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leaders" and, according to
Rispens, called upon his colleagues to do "what they consider their duty as American citizens". To support this, Rispens refers to a well-known letter from Debye to Einstein and Einstein's response to it. Van Ginkel investigated 1940 FBI reports on this matter and traced the "reliable source" to a single letter directed to Einstein and written by someone whose name is lost. This person was not known personally to Einstein and, according to Einstein, probably did not know Debye personally either. Moreover, this accusatory letter did not reach Einstein directly but was intercepted by British censors who showed it to Einstein. Einstein sent the British agent with the letter to Cornell, and the Cornell authorities told Debye about the affair. Thereupon Debye wrote his well-known 1940 letter to Einstein to which Einstein answered. The latter two letters can be found in the published Einstein correspondence.
996:, and yet also was not a resistance hero. He was a rather pragmatic, flexible, and brilliant scientist, idealistic with respect to the pursuit of science, but only superficially oriented in politics. With respect to sending out the DPG letter, the Commission concluded that Debye found the situation inescapable. The Commission pointed out that the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences also took away Albert Einstein's honorary membership, emphasizing the circumstances in which these decisions had been taken. The Commission stated that now, seventy years later, no judgment can be made concerning the decision of Debye to sign this letter in the exceptionally difficult circumstances in which he then found himself. Nevertheless, the Commission describes the DPG letter as an extraordinarily unpleasant fact, forming a dark page in his life history. Finally, the Commission concluded that based on the NIOD report
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565:, Debye became acquainted with Mathilde Alberer. Mathilde was the daughter of the proprietor of the boarding house in which Debye was staying. Mathilde would soon change her citizenship and in 1913, Debye married Mathilde Alberer. Debye would enjoy working in his rose garden with Mathilde Alberer late into his years. They had a son, Peter P. Debye (1916â2012), and a daughter, Mathilde Maria (1921â1991). Peter became a physicist and collaborated with Debye in some of his research, and had a son who was also a chemist.
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1017:. They first met around 1930 when they were both working as editors for two scientific journals. They collaborated in the escape of Lise Meitner in 1938. According to Reiding, Debye was well connected in German scientific and industrial circles and could have provided MI6 with valuable information. For example, as board member of the German Academy for Aviation Research he was acquainted with
803:
visa. He was able to get his wife out of
Germany and to the US by December 1940. Although his son already was in the US before he departed, Peter Debye's 19-year-old daughter and his sister-in-law did not leave. They lived in his official residence in Berlin and were supported by Debye's official Berlin wages (he carefully maintained an official leave of absence for this purpose).
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for a new publication on Debye's war years on the grounds that it was too personally biased with respect to the
Institute's naming dispute. According to the board, the book should have been published not as a Debye Institute publication, but as a personal one. The book was banned by the University of
914:
Various historical investigations, both in The
Netherlands and in the US, have been carried out subsequent to the actions of the University of Maastricht. The earliest of these investigations, carried out by the Cornell University's department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology released a report on 31
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Rispens alleges that Debye sent a telegram to Berlin on 23 June 1941 informing his previous employers that he was able and willing to resume his responsibilities at the Kaiser
Wilhelm Institut, presumably to maintain his leave of absence and keep the Berlin house and wages available for his daughter.
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and recommended that the
University of Utrecht retain the name of the Debye Institute of NanoMaterials Science and that the University of Maastricht continue to associate itself with the Peter Debye Prize. Utrecht University accepted the recommendation, Maastricht University did not. But in February
802:
in late 1939, boarded a ship in Genoa in
January 1940 and arrived in New York in early February 1940. He immediately sought a permanent position in the US and accepted such an offer from Cornell in June 1940. That month, he crossed the US border into Canada and returned within days on an immigration
838:
Debye's son, Peter P. Debye, interviewed in 2006 at age 89 recollects that his father was completely apolitical and that in the privacy of their home politics were never discussed. According to his son, Debye just wanted to do his job at the Kaiser
Wilhelm Institute and as long as the Nazis did not
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Further, Rispens alleges that Albert
Einstein in the first half of 1940 tried to prevent Debye from being appointed in the United States at Cornell. Einstein allegedly wrote to his American colleagues: "I know from a reliable source that Peter Debye is still in close contact with the German (Nazi)
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Peter Debye was described as a martinet when it came to scientific principles, yet he was always approachable and made time for his students. His personal philosophy emphasized a fulfillment of purpose and enjoyment in one's work. Debye was an avid trout fisherman and gardener, collector of cacti,
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letter and that he also did not follow the lead of other societies in doing so but, rather, other societies followed his lead. The NIOD report also concludes that Debye felt obliged to send the letter and that it was, for him, simply a confirmation of an existing situation. The report argues that
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t can be stated that Debye was rightly called an opportunist after his arrival in the United States. We have seen that he showed himself to be loyal to the dominant political system, first in the Third Reich and then in the United States, while at the same time keeping the back door open: in the
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Debye, in the Third Reich, developed a survival method of ambiguity which allowed him to pursue his scientific career despite the political turmoil. Crucial to this survival method was the need to keep ready an escape hatch, for example in his secret dealings with the Nazis in 1941, if needed.
