603:
639:, a saint especially venerated by the Bulgarians. Isaac II routed Cuman marauders near Plovdiv in April 1191. He made his cousin, Constantine Doukas Angelos, the commander of Plovdiv in 1192. Constantine prevented Theodor-Peter and Asen from making frequent pillaging raids against Thrace, but he was blinded after he tried to dethrone the emperor. Theodor-Peter and Asen rejoiced over Constantine's fate. According to Choniates, they said they were ready to make "Isaac emperor over their own nation, for he could not have benefited the Vlachs more than gouging out Constantine's eyes".
490:
477:, but they could not capture it. The rebels again stormed into Thrace and carried away "many free , much cattle and draft animals, and sheep and goats in no small number" in early 1186. To prevent the rebels from crossing the mountain passes, Isaac II launched a campaign against them, but they occupied "the rough ground and inaccessible places" and resisted the attacks. However, a sudden "blackness" (associated with the
397:
546:, were also incorporated into the new state. The supposed treaty is not mentioned by Choniates. Historian Paul Stephenson states that he has found no evidence in support of a treaty acknowledging the independence of the new state, but he also emphasizes that the territory to the north of the mountains was ruled by various Vlach, Bulgarian and Cuman lords who regarded Theodor-Peter and Asen as their sovereigns.
39:
432:
abandon
Thessaloniki and "come over to them to be their helper and assistant" during the forthcoming rebellion. This "professional work of manipulation" was effective: all who were present willingly joined the brothers' movement. Niketas Choniates, who recorded these events, did not name the venue of the gathering, but Tarnovo is the most probable place according to modern scholars' views.
372:, because Choniates notes that at a later stage of their rebellion, they "were not content merely to preserve their own possessions and to assume control of the government" of Moesia. Whatever their request was, Isaac II refused them. Asen was also "struck across the face and rebuked for impudence" at the command of the emperor's uncle,
684:
Theodor-Peter was murdered "in obscure circumstances" in 1197. He was "run through by the sword of one of his countrymen", according to
Choniates' record. Historian István Vásáry writes, Theodor-Peter was killed during a riot; Stephenson proposes, the native lords got rid of him, because of his close
655:
and the "area around them" was still known as "Peter's land" in the 13th century. The sources suggest that the brothers divided the territories under their rule into two, most probably in 1192, according to
Madgearu. Receiving the northeastern region, Theodor-Peter set up his capital at Preslav.
423:
in
Bulgaria). However, they could not provoke the discontented people into rebellion initially because their compatriots looked "askance at the magnitude of the undertaking", according to Choniates. Theodor-Peter and Asen decided to take advantage of the Bulgarians and Vlachs' devotion to the cult of
646:
delivered in 1193 provide evidence that Isaac had succeeded in creating a rift between
Theodor-Peter and Asen. An orator mentioned that Theodor-Peter had concluded a peace treaty with the Byzantines; the other described him as "a stumbling block to his brother" and an enemy to his own family, while
457:
to put on his feet", thus adopting insignia that had been used only by the emperors. Although
Choniates does not mention that Theodor-Peter also styled himself emperor, the use of imperial insignia shows that he either had been proclaimed emperor, or at least laid claim to the title. Madgearu says,
618:
and dispatched a fleet to the Lower Danube to prevent the Cumans from crossing the river. However, the brothers had already strengthened their fortification and avoided direct confrontations with the invaders. The emperor decided to return to his capital after he was informed that Cuman troops had
589:
Barbarossa was indeed contemplating an attack against
Constantinople, but he changed his mind and concluded a peace treaty with Isaac II in February 1190. On the day when the treaty was concluded, Isaac II's envoy tried to talk Barbarossa into a joint military action against the Vlachs,
518:
the castles along the Lower Danube, enabling the refugees to return, accompanied by Cuman troops in the autumn of 1186. Theodor-Peter had promised rich booty and salary to the Cumans to talk them into supporting him, according to a letter that
Niketas Choniates wrote on the emperor's name a year
431:
Theodor-Peter and Asen built a "house of prayer" dedicated to the saint and gathered
Bulgarian and Vlach prophets and prophetesses. At the brothers' instruction, the soothsayers announced "in their ravings" that God had consented to the uprising against the Byzantines, and Saint Demetrius would
676:
to lead an army to
Tarnovo, but fear of an ambush at the mountain passes led to an outbreak of mutiny and the troops forced him to return. Ivanko realized that he could not defend Tarnovo any more and fled from the town to Constantinople. Theodor-Peter entered Tarnovo. After making his younger
581:) in the summer. He had already dispatched an embassy to Barbarosa in Niš in July, offering him "due respect and a promise of faithful assistance against his enemies". He sent a second envoy to Barbarossa, who had come into conflict with Isaac II, to Adrianople (now
356:
in Turkey) in late 1185. They asked the emperor to recruit them in the imperial army and to grant them "by imperial rescript a certain estate situated in the vicinity of Mount Haimos, which would provide them with a little revenue", according to the Byzantine historian,
220:
The Byzantine army defeated the rebels, forcing Theodor-Peter and Asen to flee to the Cumans in April 1186. Returning in the autumn at the head of Cuman troops, they took control of Paristrion, firmly establishing the new state, regarded as the successor to the
205:. After the Emperor refused and humiliated them, they decided to incite a rebellion, taking advantage of the discontent that a new tax had caused among the Bulgarians and Vlachs. To convince their compatriots to join them, they had native prophets declare that
510:
and sought assistance from the Cumans. The imperial troops "set up fire to the crops gathered in heaps" by the local inhabitants, but made no major efforts to capture the rebels' fortresses which were "built on sheer cliffs and cloud-capped peaks".
