693:
608:, lost their lives in our towns by rum, and that we would live in peace and quietness and become another people ... The proposal of stopping the rum and all strong liquors was made to the rest in the winter, and they were all willing. As soon as it was concluded of, all the rum that was in the Towns was all staved and spilled, belonging both to Indians and white people, which in quantity consisted of about forty gallons, that was thrown in the street, and we have appointed four men to stave all the rum or strong liquors that is brought to the Towns hereafter, either by Indians or white men, during the four years. We would be glad if our brothers would send strict orders that we might prevent the rum coming to the hunting cabins or to the neighboring towns. We have sent
213:
310:
576:. The chiefs would allow those men to bring up to 60 gallons of rum a year to their communities, as long as they had a valid license. Chartier was described as "one of us, and he is welcome to come as long as he pleases ... to bring what quantity he pleases ..." The letter concludes, "And for our parts, if we see any other traders than those we desire amongst us, we will stave their and seize their goods." The Shawnee believed that control over the sale of rum would reduce problems resulting from its abuse.
481:
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782:'s letter. After this Chartiers took the flag and planted it in front of one of the big chiefs of the village, saying to them: "This is what yours sends you, to continue to the bidding of the general." They all took up arms, saying...they would have nothing to do with it...if the French could bring them back...it was only to make slaves of them...but Chartiers told them that he would not listen to them.
2175:"1754 deposition by George Croghan and two other traders complaining that they were robbed and detained by pro-French Shawnees led by Peter Chartier at Shawneetown on the Allegany, and that their (enslaved?) African American servant was set free," in "Shawnee materials, Selections from the correspondence of the Honourable James Logan," Native American and Indigenous archival collections
932:, which is where they had been living when Martin Chartier first encountered them in 1674. The French expected that, because of his French ancestry, Chartier would be inclined to bring his people into alliance with the French. Chartier remained beyond either French or English dominance, consistent with Shawnee values of autonomy. After leaving Detroit, Chartier visited
790:
1726:
The Indian Wars of
Pennsylvania : an account of the Indian events, in Pennsylvania, of the French and Indian war, Pontiac's war, Lord Dunmore's war, the revolutionary war, and the Indian uprising from 1789 to 1795; tragedies of the Pennsylvania frontier based primarily on the Penna. archives and
1222:
Whereas frequent complaints have been made by the
Indians, and of late earnestly renewed, that divers gross irregularities and abuses have been committed in the Indian countries, and that many of their people have been cheated and inflamed to such a degree by means of strong liquors being brought and
1165:
traders and explorers of mixed Native
American-French ancestry also served in this role, along with Europeans who had assimilated into Native American communities. They typically spoke English, French and (sometimes several) Native American languages fluently, and understood both European and Native
1150:
trader to
Shawnee factional leader. Originally he was an important but marginal political figure, a man who acted through the chiefs, tying them to him through debts or gifts. Eventually he became a man who challenged chiefs, and ultimately, he acted like a chief himself...By 1750 he had legitimized
567:
sent a petition to
Governor Gordon complaining that "There is yearly and monthly some new upstart of a trader without license, who comes amongst us and brings with him nothing but rum ..." and asking permission to destroy the casks of rum: "We therefore beg thou would take it into consideration, and
1272:
The
Shawnees ... modeled themselves after men such as Martin and Peter Chartier, who moved between regions and empires in a single lifetime. Like the Chartiers, the Shawnees refused to acquiesce to French, English, or Iroquois "overlords." Frustratingly independent, Shawnee migrants made deliberate
1206:
Chartier's decision to join the French and to lead his community out of
Pennsylvania sparked fears that Native Americans would attack British settlements. As a result, the Pennsylvania provincial government finally took measures to comply with the repeated requests of Shawnee leaders to control the
1051:
Chartier encouraged
Vaudreuil to consider the Shawnee a unified nation (although they were quite decentralized). He reaffirmed Shawnee loyalty to the French: "is entire nation was entirely devoted to us ," the Marquis later wrote. "t is well to show this nation certain considerations in view of the
624:
Chartier and ninety-eight
Shawnee signed a pledge that accompanied the letter: it agreed that all rum should be spilled, and four men should be appointed for every town to prevent rum or strong liquor being brought into their towns for four years. Governor Patrick Gordon sent Chartier a reprimand
1160:
Early in his career, Peter
Chartier served as a capable intermediary. He bridged the cultural gap between the English and the Native American tribes of the Ohio Valley and Western Pennsylvania by acting as an interpreter and negotiator who played a crucial part in maintaining good relations with
819:, while others believe that this is probably inaccurate, and that Chartier never actually lived there, although "a band of Shawnee may have established the village in 1750 or 1751 and it may have been abandoned in 1754 due to attacks by the Catawbas." According to Charles Augustus Hanna (1911):
1863:
William Albert Hunter, "Peter Chartier: Knave of the Wild Frontier; The adventures of the first private owner of the site of New Cumberland and a record of subsequent landowners to 1814." Paper presented before the Cumberland County Historical Society on February 16, 1973. New Cumberland, PA:
1354:
William Albert Hunter, "Peter Chartier: Knave of the Wild Frontier; The adventures of the first private owner of the site of New Cumberland and a record of subsequent landowners to 1814." Paper presented before the Cumberland County Historical Society on February 16, 1973. New Cumberland, PA:
648:
that two other men had been killed, and that they had been told by the Shawnee to leave their territory or risk death. The governor regarded the Shawnee actions as provocation to violence. He wrote to the Pennsylvania Assembly alleging that Chartier's Shawnee ancestry resulted in his having a
963:, and what lengths they went in favor of Peter Chartier; where he is; and what he has been doing all this time; and be careful that these people acknowledge their fault in plain terms, and promise never to be guilty of any behaviour again that may give such reason to suspect their fidelity.
