have 3030:Molecular phylogenetics of Lilianae 2941:Monocots: Systematics and evolution 2784:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2520: 1371: 1318: 1291: 1267: 1219: 1211: 1188: 1165: 1142: 1135: 1128: 1113: 400:orientation in one or two rows per 3918:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01447.x 3623:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086164 2807:(3 ed.), Sinauer Associates, 2737:Molecular basis of virus evolution 2657:Craene, Louis P. Ronse De (2010), 1787:sister group to the Dioscoreales. 25: 3119:Early Events in Monocot Evolution 2990:Early events in monocot evolution 2295:Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985 2280:Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985 2265:Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985 2180:Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985 866:, previously placed in Liliaceae 225:) is an informal name used for a 4995: 4994: 4963: 4146:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x 3497:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x 3045:; Stevenson, D. W.; Wilkin, P.; 2589:Cameron, Chase & Rudall 2003 1659:flowers, six persistent tepals, 585: 564: 543: 522: 501: 62: 3053:, vol. 2, pp. 685–730 3033:, vol. 1, pp. 109–137 955:(which alone formed Dahlgren's 4189:University of Alberta (1999), 4127:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III 3704:10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.570.2 2891:, Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, 2269:p. 94 Fig. 37 Node 8 919:of monocots. They named these 1: 2754:Glover, Beverley J. (2014) , 2040:Petaloid monocots p. 122 4245:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website 3127:10.1017/CBO9781139002950.015 3087:Wilson & Morrison (2000) 2299:pp. 107–274 Liliiflorae 1736:. The tuberous roots form a 1052:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website 299:were distinguished from the 3654:matK, rbcL, atpB and atpF-H 2710:, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1108: 1012:Systematics of the Lilioids 327:monocots. The lilioids are 5037: 4222:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 4209:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 4196:(Botany 220 lecture notes) 4177:(Botany 400 lecture notes) 4100:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 4065:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 4022:American Journal of Botany 3889:10.1600/036364406777585766 3437:American Journal of Botany 3336:American Journal of Botany 2917:, Collingwood, Australia: 2369:Wilson & Morrison 2000 2119:University of Alberta 1999 1872: 1814: 1779: 1706: 1630: 1044:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 985:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 979:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 4972: 4961: 4820: 4788: 4650: 4628: 4599: 4560: 4458: 4412: 4394: 4357: 4306: 4250:Missouri Botanical Garden 3948:10.5642/aliso.19921302.08 3850:10.1017/S1464793102005936 3779:10.5642/aliso.20062201.24 3561:10.1080/00173130152591840 3195:10.5642/aliso.20062201.12 2685:Columbia University Press 2612:Rudall & Bateman 2006 2395:Rudall & Bateman 2002 2354:Kubitzki & Huber 1998 2343:Kubitzki & Huber 1998 2054:Furness & Rudall 2001 1717:plants, characterized by 1392: 1377: 1369: 1354: 1339: 1324: 1316: 1296: 1289: 1272: 1265: 1240: 1224: 1217: 1209: 1194: 1186: 1170: 1163: 1148: 1140: 1133: 1126: 894:, Asparagales, Liliales, 223:petaloid lilioid monocots 138: 133: 59:Scientific classification 57: 48: 39: 34: 3906:Nordic Journal of Botany 3142:Wilkin & Mayo (2013) 1915:List of lilioid families 1663:, three almost distinct 2938:, see also excerpts in 2762:Oxford University Press 2573:Hedges & Kumar 2009 2546:Chase & Reveal 2009 2358:fig. 19 p. 28 2202:Chase & Palmer 1989 2083:Petaloideae p. 252 1070:Phylogeny and evolution 308:molecular phylogenetics 272:). The taxonomic terms 3451:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1645 3245:Caddick, Lizabeth R.; 3201:Columbus et al. (2006) 3166:Columbus et al. (2006) 3108:Columbus et al. (2006) 1865: 1807: 1772: 1699: 1623: 906:) in his Liliiflorae. 