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It concludes that Debye's actions in 1933â45 were based on the nineteenth-century positivist view of science which saw research in physics as generating blessings for humankind. The report states that, by his contemporaries, Debye was considered an opportunist by some and as a man of highest
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In light of the current situation, membership by German Jews as stipulated by the
Nuremberg laws, of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft cannot be continued. According to the wishes of the board, I ask of all members to whom these definitions apply to report to me their resignation. Heil
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Yet, the report also states that the picture of Debye should not be oversimplified as Debye's actions were also motivated by his loyalty to his daughter, who had remained in Berlin. In general, Debye developed a survival method of ambiguity, that "could pull the wool over people's eyes".
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2008, the Hustinx Foundation (Maastricht), originator and sponsor of the Peter Debye Prize, announced that it will continue to have the prize awarded. The City of Maastricht, Debye's birthplace, declared that it sees no reason to change the names of Debye Street and Debye Square.
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who both knew Debye intimately. None of them protested against Debye's receiving the highest German scientific distinction. In fact, Albert Einstein, after many years of not participating in the voting for the Max Planck Medal nominees, joined the process again to vote for Debye.
2000:
Note that this statement is in sharp contrast to the conclusion reached in a previous study of the DPG's relationship to the Third Reich which describes the DPG to be one of the last professional organizations in Germany to expel its Jewish members. Dieter Hoffmann (2001)
718:. In 1946 he became an American citizen. Unlike the European phase of his life, where he moved from city to city every few years, in the United States Debye remained at Cornell for the remainder of his career. He retired in 1952, but continued research until his death.
1032:, as he notes that friendship with Rosbaud is no gauge of Debye's political stance. Rosbaud was well-connected with many people and Debye, while he was a friend of Rosbaud's, seems to have also felt regard for geologist Friedrich Drescher-Kaden, an ardent Nazi.
846:. In his article he cites scholars who point out that the DPG was able to retain their threatened staff as long as could be expected under increasing pressure from the Nazis. He also puts forward the important argument that when Debye in 1950 received the
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bother him was able to do so. He recalls that his mother urged him (the son) to stay in the US in the event of war. Debye's son had come to the US on a planned 2-month vacation during the summer of 1939 and never returned to Germany because war broke out.
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Based on the information to-date, we have not found evidence supporting the accusations that Debye was a Nazi sympathizer or collaborator or that he held anti-Semitic views. It is important that this be stated clearly since these are the most serious
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who had written the foreword to the Rispen book, renounced the book's description of Peter Debye, withdrew his foreword, and asked the Board of Directors of Utrecht University to rescind their decision to rename the Debye Institute.
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appeared 18 years earlier concerning Debye's letter. The article describes Debye's missive in more detail and presents a very favorable picture of Debye in his efforts to resist Nazi activists. Moreover, this article points out that
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Many biographies published before Rispens' work, state that Debye moved to the US because he refused to accept German citizenship forced on to him by the Nazis. He planned his departure from Germany during a visit with his mother in
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Obviously the German Physical Society is still very backward and still clings tightly to their dear Jews. It is in fact remarkable that only "because of circumstances beyond our control" the membership of Jews can no longer be
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In a reply on the DPG website, Dieter Hoffmann and Mark Walker also conclude that Debye was not a Nazi activist. They remark that Max von Laue also was required and obliged (as a civil servant) to sign letters with
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Thus, based on the information, evidence and historical record known to date, we believe that any action that dissociates Debye's name from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Cornell is
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784:, Debye was actively involved in cleansing German science institutions of Jewish and other "non-Aryan elements". Rispens records that on December 9, 1938, Debye wrote in his capacity as chairman of the
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the Boards of Utrecht and Maastricht Universities to continue to use Peter Debyeâs name for the chemistry and physics institute in Utrecht, and to continue awarding the science prize in Maastricht
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A copy of this telegram has not been recovered thus far. In summer 1941, Debye filed his intent to become a US citizen and was quickly recruited in the US to participate in Allied War research.
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992:. The Commission concluded that Debye was not a party member, was not an anti-semite, did not further Nazi propaganda, did not cooperate with the Nazi war machine, was not a
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Utrecht and both Directors of the (former) Debye Institute were forbidden to have any further contact with the press. A dozen professors of the Physics Faculty, amongst whom
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In an opinion article published on the Debye Institute website, Dr. Gijs van Ginkel, until April 2007 Senior Managing Director of the VM Debye Instituut in Utrecht deplored
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Much of Debye's work at Cornell concerned the use of light-scattering techniques (derived from his X-ray scattering work of years earlier) to determine the size and
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1021:. Reiding also offers an explanation for Debye's hasty departure on 16 January 1940 for the United States: the date coincided with the planned (but later delayed)
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Third Reich by retaining his Dutch nationality, in the United States by attempting to secretly maintain some contacts with Nazi Germany via the Foreign Office.
893:. They also state that the DPG was one of the last scientific societies to purge the Jewish members and only very reluctantly. They quote the response of the
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in 1938â1939 (at great risk to himself and his family) cross the Dutch-German border to escape Nazi persecution and eventually obtain a position in Sweden.
