375:, whom he had sent to conquer Honduras, but Cristóbal de Olid had set himself up independently on his arrival in that territory. Cortés arrived at the north shore of Lake Petén Itzá on 13 March 1525; he was met there by the Aj Kan Ek'. The Roman Catholic priests accompanying the expedition celebrated mass in the presence of Kan Ek', who was said to be so impressed that he pledged to worship the Cross and to destroy his idols. Cortés accepted an invitation from the king to visit Nojpetén, and crossed to the Maya city with a small contingent of Spanish soldiers while the rest of his army continued around the lake to meet him on the south shore. Cortés left behind a lame horse that the Itza treated as a deity, attempting to feed it poultry, meat, and flowers, but the animal soon died.
459:
across the lake with eighty canoes to greet the visitors. The
Franciscans returned to Nojpetén with Kan Ek' and baptised over 300 Itza children over the following four days. Avendaño tried to convince Kan Ek' to convert to Christianity and surrender to the Spanish crown, without success. The king of the Itza, like his forebear, cited Itza prophecy and said the time was not yet right. He asked the Spanish to return in four months, at which time the Itza would convert and swear fealty to the King of Spain. Kan Ek' learnt of a plot by a rival Itza group to ambush and kill the Franciscans and the Itza king advised them to return to Mérida via Tipu. The Spanish friars became lost and suffered great hardships but eventually arrived back in Mérida after a month travelling.
1786:
327:
409:, although he showed interest in the masses held by the Catholic missionaries. Kan Ek' informed them that according to ancient Itza prophecy it was not yet time for them to convert to Christianity. In the time since Cortés had visited Nojpetén, the Itza had made a statue of the deified horse. Juan de Orbita was outraged when he saw the idol and he immediately smashed it into pieces. Fuensalida was able to save the lives of the visitors from the infuriated natives by means of a particularly eloquent sermon that resulted in them being forgiven. Attempts to convert the Itza failed and the friars left Nojpetén on friendly terms with Kan Ek'.
472:
498:
1048:
190:
305:; its nine levels may each have been less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) high; the pyramid would still have been imposing. It possibly had only one access stairway rather than the four radial stairways found in the examples in Yucatán. The pyramid was topped by a flat-roofed summit shrine that contained idols representing Itza gods. The dismantling of this pyramid would have required considerable effort but no mention of this is found in Spanish records.
463:
expected a peaceful welcome they were immediately attacked by approximately 2000 Maya warriors. San
Buenaventura and one of his Franciscan companions, a Spanish soldier and a number of Yucatec Maya warriors were taken prisoner. Spanish reinforcements arrived the next day but were beaten back. This turn of events convinced Martín de Ursúa that Kan Ek' would not surrender peacefully and he began to organise an all-out assault on Nojpetén.
1798:
251:
351:, a spiritual and political leader. He also renamed himself Hunac Ceel Cauich. The Itzas did not recognize his authority. Ceel gathered many followers from Mayapan and the Cocom region. In 1194 Hunac Ceel Cauich declared war on Chac Chac Xib, one of four rulers of Chichén Itzá. The other three brothers were Sac Xib Chac, Chac Ek Yuuan and Hun Yuuan Chac (also called uooh Puc). Itzáes finally migrated to
36:
506:
and invited Kan Ek' to visit his encampment three days later. On the appointed day Kan Ek' failed to arrive; instead Maya warriors amassed both along the shore and in canoes upon the lake. Ursúa decided that any further attempts at peaceful incorporation of the Itza into the
Spanish Empire were pointless and a waterbourne assault was launched upon Kan Ek's capital on 13 March. The
528:) in 1699 but they did not stay long due to an outbreak of disease. When they returned to the Guatemalan capital they took Kan Ek', his son and two of his cousins with them. The cousins died en route but the last Kan Ek' and his son spent the remainder of their lives under house arrest in the colonial capital.
