466:, were retracted in 2009, related to work in the Shultz lab by a postdoc, Zhiwen Zhang, on incorporating non-native glycosylated amino acids into proteins. Had it succeeded, this method could have become an essential tool for investigating the functions of carbohydrate attachments to proteins; however, the work could not be replicated, and when the lab went to find the relevant notebooks, they were missing. In the course of the investigation, Zhang received emails and phone calls blackmailing him, and at one point the person doing this wrote to several institutions and
240:(GNF), which was initiated purely as a genomic research outlet of Novartis, but which grew during Schultz's tenure to include a significant drug discovery effort and more than triple the number of intended employees (currently over 500 people). In March 2010, he left GNF to return to the non-profit sector and founded the California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr) in March 2012. He has trained over 300 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, many of whom are on the faculties of major research universities.
352:
and evolved to establish a symbiotic relationship with them, Schultz's group has created bacteria capable of surviving inside yeast cells and maintaining a symbiotic relationship with the host yeast cells by carrying out reactions which the yeast cells cannot catalyze without the bacteria. One goal of this work is to culture the yeast-bacteria hybrids and see whether the bacterial genome evolves to increase the mutual benefits of its chemical interactions with the host cells, as has happened with mitochondria over time.
264:. This method enabled the subsequent development of many new selective enzyme-like catalysts for reactions ranging from acyl transfer and redox reactions to pericyclic and metalation reactions. Although their catalytic activities are only rarely strong enough to be of practical use, catalytic antibodies have provided important new insights in our understanding of biocatalysis, structural plasticity of proteins, evolution of biochemical function, and the immune system itself.
257:, screenable molecular libraries, and "high-throughput" chemistry. His interests are extremely wide-ranging, with applications in such diverse areas as catalytic mechanisms, cell-specialization and other complex biological processes (normally studied by biologists, not chemists), basic photochemistry, biophysical probes of all stripes from NMR through positron-emission, and solid-state materials science.
319:, with the nonsense codon now coding for the unnatural amino acid. Normally, the unnatural amino acid itself must be synthesized in the lab and supplied to the organism by adding it to the organism's growth medium. The unnatural amino acid must also be able to pass through the organism's cell membrane into the interior of the organism.
931:
Lyssiotis, Costas A.; Foreman, Ruth K.; Staerk, Judith; Garcia, Michael; Mathur, Divya; Markoulaki, Styliani; Hanna, Jacob; Lairson, Luke L.; Charette, Bradley D.; Bouchez, Laure C.; Bollong, Michael; Kunick, Conrad; Brinker, Achim; Cho, Charles Y.; Schultz, Peter G.; Jaenisch, Rudolf (2 June 2009).
351:
In order to probe details of the traditionally accepted hypothesis that mitochondria originated when independent bacteria capable of respiratory (oxygen-dependent) metabolism took up residence inside host cells which had previously only been capable of fermentation (metabolism without using oxygen),
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Using these various high-throughput and combinatorial experimental approaches, Schultz has identified materials with novel optical, electronic, and catalytic properties; also, proteins and small molecules which control important biological processes such as aging, cancer, autoimmunity, and stem-cell
322:
More than seventy unnatural amino acids have been genetically encoded in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells, including photoreactive, chemically reactive, fluorescent, spin-active, sulfated, pre-phosphorylated, and metal-binding amino acids. This technology allows chemists to probe, and change,
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A bacterial organism has been generated which biosynthesizes a novel, previously unnatural amino acid (p-aminophenylalanine) from basic carbon sources and includes this amino acid in its genetic code. This is the first example of the creation of an autonomous twenty-one-amino-acid organism.
276:. For high-throughput bioassays which require freely soluble test-compounds, he uses microrobotic fluid-manipulation systems, adapted for 1,536-microwell cell-culture plates, to separately treat very small cell colonies with large numbers (hundreds of thousands) of different compounds.