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Great quantities of rum continually brought to their town, insomuch as they ruined by it, having nothing left but have laid out all, even their clothes, for rum, and may now, when threatened with war, be surprised by their enemies when beside themselves with drink, and so be utterly
620:... to tell them not to bring any rum to our towns, for we want none ... so we would be glad if our brothers would inform the traders not bring any for we are sorry, after they have brought it a great way, for them to have it broke, and when they're once warned they will take care.
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All our people being gathered together, we held a council together, to leave off drinking for the space of four years, and we all in general agreed to it, taking into consideration the ill consequences that attend it and what disturbance it makes, and that two of our brothers, the
571:
On 1 May 1734 several Shawnee chiefs dictated a letter to a trader, probably Jonah Davenport: it listed the names of fifteen traders who either had no license or had shown undesirable behavior, such as frequent disputes or violence. Chartier was among seven who were listed as in
898:, with the eagles' tails, to the camp of the Shawano Indians, to apprehend one Peter Shartie (a Frenchman), who, ...had decoyed a large body of the Shawano from the English to the French interest. But, fearing the consequences he went round an hundred miles toward the
1980:
The Acts of Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, Carefully Compared with the Originals: And an Appendix, Containing Such Acts and Parts of Acts, Relating to Property, as are Expired, Altered, Or Repealed. Together with the Royal, Proprietary, City, and Borough
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dated 23 June 1748 Anthony Palmer, President of the Pennsylvania Provincial Council, said, "...they relented, made acknowledgment to the Government of their error in being seduced by Peter Chartier, and prayed they might be permitted to return to their old Town."
365:. Immediately afterward, Logan seized Martin Chartier's 250-acre estate, saying that Martin owed him a debt of 108 pounds, 19 shillings, and 3 and 3/4 pence. Logan had Peter Chartier (as he was now called) and his family evicted, and also expelled a community of
919:
and explain why his Shawnee band did not move to Detroit. (Records are unclear and the Chartier at the meeting may have been one of his sons.) The French had hoped to lure large numbers of Shawnee and other tribes away from British influence, but Chartier,
1243:...full power and authority to any Indian or Indians to whom rum or other strong liquors shall be hereafter offered for sale contrary to the said laws, to stave and break to pieces the cask or vessel in which such rum or other strong liquor is contained.
703:
Frustrated in his efforts to control the rum trade, Chartier decided to lead his band away from the area. In April 1745 Chartier accepted a military commission from the French. With some 400 Pekowi Shawnee, he left their settlement and headed southwest.
529:
had become important trade items, frequently served in diplomatic councils, treaty negotiations, and political transactions and had become part of Native American gift-giving rituals. The adverse effects of alcohol among Native Americans included an
333:
and his wife, about 1710. They had three children together: François "Pale Croucher" (b. 1712), René "Pale Stalker" (b. 1720), and Anna (b. 1730). In 1717, Governor William Penn granted his father Martin a 300-acre tract of land along the
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expressions of unity ... He discovered valuable lessons in movement and reinvention and ... turned Shawnee histories of migration and violence toward adoption of a new racial consciousness for Indian peoples in the eastern half of North
731:
The Pennsylvania provincial council issued an indictment against "Peter Chartier of Lancaster County ... Labourer , being moved and seduced by the instigation of the Devil ... falsely, traitorously, unlawfully and treasonably did
948:, returned to Pennsylvania. Chartier's defection to the French had caused much concern among the British authorities as the Provincial government feared that other Shawnee and possibly other tribes would become French allies.
640:
to discuss relocating to Detroit (then under French control) and forming an alliance. In a letter of 25 June 1740 Chartier declined, promising to visit Montreal the following year (a promise which he apparently did not keep).
1000:...made their way down Cumberland River, the women, children, aged and disabled men, in canoes, and the warriors as a guard along shore; intending to rejoin their brethren, who were now located on the Ohio, chiefly at the
1008:; but when they entered the Ohio, the heavy spring flood was rolling down, against which their progress was so slow and tedious, that they stopped a few miles below the mouth of the Wabash, at the present locality of
1108:"In the last days of the month of June of , five Chaouoinons of 's band came...to ask him for a piece of ground, as theirs was not good. M. de MacCarty sent some provisions to those Indians, whom he placed near
707:
In July 1745 traders James Dunning (who had been banned by the Shawnee in 1734) and Peter Tostee appeared in Philadelphia. They claimed to authorities that they had been robbed on the frontier on 18 April:
771:, commandant at Detroit, to take charge of captives Chartier was presumed to have taken when he robbed traders Dunning and Tostee. Chartier had released the traders after robbing them, however.
2164:
Caudill, Courtney B., ""Mischiefs So Close to Each Other": External Relations of the Ohio Valley Shawnees, 1730-1775." Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625770, May 1992
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of one hundred pounds from anyone applying for a license to trade furs with Native Americans, required that the goods of traders traveling to indigenous communities be searched, and gave
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whose changes in coloring reflected opportunities rather than convictions, but it is the scope of his transformation that is most revealing. Chartier's switch from a British to a French
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716:
in canoes, from a trading trip, with a considerable quantity of furs and skins, Peter Chartier, late an Indian Trader, with about 400 Shawnese Indians, armed with guns, pistols and
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Although the proclamation was more strongly worded than previous ones, it was not strictly enforced. Alcohol abuse continued to be an increasing problem in indigenous communities.