505:
Martín de Ursúa arrived at the lakeshore with a
Spanish army on 1 March 1697 and built a fortified camp and an attack boat. On 10 March Kan Ek' sent a canoe with a white flag raised bearing emissaries, including the Itza high priest, who offered peaceful surrender. Ursúa received the embassy in peace
510:
fell after a brief but bloody battle in which many Itza warriors died; the
Spanish suffered only minor casualties. The surviving Itza abandoned their capital and swam across to the mainland with many dying in the water. Martín de Ursúa planted his standard upon the highest point of the island and
425:
In 1622 Captain
Francisco de Mirones set out from Yucatán to launch an assault upon the Itza. His army was later joined by Franciscan friar Diego Delgado. En route to Nojpetén, Delgado believed that the army's treatment of the Maya was excessively cruel and he left the army to make his own way to
458:
south towards Petén. Franciscan Andrés de Avendaño followed the new road as far as possible then continued towards Nojpetén with local Maya guides. They arrived at the western end of Lake Petén Itzá to an enthusiastic welcome by the local Itza. The following day, the current Aj Kan Ek' travelled
462:
Kan Ek' sent emissaries to Mérida in
December 1695 to inform Martín de Ursúa that the Itza would peacefully submit to Spanish rule. A Spanish party led by Captain Pedro de Zubiaur arrived at Lake Petén Itza with 60 soldiers, friar San Buenaventura and allied Yucatec Maya warriors. Although they
416:
were hostile and jealous of the missionaries' influence upon the king. They persuaded Kan Ek's wife to convince him to expel the unwelcome visitors. The missionaries' lodgings were surrounded by armed warriors and the friars and their accompanying servants were escorted to a waiting canoe and
312:
Maya attack and subsequently rebuilt; during the attack many houses had also been destroyed. Ritual ceramics, identified by the
Spanish as idols, were arranged in pairs upon small benches throughout the city. The Spanish set about destroying the pagan idols after conquering the city.
405:(a Spanish colonial official) and some Christianised Maya. After an arduous six-month journey the travellers were well received by the current Kan Ek'. They stayed at Nojpetén for some days in an attempt to evangelise the Itza but the Aj Kan Ek' refused to renounce his
346:
is a deep hole filled with water. It is 15 meters from the ground to the water, and the walls are very steep. It is considered an entrance to the afterlife, and it is almost impossible to climb out. But Ceel managed to climb out. He proclaimed himself
417:
instructed to leave and never come back. Juan de Orbita attempted to resist and was rendered unconscious by an Itza warrior. The missionaries were expelled without food or water but survived the journey back to Mérida.
442:. Soon afterwards, the Itza caught Mirones and his soldiers off guard and unarmed in the church at Sacalum; they were slaughtered to a man. These events ended all Spanish attempts to contact the Itza until 1695.
519:
Maya ruler. Ursúa returned to Mérida, leaving Kan Ek' and other high-ranking members of his family as prisoners of the
Spanish garrison at Nuestra Señora de los Remedios y San Pablo. Reinforcements arrived from
259:
Tayasal is on a small island surrounded by water, and unless the natives go by canoe, they cannot enter by land; and they whitewash the houses and temples so they may be seen from more than two leagues
285:(castle or palace) had a square base measuring 16.5 metres (54 ft) on each side. It had nine stepped levels and faced northward; it appeared very similar in design to the principal
272:
1823:
395:
on a mission to attempt the peaceful conversion of the still pagan Itza in central Petén. Bartolomé de
Fuensalida and Juan de Orbita were accompanied by the
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1802:
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439:
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The friars returned in 1619, arriving in October and staying for eighteen days. Again Kan Ek' welcomed them in a friendly manner; however the
898:
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368:
326:
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When Spanish missionary Andrés de Avendaño y Loyola visited the city in early 1696, nine of the temples had recently been burnt during a
597:
383:
Following Cortés' visit, no Spanish attempted to visit the warlike Itza inhabitants of Nojpetén for almost a hundred years. In 1618 two
371:, Hernán Cortés led an expedition to Honduras over land, cutting across the Itza kingdom en route. His aim was to subdue the rebellious
483:
launched an attack upon Nojpetén. The Itza were able to push the Ko'woj out of Nojpetén, but the city had been significantly damaged.
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836:
809:
780:
451:
1688:
471:
1698:
1121:
995:
1713:
1257:
827:
Jones, Grant D. (2000). "The Lowland Maya, from the Conquest to the Present". In Richard E. W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (eds.).
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In 1698 Spanish accounts describe the city as having had twenty-one temples, the largest of these (which the Spanish called a
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976:
1035:
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435:
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Rice, Prudence M. (2009). "Incense Burners and Other Ritual Ceramics". In Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.).
854:
Jones, Grant D. (2009). "The Kowoj in Ethnohistorical Perspective". In Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.).