267:
Schultz then applied molecular diversity—the strategy of creating a large community of different molecules, plus a method for fishing out and identifying the ones that do what you want—to a range of problems in chemistry, biology and materials science. Along with
1009:
Mehl, Ryan A.; Anderson, J. Christopher; Santoro, Stephen W.; Wang, Lei; Martin, Andrew B.; King, David S.; Horn, David M.; Schultz, Peter G. (January 2003). "Generation of a
Bacterium with a 21 Amino Acid Genetic Code".
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Xu, R; Hanson, SR; Zhang, Z; Yang, YY; Schultz, PG; Wong, CH (8 December 2004). "Site-specific incorporation of the mucin-type N-acetylgalactosamine-alpha-O-threonine into protein in
Escherichia coli".
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Mehta, Angad P.; Wang, Yiyang; Reed, Sean A.; Supekova, Lubica; Javahishvili, Tsotne; Chaput, John C.; Schultz, Peter G. (30 August 2018). "Bacterial Genome
Containing Chimeric DNA–RNA Sequences".
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Mehta, Angad P.; Supekova, Lubica; Chen, Jian-Hua; Pestonjamasp, Kersi; Webster, Paul; Ko, Yeonjin; Henderson, Scott C.; McDermott, Gerry; Supek, Frantisek; Schultz, Peter G. (13 November 2018).
212:. His thesis work focused on the generation and characterization of 1,1-diazenes and the generation of sequence-selective polypyrrole DNA binding/cleaving molecules. He then spent a year at the
2368:
470:
saying that he or she was going to commit suicide. The lab eventually identified the problem as a misunderstanding of the function of a key enzyme used in the experiments. The papers were:
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Sills, Jennifer; Zhang, Zhiwen; Gildersleeve, Jeff; Yang, Yu-Ying; Xu, Ran; Loo, Joseph A.; Uryu, Sean; Wong, Chi-Huey; Schultz, Peter G. (27 November 2009). "Retraction".
253:
Much of
Schultz's work consists of finding ways to do a great many similar experiments at the same time, on many different compounds. He is one of the leading pioneers in
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Schultz's group has recently created bacteria whose chromosomes include unnatural DNA-bases, and bacteria whose chromosomes are hybrids which include both RNA and DNA.
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Zhang, Z; Gildersleeve, J; Yang, YY; Xu, R; Loo, JA; Uryu, S; Wong, CH; Schultz, PG (16 January 2004). "A new strategy for the synthesis of glycoproteins".
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One of his papers in 2013 PNAS about making more stable antibodies was retracted, due to suspect data from co-author
Shiladitya Sen:
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192:, and the founding director of the California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), established in 2012. In August 2014,
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Early in his career
Schultz showed that the natural molecular diversity of the immune system could be directed to generate
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331:, by directing novel, lab-synthesized chemical moieties specifically into any chosen site of any protein of interest.
75:
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Mehta, Angad P.; Ko, Yeonjin; Supekova, Lubica; Pestonjamasp, Kersi; Li, Jack; Schultz, Peter G. (16 August 2019).
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Wang, F; Sen, S; Zhang, Y; Ahmad, I; Zhu, X; Wilson, IA; Smider, VV; Magliery, TJ; Schultz, PG (12 March 2013).
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934:"Reprogramming of murine fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells with chemical complementation of Klf4"
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with the desired unnatural amino acid. The organism which expresses such a synthetase can then be
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744:"Xconomy: Peter Schultz Exits Top Job at Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation"
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of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. This is accomplished by screening libraries of mutant
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184:(born June 23, 1956) is an American chemist. He is the CEO and Professor of Chemistry at
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Service, R. F. (15 March 2012). "New
Institute Aims to Help Academics Make Medicines".
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802:"Carl Shipp Marvel Lecturer 2008-09 - Peter G. Schultz | Chemistry at Illinois"
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1141:"Engineering yeast endosymbionts as a step toward the evolution of mitochondria"
364:, Syrrx, Kalypsys, Phenomix, Ilypsa, Ambrx, and Wildcat Discovery Technologies.