275:. On 16 April 1680 he and six other men mutinied, looting and burning the fort before they fled. Chartier lived and traveled for the next several years with a group of Shawnee and
628:
For several years the French government had been trying to win the support of indigenous communities as part of their competition with the British in North America. In 1740 the
625:
over this issue. Traders continued to take rum into Shawnee communities, including several traders whom the Shawnees had specifically requested be barred from their territory.
2019:
v. 11-16: Minutes of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania from its organization to the termination of the revolution, Volume 2. J. Severns & Company, 1852; p. 141
410:. By 1732 Chartier, who was tri-lingual in Shawnee, French and English, had become well known as a negotiator between the Shawnee and the traders who came to sell them goods.
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1274:
395:.). Although Chartier eventually became a wealthy landowner, his experience with Logan embittered him. It was one of the reasons he turned against the Provincial Government.
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of the Pekowi Turtle Clan, with whom he was living. He decided to prohibit the sale of rum in Shawnee communities in his area, and persuaded other chiefs to do the same.
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Warren argues that both Peter and his French father, Martin Chartier, influenced Shawnee attitudes toward their neighbors and rivals, both European and Native American:
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I find Peter Chartiere well inclined, and stands firm by the interest of Pennsylvania, and very ready on all accounts to do all the service he can. And as he has the
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Because of conflict with the English provincial government, in 1745 he accepted a French commission and left Pennsylvania with his band. Beginning with more than 400
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Historian Stephen Warren describes Peter Chartier as an "audacious example of independence infuriated Englishmen and Frenchmen alike," saying that Chartier
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1080:. Both of Chartier's sons fought against the British in numerous engagements during the French and Indian War. René may have been killed with Shawnee chief
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2579:
1839:
The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744,
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Shawnee, he migrated over the next four years through parts of modern Ohio, Kentucky, Alabama and Tennessee. He and his people eventually resettled in the
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fact that it has always been strongly attached to us." This was significant as the French tried to garner Native American loyalty in preparation for war.
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George Croghan, another trader, later testified that Chartier had set free a Black servant, possibly a slave, who was traveling with Dunning and Tostee.
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Beginning around 1675, traders had been selling rum in Shawnee communities. Several violent deaths were attributed to its influence. In October 1701 the
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Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania: From the Organization to the Termination of the Proprietary Government, Mar. 10, 1683-Sept. 27, 1775,
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264:
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This Frenchman watched the Shawnee who had accompanied Chartier performing a two-day "Death Feast," a ceremony conducted before abandoning a village.
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Chartier's Shawnee band split several times; some remained in Lower Shawneetown. In the summer of 1748 more than a hundred, led by Chartier's cousin
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1573:
538:. Alcohol made men less reliable hunters and allies, destabilized village economics, and contributed to a rise in poverty among Native Americans.
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2290:
672:. It was known as Chartier's Town at the time, and Chartier's Old Town after it was abandoned in 1745. Several Shawnee communities from the
2634:
2017:
Colonial Records: Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania from the organization to the termination of the proprietary government,
1741:"Bob Rowland, "History of the Callapatschink / Yellow Breeches Creek," prepared for the Yellow Breeches Watershed Association, August 2001"
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1116:
There is some evidence that Chartier (and his mother Sewatha Straight Tail) died in an outbreak of smallpox that had originated in 1757 in
832:
763:, where they took refuge for a few weeks. Chartier and his people recognized that, by defying the Provincial Governor and accepting French
740:." Chartier's landholdings in Pennsylvania, totaling some 600 acres, were seized and turned over to Thomas Lawrence, a business partner of
212:
1994:
A. Glynn Henderson, "The Lower Shawnee Town on Ohio: Sustaining Native Autonomy in an Indian "Republic"." In Craig Thompson Friend, ed.,
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The Shawnees were accustomed to relocating. On 24 June 1745 the group left Lower Shawneetown, traveled down the Ohio River as far as the
1882:(MG 11). Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Division of Archives and Manuscripts, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1976; p. 52.
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sold amongst them contrary to the said laws, as to endanger their own lives and the lives of others ... I do hereby strictly enjoin the
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between Britain and France. In June 1754 Chartier, his Shawnee warriors, and his two sons, François and René were present when Captain
542:
173:, near a French colonial community. He and some of his warriors later fought on the side of the French against the English during the
767:, they had to leave Pennsylvania, which was under British control. In June an anonymous Frenchman visited Lower Shawneetown, sent by
1740:
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Vol 4 of Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Provincial Council, Pennsylvania Committee of Safety; J. Severns, 1851.
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Early History of Western Pennsylvania, and of the West, and of Western Expeditions and Campaigns, from MDCCLIV to MDCCCXXXIII.
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The Frenchman observed Chartier trying unsuccessfully to persuade the leaders of Lower Shawneetown to accept French alliance:
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Thomas strengthened the law against the sale of rum in indigenous communities, doubled the fine to twenty pounds, required a
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649:"brutish disposition ... and it is not to be doubted that a person of his savage temper will do us all the mischief he can."
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Descriptive list of the map collection in the Pennsylvania State Archives: catalogue of maps in the principal map collection
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Logan permitted Chartier to maintain his trading post on the land as a tenant. Eventually Chartier opened another post at
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863:(1740–1831), then a child, was with this band and recalled the journey in later years when he was a chief. In May 1749
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On 3 November 1730 Peter Chartier was licensed by the English court in Lancaster County to trade with the Indians in
1937:
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Volume 1 of History of Pittsburgh and Environs, from Prehistoric Days to the Beginning of the American Revolution,
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The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path, Volume 1,
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2129:
History of Washington County, Pennsylvania: with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men,
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History of Washington County, Pennsylvania with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men.