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In June 2006, it was reported that the scientific director of the (formerly) Debye Institute had been reprimanded by the board of directors of the
854:, who would have been in a position to object. Also Einstein, with his enormous prestige, was still alive, as were other Jewish scientists such as
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714:. After leaving Germany in early 1940, Debye became a professor at Cornell, chaired the chemistry department for 10 years, and became a member of
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Debye's predecessor in the chair of theoretical physics at Utrecht was Cornelis Wind, who died in 1911. Debye's successor at Utrecht was
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It has been well documented in many biographies, and also in Rispens' book, that Debye and Dutch colleagues helped his Jewish colleague
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1062:) "for his contributions to the study of molecular structure," primarily referring to his work on dipole moments and X-ray diffraction
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would advise them regarding the name change. Also, in the beginning of 2007 an official report was announced, to be published by the
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Oral History interview transcript with Peter Debye on 4 May 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
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Oral History interview transcript with Peter Debye on 3 May 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
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Oral History interview transcript with Peter Debye on 3 May 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
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1168:â The dielectric relaxation response of an ideal, noninteracting population of dipoles to an alternating external electric field.
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Prof. Peter J. W. Debye (1884â1966) in 1935 â 1945: brilliant scientist â gifted teacher; an investigation of historical sources
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755:, and in November of that year a second one proved fatal. He is buried in the Pleasant Grove Cemetery (Ithaca, New York, US).
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The report describes Rispens' presentation of Debye, as an opportunist who had no objection to the Nazis, as a caricature.
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and Debye. Rispens discovered documents that, as he believed, were new and proved that, during his directorship of the
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Stichting Edmond Hustinx and Christian Bremen (eds). Pie Debije-Peter Debye: 1884â1966. Gardez! Verlag (2000)
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character by others. The report asserts that Debye was not coerced by the Nazis into writing the infamous DPG
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534:(now named the Max-Planck-Institut) whose facilities were built only during Debye's era. He was awarded the
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From 1934 to 1939 Debye was director of the physics section of the prestigious Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in
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Enserink M (2006). "ETHICS: Blocking a Book, Dutch University Rekindles Furor Over Nobelist Debye".
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1174:â The non-neutral layer, several Debye lengths thick, where a plasma contacts a material surface.
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In May 2007, the universities of Utrecht and Maastricht announced that a new committee headed by
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Zwischen Autonomie und Anpassung: Die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft im Dritten Reich
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Philip Ball, Serving the Reich: The Struggle for the Soul of Physics under Hitler, 2014,
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456:. He published his first paper, a mathematically elegant solution of a problem involving
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since no bad faith on Debyeâs part has been demonstrated, his good faith must be assumed
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Interview given to Gooi & Eemlander newspaper (Dutch language) on 2 February 2006
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1228:â A lunar crater located on the far side and in the northern hemisphere of the moon.
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of the DPG, nobody objected, not even the known opponent of the national socialists
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and authorized by the Dutch Education Ministry (then scheduled for fall 2007).
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663:, the theory is still regarded as a major forward step in our understanding of
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Reiding, Jurrie (2010). "Peter Debye: Nazi Collaborator or Secret Opponent?".
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His first major scientific contribution was the application of the concept of
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Eickhoff, Martijn "In the Name of Science?", Aksant, Amsterdam, 2008, p. 131.
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spy. Reiding discovered that Debye was befriended by the well-documented spy
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In 1939 Debye traveled to the United States to deliver the Baker Lectures at
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Prof. Peter J. W. Debye in 1935â1945. An investigation of historical sources
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In January 2006, a book (in Dutch) appeared in The Netherlands, written by
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Methods to Determine the Electrical and Geometrical Structure of Molecules
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In a 2010 publication Jurrie Reiding asserts that Debye may have been an
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in 1912, developing equations relating dipole moments to temperature and
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691:. From 1936 onwards he was also professor of Theoretical Physics at the
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National Science Foundation â The President's National Medal of Science
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Monument for Peter Debye in the Maastricht square that bears his name:
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464:, who later claimed that his most important discovery was Peter Debye.
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Biographical Memoirs, Vol. 46 (1975) National Academy of Sciences U.S.
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DebyeâScherrer method â A technique used in X-ray powder diffraction.
1140:â The typical distance in a plasma required for full Debye shielding.
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2241:. Vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 617â621.
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to lower temperatures by including contributions from low-frequency
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Debye was a faithful Catholic who insisted his family go to church.
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592:. In consequence, the units of molecular dipole moments are termed
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1162:â a characteristic vibrational frequency of a crystalline lattice.
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solutions. Also in 1923, Debye developed a theory to explain the
460:, in 1907. At Aachen, he studied under the theoretical physicist
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2631:
2368:
1855:"Veltman letter to the Utrecht University's Board of Directors"
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Sime, Ruth Lewin (1990). "Lise Meitner's Escape from Germany".
627:. In 1914â1915, Debye calculated the effect of temperature on
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2039:(2010). "Letters defend Nobel laureate against Nazi charges".
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a day later, information possibly provided to him by Rosbaud.
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Predating Rispens' work, and in contrast to it, an article by
623:, introducing elliptical orbits, a concept also introduced by
4905:
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
1815:
Opgeroepen beeld moeilijk verenigbaar met voorbeeldfunctie UM
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also announced that it was reconsidering its position on the
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One chapter of this book discusses the relationship between
2235:
Smith, Charles (1970â1980). "Debye, Peter Joseph William".