609:
from 1185 to 1196 under the rule of Tsar Peter IV and Tsar Ivan Asen I., according to a Bulgarian historical atlas. The theory that Bulgaria included Oltenia and Muntenia, as it is presented on the map, is not universally accepted by
2959:
585:
in Turkey) in December, offering "forty thousand Vlachs and Cumans armed with bows and arrows" to fight against the Byzantines. He also announced his claim to "the imperial crown of the kingdom of the Greeks" (or the Byzantine Empire).
262:, composed in 1211, referred to him as "Theodor, called Peter", proving that Theodor was his original name. According to a widespread scholarly theory, he changed his name when he was crowned emperor, most probably in memory of
505:
After the Byzantine victory, a courtier stated that Theodor-Peter and Asen were soon forced to yield to the emperor, describing Theodor-Peter as a bull who had broken the yoke. However, the brothers fled across the
367:
grant (that is, the revenues from an imperial estate in exchange for military service). According to a scholarly theory, the brothers actually tried to convince the emperor to make them the autonomous rulers of
2952:
623:
on it. Isaac II escaped, but much of the army perished and the victors seized "the more valuable of the emperor's insignia", including his pyramidal crown and relics associated with the Virgin Mary.
519:
after the events. The same author attributes the leading role to Asen in the ensuing military campaign in his chronicle. The rebels and their Cuman allies invaded the Byzantine Empire and took control of
2217:
Dall'Aglio, Francesco (2013). "The interaction between nomadic and sedentary peoples on the Lower Danube: the Cumans and the "Second Bulgarian Empire"". In Curta, Florin; Maleon, Bogdan–Petru (eds.).
3421:
2945:
534:
writes, the brothers' realm "included the territory between the Balkan Mountains and the Danube". Madgearu proposes, territories to the south of the mountains, as far as the line connecting
527:"into one empire as of old" (namely, the restoration of the First Bulgarian Empire) became their principal goal. Around that time (in 1187 or 1188), Asen became Theodor-Peter's co-ruler.
530:
According to a scholarly theory, Isaac II acknowledged the independence of the territories under the rule of Theodor-Peter and Asen in a peace treaty signed in the summer of 1188.
614:
After Barbarossa left Thrace, Isaac II was able to make new attempts to recover the lands lost to Theodor-Peter and Asen. In July 1190, he invaded the brothers' realms across the
577:
Theodor-Peter wanted to take advantage of the crusaders' presence to expand his rule. He and his brother took control of "the region where the Danube flows into the sea" (present-day
668:
in the fall of 1196. Theodor-Peter soon mustered his troops, hurried to the town and laid siege to it. Ivanko sent an envoy to Constantinople, urging the new Byzantine Emperor,
270:
in the early 11th century. Historian Alexandru Madgearu says Theodor must have adopted the new name in reference to two leaders of 11th-century anti-Byzantine rebellions,
419:
The brothers knew that the collection of an extraordinary tax, which had been levied in the autumn of 1185, angered the population, especially in the region of Anchialos (now
2489:
283:
590:
while Theodor-Peter's delegate again proposed an alliance against the Byzantines. However, Barbarossa, who wanted to continue the crusade towards the
3396:
412:, delivered in praise of Isaac II in 1193, stated that Theodor-Peter had been the "first to rebel" against the emperor. Madgearu notes that
3401:
2319:
2296:
2273:
2226:
2207:
2177:
2126:
2108:
554:
Significant numbers of Bulgarians and Vlachs remained under Byzantine rule after 1188. Those who were subjected to the Byzantine governor of
306:, owned cattle. Madgearu says, they may have administered an imperial horse farm, adding that their estates were most probably located near
3411:
656:
Fine says the strife between the brothers was most probably soon rectified, because they jointly ordered the invasion of Thrace in 1193.
20:
449:, the rebels invaded Thrace and persuaded others to join them. Heartened by the victories, Theodor-Peter "bound his head with a gold
2937:
2370:
2347:
2250:
2145:
2482:
2655:
225:. The brothers made regular raids against nearby Byzantine territories in the early 1190s. Conflicts between Isaac II and the
3281:
3097:
2802:
2414:
416:
describes Theodor-Peter as a "hateful and renegade slave", which also suggests that he was the instigator of the uprising.
408:
After their humiliation at Kypsela, Theodor-Peter and Asen returned to their homeland and decided to incite a rebellion. A
699:
481:
of 21 April 1186) rose up and "covered the mountains", enabling the Byzantines to inflict a severe defeat on the rebels.