687: 376:. The typical lilioid 3967:Nature Communications 3277:Cameron, Kenneth M.; 2677:Cronquist, A (1981), 2130:Kron & Chase 1995 1859: 1801: 1766: 1693: 1641:plants found in dark 1617: 1106:(million years ago). 675:Xanthorrhaea hastilis 672: 599:Asparagus officinalis 3210:(17 November 2005), 3121:, pp. 315–349, 3057:Rudall et al. (1995) 3037:Rudall et al. (1995) 2781:The timetree of life 2732:Calisher, Charles H. 2600:Caddick et al. 2002a 2484:Hertwick et al. 2015 2417:Columbus et al. 2006 2068:Johansen et al. 2006 1975:Zomlefer et al. 2001 1776:Pandanales (pandans) 1732:plants which may be 1501:Lilioid monocots 122 423:is rare, except for 3980:2014NatCo...5.4956Z 3542:Furness, Carol A.; 3233:Gibbs et al. (1995) 2013:Lilioids p. 98 1827:Northern Hemisphere 1804:Lilium michiganense 1752:to the Pandanales. 1703:Dioscoreales (yams) 1696:Dioscorea balcanica 1620:Japonolirion osense 844:The development of 763:'s broadly defined 515:Petrosavia sakuraii 306:The development of 3988:10.1038/ncomms5956 3737:10.1093/aob/mcn258 3691:Acta Horticulturae 3512:L Sequence Data", 3206:Kron, Kathleen A; 2730:Gibbs, Adrian J.; 2439:Graham et al. 2006 2321:Rudall et al. 1995 2310:Chase et al. 1995b 2254:Chase et al. 1995a 2224:Duvall et al. 1993 1946:"(emphasis added). 1881:ornamental flowers 1866: 1808: 1773: 1700: 1624: 1056:alismatid monocots 971:, Pandanaceae and 795:(1983, 1992), and 724:Bentham and Hooker 688: 557:Pandanus tectorius 388:, a single hollow 386:axile placentation 5008: 5007: 4978:Basal angiosperms 4959: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4793:Berberidopsidales 4773: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4540: 3877:Systematic Botany 3673:10.1111/boj.12039 3589:10.1111/boj.12260 3444:(10): 1645–1655, 3378:Soltis, Pamela S. 3343:(12): 1720–1730, 3065:; Soltis, D. E.; 3000:978-1-107-01276-9 2898:978-0-947643-85-0 2870:, London: Longman 2814:978-0-87893-407-2 2717:978-3-642-64903-5 2636:Pires et al. 2006 2562:Davis et al. 2013 2428:Chase et al. 2006 2384:Chase et al. 2000 2213:Chase et al. 1993 1896: 1895: 1850: 1849: 1811:Liliales (lilies) 1792: 1791: 1769:Pandanus montanus 1757: 1756: 1684: 1683: 1669:microsporogenesis 1639:mycoheterotrophic 1606: 1597: 1588: 1574: 1565: 1537:Cretaceous period 1507: 1506: 1495: 1494: 1486: 1485: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1467: 1459: 1458: 1450: 1449: 1441: 1440: 1432: 1431: 1423: 1422: 1414: 1413: 1405: 1404: 1254: 1253: 1064:Plant systematics 935:, in addition to 684:Vegetable Kingdom 536:Dioscorea spicata 364:) of three-fold ( 219:petaloid monocots 204: 203: 198: 187: 176: 160: 149: 35:Lilioid monocots 16:(Redirected from 5028: 4998: 4997: 4967: 4818: 4786: 4648: 4626: 4597: 4558: 4456: 4414: 4392: 4374:Austrobaileyales 4355: 4333:Acrogymnospermae 4295:flowering plants 4287: 4280: 4273: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4235: 4230:, archived from 4217: 4216: 4215: 4198: 4197: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4159: 4158: 4148: 4122: 4121: 4095: 4053: 4028:(9): 1657–1669. 