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and in December of the same year he became foreign member.
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2318:
1824:, Press release University of Maastricht, 16 February 2006
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for work relating to specific heats and X-ray spectroscopy
475:, and took Debye with him as his assistant. Debye got his
415:; March 24, 1884 â November 2, 1966) was a Dutch-American
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AFSCHEID VAN DEBYE DOOR UTRECHT: EEN BESTUURLIJKE DWALING
897:(a National Socialist organization) to the Debye letter:
389:
530:, where, succeeding Einstein, he became director of the
2026:. Press release University of Utrecht. 17 January 2008.
883:
Peter Debye Prijs voor natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek
538:
in 1935. From 1937 to 1939 he was the president of the
4910:
Foreign fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
2215:"Fraternity â Awards â Hall of Fame â Alpha Chi Sigma"
1871:. 5 May 2006. Home.hetnet.nl. Retrieved on 2012-07-25.
1353:"Peter Debye | American physical chemist | Britannica"
4836:
People whose names are used in chemical element names
4832:
Scientists whose names are used in physical constants
1835:
Peter Debye: A Typical Scientist in an Untypical Time
1527:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1433:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1286:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1041:
1927 â elected International Honorary Member of the
395:
386:
4960:
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
4704:
4654:
4499:
4318:
4287:
4154:
4129:
4110:
4086:
4067:
3686:
3387:
3128:
2889:
2669:
2588:
2495:
2474:
2445:
2400:
1222:
Theory of light scattering by a spherical particle.
655:solutions. Although an improvement was made to the
452:in 1901. In 1905, he completed his first degree in
392:
356:
330:
318:
263:
249:
171:
163:
140:
122:
108:
94:
75:
53:
34:
1604:Einstein in Nederland. Een intellectuele biografie
732:. This started as a result of his research during
2024:Terlouw Commission: âContinue using Debyeâs nameâ
2005:. Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
4828:List of scientists whose names are used as units
2342:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
2204:. Nsf.gov (1966-02-10). Retrieved on 2012-07-25.
1405:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
695:of Berlin. These positions were held during the
4895:Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
2280:including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1936
988:In January 2008 the Terlouw Commission advised
467:In 1906, Sommerfeld received an appointment at
1833:Dieter Hoffmann and Mark Walker (March 2006).
558:and was "always known to enjoy a nice cigar".
547:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
5025:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4965:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
4940:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
4267:
4043:
2643:
2380:
885:(Peter Debye Prize for scientific research).
510:, Switzerland. This was followed by moves to
8:
4900:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
1081:1947 â elected member of the United States
27:Dutch-American physical chemist (1884â1966)
4975:Academic staff of the University of Zurich
4274:
4260:
4252:
4050:
4036:
4028:
2650:
2636:
2628:
2395:Nobel Prize laureates from the Netherlands
2387:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2275:
1598:
1596:
906:In May 2006, the Dutch Nobel Prize winner
506:, Debye took his old professorship at the
42:
31:
2309:Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG)
1762:
1654:
1652:
1538:
1444:
1403:"Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debije (1884â1966)"
1297:
643:"). In 1923, together with his assistant
5015:Fellows of the American Physical Society
4282:Scientists whose names are used as units
1687:. University of California Press (1997)
1189:â A function used in the calculation of
596:in his honor. Also in 1912, he extended
4641:John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
2131:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1523:"Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debye, 1884-1966"
1476:Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901â1992
1429:"Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debye. 1884â1966"
1282:"Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debye. 1884â1966"
1269:
651:' theory of electrical conductivity in
1512:. Towson.edu. Retrieved on 2012-07-25.
1150:of solids as a function of temperature
1114:List of things named after Peter Debye
498:took an appointment as a professor at
2347:Newspaper clippings about Peter Debye
1498:
1496:
1473:Laylin, James K. (October 30, 1993).
1275:
1273:
1043:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
788:(DPG) to all the members of the DPG:
448:, Netherlands, Debye enrolled in the
410:
7:
4980:Academic staff of Utrecht University
4970:Academic staff of Leipzig University
4890:Foreign members of the Royal Society
4880:Dutch emigrants to the United States
2296:Negen Nederlandse Nobelprijswinnaars
1468:
1466:
1464:
1422:
1420:
545:In May 1914 he became member of the
532:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics
4915:National Medal of Science laureates
1376:For Dutch use of "y" and "ij", see
1328:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936"
786:Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft
671:, the shifting of the frequency of
561:While in Berlin as an assistant to
540:Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft
2238:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1156:â a unit of electric dipole moment
1023:German invasion of the Netherlands
699:in Germany and, from 1938 onward,
25:
4782:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
647:, he developed an improvement of
491:agreed was simpler than his own.
483:in 1908. In 1910, he derived the
4935:Scientists from Ithaca, New York
2880:
2302: (archived March 7, 2008) â
2080:10.1179/174582310X12849808295706
1479:. Chemical Heritage Foundation.
1028:This hypothesis is contested by
895:Reich University Teachers League
759:War activities and controversies
751:In April 1966, Debye suffered a
442:Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus Debije
382:
362:
4995:Winners of the Max Planck Medal
1967:. Chemisch Weekblad (in Dutch).