3406:
3386:
2812:
2118:
236:
enabled Peter to conquer new territories in 1190. Peter and Asen divided their realm around 1192, with Peter receiving
2827:
2738:
2475:
391:
373:
619:
crossed the Lower Danube in September. The Vlachs and the Bulgarians ambushed the imperial army at a narrow pass and
2852:
2837:
2822:
2635:
2630:
2498:
2422:
2362:
2311:
2199:
2169:
571:
385:
160:
3310:
446:
3340:
3182:
2998:
2842:
2777:
2669:
2339:
2236:
531:
463:
425:
206:
498:
3004:
2926:
2897:
2832:
2817:
298:
The year of Theodor-Peter's birth is unknown. He was apparently the eldest son of a wealthy shepherd from the
2134:
The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and Related Texts
3061:
3057:
2916:
2911:
2886:
2847:
2708:
2694:
2438:
2100:
606:
303:
171:
156:
59:
3330:
3107:
3024:
3014:
2749:
2743:
2506:
555:
474:
222:
3416:
3300:
3216:
2979:
2921:
2807:
2728:
602:
3091:
404:, allegedly erected on the place where the "house of prayer" built by Theodor-Peter and Asen had stood
333:
in the 12th century is well documented, thus they were most likely of mixed Vlach, Bulgarian and
3391:
3053:
2782:
2615:
2605:
2600:
287:
229:
3172:
574:(or district) of Bulgaria. Nemanja and Theodor-Peter concluded an agreement against the Byzantines.
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3334:
3141:
3087:
2988:
2902:
2792:
2787:
2713:
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2610:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2515:
2452:
2444:
2429:
723:
Georgi Atanasov, Miliana Kaimakamova and some other Bulgarian historians refer to him as Peter IV (
678:
669:
459:
263:
245:
214:
175:
96:
63:
2242:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
2219:
The Steppe Lands and the World Beyond Them: Studies in Honor of Victor Spinei on his 70th Birthday
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3210:
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2625:
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2540:
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2161:
2137:
724:
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627:
The Vlachs, Bulgarians and Cumans resumed their raids against Byzantine territories. They sacked
559:
523:(or Moesia) between the Lower Danube and the mountains. Thereafter the unification of Moesia and
311:
278:(or Peter), rather than Peter I, who attempted to maintain peace with the Byzantine Empire.
226:
140:
290:'s crusade referred to him as "Kalopeter" (from the Greek expression for "Peter the Handsome").
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3314:
3206:
3117:
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2545:
2535:
2525:
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2343:
2315:
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2222:
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2141:
2122:
2104:
736:
620:
450:
413:
358:
279:
275:
191:
3255:
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3162:
3044:
2969:
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2550:
2329:
2288:
2265:
632:
524:
489:
345:
341:
315:
210:
202:
194:
52:
2285:
The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture
731:), because they take into consideration two previous leaders of anti-Byzantine rebellions,
3226:
2761:
2733:
673:
628:
2262:
The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185–1280
213:
in favour of the Bulgarians and Vlachs. Before the end of the year, Theodor was crowned
3320:
3294:
3290:
3259:
3220:
3152:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3067:
2863:
2755:
2192:
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567:
563:
470:
401:
349:
307:
237:
198:
302:, according to Madgearu. On the other hand, no source records that he or his brother,
38:
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478:
267:
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233:
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2662:
2389:
2187:
732:
694:
636:
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507:
330:
326:
271:
120:
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the coronation most probably took place before the end of 1185, because a priest,
2333:
2240:
182:
in most foreign contemporaneous sources but they were probably of a mixed Vlach,
3324:
3265:
3192:
3125:
2992:
2767:
2308:
Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204
299:
3071:
704:
520:
183:
164:
83:
248:
as his co-ruler in Asen's place. Peter was also murdered the following year.
3200:
3129:
2530:
615:
591:
409:
325:
in sources written in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, but
2099:(Translated with and Introduction and Commentary by Ruth Macrides) (2007).
396:
353:
2359:
Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365
3230:
3081:
3018:
652:
643:
515:
217:, taking the name Peter and adopting the insignia used only by emperors.
3364:
3196:
3186:
3176:
2872:
2565:
578:
543:
535:
420:
363:
148:
115:
2070:
2068:
329:. The presence of many ethnic groups in the lands to the south of the
3354:
3344:
3304:
3269:
3156:
3032:
3008:
2467:
582:
493:
454:
369:
334:
322:
286:, called him "the rebel Slavopetros" in a poem. Two chronicles about
187:
179:
3028:
601:
488:
395:
337:
origin. However, they chose to identify themselves as Bulgarians.
241:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1175:
1173:
1109:
1107:
1034:
1032:
2575:
2221:. Editura Universității "Alexandru Ian Cuza". pp. 299–313.
1501:
1499:
1497:
966:
964:
962:
960:
152:
2941:
2471:
361:. Choniates' words show that the brothers wanted to receive a
2132:"The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick". In
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2000:
1998:
1996:
1926:
1924:
995:
993:
991:
1872:
1870:
823:
821:
757:
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and the north-eastern region. After Asen was murdered by a
167:, although his exact place and date of birth are unknown.