4008: 3999: 3959: 3950: 3925:Thorne, Robert F 3920: 3900: 3873:Rudall, Paula J. 3868: 3834:Rudall, Paula J. 3829: 3796: 3790: 3782: 3781: 3757: 3748: 3724:Annals of Botany 3717: 3716: 3715: 3706:, archived from 3677: 3675: 3646: 3631:Hutchinson, John 3626: 3625: 3605: 3592: 3591: 3564: 3563: 3544:Rudall, Paula J. 3538: 3500: 3499: 3479: 3462: 3453: 3427: 3418: 3390: 3369: 3360: 3332: 3319: 3283:Rudall, Paula J. 3273: 3272: 3247:Rudall, Paula J. 3230: 3198: 3197: 3177: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3155: 3139: 3105: 3104:, pp. 63–75 3103: 3084: 3054: 3034: 3009: 3008: 3007: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2871: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2794: 2774: 2760:(2nd ed.), 2750: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2697: 2673: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2586: 2580: 2570: 2564: 2559: 2548: 2543: 2534: 2532:Judd et al. 2007 2529: 2523: 2518: 2509: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2481: 2466: 2464:Zeng et al. 2014 2461: 2452: 2447: 2441: 2436: 2430: 2425: 2419: 2414: 2408: 2403: 2397: 2392: 2386: 2381: 2375: 2366: 2360: 2351: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2329: 2323: 2318: 2312: 2307: 2301: 2292: 2286: 2277: 2271: 2262: 2256: 2251: 2242: 2237: 2226: 2221: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2177: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2141: 2132: 2127: 2121: 2116: 2110: 2105: 2096: 2091: 2085: 2076: 2070: 2065: 2056: 2051: 2042: 2033: 2027: 2022: 2016: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1983: 1977: 1972: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1862:Nolina recurvata 1852: 1851: 1794: 1793: 1759: 1758: 1686: 1685: 1661:septal nectaries 1610: 1609: 1601: 1592: 1578: 1569: 1560: 1372: 1319: 1292: 1268: 1220: 1212: 1189: 1166: 1143: 1136: 1129: 1114: 1109: 910:Phylogenetic era 827:Cronquist system 589: 568: 547: 526: 505: 411:However, floral 335:to Asparagales. 312:cladistic theory 207:Lilioid monocots 193: 182: 166: 155: 144: 128:Lilioid monocots 67: 66: 44: 32: 21: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4968: 4935: 4882: 4834: 4807: 4782: 4765: 4736:Crossosomatales 4712: 4659: 4637: 4622: 4613: 4593: 4584: 4575:Trochodendrales 4554: 4537: 4504: 4445: 4408: 4404:Ceratophyllales 4388: 4379: 4351: 4342: 4323:Marchantiophyta 4302: 4291: 4261: 4254: 4252: 4238: 4220: 4213: 4211: 4201: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4169: 4125: 4098: 4085:10.2307/2992015 4063: 4034:10.2307/3558411 4014:Judd, Walter S. 4011: 3962: 3923: 3903: 3871: 3832: 3799: 3783: 3760: 3720: 3713: 3711: 3680: 3649: 3629: 3603: 3595: 3567: 3541: 3528:10.2307/2399849 3503: 3477: 3471:Reveal, James L 3465: 3430: 3407:10.2307/2399846 3388: 3372: 3349:10.2307/2444471 3330: 3322: 3276: 3244: 3228: 3217:L sequence data 3205: 3175: 3170: 3159: 3157: 3156:, pp. 3–21 3153: 3146: 3137: 3112: 3101: 3091: 3083:, pp. 3–16 3061: 3041: 3019: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2986: 2979: 2977: 2950: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2881: 2859: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2834:, eds. (1998), 2828:Kubitzki, Klaus 2826: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2799:Judd, Walter S. 2797: 2792: 2777: 2772: 2753: 2748: 2729: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2700: 2695: 2676: 2671: 2656: 2647: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2624:Kim et al. 2013 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2583: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2551: 2544: 2537: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2469: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2378: 2367: 2363: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2304: 2293: 2289: 2278: 2274: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2245: 2238: 2229: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2171: 2164: 2160: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2135: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2099: 2094:Hutchinson 1936 2092: 2088: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2059: 2052: 2045: 2034: 2030: 2025:Botany 400 2016 2023: 2019: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1901: 1877: 1871: 1843:pharmaceuticals 1825:regions in the 1819: 1813: 1784: 1778: 1711: 1705: 1667:, simultaneous 1635: 1629: 1553: 1533:molecular clock 1503: 1502: 