1958:UU weer beschuldigd van censuur
1956:Arjan Dijkgraaf (20 June 2006)
1685:Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics
450:Aachen University of Technology
153:
5020:Max Planck Institute directors
4631:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
2522:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1503:Towson University Daily Digest
1317:, Random House, 2013: "Debye".
1067:American Philosophical Society
1:
5010:20th-century Dutch scientists
5005:20th-century Dutch physicists
4945:RWTH Aachen University alumni
4691:William John Macquorn Rankine
4621:Jean LĂ©onard Marie Poiseuille
1928:10.1126/science.312.5782.1858
1885:"Decision Cornell University"
1202:â A measure of disorder in a
1065:1936 â elected member of the
915:May 2006, which states that:
5030:Recipients of Franklin Medal
4955:Academic staff of ETH Zurich
4925:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
2411:Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
2127:"Peter Joseph William Debye"
1644:"Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debye"
1216:(originally named 1991 TR6).
1083:National Academy of Sciences
774:Einstein in the Netherlands.
693:Frederick William University
4346:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
2351:20th Century Press Archives
1707:American Journal of Physics
584:distribution in asymmetric
425:Nobel laureate in Chemistry
5046:
4950:Cornell University faculty
2265:â Institute of Chemistry,
1259:Rotational Brownian motion
1254:Method of steepest descent
1180:â A method of calculating
1111:
373:Peter Joseph William Debye
4825:
4671:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
4179:
2878:
1239:Electroacoustic phenomena
1095:National Medal of Science
874:(Felix van de Beek, 1998)
361:
352:
242:
233:National Medal of Science
184:Faraday Lectureship Prize
41:
3804:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
3083:Wendell Meredith Stanley
2663:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1805:. debye.uu.nl (in Dutch)
1764:10.1002/phbl.19880441104
1588:Chemical Industry Digest
1056:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
675:when they interact with
572:Scientific contributions
553:Family and personal life
526:in 1927, and in 1934 to
485:Planck radiation formula
219:William H. Nichols Medal
198:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4875:Dutch physical chemists
4681:Johann Heinrich Lambert
4581:Johann Heinrich Lambert
4446:Rolf Maximilian Sievert
1794:Gijs van Ginkel (2006)
1562:Ginkel, G. van (2006).
1427:Davies, Mansel (1970).
1314:Random House Dictionary
1220:LorenzâMieâDebye theory
1060:entry at nobelprize.org
924:It goes on to declare:
479:with a dissertation on
282:University of Göttingen
4930:People from Maastricht
4812:Evangelista Torricelli
4185:Nobel Prize recipients
4156:Physiology or Medicine
3968:Emmanuelle Charpentier
3956:M. Stanley Whittingham
2927:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
2590:Physiology or medicine
2562:Martinus J. G. Veltman
2530:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1540:10.1098/rsbm.1970.0007
1446:10.1098/rsbm.1970.0007
1299:10.1098/rsbm.1970.0007
1249:Magnetic refrigeration
1077:The Franklin Institute
875:
834:International response
782:Kaiser Wilhelm Society
740:, but was extended to
454:electrical engineering
5000:20th-century chemists
4920:Lorentz Medal winners
4885:Dutch Roman Catholics
4870:Dutch Nobel laureates
4712:Alexander Graham Bell
4611:Hans Christian Ărsted
4511:Anders Jonas Ă
ngström
4120:Carlos Saavedra Lamas
3338:Christian B. Anfinsen
2978:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
2051:10.1038/news.2010.656
1750:Physikalische BlÀtter
1244:Ion vibration current
1182:activity coefficients
1178:DebyeâHĂŒckel equation
935:University of Utrecht
879:Maastricht University
869:
657:DebyeâHĂŒckel equation
615:In 1913, he extended
524:University of Leipzig
487:using a method which
296:University of Leipzig
275:University of Utrecht
4705:Non-systematic units
4551:Carl Friedrich Gauss
4486:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
4396:James Prescott Joule
4000:Karl Barry Sharpless
3497:Dudley R. Herschbach
3322:Luis Federico Leloir
2546:Nicolaas Bloembergen
2157:search.amphilsoc.org
2153:"APS Member History"
1861:on December 23, 2007
1745:"Vor fĂŒnfzig Jahren"
508:University of Zurich
303:University of Berlin
268:University of Zurich
117:University of Munich
4601:James Clerk Maxwell
4145:Carl David Anderson
4139:Victor Francis Hess
3992:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
3904:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
3641:Jens Christian Skou
3609:F. Sherwood Rowland
3521:Charles J. Pedersen
3485:Herbert A. Hauptman
3178:Vincent du Vigneaud
2795:Richard WillstÀtter
2679:Jacobus van 't Hoff
1719:1990AmJPh..58..262S
1280:Davies, M. (1970).