1956:
1954:
1952:
1887:
1885:
1857:
1855:
1830:
1828:
447:
war between the Byzantine Empire and the Normans of Sicily
1751:
1749:
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1605:
1603:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1431:
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1136:
1134:
867:
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describing Asen as a "most reckless and obdurate rebel".
772:
770:
672:, to send reinforcements to him. The emperor dispatched
562:, Frederick Barbarossa, in July 1189. Around that time,
428:
to persuade them to rise up against the Byzantine rule.
340:
Theodor-Peter and Asen approached the Byzantine Emperor
2019:
2017:
2015:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1202:
1200:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
884:
882:
880:
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Rebels, secessionists, and autonomous magnates in the
1690:
The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick
1651:
The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick
923:
921:
852:
850:
848:
314:
writes that the brothers were local chieftains in the
2245:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
1983:
1981:
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1468:
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2505:
114:
106:
102:
92:
82:
74:
48:
29:
2191:
321:Theodor-Peter and his brothers were mentioned as
190:origin. In 1185, Theodor and Asen approached the
3422:Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
2194:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250
2115:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs
2060:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates
1904:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates
1685:
1683:
1646:
1644:
1460:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates
1421:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates
1296:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates
1180:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates
1114:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates
1039:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates
681:the ruler of the town, he returned to Preslav.
327:their ethnicity is subject to scholarly debates
1505:
1372:
1254:
970:
800:
462:, was allegedly made the head of the restored
2953:
2483:
735:(who assumed the imperial title in 1040) and
8:
2335:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
2117:(Translated by Harry J. Magoulias) (1984).
2960:
2946:
2938:
2490:
2476:
2468:
2380:
2074:
2006:
1930:
1716:
1594:
999:
827:
664:Asen was murdered in Tarnovo by the boyar
570:(or ruler) of Serbia, seized parts of the
400:Church of St Demetrius of Thessaloniki in
37:
26:
1876:
1728:
1152:
2047:
2035:
1960:
1915:
1891:
1861:
1846:
1834:
1806:
1794:
1767:
1755:
1740:
1704:
1674:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1582:
1565:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1488:
1435:
1408:
1396:
1360:
1319:
1307:
1266:
1230:
1191:
1140:
1125:
1050:
1023:
982:
951:
939:
912:
900:
871:
839:
812:
776:
761:
751:
716:
2023:
1447:
1218:
1206:
1164:
856:
788:
1553:
1336:
1081:
1069:
1011:
927:
888:
159:from 1185 to 1197. He hails from the
16:Emperor of Bulgaria from 1185 to 1197
7:
1987:
1972:
1782:
1662:
1476:
1384:
1348:
1278:
1242:
1098:
473:, which had been the capital of the
2136:(Translated by G. A. Loud) (2013).
739:(who took the name Peter in 1072).
14:
207:Saint Demetrius of Thessalonica
147:; died in 1197), was the first
3397:12th-century murdered monarchs
2415:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
558:harassed the crusaders of the
1:
514:Isaac II also failed to
201:, demanding an estate in the
170:He and his younger brothers,
3402:12th-century Bulgarian tsars
3256:Alexios Doukas Mourtzouphlos
2260:Madgearu, Alexandru (2017).
2119:Wayne State University Press
631:and Pomorie; they destroyed
469:Theodor-Peter laid siege to
3412:Murdered Bulgarian monarchs
392:Sack of Thessalonica (1185)
3438:
2363:Cambridge University Press
2312:Cambridge University Press
2200:Cambridge University Press
685:alliance with the Cumans.
389:
386:Uprising of Asen and Peter
383:
18:
2999:Andronikos Kontostephanos
2449:
2427:
2409:
2404:
2383:
2340:Stanford University Press
2306:Stephenson, Paul (2000).
1084:, p. 359 (note 108).
728:
635:and seized the relics of
464:Bulgarian Orthodox Church
426:Demetrius of Thessaloniki
244:in 1196, Peter appointed
157:restored Bulgarian Empire
144:
36:
2338:. Stanford, California:
2077:, p. 306 (note 92).
700:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
670:Alexios III Angelos
621:inflicted a major defeat
445:Taking advantage of the
264:Peter I of Bulgaria
3341:Michael Komnenos Doukas
3183:Michael Komnenos Doukas
2357:Vásáry, István (2005).
2166:The History of Bulgaria
2101:Oxford University Press
607:Second Bulgarian Empire
594:, refused both offers.
259:Synodikon of Tzar Boril
62:(1187/1188 – 1196) and
3282:fall of Constantinople
3025:Theodore Kantakouzenos
3015:John Komnenos Vatatzes
2283:Petkov, Kiril (2008).
651:records that Preslav,
611:
502:
475:First Bulgarian Empire
453:and fashioned scarlet
405:
223:First Bulgarian Empire
3217:John Komnenos the Fat
2980:Andronikos I Komnenos
2900:(1878–1908) and
2385:Peter II of Bulgaria
605:
532:John Van Antwerp Fine
492:
399:
342:Isaac II Angelos
3108:Constantine Tatikios
2237:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
2095:George Akropolites:
1942:George Akropolites:
1818:George Akropolites:
288:Frederick Barbarossa
284:Patriarch of Antioch
230:Frederick Barbarossa
178:, were mentioned as
3407:12th-century rebels
3387:12th-century births
3142:Alexios III Angelos
2989:Andronikos Lapardas
2862:Rebels against the
2645:Rebels against the
2430:Emperor of Bulgaria
2162:Chary, Frederick B.