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97:
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515:("Our Lady of Remedy and Saint Paul, Lake of the Itza"). Kan Ek' was soon captured with help from the
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Nojpetén was closely packed with buildings that included temples, palaces and thatched houses.
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Topoxté was the secondary city of the Ko'woj, it was abandoned before the Spanish conquest
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233:
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1409:
829:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 2
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The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala
856:
The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala
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Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España
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The main Temple in Mayapan would have looked similar to the one in Nojpetén
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Bernal Díaz del Castillo described Nojpetén in Chapter CLXXVIII of his
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831:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 346–391.
775:(in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Editores Mexicanos Unidos, S.A.
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434:. When the party arrived at Nojpetén, they were all seized and
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es:Liga de Mayapán#Destrucci.C3.B3n de la liga de Mayap.C3.A1n
334:
In 1175, the league began to disintegrate. A Cocom man named
513:
Nuestra Señora de los Remedios y San Pablo, Laguna del Itza
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652:
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1774:
773:
Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España
273:
Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España
644:
Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 762. Jones 2000, p. 358.
1722:
1647:
1447:
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1214:
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994:
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Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 778. Jones 2009, p. 59.
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128:
107:
93:
83:
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63:
53:
45:
21:
920:
257:
927:(6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA:
301:. This was about half the size of the Mayapan
970:
426:Nojpetén with eighty Christianised Maya from
228:was a kingdom centered on the island-city of
8:
977:
963:
955:
34:
18:
1824:Mayan chiefdoms of the Yucatán Peninsula
1781:
542:
522:Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala
801:The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom
726:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 777-778.
699:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 775-776.
681:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 774-775.
626:Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. 761–762.
549:Díaz del Castillo 1632, 2005, p. 584.
127:
106:
102:
7:
369:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
1803:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
14:
1819:Former countries in North America
450:In 1695 the governor of Yucatán,
330:The Sacred Cenote in Chichen Itza
1796:
1784:
1046:
717:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 777.
708:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 776.
690:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 775.
672:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 774.
658:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 773.
635:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 762.
617:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 761.
188:
163:
1:
804:. Stanford University Press.
454:, began to build a road from
891:University Press of Colorado
860:University Press of Colorado
452:Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi
1850:
1699:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
919:; Traxler, Loa P. (2006).
490:
340:the cenote of Chichen Itza
243:
1354:Annals of the Cakchiquels
1044:
929:Stanford University Press
858:. Boulder, Colorado, US:
769:Díaz del Castillo, Bernal
493:Spanish conquest of Petén
142:
138:
130:• Spanish invasion.
103:
33:
28:
798:Jones, Grant D. (1998).
1714:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
1674:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
501:Lake Peten Itza in 1697
502:
476:
331:
268:
255:
16:Postclassic Maya state
1689:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
1679:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
1438:Título de Totonicapán
1011:Classic Maya collapse
889:. Boulder, Colorado:
500:
474:
329:
253:
64:Common languages
1694:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
1417:Ritual of the Bacabs
1078:Twin-pyramid complex
893:. pp. 276–315.
511:renamed Nojpetén as
387:friars set out from
1659:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
1629:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
1424:Songs of Dzitbalché
744:Jones 1998, p. 206.
608:Jones 2000, p. 358.
588:Rice 2009b, p. 277.
558:Jones 1998, p. xix.
467:War with the Ko'woj
367:In 1525, after the
98:post classic period
1684:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
1492:Howler monkey gods
862:. pp. 55–69.
753:Jones 2009, p. 59.
579:Jones 2009, p. 62.
567:Jones 1998, p. 74.
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477:
379:Early 17th century
363:Early 16th century
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226:Peten Itza kingdom
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1709:Yuknoom Chʼeen II
1669:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
987:Maya civilization
917:Sharer, Robert J.