1200:DebyeâWaller factor
984:2008 Terlouw report
641:DebyeâWaller factor
590:dielectric constant
205:Willard Gibbs Award
4436:Werner von Siemens
4295:André-Marie AmpÚre
4164:Henry Hallett Dale
3952:John B. Goodenough
3880:William E. Moerner
3760:Richard R. Schrock
3732:Roderick MacKinnon
3704:K. Barry Sharpless
3529:Johann Deisenhofer
3358:Geoffrey Wilkinson
3354:Ernst Otto Fischer
3278:Robert S. Mulliken
3214:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂœ
3162:Hermann Staudinger
2982:IrĂšne Joliot-Curie
2615:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2607:Christiaan Eijkman
2554:Simon van der Meer
2274:on Nobelprize.org
2133:. February 9, 2023
1963:2016-03-29 at the
1895:on January 9, 2007
1840:2007-09-27 at the
1820:2012-10-31 at the
1801:2007-02-25 at the
1508:2011-11-20 at the
1357:www.britannica.com
876:
708:Cornell University
633:crystalline solids
481:radiation pressure
343:George K. Fraenkel
310:Cornell University
4990:Plasma physicists
4842:
4841:
4366:Louis Harold Gray
4249:
4248:
4025:
4024:
4008:Moungi G. Bawendi
3928:Richard Henderson
3772:Roger D. Kornberg
3740:Aaron Ciechanover
3573:Rudolph A. Marcus
3477:Robert Merrifield
3413:Peter D. Mitchell
3186:Cyril Hinshelwood
2947:Friedrich Bergius
2871:Richard Zsigmondy
2787:Theodore Richards
2735:Ernest Rutherford
2625:
2624:
2464:Tjalling Koopmans
2447:Economic sciences
2267:Hebrew University
2248:978-0-684-10114-9
2219:alphachisigma.org
2182:www.nasonline.org
2114:978-0-226-20457-4
1882:Abruña, Héctor D.
1743:(November 1988).
1664:, December 2006,
1573:978-90-393-4284-8
1533:: 175â232. 1970.
1146:â A model of the
1036:Awards and honors
764:2006 controversy
629:X-ray diffraction
625:Arnold Sommerfeld
563:Arnold Sommerfeld
462:Arnold Sommerfeld
412:[dÉËbÉiÉ]
370:
369:
331:Doctoral students
325:Arnold Sommerfeld
244:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
5037:
4466:Alessandro Volta
4319:SI derived units
4276:
4269:
4262:
4253:
4187:
4052:
4045:
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4029:
4018:
4016:Alexei I. Ekimov
4002:
3996:Morten P. Meldal
3986:
3974:
3962:
3946:
3930:
3920:Jacques Dubochet
3914:
3898:
3882:
3866:
3850:
3844:Robert Lefkowitz
3838:
3830:
3814:
3808:Thomas A. Steitz
3798:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3756:Robert H. Grubbs
3750:
3734:
3722:
3706:
3679:
3677:Hideki Shirakawa
3663:
3655:
3643:
3627:
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3567:
3565:Richard R. Ernst
3559:
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3539:
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3507:
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3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3443:
3441:Frederick Sanger
3427:
3421:Herbert C. Brown
3415:
3407:
3399:
3397:William Lipscomb
3380:
3368:
3360:
3348:
3332:
3330:Gerhard Herzberg
3324:
3316:
3304:
3296:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3206:Frederick Sanger
3200:
3192:
3190:Nikolay Semyonov
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3144:
3142:Glenn T. Seaborg
3121:
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3085:
3069:
3067:Artturi Virtanen
3061:
3053:
3051:George de Hevesy
3045:
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2917:
2909:
2907:Heinrich Wieland
2901:
2899:Theodor Svedberg
2884:
2883:
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2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2711:Adolf von Baeyer
2705:
2697:
2695:Svante Arrhenius
2689:
2681:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2599:Willem Einthoven
2581:
2573:
2565:
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2549:
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2467:
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2304:Museum Boerhaave
2279:
2252:
2223:
2222:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2178:"Peter J. Debye"
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2149:
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2123:
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2033:
2027:
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2015:
2012:
2006:
1998:
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1986:
1980:
1979:, 24 March 2007.
1974:
1968:
1954:
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1947:
1911:
1905:
1904:
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1900:
1891:. Archived from
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1872:
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1857:. Archived from
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1681:Sime, Ruth Lewin
1678:
1672:
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1647:
1642:Williams, J. W.