2140:. pp. 33–134.
1918:, pp. 105–106.
1849:, pp. 101–102.
1375:, pp. 307–308.
1257:, pp. 306–307.
1014:, pp. 358–359.
499:Radziwiłł Chronicle
215:Emperor of Bulgaria
3311:John Kantakouzenos
3247:Alexios IV Angelos
3078:Theodore Mangaphas
2803:Theodore Svetoslav
2499:Bulgarian monarchs
2419:Title last held by
2138:Ashgate Publishing
2062:(5.3.472), p. 259.
1946:(ch. 12.), p. 137.
1906:(5.3.437), p. 240.
1822:(ch. 11.), p. 133.
1797:, pp. 98–100.
1462:(5.1.373), p. 206.
1423:(5.1.372), p. 206.
1399:, pp. 66, 68.
1298:(5.1.372), p. 205.
1182:(5.1.371), p. 205.
1116:(5.1.374), p. 206.
1041:(5.1.369), p. 204.
903:, pp. 53, 64.
842:, pp. 39, 88.
649:George Akropolites
612:
560:Holy Roman Emperor
503:
406:
227:Holy Roman Emperor
209:had abandoned the
3374:
3373:
3361:Manuel Maurozomes
3351:Theodore Laskaris
3207:John Spyridonakes
3146:
2935:
2934:
2905:(1908–1946)
2756:Constantine I Tih
2697:(1185–1422)
2684:Constantine Bodin
2466:
2465:
2462:
2450:Succeeded by
2330:Treadgold, Warren
2321:978-0-521-02756-4
2298:978-90-04-16831-2
2275:978-9-004-32501-2
2228:978-973-703-933-0
2209:978-0-521-85085-8
2179:978-0-313-38447-9
2154:Secondary sources
2127:978-0-8143-1764-8
2109:978-0-19-921067-1
1544:, pp. 72–73.
1520:, pp. 70–72.
1491:, pp. 71–72.
1351:, pp. 13–14.
1322:, pp. 47–48.
1310:, pp. 46–47.
1233:, pp. 44–45.
1221:, pp. 16–17.
1128:, pp. 41–42.
1026:, pp. 53–54.
942:, pp. 62–63.
764:, pp. 37–38.
737:Constantine Bodin
424:the martyr saint
414:Michael Choniates
359:Niketas Choniates
280:Theodore Balsamon
276:Constantine Bodin
192:Byzantine Emperor
126:
125:
67:
21:Peter of Bulgaria
3429:
3331:Alexios Komnenos
3163:Dobromir Chrysos
3144:
3045:Isaac II Angelos
2970:Byzantine Empire
2962:
2955:
2948:
2939:
2880:Ivan Shishman II
2813:Michael Asen III
2808:George Terter II
2509:(680–1018)
2492:
2485:
2478:
2469:
2456:
2400:
2381:
2376:
2353:
2325:
2302:
2279:
2256:
2232:
2213:
2197:
2183:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2010:
2004:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1880:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
986:
980:
974:
968:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
875:
869:
860:
854:
843:
837:
831:
825:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
765:
759:
740:
730:
721:
496:depicted in the
485:Exile and return
316:Balkan Mountains
300:Haemus Mountains
203:Balkan Mountains
195:Isaac II Angelos
146:
135:, also known as
57:
53:Tsar of Bulgaria
43:Coin of Peter II
41:
27:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3301:Theodore Gabras
3275:
3236:
3227:Manuel Kamytzes
3135:
3038:
2973:
2966:
2936:
2931:
2901:
2892:
2857:
2828:Michael Asen IV
2783:George Terter I
2768:Michael Asen II
2762:Jacob Svetoslav
2739:Kaliman Asen II
2689:
2640:
2501:
2496:
2459:as sole emperor
2455:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2420:
2417:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2356:
2350:
2328:
2322:
2305:
2299:
2282:
2276:
2259:
2253:
2235:
2229:
2216:
2210:
2186:
2180:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2091:
2089:Primary sources
2086:
2081:
2075:Stephenson 2000
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2013:
2007:Stephenson 2000
2005:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1931:Stephenson 2000
1929:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1717:Stephenson 2000
1715:
1711:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1601:
1595:Stephenson 2000
1593:
1589:
1581:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1506:Dall'Aglio 2013
1504:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1373:Dall'Aglio 2013
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1255:Dall'Aglio 2013
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1000:Stephenson 2000
998:
989:
981:
977:
971:Dall'Aglio 2013
969:
958:
950:
946:
938:
934:
926:
919:
911:
907:
899:
895:
887:
878:
870:
863:
855:
846:
838:
834:
828:Stephenson 2000
826:
819:
811:
807:
801:Dall'Aglio 2013
799:
795:
787:
783:
775:
768:
760:
753:
749:
744:
743:
722:
718:
713:
691:
674:Manuel Kamytzes
662:
600:
572:Byzantine theme
552:
487:
443:
438:
394:
388:
382:
296:
254:
161:Byzantine theme
70:
44:
31:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3435:
3433:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3348:
3338:
3328:
3321:David Komnenos
3318:
3308:
3298:
3295:Maeander River
3291:Sabas Asidenos
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3260:Constantinople
3252:
3250:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3221:Constantinople
3214:
3204:
3190:
3180:
3173:Leo Chamaretos
3170:
3160:
3149:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3122:Maeander River
3118:Pseudo-Alexios
3115:
3112:Constantinople
3105:
3102:Constantinople
3098:Isaac Komnenos
3095:
3085:
3075:
3068:Alexios Branas
3065:
3050:
3048:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3022:
3012:
3005:Isaac Komnenos
3002:
2996:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2853:Constantine II
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:Ivan Sratsimir
2835:
2830:
2825:
2823:Ivan Alexander
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Michael Asen I
2731:
2729:Kaliman Asen I
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2636:Ivan Vladislav
2633:
2631:Gavril Radomir
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2448:
2426:
2423:Ivan Vladislav
2418:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2405:Regnal titles
2402:
2401:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2354:
2348:
2326:
2320:
2303:
2297:
2280:
2274:
2257:
2251:
2233:
2227:
2214:
2208:
2184:
2178:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2130:
2112:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2064:
2052:
2050:, p. 112.