1496: 1487: 1478: 1469: 1460: 1451: 1442: 1433: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1255: 1072: 981: 912: 667: 662: 611: 606: 605: 604: 603: 602: 596: 590: 582: 581: 578:Lilium candidum 575: 569: 561: 560: 554: 548: 540: 539: 533: 527: 519: 518: 512: 506: 497: 496: 346: 341: 215:liliid monocots 61: 51:Lilium candidum 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5034: 5032: 5024: 5023: 5013: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4878:Paracryphiales 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4803:Caryophyllales 4800: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4514: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4386:Mesangiosperms 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4358: 4352: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4328:Polypodiophyta 4325: 4320: 4315: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4260: 4259: 4236: 4218: 4199: 4186: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4139:(2): 105–121, 4123: 4112:(4): 399–436, 4096: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4009: 3974:(4956): 4956, 3960: 3941:(2): 365–389, 3921: 3901: 3883:(2): 223–238. 3869: 3844:(3): 403–441, 3830: 3819:10.1086/338323 3813:(2): 261–276, 3797: 3758: 3731:(3): 583–594, 3718: 3698:(570): 31–45, 3678: 3647: 3627: 3616:(4): 574–575, 3593: 3582:(3): 375–393, 3570:Chase, Mark W. 3565: 3554:(1–2): 17–25, 3539: 3522:(3): 607–619, 3506:Chase, Mark W. 3501: 3490:(2): 122–127, 3463: 3428: 3374:Chase, Mark W. 3370: 3358:2027.42/141280 3324:Chase, Mark W. 3320: 3295:(3): 214–225, 3279:Chase, Mark W. 3274: 3263:(2): 123–144, 3251:Chase, Mark W. 3241: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3226: 3203: 3188:(1): 151–158, 3168: 3144: 3135: 3115:Chase, Mark W. 3110: 3089: 3059: 3039: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3010: 2999: 2984: 2948: 2927: 2908: 2897: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2857: 2846: 2832:Huber, Herbert 2824: 2813: 2795: 2790: 2775: 2770: 2751: 2746: 2727: 2716: 2702:Dahlgren, R.M. 2698: 2693: 2674: 2669: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2581: 2565: 2549: 2535: 2524: 2510: 2499: 2487: 2467: 2453: 2442: 2431: 2420: 2409: 2398: 2387: 2376: 2361: 2346: 2335: 2324: 2313: 2302: 2287: 2272: 2257: 2243: 2227: 2216: 2205: 2194: 2183: 2169: 2158: 2147: 2144:Cronquist 1981 2133: 2122: 2111: 2097: 2086: 2071: 2057: 2043: 2028: 2017: 2001: 1989: 1978: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1948: 1935: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1873:Main article: 1870: 1867: 1848: 1847: 1815:Main article: 1812: 1809: 1790: 1789: 1780:Main article: 1777: 1774: 1755: 1754: 1748:. They form a 1746:contraceptives 1707:Main article: 1704: 1701: 1682: 1681: 1631:Main article: 1628: 1625: 1608: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1575: 1566: 1559:Petrosaviales 1552: 1549: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1327:Dasypogonaceae 1323: 1317: 1315: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1147: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1112: 1071: 1068: 1050:, as does the 1048:APG III system 1001:Petrosaviaceae 980: 977: 911: 908: 846:DNA sequencing 813:remaining taxa 805:Amaryllidaceae 666: 663: 661: 658: 610: 607: 591: 584: 583: 570: 563: 562: 549: 542: 541: 528: 521: 520: 507: 500: 499: 498: 490: 489: 488: 487: 471:Pontederiaceae 432:inferior ovary 392:, and several 382:superior ovary 345: 342: 340: 337: 323:, lilioid and 202: 201: 200: 199: 188: 177: 161: 150: 136: 135: 131: 130: 125: 118: 117: 112: 105: 104: 99: 92: 91: 86: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 55: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5033: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5001: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4966: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4901:Metteniusales 