1640:
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1600:
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1399:
1393:
1390:Leonard Ornstein
1386:
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1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
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1318:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1277:
1166:Debye relaxation
957:2007 NIOD report
908:Martinus Veltman
848:Max Planck medal
845:
738:synthetic rubber
723:molecular weight
712:Ithaca, New York
649:Svante Arrhenius
621:atomic structure
421:physical chemist
414:
409:
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404:
401:
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388:
379:
366:
320:Doctoral advisor
314:
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238:
237:
230:
223:
216:
212:Max Planck Medal
209:
202:
195:
188:
181:
157:
155:
146:Mathilde Alberer
131:Debye relaxation
87:Ithaca, New York
82:
79:November 2, 1966
63:
61:
46:
32:
21:
18:Peter J.W. Debye
5045:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5034:
4985:Spectroscopists
4845:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4821:
4792:Wilhelm Röntgen
4752:Michael Faraday
4700:
4661:
4650:
4571:Heinrich Kayser
4561:William Gilbert
4541:Galileo Galilei
4500:Non-SI metric (
4495:
4356:Michael Faraday
4326:Henri Becquerel
4314:
4283:
4280:
4250:
4245:
4183:
4175:
4166:(Great Britain)
4150:
4147:(United States)
4125:
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4103:(United States)
4082:
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4056:
4026:
4021:
4005:
3989:
3980:David MacMillan
3977:
3972:Jennifer Doudna
3965:
3949:
3933:
3917:
3908:Fraser Stoddart
3901:
3892:Paul L. Modrich
3885:
3869:
3853:
3841:
3833:
3828:Ei-ichi Negishi
3820:Richard F. Heck
3817:
3801:
3788:Osamu Shimomura
3785:
3777:
3769:
3753:
3737:
3725:
3709:
3696:William Knowles
3693:
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3673:Alan MacDiarmid
3666:
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3630:
3625:Richard Smalley
3614:
3601:Paul J. Crutzen
3598:
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3517:Jean-Marie Lehn
3510:
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3430:
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3394:
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3378:Vladimir Prelog
3371:
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3335:
3327:
3319:
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3299:
3283:
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3270:Robert Woodward
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3262:Dorothy Hodgkin
3259:
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3107:William Giauque
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3091:Robert Robinson
3088:
3075:James B. Sumner
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3042:
3041:
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3028:
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3022:Leopold RuĆŸiÄka
3018:Adolf Butenandt
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2955:Irving Langmuir
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2840:Frederick Soddy
2837:
2829:
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2808:
2807:
2801:
2800:
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2784:
2776:
2767:Victor Grignard
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2743:Wilhelm Ostwald
2740:
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2570:Gerard 't Hooft
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2528:
2520:
2514:Hendrik Lorentz
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2462:
2454:
2441:
2433:
2427:Paul J. Crutzen
2425:
2417:
2409:
2396:
2393:
2319:Debye Institute
2300:Wayback Machine
2287:Debye Biography
2263:Debye Biography
2259:
2249:
2234:
2231:
2229:Further reading
2226:
2213:
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1989:NRC Handelsblad
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1965:Wayback Machine
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1842:Wayback Machine
1832:
1828:
1822:Wayback Machine
1813:
1809:
1803:Wayback Machine
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1727:10.1119/1.16196
1704:
1703:
1699:
1679:
1675:
1658:G. van Ginkel,
1657:
1650:
1641:
1637:
1624:
1620:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1566:. s.l.: RIPCN.
1561:
1560:
1556:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1510:Wayback Machine
1501:
1494:
1487:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
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1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1307:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1235:
1204:crystal lattice
1160:Debye frequency
1120:Debye shielding
1116:
1110:
1101:Alpha Chi Sigma
1089:Priestley Medal
1038:
1007:
986:
959:
843:
836:
778:Albert Einstein
766:
761:
716:Alpha Chi Sigma
685:
598:Albert Einstein
574:
555:
496:Albert Einstein
438:
433:
407:
385:
381:
375:
345:
341:
337:
312:
308:
305:
301:
298:
294:
291:
287:
284:
280:
277:
273:
270:
235:
231:
228:
226:Priestley Medal
224:
221:
217:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
159:
156: 1913)
151:
147:
135:Debye frequency
133:
129:
115:
109:Alma mater
90:
84:
80:
71:
65:
59:
57:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5043:
5041:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4847:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4799:
4789:
4786:degree RĂ©aumur
4779:
4769:
4762:Heinrich Mache
4759:
4749:
4739:
4729:
4719:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4695:degree Rankine
4688:
4678:
4667:
4665:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4638:
4628:
4618:
4608:
4598:
4591:Samuel Langley
4588:
4578:
4568:
4558:
4548:
4538:
4528:
4518:
4507:
4505:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4483:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4423:
4413:
4403:
4393:
4386:Heinrich Hertz
4383:
4373:
4363:
4353:
4343:
4336:Anders Celsius
4333:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4167:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4142:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4101:Eugene O'Neill
4097:
4095:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4003:
3987:
3975:
3963:
3947:
3940:Gregory Winter
3936:Frances Arnold
3931:
3915:
3899:
3883:
3867:
3860:Michael Levitt
3856:Martin Karplus
3851:
3839:
3831:
3815:
3799:
3796:Roger Y. Tsien
3792:Martin Chalfie
3783:
3775:
3767:
3751:
3735:
3723:
3707:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3669:Alan J. Heeger
3664:
3656:
3644:
3637:John E. Walker
3628:
3612:
3596:
3588:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3540:
3537:Hartmut Michel
3524:
3513:Donald J. Cram
3508:
3492:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3453:Roald Hoffmann
3444:
3437:Walter Gilbert
3428:
3416:
3408:
3405:Ilya Prigogine
3400:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3374:John Cornforth
3369:
3361:
3349:
3342:Stanford Moore
3333:
3325:
3317:
3305:
3297:
3290:Ronald Norrish
3281:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3198:Alexander Todd
3193:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3145:
3138:Edwin McMillan
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3013:
3005:
2998:Norman Haworth
2993:
2985:
2973:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2938:
2930:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2832:Walther Nernst
2827:
2820:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2727:Eduard Buchner
2722:
2714:
2706:
2703:William Ramsay
2698:
2690:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2293:
2284:
2269:
2258:
2257:External links
2255:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2206:
2194:
2169:
2144:
2118:
2101:
2074:(3): 275â300.
2056:
2028:
2016:
2007:
1993:
1991:, 19 May 2007.