900:978-0-87081-930-8
869:978-0-87081-930-8
526:Antigua Guatemala
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446:Late 17th century
373:Cristóbal de Olid
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1664:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
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1431:Título Cʼoyoi
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1263:Death rituals
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938:0-8047-4817-9
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838:0-521-65204-9
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811:9780804735223
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782:968-15-0863-7
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429:
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418:
415:
410:
408:
407:Maya religion
404:
400:
399:
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205:Today part of
203:
187:
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137:
133:
123:
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112:
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96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
78:Maya religion
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
27:
20:
1624:Vucub Caquix
1583:
1552:Ah-Muzen-Cab
1543:Post-Classic
1532:Moon goddess
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1410:Rabinal Achí
1408:
1401:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1361:Chilam Balam
1359:
1352:
1063:Architecture
922:
886:
855:
828:
800:
772:
749:
740:
731:
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713:
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695:
686:
677:
640:
631:
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584:
563:
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512:
504:
479:In 1696 the
478:
461:
449:
424:
411:
396:
382:
366:
333:
307:
302:
291:Chichen Itza
282:
280:
277:
271:
269:
258:
225:
223:
153:Succeeded by
152:
147:
119:Chichen Itza
23:Itza Kingdom
1791:Mesoamerica
1764:Yohl Ikʼnal
1599:Hun Hunahpu
1517:Kinich Ahau
1507:Jaguar gods
359:, in 1194.
148:Preceded by
115:Itza people
113:forces the
1813:Categories
1614:Qʼuqʼumatz
1487:Hero Twins
1472:Death gods
1346:Literature
1282:Households
1248:Priesthood
532:References
436:sacrificed
385:Franciscan
322:Separation
111:Hunac Ceel
84:Government
1754:Sak Kʼukʼ
1584:Popol Vuh
1522:Maize god
1482:Goddess I
1403:Popol Vuh
1253:Sacrifice
1236:Midwifery
1226:Childhood
1176:Mythology
1139:Languages
1026:Guatemala
909:225875268
878:225875268
771:(2005) .
537:Citations
440:Maya gods
421:Interlude
213:Guatemala
184:New Spain
74:Religion
29:1194–1697
1749:Lady Xoc
1609:Jacawitz
1594:Camazotz
1577:Yum Kaax
1572:Kukulkan
1332:Tzolkʼin
1293:Calendar
1243:Religion
1201:Textiles
1181:Numerals
1166:Medicine
1161:Mayanist
1102:Ceramics
1095:Graffiti
947:57577446
847:33359444
820:38747674
791:34997012
524:(modern
487:Conquest
456:Campeche
303:castillo
287:pyramids
283:castillo
263:—
246:Nojpetén
240:Nojpetén
230:Nojpetén
88:Monarchy
58:Nojpetén
1777:Portals
1639:Zipacna
1604:Huracan
1512:Kʼawiil
1497:Itzamna
1458:Classic
1450:Deities
1380:Grolier
1373:Dresden
1367:Codices
1217:Society
1206:Warfare
1144:Classic
1122:Economy
1112:Cuisine
1083:Revival
1068:E-Group
1036:Yucatán
1021:Chiapas
997:History
761:Sources
438:to the
403:Bacalar
398:alcalde
393:Yucatán
353:Tayasal
317:History
299:Yucatán
295:Mayapan
260:distant
117:out of
109:•
54:Capital
49:Kingdom
1725:Queens
1589:Awilix
1537:Yopaat
1502:Ixchel
1387:Madrid
1317:Kʼatun
1307:Baktun
1196:Stelae
1186:People
1149:Script
1107:Cities
1056:Topics
945:
935:
907:
897:
876:
866:
845:
835:
818:
808:
789:
779:
517:Yalain
432:Belize
389:Mérida
344:cenote
342:. The
217:Belize
209:Mexico
46:Status
1650:Kings
1634:Xquic
1619:Tohil
1567:Ixtab
1477:God L
1467:Chaac
1462:Bacab
1394:Paris
1337:Winal
1312:Haabʼ
1231:Women
1191:Sites
1171:Music
1127:Trade
1117:Dance
1031:Petén
310:Kowoj
68:Itza’
1834:Itza
1562:Chin
1557:Akna
1547:Acat
1322:Kʼin
1302:Ajaw
1275:Ajaw
1154:List
943:OCLC
933:ISBN
905:OCLC
895:ISBN
874:OCLC
864:ISBN
843:OCLC
833:ISBN
816:OCLC
806:ISBN
787:OCLC
777:ISBN
508:city
428:Tipu
349:Ajaw
293:and
224:The
134:1697
124:1194
1527:Mam
1327:Tun
1090:Art
430:in
401:of
391:in
297:in
289:at
232:on
1815::
941:.
931:.
903:.
872:.
841:.
814:.
785:.
663:^
649:^
572:^
236:.
1779::
978:e
971:t
964:v
949:.
911:.
880:.
849:.
822:.
793:.
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