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4858:Escalloniales 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4780:Superasterids 4776: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4673:Zygophyllales 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4591:Core eudicots 4587: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4548: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4475:Petrosaviales 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4399:Chloranthales 4397: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4240:Stevens, P.F. 4237: 4234:on 2015-09-14 4233: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4187: 4175: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4079:(4): 531–53, 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3912:(1): 85–117, 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3801:Rudall, Paula 3798: 3794: 3788: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3719: 3710:on 2016-01-27 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3655: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3604:(Book review) 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3467:Chase, Mark W 3464: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3416:1969.1/179875 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3387: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3229: 3227:9780521022897 3223: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3208:Chase, Mark W 3204: 3202: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3152: 3151: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3136:9781139002950 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3071:Rudall, P. J. 3068: 3067:Soltis, P. S. 3064: 3060: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3047:Rudall, P. J. 3044: 3040: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3002: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2985: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2930: 2928:0-643-06437-0 2924: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2868: 2862: 2861:Lindley, John 2858: 2849: 2847:3-540-64060-6 2843: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2791:9780191560156 2787: 2783: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2771:9780191637629 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2747:9780521022897 2743: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2694:9780231038805 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2670:9780521493468 2666: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1633:Petrosaviales 1627:Petrosaviales 1626: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1572: 1568:Dioscoreales 1567: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1541:mitochondrial 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525:nuclear genes 1522: 1518: 1517: 1516:sensu stricto 1512: 1498: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1481: 1473: 1472: 1464: 1463: 1455: 1454: 1446: 1445: 1437: 1436: 1428: 1427: 1419: 1418: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1374: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1320: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1197:Petrosaviales 1191: 1190: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1046:now uses the 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1033:sister clades 1030: 1029:Petrosaviales 1024: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 978: 976: 974: 970: 969:Cyclanthaceae 966: 965:Melanthiaceae 960: 958: 957:Pandaniflorae 954: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 909: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 876:phylogenetics 873: 869: 865: 864: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 831:Rolf Dahlgren 828: 824: 820: 819: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801:morphological 