149:
938:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
730:"Scripps Research Institute Names Peter Schultz as CEO, Steve Kay as President"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1327:"Peter Schultz to Receive Solvay Prize | Chemical & Engineering News"
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652:(1993), the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences (1998).
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1299:"Peter Schultz wins Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry"
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535:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
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to incorporate the unnatural amino acid into a desired protein in the
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1046:"Context :: 21-amino-acid bacteria: Expanding the genetic code"
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in 1979 and continued there for his doctoral degree (in 1984) with
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Service, Robert F. (2009). "A Dark Tale behind Two
Retractions".
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1200:"Toward a Synthetic Yeast Endosymbiont with a Minimal Genome"
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differentiation and de-specialization back to pluripotency.
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ranked Schultz the #1 top translational researcher in 2013.
816:"calibr | California Institute for Biomedical Research>"
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
819:
1313:"Yale awards nine honorary degrees at Commencement 2015"
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2013 The Laureate Chemistry for the Future Solvay Prize
238:
Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
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1341:"Honorary doctorates - Uppsala University, Sweden"
757:Huggett, Brady; Paisner, Kathryn (7 August 2014).
458:Two papers from his lab published in 2004, one in
834:"Merck to create institute, hire 150 in la Jolla"
1145:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
360:He is a founder of Affymax Research Institute,
249:Combinatorial chemistry and molecular evolution
204:Schultz completed his undergraduate degree at
2362:
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1357:The Schultz group website at Scripps Research
8:
220:before joining the chemistry faculty at the
2469:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
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1116:Martin, William F.; Mentel, Marek (2010).
759:"Top 20 translational researchers in 2013"
682:Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize
549:|...|intentional=yes}}
18:
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236:and also became founding Director of the
224:. He became a Principal Investigator of
2504:UC Berkeley College of Chemistry faculty
1204:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1075:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1012:Journal of the American Chemical Society
597:Journal of the American Chemical Society
464:Journal of the American Chemical Society
372:Schultz has authored around 500 papers.
1814:Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry
721:
848:"Merck's New Model for Collaboration"
226:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
214:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
188:, the founder and former director of
7:
906:
904:
648:Schultz is a member of the American
2499:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators
288:Schultz has pioneered a method for
232:in 1994. In 1999 Schultz moved to
228:in 1985 and an investigator of the
2509:Searle Scholars Program recipients
222:University of California, Berkeley
57:California Institute of Technology
14:
2494:Wolf Prize in Chemistry laureates
992:"The Peter G. Schultz Laboratory"
2378:ACS Chemical Biology Lectureship
852:Chemical & Engineering News
579:10.1126/science.326.5957.1187-a
524:10.1126/science.326.5957.1187-a
230:Howard Hughes Medical Institute
2484:21st-century American chemists
234:The Scripps Research Institute
186:The Scripps Research Institute
113:The Scripps Research Institute
1:
1269:10.1126/science.326.5960.1610
887:10.1126/science.335.6074.1288
686:1995 honorary doctorate from
665:2015 Honorary doctorate from
339:Unnatural genetic information
16:American biosynthetic chemist
1118:"The Origin of Mitochondria"
650:National Academy of Sciences
368:Publications and retractions
323:the properties of proteins,
132:Other academic advisors
705:ACS Award in Pure Chemistry
302:amino acyl tRNA synthetases
76:ACS Award in Pure Chemistry
2525:
290:adding new building blocks
2384:
1820:
304:for mutants which charge
294:common twenty amino acids
175:
91:
2489:Scripps Research faculty
2407:Wilfred A. van der Donk
1664:Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
1394:Wolf Prize in Chemistry
1166:10.1073/pnas.1813143115
959:10.1073/pnas.0903860106
656:2019 Tetrahedron Prize
497:10.1126/science.1089509
437:10.1073/pnas.1712805114
407:10.1073/pnas.1301810110
347:Origins of mitochondria
255:combinatorial chemistry
711:Alan T. Waterman Award
661:Heinrich Wieland Prize
313:genetically programmed
2017:Charles C. Richardson
1560:Samuel J. Danishefsky
622:(Retracted, see
565:(5957): 1187.1–1187.