1548:, (New Hampshire: American Canadian Genealogical Society), Vol 19, No 2, p. 61: "The Chartiers: An Indian Life".
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342:. (One source says the grant was for 500 acres.). Together the father and son established a trading post in
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and in August proceeded south to Kentucky. Some historians state that he established a new community called
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send us two firm orders, one for Peter Chartier, the other for us, to break in pieces all the so brought."
358:
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Council Fires on the Upper Ohio: A Narrative of Indian Affairs in the Upper Ohio Valley Until 1795: Vol 42,
391:. (A 1736 map of Paxtang Manor by surveyor Edward Smout shows the home of Peter Chartier in what is today
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267:'s 1679-1680 expedition to Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. He assisted in the construction of
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Tensions with the Pennsylvania government escalated in 1743. On 6 June three traders testified to the
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Because the law was poorly enforced in the frontier society, and the penalty was light—a fine of ten
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In September and October 1732, Chartier and Cartlidge served as interpreters during a conference in
150:, he joined other chiefs in opposing the sale and trade of alcohol in indigenous communities in the
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on 20 July, Meshemethequater submitted an apology for having joined with Chartier. In a letter to
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As to the Shawonese you are to enquire very exactly after their conduct since the commencement of
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Volume 16, Issue 9, pp. 533-540, Richmond, Virginia. 1850. Transcribed by Valerie F. Crook, 1998.
1977:
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1722 woodcut of Native Americans with various western goods that they received in trade for furs.
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on the Allegheny River about twenty miles upstream from the forks of the Ohio near the mouth of
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Map showing Native American communities in southwestern Pennsylvania, including Chartier's Town.
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who were living on the property. He later sold the property to Stephen Atkinson for 30 pounds.
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were the only Shawnee leaders to accept French patronage. His band preferred to settle on the
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Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian series; University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.
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1993:
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Fur traders doing business with Native Americans in 1777, with a barrel of rum to the left.
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Setting All the Captives Free: Capture, Adjustment, and Recollection in Allegheny Country,
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Setting All the Captives Free: Capture, Adjustment, and Recollection in Allegheny Country.
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practice of trading rum for furs. On 7 May 1745, shortly after Chartier had announced his
1112:. They were more useful and less dangerous there than when collected together at Sonyote .
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in modern-day Tennessee, Chartier's birthplace. They stayed there until fighting with the
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2262:"Anonymous Diary of a Trip from Detroit to the Ohio River, May 22 - August 24, 1745," in
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In 1750, however, tensions developed between the Shawnee and the established tribes, the
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Vol. 71 of McGill-Queen's Native and Northern Series; McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 2013.
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appointed a commission to meet with the Shawnee who had returned, and instructed them:
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The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815
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Native American leaders objected to the widespread use of alcohol. The minutes of the
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Cambridge studies in North American Indian history, Cambridge University Press, 1991.
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Volume 374 of Bison Book S, Wilbur R. Jacobs, ed. U of Nebraska Press, 1967, p. 65
449:. The minutes of the conference record that both Opakethwa and Quassenung died of
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1772:, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1993
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local tribes, establishing military alliances, and promoting trade. Many other
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very perfect, and well looked upon among them, he may do a great deal of good.
1505:(Lulu.com: Fantasy ePublications, 2008), Lulu.com: Fantasy ePublications, 2008
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Western Pennsylvania Historical Survey, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1940.
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445:. Also with Chartier and the two chiefs was Quassenung, son of Shawnee chief
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They were married in a Shawnee ceremony in 1675. Martin Chartier was part of
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in Shawnee communities but expanded that effort to other indigenous peoples.
2266:
English translation of documents in the Quebec Seminary by Donald Kent, 1952
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PAPIERS CONTRECOEUR Le Conflit Angelo - Francias Sur L' Ohio De 1745 a 1756.
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Chartier and about 270 Shawnee left Alabama and moved to French Lick on the
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736:, imagine and intend open war, insurrection and rebellion against our said
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of the several counties within this province, and especially those of the
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Robert Trail, "Livingston County, Kentucky: Stepping Stone to Illinois,"
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Chester Hale Sipe, "The Principal Indian Towns of Western Pennsylvania,"
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and confiscation of any illegal supplies—traders continued to use rum to
450:
229:
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Chartier is memorialized in numerous place names, including communities (
2526:
American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492,
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peoples. Fighting ensued until Chartier signed a treaty brokered by the
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in 1748, where they founded the village of Chalakagay, near what is now
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of Kentucky, about twelve miles east of the site of the present town of
1072:. In July 1754 he and his sons participated in the French victory over
912:
789:
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228:(1655–1718). Martin Chartier was born in St-Jean-de-Montierneuf,
131:
2334:
The Appalachian Indian Frontier: Edmond Atkin Report and Plan Of 1755,
1704:
Historical Register: Notes and Queries, Biographical and Genealogical,
1120:. It spread through Native American communities across North America.
696:
Conference between French and Native American leaders around 1750, by
252:, where he met Sewatha Straight Tail (1660–1759), a daughter of
2277:
Guy Lanoue, "Female Rituals of the Iroquois," Université de Montréal.
1642:"CHARTIER Family Association - the Descendants of Guillaume CHARTIER"
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for 16 May 1704 record a complaint submitted by Chief Ortiagh of the
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317:, commemorating the life of Peter Chartier's father, Martin Chartier.
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126:, sometimes written Chartiere, Chartiers, Shartee or Shortive) was a
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Iscrupe, William L.., Rupp, Israel Daniel., Iscrupe, Shirley G. M..