2040:
2038:, p. 111.
2028:
2011:
2009:, p. 306.
1992:
1977:
1965:
1963:, p. 107.
1948:
1935:
1933:, p. 302.
1920:
1908:
1896:
1894:, p. 105.
1881:
1879:, p. 659.
1877:Treadgold 1997
1866:
1864:, p. 104.
1851:
1839:
1837:, p. 101.
1824:
1811:
1809:, p. 100.
1799:
1787:
1772:
1770:, p. 133.
1760:
1745:
1733:
1731:, p. 658.
1729:Treadgold 1997
1721:
1719:, p. 299.
1709:
1694:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1599:
1597:, p. 293.
1587:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1508:, p. 309.
1493:
1481:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1339:, p. 360.
1324:
1312:
1300:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1196:
1184:
1169:
1157:
1155:, p. 657.
1153:Treadgold 1997
1145:
1130:
1118:
1103:
1086:
1074:
1072:, p. 359.
1055:
1043:
1028:
1016:
1004:
1002:, p. 289.
987:
975:
973:, p. 308.
956:
944:
932:
917:
905:
893:
891:, p. 358.
876:
861:
844:
832:
830:, p. 290.
817:
805:
803:, p. 307.
793:
791:, p. 254.
781:
766:
750:
748:
745:
742:
741:
715:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
702:
697:
690:
687:
661:
658:
599:
596:
564:Stefan Nemanja
551:
548:
486:
483:
466:in that year.
442:
439:
437:
434:
384:Main article:
381:
378:
295:
292:
253:
250:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
86:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
69:
68:
58:together with
55:
49:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3434:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3088:Basil Chotzas
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Ivan Shishman
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Ivan Asen III
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:Second Empire
2692:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2382:
2374:
2372:0-521-83756-1
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2349:0-8047-2630-2
2345:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2252:0-472-08260-4
2248:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2188:Curta, Florin
2185:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2146:9781472413963
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2048:Madgearu 2017
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:Madgearu 2017
2032:
2029:
2026:, p. 47.
2025:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1990:, p. 28.
1989:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1975:, p. 27.
1974:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:Madgearu 2017
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:Madgearu 2017
1912:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1892:Madgearu 2017
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:Madgearu 2017
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:Madgearu 2017
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:Madgearu 2017
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:Madgearu 2017
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:Madgearu 2017
1791:
1788:
1785:, p. 25.
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:Madgearu 2017
1764:
1761:
1758:, p. 97.
1757:
1756:Madgearu 2017
1752:
1750:
1746:
1743:, p. 96.
1742:
1741:Madgearu 2017
1737:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1707:, p. 93.
1706:
1705:Madgearu 2017
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1677:, p. 87.
1676:
1675:Madgearu 2017
1671:
1668:
1665:, p. 24.
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:, p. 89.
1637:
1636:Madgearu 2017
1632:
1629:
1626:, p. 88.
1625:
1624:Madgearu 2017
1620:
1617:
1614:, p. 85.
1613:
1612:Madgearu 2017
1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1585:, p. 83.
1584:
1583:Madgearu 2017
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1568:, p. 77.
1567:
1566:Madgearu 2017
1562:
1559:
1556:, p. 18.
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:Madgearu 2017
1538:
1535:
1532:, p. 73.
1531:
1530:Madgearu 2017
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:Madgearu 2017
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:Madgearu 2017
1485:
1482:
1479:, p. 15.
1478:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1450:, p. 42.
1449:
1444:
1441:
1438:, p. 68.
1437:
1436:Madgearu 2017
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1411:, p. 67.
1410:
1409:Madgearu 2017
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:Madgearu 2017
1393:
1390:
1387:, p. 14.
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1363:, p. 48.
1362:
1361:Madgearu 2017
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:Madgearu 2017
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:Madgearu 2017
1304:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1281:, p. 13.