541:|...}}
518:(Retracted, see
431:(Retracted, see
356:Commercial activities
284:Unnatural amino acids
274:surface-library chips
2479:American geneticists
2431:Benjamin Cravatt III
2281:Christopher J. Chang
2257:Paul J. Hergenrother
2233:Benjamin Cravatt III
2131:Jacqueline K. Barton
2083:Christopher T. Walsh
1497:Raphael David Levine
1443:John Charles Polanyi
1216:10.1021/jacs.9b08290
1087:10.1021/jacs.8b07046
763:Nature Biotechnology
676:Arthur C. Cope Award
262:catalytic antibodies
194:Nature Biotechnology
2239:Dewey G. McCafferty
2167:Stuart L. Schreiber
2101:Harold M. Weintraub
2005:Phillips W. Robbins
1757:Benjamin F. Cravatt
1753:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
1718:Stephen L. Buchwald
1457:Harden M. McConnell
1453:Herbert S. Gutowsky
1261:2009Sci...326.1610S
1255:(5960): 1610–1611.
1210:(35): 13799–13802.
1157:2018PNAS..11511796M
1151:(46): 11796–11801.
1081:(36): 11464–11473.
950:2009PNAS..106.8912L
879:2012Sci...335.1288S
873:(6074): 1288–1289.
571:2009Sci...326.1187Z
555:Retraction notice:
489:2004Sci...303..371Z
398:2013PNAS..110.4261W
2263:Scott K. Silverman
2245:Linda Hsieh-Wilson
2227:Andreas Matouschek
2185:Gregory L. Verdine
2149:George L. McLendon
1951:Harold A. Scheraga
1861:Earl A. Evans, Jr.
1739:Leslie Leiserowitz
1635:William E. Moerner
1607:K. Barry Sharpless
1477:Albert Eschenmoser
1447:George C. Pimentel
918:2008-03-28 at the
688:Uppsala University
362:Symyx Technologies
2446:
2445:
2344:
2343:
2317:Bradley Pentelute
2287:Matthew D. Disney
2095:Roger D. Kornberg
2077:Charles R. Cantor
2053:James E. Dahlberg
2023:Mario R. Capecchi
1999:Gerald M. Edelman
1987:William P. Jencks
1945:Robert A. Alberty
1939:William F. Neuman
1867:Herbert E. Carter
1780:
1779:
1749:Bonnie L. Bassler
1702:Robert G. Bergman
1674:Charles M. Lieber
1570:Gabor A. Somorjai
1507:Alan R. Battersby
1483:David C. Phillips
1473:Elias James Corey
1467:Rudolph A. Marcus
1392:Laureates of the
1024:10.1021/ja0284153
944:(22): 8912–8917.