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 755: 751: 747: 743: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 685: 681: 677: 676: 671: 665:Early history 664: 659: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 634: 632: 631: 626: 625: 620: 616: 608: 601: 600: 594: 588: 580: 579: 573: 567: 559: 558: 552: 546: 538: 537: 531: 525: 517: 516: 510: 509:Petrosaviales 504: 494: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 463:Haemodoraceae 460: 459:Commelinaceae 456: 455: 450: 446: 442: 441: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 417:plesiomorphic 414: 409: 408:at the base. 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 344:True lilioids 343: 338: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 313: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 289: 285: 281: 277: 276: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242:Petrosaviales 239: 236: 232: 229:(grouping of 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 196: 192: 189: 185: 181: 178: 174: 170: 165: 162: 158: 154: 151: 147: 143: 142:Petrosaviales 140: 139: 137: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 116: 113: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 94: 93: 90: 89:Tracheophytes 87: 84: 81: 80: 77: 74: 71: 70: 65: 60: 56: 53: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 4989: 4848:Aquifoliales 4741:Picramniales 4703:Cucurbitales 4683:Malpighiales 4633:Saxifragales 4565:Ranunculales 4533:Zingiberales 4528:Commelinales 4481:Dioscoreales 4362:Amborellales 4338:Angiospermae 4253:, retrieved 4244: 4232:the original 4226: 4212:, retrieved 4203: 4191: 4180:, retrieved 4172: 4136: 4130: 4109: 4103: 4076: 4072: 4025: 4021: 4017: 3971: 3965: 3938: 3932: 3909: 3905: 3880: 3876: 3841: 3837: 3810: 3804: 3769: 3763: 3728: 3722: 3712:, retrieved 3708:the original 3695: 3689: 3682:Meerow, A.W. 3663: 3659: 3653: 3642: 3638: 3613: 3607: 3597:Heywood, V H 3579: 3573: 3551: 3547: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3487: 3481: 3441: 3435: 3432:Chase, M. W. 3398: 3392: 3383: 3340: 3334: 3292: 3286: 3260: 3254: 3216: 3212: 3185: 3179: 3158:, retrieved 3149: 3118: 3097: 3093:Chase, M. W. 3079: 3050: 3043:Chase, M. W. 3029: 3021:Chase, M. W. 3004:, retrieved 2989: 2978:, retrieved 2966: 2960: 2954: 2946:Google Books 2939: 2932:, retrieved 2913: 2902:, retrieved 2887: 2883:Rudall, P.J. 2865: 2851:, retrieved 2836: 2818:, retrieved 2803: 2780: 2756: 2736: 2721:, retrieved 2706: 2683:, New York: 2679: 2659: 2645:Bibliography 2631: 2619: 2607: 2595: 2584: 2568: 2527: 2502: 2495:Stevens 2016 2490: 2445: 2434: 2423: 2412: 2401: 2390: 2379: 2364: 2349: 2338: 2327: 2316: 2305: 2290: 2275: 2260: 2240:APG III 2009 2219: 2208: 2197: 2186: 2161: 2150: 2125: 2114: 2108:Heywood 1981 2089: 2079:Lindley 1830 2074: 2031: 2020: 2004: 1992: 1981: 1970: 1951: 1943: 1938: 1929: 1878: 1860: 1835:horticulture 1820: 1802: 1785: 1767: 1750:sister group 1727:forest floor 1712: 1709:Dioscoreales 1694: 1675:pollen, and 1636: 1618: 1600:Asparagales 1554: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1395:Commelinales 1393: 1380:Zingiberales 1378: 1355: 1340: 1325: 1297: 1273: 1241: 1227:Dioscoreales 1225: 1195: 1171: 1149: 1121: 1091:sister group 1087:paraphyletic 1079: 1073: 1063: 1037: 1025: 1011: 1005: 988: 982: 973:Velloziaceae 961: 949: 941:commelinoids 936: 933:dioscoreoids 913: 900:Burmanniales 896:Melanthiales 892:Dioscoreales 888:synapomorphy 880:monophyletic 872:Asparagaceae 867: 861: 854:polyphyletic 849: 843: 822: 816: 783:As Kron and 782: 773:horticulture 736: 692:John Lindley 689: 683: 680:John Lindley 673: 642:Zingiberales 635: 628: 622: 612: 597: 576: 555: 534: 530:Dioscoreales 513: 467:Philydraceae 452: 438: 429: 421:monosymmetry 413:synapomorphy 410: 347: 333:sister group 329:paraphyletic 316:phylogenetic 305: 296: 292: 286: 279: 273: 246:Dioscoreales 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 205: 153:Dioscoreales 127: 121: 108: 95: 82: 49: 29: 4916:Gentianales 4911:Boraginales 4840:Campanulids 4756:Brassicales 4678:Celastrales 4620:Superrosids 4609:Dilleniales 4510:Commelinids 4499:Asparagales 4469:Alismatales 4441:Magnoliales 4368:Nymphaeales 4349:Angiosperms 4310:Supergroup 4156:10654/18083 3772:: 278–304, 3666:(1): 5–21. 