2423:
Mississippi Provincial Archives: French Dominion, Vol. 5. 1749-1763,
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Lucien Beckner, "Eskippakithiki, The Last Indian Town in Kentucky,"
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A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724-1774,
1865:
1359:, Vol 9, no. 4 (1973); Cumberland County National Bank and Trust Co.
1132:
characterizes Chartier's rise to power as unique among the Shawnee:
298:, meaning "White one who reclines". Around 1697 his family moved to
755:
to join him, but was refused. Chartier and his people proceeded to
1913:
Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier,
1868:
Vol 9, no. 4 (1973); Cumberland County National Bank and Trust Co.
1814:
Worlds the Shawnees Made: Migration and Violence in Early America,
798:
788:
691:
605:
479:
455:
397:
308:
211:
1673:
Shawnee Heritage I, Vol. 1: Shawnee Genealogy and Family History,
1378:
A History of the Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania.
1231:, where these abuses are mostly carried on, to be very vigilant.
1202:
Regulation of the sale of alcohol in Native American communities
1060:
The French and Indian War was the front in North America of the
2146:
University of Pittsburgh Press, University of Pittsburgh, 1954.
2462:
The Penguin library of American Indian history; Penguin, 2007.
2084:
Bison books History e-book project; U of Nebraska Press, 1992.
155:
2421:
Dunbar Rowland, Albert Godfrey Sanders, Patricia Kay, (eds.)
1357:
Historical Papers of the Cumberland County Historical Society
437:
attended by Opakethwa and Opakeita, two Shawnee chiefs, with
2425:
Mississippi. Dept. of Archives and History, LSU Press, 1984.
2405:
Vol I 1634-1760. State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1908
1878:
Donald H. Kent, Harry E. Whipkey, and Martha L. Simonetti,
1610:"Alvin Wirt, "The Upper Cumberland of Pioneer Times," 1954"
244:(New France) in 1667. At the age of 19, he had accompanied
2179:
Library & Museum of the American Philosophical Society
1277:, intertribal warfare, and access to European trade goods.
890:
tried to catch him in South Carolina. Adair later wrote:
851:
and an outbreak of smallpox led them to move south to the
109:(1655–1718); Sewatha Straight Tail (1660–1759)
2127:
Boyd Crumrine, Franklin Ellis, and Austin N. Hungerford,
1503:
Shawnee Heritage II: Selected Lineages of Notable Shawnee
1166:
American customs and values. The best-known of these are
1096:
Peter Chartier was last seen in 1758 in a village on the
2315:
Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia
1144:
is perhaps less significant than his metamorphosis from
636:, invited Chartier and other Shawnee leaders to meet in
287:
in northeastern Tennessee, near the present-day site of
138:
parentage. Multilingual, he later became a leader and a
1543:
216:
1715 map showing the land of the "Chaouanons" (Shawnee)
1958:
Deadly Medicine: Indians and Alcohol in Early America,
2495:
William Henry Foote, "Cornstalk, The Shawnee Chief,"
1996:
The Buzzel about Kentuck: Settling the Promised Land,
1896:
Franklin Ellis, Austin N. Hungerford, Boyd Crumrine.
2144:
A Traveler's Guide to Historic Western Pennsylvania,
354:. Martin Chartier died there in April of that year.
2484:
Southwest Pennsylvania Genealogical Services, 1989.
2295:
Vol. 6, No. 4, Oct 1932. Louisville, KY, pp 355-382
102:
94:
79:
64:
50:
28:
21:
2226:Expedition of CĂ©loron to the Ohio Country in 1749.
1155:
470:Alcohol abuse and Native Americans in Pennsylvania
2403:The French Regime in Wisconsin and the Northwest,
1891:
1889:
1570:"Martin Chartier, Nashville's First White Person"
1100:. His band was referred to in a 1760 letter from
1012:. Remaining there awhile, the French Traders and
882:The Pennsylvania government continued to offer a
224:, the son of a Shawnee woman and French colonist
1596:The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society,
16:Fur trader, tribal chief and temperance activist
2055:first series, Harvard University, 1852; p. 551.
1270:
1257:
1241:
1220:
1134:
1106:
998:
957:
892:
871:, wrote: " band, after ascending a part of the
821:
776:
710:
601:
551:
423:
1998:University Press of Kentucky, 1999; pp. 25-56.
687:
1156:Chartier's role as interpreter and negotiator
804:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
778:They held a council to...hear the reading of
634:Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
279:Indians. Pierre Chartier was born in 1690 at
8:
2396:
2394:
2223:ordered Chartier to leave Pennsylvania. See
2075:
2073:
684:bands later resettled near Chartier's Town.
503:for furs. Traders soon began selling rum on
357:Chartier's father's funeral was attended by
1832:
1830:
1729:Harrisburg, PA: The Telegraph Press, 1929.
879:, where it appeared to have behaved well."
591:In a letter of 20 March 1738, addressed to
492:had prohibited the sale of rum to Indians.
294:His mother gave Pierre the Shawnee name of
2625:People from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
2416:
2414:
2412:
2286:
2284:
2131:Philadelphia: H.L. Everts & Co., 1882.
1951:
1949:
1942:Pennsylvania: Wennawoods Publishing, 1995.
1900:H. L. Everts & Co., Philadelphia, 1882
1056:Participation in the French and Indian War
894:I headed a company of the cheerful, brave
321:Pierre Chartier married his first cousin,
18:
2544:
2542:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1841:W. W. Norton & Company, 1984; p. 270.
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1598:Vol. 69, No. 3 (July, 1971), pp. 239-272.