628:10.1021/ja906705a
609:10.1021/ja044711z
218:Christopher Walsh
179:
178:
162:Virginia Cornish
136:Christopher Walsh
93:Scientific career
87:
80:
2516:
2425:Peter G. Schultz
2401:Carolyn Bertozzi
2395:Stuart Schreiber
2389:Alanna Schepartz
2371:
2364:
2357:
2348:
2191:Alanna Schepartz
2155:Peter G. Schultz
2125:James E. Rothman
2113:David V. Goeddel
2089:Phillip A. Sharp
2071:Robert G. Roeder
2041:Bruce M. Alberts
2011:Gordon G. Hammes
1927:Nathan O. Kaplan
1915:John M. Buchanan
1897:Dilworth Woodley
1873:Joseph S. Fruton
1855:David Rittenberg
1831:Harold S. Alcott
1825:William M. Allen
1807:
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1771:Jeffery W. Kelly
1696:Stuart Schreiber
1680:Robert S. Langer
1593:F. Albert Cotton
1524:Richard R. Ernst
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182:Peter G. Schultz
142:Notable students
121:Doctoral advisor
103:Chemical biology
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46:Cincinnati, Ohio
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23:Peter G. Schultz
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2323:Neal K. Devaraj
2305:Elizabeth Nolan
2221:Kevan M. Shokat
2215:Jennifer Doudna
2161:William DeGrado
2119:Gerald M. Rubin
2035:David F. Wilson
1975:Frederick Crane
1921:David M. Bonner
1903:Irving M. Klotz
1891:Sidney Colowick
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170:Young-Tae Chang
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39:June 23, 1956
31:
27:
20:
2424:
2419:Kevan Shokat
2251:Anna K. Mapp
2197:John Kuriyan
2173:Peter S. Kim
2154:
2137:Peter Walter
2107:Richard Axel
2059:Mark Ptashne
1969:James Watson
1933:Harvey Itano
1849:Eric G. Ball
1767:Hiroaki Suga
1629:George Feher
1603:RyĹŤji Noyori
1566:Gerhard Ertl
1549:
1540:Ahmed Zewail
1437:Joseph Chatt
1431:Henry Eyring
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203:
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126:Peter Dervan
109:Institutions
92:
2459:1956 births
2311:Howard Hang
2047:C. Fred Fox
1843:George Wald
1414:Herman Mark
462:and one in
150:Sara Cherry
2453:Categories
2299:Minkui Luo
1993:Bruce Ames
1743:Meir Lahav
1625:Ada Yonath
1534:John Pople
1487:David Blow
1060:"Research"
769:(8): 720.
717:References
698:Wolf Prize
83:Wolf Prize
35:1956-06-23
2329:Yimon Aye
1963:Paul Berg
709:1988 NSF
674:2006 ACS
547:retracted
539:retracted
317:usual way
296:, to the
146:David Liu
1763:Chuan He
1631:(2006/7)
1562:(1995/6)
1552:(1994/5)
1469:(1984/5)
1463:(1983/4)
1285:20019260
1277:27736671
1234:31419116
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1103:52132524
1095:30160955
1032:12537491
978:19447925
916:Archived
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785:25101739
636:19731911
617:15571382
587:19965450
532:19965450
505:14726590
445:28874538
426:23440204
325:in vitro
244:Research
2293:Yi Tang
1257:Bibcode
1249:Science
1225:6999831
1176:6243291
1153:Bibcode
969:2690053
946:Bibcode
875:Bibcode
867:Science
567:Bibcode
559:Science
513:1048760
485:Bibcode
477:Science
468:Science
460:Science
417:3600448
394:Bibcode
329:in vivo
206:Caltech
2439:(2018)
2433:(2017)
2427:(2016)
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2019:(1968)
2013:(1967)
2007:(1966)
2001:(1965)
1995:(1964)
1989:(1963)
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1977:(1961)
1971:(1960)
1965:(1959)
1959:(1958)
1953:(1957)
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1542:(1993)
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644:Awards
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511:
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99:Fields
86:(1994)
79:(1990)
72:Awards
1732:2020s
1649:2010s
1586:2000s
1517:1990s
1424:1980s
1401:1970s
1273:JSTOR
1099:S2CID
703:1990
696:1994
680:2003
659:2016
543:with
509:S2CID
309:tRNAs
216:with
1281:PMID
1230:PMID
1181:PMID
1091:PMID
1028:PMID
974:PMID
891:PMID
781:PMID
632:PMID
613:PMID
583:PMID
528:PMID
501:PMID
441:PMID
422:PMID
29:Born
1265:doi
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1220:PMC
1212:doi
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1161:doi
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