1280:
1275:
1272:
1269:, p. 55.
1268:
1267:Madgearu 2017
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1245:, p. 11.
1244:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:Madgearu 2017
1227:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1209:, p. 16.
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1194:, p. 43.
1193:
1192:Madgearu 2017
1188:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:, p. 14.
1166:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1143:, p. 38.
1142:
1141:Madgearu 2017
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:Madgearu 2017
1122:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1101:, p. 10.
1100:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1053:, p. 35.
1052:
1051:Madgearu 2017
1047:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:Madgearu 2017
1020:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
992:
988:
985:, p. 63.
984:
983:Madgearu 2017
979:
976:
972:
967:
965:
963:
961:
957:
954:, p. 62.
953:
952:Madgearu 2017
948:
945:
941:
940:Madgearu 2017
936:
933:
930:, p. 17.
929:
924:
922:
918:
915:, p. 53.
914:
913:Madgearu 2017
909:
906:
902:
901:Madgearu 2017
897:
894:
890:
885:
883:
881:
877:
874:, p. 64.
873:
872:Madgearu 2017
868:
866:
862:
859:, p. 45.
858:
853:
851:
849:
845:
841:
840:Madgearu 2017
836:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
815:, p. 45.
814:
813:Madgearu 2017
809:
806:
802:
797:
794:
790:
785:
782:
779:, p. 37.
778:
777:Madgearu 2017
773:
771:
767:
763:
762:Madgearu 2017
758:
756:
752:
746:
738:
734:
726:
720:
717:
710:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
688:
686:
682:
680:
675:
671:
667:
659:
657:
654:
650:
645:
642:At least two
640:
638:
634:
630:
625:
622:
617:
608:
604:
598:New conflicts
597:
595:
593:
587:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
550:Third Crusade
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
517:
512:
509:
501:
500:
495:
491:
484:
482:
480:
479:solar eclipse
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
456:
452:
448:
440:
435:
433:
429:
427:
422:
417:
415:
411:
410:formal speech
403:
398:
393:
387:
379:
377:
375:
371:
366:
365:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:who had been
265:
261:
260:
251:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Third Crusade
231:
228:
224:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
142:
138:
137:Theodor-Peter
134:
130:
122:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
66:(1196 – 1197)
65:
61:
56:
54:
51:
50:
47:
40:
35:
28:
25:
22:
3417:Asen dynasty
3082:Philadelphia
3019:Philadelphia
3001:(Asia Minor)
2898:Principality
2887:Rostislav II
2885:
2878:
2871:
2833:Ivan Asen IV
2818:Ivan Stephen
2760:
2748:
2724:Ivan Asen II
2703:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2663:Petar Delyan
2661:
2654:
2507:First Empire
2458:
2457:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2421:
2410:
2396:
2390:Asen dynasty
2388:
2358:
2334:
2307:
2284:
2261:
2241:
2218:
2193:
2165:
2133:
2114:
2096:
2059:
2055:
2043:
2031:
1968:
1943:
1938:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1842:
1819:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1763:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1689:
1670:
1658:
1650:
1631:
1619:
1590:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1484:
1459:
1455:
1443:
1420:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1315:
1303:
1295:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1187:
1179:
1160:
1148:
1121:
1113:
1077:
1046:
1038:
1019:
1007:
978:
947:
935:
908:
896:
835:
808:
796:
784:
733:Peter Delyan
719:
695:Asen dynasty
683:
663:
641:
637:Ivan of Rila
626:
613:
588:
576:
553:
540:Stara Zagora
529:
513:
508:Lower Danube
504:
497:
468:
444:
430:
418:
407:
362:
339:
331:Lower Danube
320:
310:. Historian
297:
272:Peter Delyan
257:
255:
219:
169:
145:Теодор-Петър
136:
132:
128:
127:
121:Asen dynasty
24:
3392:1197 deaths
3325:Paphlagonia
3284:(1204–1205)
3266:Leo Gabalas
3249:(1203–1204)
3193:Leo Sgouros
3145:(1195–1203)
3126:Paphlagonia
3047:(1185–1195)
2993:Adramyttion
2982:(1182–1185)
2972:, 1182–1205
2917:Ferdinand I
2912:Alexander I
2848:Ivan Asen V
2750:Rostislav I
2709:Ivan Asen I
2439:Ivan Asen I
2097:The History
2024:Vásáry 2005
1944:The History
1820:The History
1448:Vásáry 2005
1219:Vásáry 2005
1207:Vásáry 2005
1165:Vásáry 2005
857:Vásáry 2005
789:Petkov 2008
610:historians.
568:Grand Župan
374:John Doukas
312:Ivan Dujčev
232:during the
78:1185 – 1197
60:Ivan Asen I
3381:Categories
3280:After the
3072:Adrianople
2744:Mitso Asen
2656:Presian II
2647:Byzantines
1554:Chary 2011
1337:Curta 2006
1082:Curta 2006
1070:Curta 2006
1012:Curta 2006
928:Chary 2011
889:Curta 2006
747:References
705:Bogomilism
660:Last years
521:Paristrion
441:Beginnings
390:See also:
294:Early life
165:Paristrion
84:Coronation
19:See also:
3335:Trebizond
3211:Macedonia
3201:Corinthia
3167:Macedonia
3130:Nicomedia
3058:Ivan Asen
2927:Simeon II
2922:Boris III
2591:Presian I
2531:Kormisosh
2434:1185–1197
2239:(1994) .