1393:Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine,
688:Chartier's flight from Pennsylvania, 1745
580:Prohibition of rum in Shawnee communities
534:, an increase in violence and widespread
521:were damaging Shawnee communities. Rum,
194:Chartiers Run (Allegheny River tributary)
2640:Native American people from Pennsylvania
2190:
2188:
2186:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1639:Chartier Family Association family tree
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1395:v. 13, no. 2; April 1, 1930; pp. 104-122
2610:Native American history of Pennsylvania
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2066:Where Did the Name Chartiers Come From?
1933:
1931:
1929:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1533:Michigan State University Press. (2013)
1458:Chartier Family Association family tree
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1368:
1016:invited them to take up their abode at
917:Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière
751:, where he attempted to persuade chief
563:On 24 April 1733 the Shawnee chiefs at
559:Attempts to control the sale of alcohol
291:, where his father ran a trading post.
2482:Early History of Western Pennsylvania.
2242:McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013.
1474:
1472:
996:, the band, then numbering about 190,
346:. In 1718 they moved to Dekanoagah on
154:. He first tried to limit the sale of
2460:The Shawnees and the War for America,
1983:Pennsylvania, Hall and Sellers, 1775.
936:, a French settlement on the Wabash.
465:Conflict with the colonial government
453:during their visit to Philadelphia.
441:, Governor Gordon, and the 72-member
7:
2615:Native American temperance activists
1866:Cumberland County Historical Society
1343:Native American temperance activists
1102:Governor-General Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
2600:Native American history of Illinois
2358:University Press of Kentucky, 1977.
1172:Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire
992:forced them to leave. According to
940:Division of Chartier's people, 1748
886:for Chartier as late as 1747, when
196:) and school districts such as the
2660:American people of Shawnee descent
2580:Alcohol abuse in the United States
2293:The Filson Club History Quarterly,
1940:The Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania,
1788:American Historical Society, 1922.
1273:choices based on the realities of
1251:Native American self-determination
712:... as they were returning up the
543:Provincial Council of Pennsylvania
517:By the early 1700s the effects of
146:Shawnee. As an early advocate for
14:
2590:American people of French descent
2585:People from colonial Pennsylvania
1915:W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.
1529:Review: Harriette Simpson Arnow,
902:...and thereby evaded the danger.
769:Paul-Joseph Le Moyne de Longueuil
747:Chartier led his Shawnee band to
417:trader Edmund Cartlidge wrote to
202:Chartiers Valley School Districts
2497:The Southern Literary Messenger,
1168:Louis-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire
823:Proceeding southwards along the
329:Opessa (1695-1737), daughter of
98:François, René and Anna Chartier
2605:Native American history of Ohio
1960:Cornell University Press, 1997.
1218:issued a proclamation stating:
953:Pennsylvania Provincial Council
646:Pennsylvania Provincial Council
599:, three Shawnee chiefs stated:
443:Pennsylvania Provincial Council
254:Straight Tail Meaurroway Opessa
2308:"A Native History of Kentucky"
2142:Lois Mulkearn, Edwin V. Pugh,
831:, a northern tributary of the
340:Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
304:Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
1:
2620:American temperance activists
1545:American-Canadian Genealogist
875:, decided to go and join the
797:) was a member of Chartier's
315:Washington Boro, Pennsylvania
240:, France. He had migrated to
122:1759) (Anglicized version of
119:
1333:Alcohol and Native Americans
939:
584:By 1737 Chartier had become
514:and labor from the Shawnee.
476:Alcohol and Native Americans
393:New Cumberland, Pennsylvania
148:Native American civil rights
70:Native American civil rights
2635:18th-century Shawnee people
2306:Henderson, A. Gwyn (2012).
1531:Seedtime on the Cumberland,
1066:Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
248:on his 1674 journey to the
2676:
2030:Randolph Chandler Downes,
1558:History of Fort Crevecoeur
1196:Charles Michel de Langlade
660:village. He established a
652:In 1743 Chartier moved to
473:
408:south-western Pennsylvania
376:
33:Pierre Chartier, Shawnee:
2512:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1864:Historical Papers of the
1784:George Thornton Fleming,
1671:Noel Schutz, Don Greene,
1174:; several members of the
1136:Chartier was a political
1070:Battle of Jumonville Glen
1010:Old Shawneetown, Illinois
58:Old Shawneetown, Illinois
1443:Charles Augustus Hanna,
1328:North American fur trade
1084:when he was detained at
1078:Battle of Fort Necessity
980:Resettlement in Illinois
837:Winchester, Clark County
152:Province of Pennsylvania
90:Opessa (1695–1737)
37:(White One Who Reclines)
2401:Thwaites, Reuben Gold.
1770:Indians in Pennsylvania
801:Shawnee band. From the
419:Governor Patrick Gordon
2221:Marquis de Beauharnois
2219:said incorrectly that
2080:Michael N. McConnell,
2053:Pennsylvania Archives,
1519:, posted Aug 22, 2011.
1279:
1266:
1245:
1233:
1153:
1114:
1026:Illinois Confederation
1022:
1004:, at the mouth of the
965:
907:Visit to Detroit, 1747
904:
841:
808:
784:
726:
700:
630:Governor of New France
622:
612:to the French, to the
556:
485:
461:
431:
403:
318:
217:
186:Chartiers (Pittsburgh)
2630:People from Tennessee
2217:CĂ©loron de Blainville
1978:Joseph Galloway, ed.
1816:UNC Press Books, 2014
1706:Vol. 2, 1884; p. 254.
1338:Alcohol in New France
1323:French and Indian War
915:in 1747 to meet with
911:Chartier appeared in
873:river of the Cherakis
865:Antoine Louis Rouillé
792:
695:
490:Pennsylvania Assembly
483:
459:
401:
377:Further information:
363:Mayor of Philadelphia
348:Yellow Breeches Creek
313:Historical marker in
312:
256:and his wife, of the
215:
208:Early life and family
188:), rivers (including
175:French and Indian War
2655:People of New France
2443:Israel Daniel Rupp,
1702:William Henry Egle,
1380:Papamoa Press, 2019.