3063:Chase, M.W. 2577:p. 205 2507:WCLSPF 2015 2406:APG II 2003 2284:p. 107 2191:Meerow 2002 2166:Thorne 1992 2155:Thorne 1983 2036:Glover 2014 2009:Craene 2010 1997:Rudall 2002 1875:Asparagales 1839:cut flowers 1738:staple food 1734:saprophytic 1673:monosulcate 1657:pedicellate 1646:rainforests 1577:Pandanales 1551:Subdivision 1545:phytochrome 1312:commelinids 1299:Asparagales 1173:Alismatales 1100:crown group 953:Pandanaceae 945:Stemonaceae 852:was highly 742:Asparagales 696:Petaloideae 619:Alismatales 593:Asparagales 493:type genera 475:pollination 449:commelinids 425:Orchidaceae 362:pentacyclic 339:Description 280:Liliiflorae 258:Asparagales 191:Asparagales 102:Angiosperms 4984:Alismatids 4896:Icacinales 4873:Dipsacales 4798:Santalales 4751:Huerteales 4746:Sapindales 4726:Geraniales 4688:Oxalidales 4604:Gunnerales 4487:Pandanales 4426:Canellales 4418:Magnoliids 4293:Orders of 4255:2016-02-01 4214:2015-08-08 4182:2016-01-21 3714:2016-01-07 3401:(3): 528, 3160:2014-01-04 3075:Fay, M. F. 3025:Fay, M. F. 3006:2015-12-09 2980:2014-01-18 2934:2014-01-14 2904:2014-01-14 2853:2014-01-14 2820:2014-01-29 2723:2016-01-21 2450:Chase 2004 2332:APG I 1998 1963:References 1885:vegetables 1782:Pandanales 1730:herbaceous 1677:follicular 1529:divergence 1314: 118 1243:Pandanales 997:Corsiaceae 993:Pandanales 929:stemonoids 921:alismatids 904:Orchidales 863:Hyacinthus 818:sensu lato 754:superorder 732:Hutchinson 728:Coronarieæ 722:, such as 654:staminodes 551:Pandanales 398:anatropous 325:commelinid 288:sensu lato 250:Pandanales 164:Pandanales 18:Petaloidea 4931:Vahliales 4926:Solanales 4906:Garryales 4863:Bruniales 4853:Asterales 4570:Proteales 4431:Piperales 4318:Bryophyta 4242:(2016) , 4018:Zigadenus 3645:: 129–131 3288:Brittonia 2975:0065-6275 1831:geophytes 1823:temperate 1744:for oral 1650:bracteate 1591:Liliales 1579:R.Br. ex 1096:pectinate 1076:cladogram 1042:from the 884:paraphyly 839:geophytes 835:monograph 809:Iridaceae 789:Cronquist 765:Liliaceae 761:Cronquist 750:Takhtajan 720:perianths 704:Glumaceae 445:Liliaceae 406:nectaries 378:gynoecium 366:trimerous 321:alismatid 301:Glumaceae 284:Liliaceae 167:R.Br. ex 72:Kingdom: 5021:Monocots 5015:Category 5000:Category 4990:Lilioids 4921:Lamiales 4830:Ericales 4825:Cornales 4813:Asterids 4761:Malvales 4731:Myrtales 4552:Eudicots 4518:Arecales 4493:Liliales 4463:Acorales 4451:Monocots 4436:Laurales 4224:(2016), 4164:Websites 4067:(1998), 4050:21669700 4006:25249442 3957:85738663 3927:(1992), 3897:86213914 3866:13545733 3858:12227521 3827:84714002 3787:citation 3755:19141602 3684:(2002), 3633:(1936), 3599:(1981), 3473:(2009), 3460:21652314 3317:39771490 3239:Articles 3014:Chapters 2876:Symposia 2863:(1830), 2521:RBG 2010 1905:Lilianae 1899:See also 1817:Liliales 1742:steroids 1715:tropical 1342:Arecales 1275:Liliales 1151:Acorales 1118:Lilianae 1021:polytomy 1008:Kubitzki 860:such as 797:Dahlgren 791:(1981), 777:perianth 757:Lilianae 746:Liliales 716:families 660:Taxonomy 615:Acorales 572:Liliales 495:by order 454:Palisota 440:Trillium 350:petaloid 275:Lilianae 270:petaloid 254:Liliales 211:lilioids 180:Liliales 115:Monocots 4888:Lamiids 4868:Apiales 4718:Malvids 4708:Fagales 4698:Rosales 4693:Fabales 4655:Vitales 4580:Buxales 4093:2992015 4042:3558411 3997:4200517 3976:Bibcode 3746:2720651 3609:Ann Bot 3536:2399849 3425:2399846 3367:2444471 3309:3218442 2867:economy 1679:fruit. 1665:carpels 1653:racemes 1643:montane 1585:J.Presl 1581:Bercht. 1511:plastid 1062:in his 825:). 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