2170:Greenwood
1988:Fine 1994
1973:Fine 1994
1783:Fine 1994
1663:Fine 1994
1477:Fine 1994
1385:Fine 1994
1349:Fine 1994
1279:Fine 1994
1243:Fine 1994
1099:Fine 1994
725:Bulgarian
633:Triaditsa
616:Rish Pass
592:Holy Land
556:Braničevo
268:canonized
184:Bulgarian
141:Bulgarian
93:Successor
3243:Isaac II
3231:Thessaly
3062:Bulgaria
3054:Theodore
2864:Ottomans
2704:Peter II
2616:Boris II
2606:Simeon I
2601:Vladimir
2332:(1997).
2190:(2006).
2164:(2011).
1692:, p. 84.
1653:, p. 64.
729:Петър IV
689:See also
677:brother
653:Provadia
644:eulogies
525:Bulgaria
516:garrison
380:Uprising
129:Peter II
32:Петър II
30:Peter II
3365:Phrygia
3315:Methone
3197:Argolid
3187:Phrygia
3177:Laconia
2903:Kingdom
2873:Fruzhin
2793:Ivan II
2788:Smilets
2714:Kaloyan
2677:Alusian
2670:Tihomir
2611:Peter I
2596:Boris I
2586:Malamir
2581:Omurtag
2566:Telerig
2516:Asparuh
2453:Kaloyan
2445:Kaloyan
2084:Sources
679:Kaloyan
579:Dobruja
544:Ahtopol
536:Plovdiv
471:Preslav
455:buskins
451:chaplet
436:Emperor
421:Pomorie
402:Tarnovo
364:pronoia
346:Kypsela
308:Tarnovo
246:Kaloyan
238:Preslav
176:Kaloyan
155:of the
149:emperor
133:Theodor
131:, born
116:Dynasty
97:Kaloyan
64:Kaloyan
3355:Nicaea
3345:Epirus
3305:Amisus
3270:Rhodes
3241:Under
3157:Thrace
3153:Ivanko
3140:Under
3092:Tarsia
3043:Under
3033:Nicaea
3029:Prussa
3009:Cyprus
2978:Under
2773:Ivaylo
2626:Samuel
2571:Kardam
2541:Telets
2521:Tervel
2411:Vacant
2395:
2369:
2346:
2318:
2295:
2272:
2249:
2225:
2206:
2176:
2144:
2125:
2107:
666:Ivanko
583:Edirne
494:Cumans
370:Moesia
354:İpsala
350:Thrace
323:Vlachs
211:Romans
199:Thrace
186:, and
180:Vlachs
2798:Chaka
2719:Boril
2621:Roman
2561:Pagan
2556:Toktu
2546:Sabin
2536:Vineh
2526:Sevar
2437:with
2397:Died:
2289:BRILL
2266:BRILL
711:Notes
629:Varna
460:Basil
352:(now
344:near
335:Cuman
252:Names
242:boyar
188:Cuman
75:Reign
3245:and
3199:and
3056:and
3031:and
2576:Krum
2551:Umor
2399:1197
2367:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2174:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2105:ISBN
542:and
304:Asen
274:and
256:The
174:and
172:Asen
153:tsar
110:1197
107:Died
88:1185
348:in
197:in
163:of
151:or
3383::
3128:,
3124:,
2365:.
2361:.
2342:.
2314:.
2310:.
2291:.
2287:.
2268:.
2264:.
2202:.
2198:.
2172:.
2168:.
2121:.
2103:.
2067:^
2014:^
1995:^
1980:^
1951:^
1923:^
1884:^
1869:^
1854:^
1827:^
1775:^
1748:^
1697:^
1682:^
1643:^
1602:^
1573:^
1496:^
1467:^
1428:^
1327:^
1286:^
1199:^
1172:^
1133:^
1106:^
1089:^
1058:^
1031:^
990:^
959:^
920:^
879:^
864:^
847:^
820:^
769:^
754:^
727::
566:,
538:,
376:.
318:.
282:,
143::
3367:)
3363:(
3357:)
3353:(
3347:)
3343:(
3337:)
3333:(
3327:)
3323:(
3317:)
3313:(
3307:)
3303:(
3297:)
3293:(
3272:)
3268:(
3262:)
3258:(
3233:)
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3223:)
3219:(
3213:)
3209:(
3203:)
3195:(
3189:)
3185:(
3179:)
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3169:)
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3114:)
3110:(
3104:)
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3094:)
3090:(
3084:)
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3074:)
3070:(
3064:)
3060:(
3035:)
3027:(
3021:)
3017:(
3011:)
3007:(
2995:)
2991:(
2961:e
2954:t
2947:v
2491:e
2484:t
2477:v
2375:.
2352:.
2324:.
2301:.
2278:.
2255:.
2231:.
2212:.
2182:.
2148:.
2129:.
2111:.
139:(
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