1318:Opessa Straight Tail
1042:Marquis de Vaudreuil
934:Terre Haute, Indiana
595:and Acting Governor
331:Opessa Straight Tail
289:Nashville, Tennessee
2549:Samuel Hazard, ed.
2107:Borough of Tarentum
1517:Chief Straight Tail
1507:; pp. 44-45 and 70.
1447:Putnam's sons, 1911
1376:Donehoo, George P.
1229:county of Lancaster
1213:Lieutenant-Governor
1002:Lower Shawanoe Town
742:Edward Shippen, III
698:Émile Louis Vernier
532:erosion of civility
527:distilled beverages
74:Temperance movement
2524:Russell Thornton,
2447:A.P. Ingram, 1848.
1956:Peter C. Mancall,
1911:James H. Merrell,
1837:Francis Jennings,
1765:Paul A. W. Wallace
1463:2014-05-12 at the
1088:in November 1777.
1068:was killed at the
857:Sylacauga, Alabama
809:
701:
486:
462:
404:
373:Career as a trader
319:
218:
182:Chartiers Township
2595:MĂ©tis fur traders
2458:Gordon Calloway,
1727:colonial records,
1313:Lower Shawneetown
1192:Augustin Langlade
1074:George Washington
1048:on 24 June 1750.
1028:, made up of the
1014:Kaskaskia Indians
813:Great Miami River
757:Lower Shawneetown
668:, at what became
547:Conestoga Indians
389:Susquehanna River
352:Susquehanna River
198:Chartiers Houston
113:
112:
2667:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2521:
2515:
2507:
2501:
2492:
2486:
2477:
2471:
2455:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2418:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2373:
2367:
2354:Jerry E. Clark,
2351:
2345:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2259:
2244:
2238:Steele, Ian K..
2235:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2192:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2099:
2093:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2007:
1991:
1985:
1975:
1969:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1924:
1908:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1850:
1834:
1825:
1812:Stephen Warren,
1809:
1790:
1781:
1775:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1743:. Archived from
1737:
1731:
1721:
1708:
1699:
1684:
1668:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1644:. Archived from
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1615:. Archived from
1614:
1606:
1600:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1572:. Archived from
1566:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1498:
1481:
1476:
1467:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1308:Meshemethequater
1188:Nicholas Montour
1062:Seven Years' War
986:Cumberland River
967:In council with
946:Meshemethequater
922:Meshemethequater
869:Foreign minister
654:Shannopin's Town
421:on 14 May 1732:
285:Cumberland River
250:Illinois Country
238:Poitou-Charentes
167:Illinois Country
121:
19:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2650:Shawnee leaders
2560:
2559:
2558:
2547:
2540:
2522:
2518:
2510:"Smallpox", in
2508:
2504:
2493:
2489:
2478:
2474:
2456:
2452:
2441:
2437:
2419:
2410:
2399:
2392:
2376:Ian K. Steele,
2374:
2370:
2352:
2348:
2330:
2326:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2260:
2247:
2236:
2232:
2215:
2211:
2195:Richard White,
2193:
2184:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2046:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2010:
1992:
1988:
1976:
1972:
1954:
1947:
1936:
1927:
1909:
1905:
1894:
1887:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1853:
1835:
1828:
1810:
1793:
1782:
1778:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1722:
1711:
1700:
1687:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1538:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1499:
1484:
1479:Martin Chartier
1477:
1470:
1465:Wayback Machine
1456:
1452:
1441:
1400:
1389:
1385:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1351:
1349:Further reading
1303:Jacques Le Tort
1298:Peter Bisaillon
1293:Martin Chartier
1284:
1253:
1211:to the French,
1204:
1158:
1126:
1094:
1058:
1046:Mobile, Alabama
994:Lyman C. Draper
982:
942:
909:
900:Cheerake nation
829:Lulbegrud Creek
714:Allegheny River
690:
582:
561:
536:health problems
478:
472:
467:
427:Shawnise Tongue
381:
375:
336:Conestoga River
273:Fort Crèvecoeur
226:Martin Chartier
222:Pierre Chartier
210:
190:Chartiers Creek
124:Pierre Chartier
107:Martin Chartier
60:
55:
46:
41:
39:
38:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2657:
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2647:
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2637:
2632:
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2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2538:
2516:
2502:
2487:
2472:
2450:
2435:
2408:
2390:
2368:
2346:
2332:Edmond Atkin,
2324:
2298:
2280:
2269:
2245:
2230:
2209:
2182:
2167:
2156:
2134:
2119:
2094:
2069:
2058:
2044:
2022:
2008:
1986:
1970:
1945:
1938:C. Hale Sipe,
1925:
1903:
1885:
1870:
1851:
1826:
1791:
1776:
1757:
1732:
1724:C. Hale Sipe,
1709:
1685:
1675:Lulu.com, 2008
1658:
1632:
1601:
1586:
1561:
1550:
1536:
1521:
1509:
1482:
1468:
1450:
1398:
1383:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1275:Indian slavery
1259:...encouraged
1252:
1249:
1203:
1200:
1184:Andrew Montour
1176:Montour family
1157:
1154:
1125:
1122:
1093:
1090:
1057:
1054:
981:
978:
941:
938:
908:
905:
843:Fighting with
817:Eskippakithiki
722:King of France
689:
686:
581:
578:
560:
557:
512:furs and skins
474:Main article:
471:
468:
466:
463:
374:
371:
344:Conestoga Town
209:
206:
116:Peter Chartier
111:
110:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
81:
77:
76:
66:
65:Known for
62:
61:
56:
54:1759 (aged 69)
52:
48:
47:
42:
32:
30:
26:
25:
23:Peter Chartier
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2672:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
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2638:
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2611:
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2598:
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2520:
2517:
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2503:
2500:
2498:
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2316:
2309:
2302:
2299:
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2287:
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2278:
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2270:
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2265:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2189:
2187:
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35:Wacanackshina
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27:
20:
2645:Interpreters
2570:1690s births
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2110:. Retrieved
2106:
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2031:
2025:
2016:
2011:
1995:
1989:
1979:
1973:
1957:
1939:
1912:
1906:
1897:
1879:
1873:
1838:
1813:
1785:
1779:
1769:
1760:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:the original
1735:
1725:
1703:
1672:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:the original
1635:
1624:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1604:
1595:
1589:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:the original
1564:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1512:
1502:
1501:Don Greene,
1453:
1444:
1392:
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1371:
1356:
1288:Kakowatcheky
1271:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1221:
1205:
1194:and his son
1178:, including
1170:and his son
1159:
1145:
1135:
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1115:
1107:
1098:Wabash River
1095:
1059:
1050:
1023:
999:
983:
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958:
951:In July the
950:
943:
930:Wabash River
910:
893:
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842:
822:
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802:
794:
793:Black Hoof (
785:
777:
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753:Kakowatcheky
746:
730:
727:
711:
706:
702:
674:Chalahgawtha
662:trading post
651:
643:
627:
623:
614:Five Nations
602:
590:
583:
570:
562:
552:
540:
516:
507:in order to
494:
487:
447:Kakowatcheky
435:Philadelphia
432:
424:
412:
405:
382:
379:Indian trade
356:
326:
322:
320:
300:Pequea Creek
295:
293:
262:
221:
220:He was born
219:
179:
160:
123:
115:
114:
87:
83:
34:
2575:1759 deaths
1237:surety bond
1225:magistrates
1110:Fort Massac
926:Neucheconeh
888:James Adair
853:Coosa River
795:Catecahassa
597:James Logan
593:Thomas Penn
565:"Allegania"
439:Thomas Penn
361:, a future
359:James Logan
323:Blanceneige
281:French Lick
84:Blanceneige
2564:Categories
2535:080612220X
2469:0670038628
2432:0807110698
2387:0773589899
2365:0813128188
2343:0803250118
2321:: 393–440.
2206:1139495682
2153:0822975319
2091:0803282389
2041:0822971267
2005:0813133394
1967:0801480442
1922:0393319768
1848:0393303020
1823:1469611732
1751:2014-04-27
1682:143571573X
1652:2014-05-11
1626:2019-06-18
1580:2019-06-18
1364:References
1261:Pan-Indian
1182:, her son
1128:Historian
1030:Piankashaw
861:Black Hoof
761:Ohio River
554:destroyed.
525:and other
269:Fort Miami
171:New France
142:among the
140:band chief
128:fur trader
68:Promoting
2103:"History"
1981:Charters,
1209:defection
1138:chameleon
1082:Cornstalk
1038:Mascoutin
1018:Kaskaskia
990:Chickasaw
969:Scarouady
896:Chickasaw
877:Alibamons
849:Chickasaw
833:Red River
780:Longueuil
765:patronage
718:cutlasses
616:, to the
367:Conestoga
350:near the
327:Wapakonee
260:Shawnee.
130:of mixed
118:(c. 1690—
103:Parent(s)
88:Wapakonee
44:Tennessee
2112:July 17,
1461:Archived
1282:See also
1264:America.
1142:partisan
1036:and the
1034:Kickapoo
845:Iroquois
749:Logstown
670:Tarentum
638:Montreal
618:Delaware
451:smallpox
265:La Salle
230:Poitiers
95:Children
72:, early
1076:at the
961:the War
913:Detroit
799:nomadic
759:on the
734:compass
682:Mekoche
606:Mingoes
387:on the
385:Paxtang
283:on the
132:Shawnee
40:c. 1690
2533:
2467:
2430:
2385:
2363:
2341:
2204:
2151:
2089:
2039:
2003:
1965:
1920:
1846:
1821:
1680:
1190:; and
1124:Legacy
1118:Quebec
1006:Scioto
924:, and
884:bounty
678:Pekowi
658:Lenape
610:wampum
523:brandy
509:extort
505:credit
501:barter
497:pounds
415:Quaker
258:Pekowi
242:Quebec
234:Vienne
163:Pekowi
144:Pekowi
136:French
80:Spouse
2311:(PDF)
1620:(PDF)
1613:(PDF)
1163:MĂ©tis
1147:métis
1092:Death
586:chief
2531:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2339:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2114:2014
2087:ISBN
2037:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1678:ISBN
847:and
680:and
656:, a
413:The
271:and
200:and
192:and
184:and
134:and
51:Died
29:Born
1044:in
338:in
306:.
302:in
169:of
156:rum
2566::
2541:^
2411:^
2393:^
2317:.
2313:.
2283:^
2248:^
2185:^
2177:,
2105:.
2072:^
1948:^
1928:^
1888:^
1854:^
1829:^
1794:^
1767:,
1712:^
1688:^
1661:^
1485:^
1471:^
1401:^
1198:.
1104::
1032:,
859:.
744:.
676:,
632:,
549::
236:,
232:,
204:.
177:.
120:c.
2319:1
2116:.
1754:.
1655:.
1629:.
1583:.
1020:.
839:.
807:.
325:-
86:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