1981:
1969:
1949:
1922:(5782): 1858.
1906:
1889:Home.hetnet.nl
1873:
1846:
1826:
1807:
1787:
1778:
1741:Rechenberg, H.
1732:
1713:(3): 262â267.
1697:
1673:
1648:
1635:
1618:
1602:Sybe Rispens,
1592:
1579:
1572:
1554:
1514:
1492:
1485:
1460:
1416:
1394:
1381:
1369:
1344:
1332:NobelPrize.org
1319:
1305:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:Debye (crater)
1223:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1194:
1187:Debye function
1184:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1141:
1135:
1128:semiconductors
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:Franklin Medal
1069:
1063:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1019:Hermann Göring
1006:
1003:
985:
982:
958:
955:
940:Cees Andriesse
872:Dipole moments
835:
832:
765:
762:
760:
757:
746:macromolecules
684:
681:
669:Compton effect
573:
570:
554:
551:
494:In 1911, when
437:
434:
432:
429:
368:
367:
359:
358:
354:
353:
350:
349:
332:
328:
327:
322:
316:
315:
265:
261:
260:
251:
247:
246:
240:
239:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
149:
145:
144:
142:
138:
137:
124:
123:Known for
120:
119:
110:
106:
105:
96:
92:
91:
85:
83:(aged 82)
77:
73:
72:
66:
64:March 24, 1884
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5042:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4802:J. J. Thomson
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4531:Lorånd Eötvös
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4426:Blaise Pascal
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:SI base units
4286:
4277:
4272:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4079:(Netherlands)
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4017:
4013:
4012:Louis E. Brus
4009:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3984:Benjamin List
3981:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3960:Akira Yoshino
3957:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3924:Joachim Frank
3921:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3888:Tomas Lindahl
3884:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3864:Arieh Warshel
3861:
3857:
3852:
3849:
3848:Brian Kobilka
3845:
3840:
3837:
3836:Dan Shechtman
3832:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3812:Ada E. Yonath
3809:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3744:Avram Hershko
3741:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3720:Kurt WĂŒthrich
3717:
3716:Koichi Tanaka
3713:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3633:Paul D. Boyer
3629:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3585:Michael Smith
3582:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3545:Sidney Altman
3541:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3449:Kenichi Fukui
3445:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3346:William Stein
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3294:George Porter
3291:
3287:
3286:Manfred Eigen
3282:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3230:Melvin Calvin
3226:
3223:
3222:Willard Libby
3218:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3170:Linus Pauling
3166:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3154:Richard Synge
3151:
3150:Archer Martin
3146:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3099:Arne Tiselius
3095:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3079:John Northrop
3076:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2923:Arthur Harden
2919:
2916:
2915:Adolf Windaus
2911:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2848:Francis Aston
2844:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2779:Alfred Werner
2775:
2772:
2771:Paul Sabatier
2768:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2719:Henri Moissan
2715:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:Frits Zernike
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:Pieter Zeeman
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2456:Jan Tinbergen
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:â Session III
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
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1670:90-393-4284-9
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1191:heat capacity
1188:
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1173:
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1148:heat capacity
1145:
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1049:Rumford Medal
1046:
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1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:Debye the spy
1004:
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849:
844:this decision
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658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:Paul Scherrer
634:
630:
626:
622:
619:'s theory of
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
602:specific heat
600:'s theory of
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:dipole moment
571:
569:
566:
564:
559:
552:
550:
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543:
541:
537:
536:Lorentz Medal
533:
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497:
492:
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486:
482:
478:
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459:
458:eddy currents
455:
451:
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378:
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365:
360:
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340:
339:Paul Scherrer
336:
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227:
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213:
206:
199:
192:
191:Lorentz Medal
185:
178:
177:Rumford Medal
174:
170:
166:
162:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
103:United States
100:
97:
93:
88:
78:
74:
70:, Netherlands
69:
56:
52:
48:Debye in 1912
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
4732:Pierre Curie
4685:foot-lambert
4520:
4456:Nikola Tesla
4406:Isaac Newton
4376:Joseph Henry
4215:
4076:
3944:George Smith
3824:Akira Suzuki
3780:Gerhard Ertl
3764:Yves Chauvin
3712:John B. Fenn
3700:Ryoji Noyori
3687:2001âpresent
3661:Ahmed Zewail
3621:Harold Kroto
3605:Mario Molina
3533:Robert Huber
3505:John Polanyi
3489:Jerome Karle
3425:Georg Wittig
3310:Derek Barton
3302:Lars Onsager
3254:Giulio Natta
3250:Karl Ziegler
3242:John Kendrew
3010:Richard Kuhn
2989:
2935:Hans Fischer
2751:Otto Wallach
2687:Emil Fischer
2485:Tobias Asser
2418:
2332:â Session II
2281:
2236:
2218:
2209:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2130:
2121:
2104:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2040:
2037:Ball, Philip
2031:
2019:
2010:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1952:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1893:the original
1888:
1876:
1863:. Retrieved
1859:the original
1849:
1829:
1810:
1790:
1781:
1754:
1748:
1735:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1684:
1676:
1660:
1638:
1621:
1607:
1606:Ambo/Anthos
1603:
1587:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1475:
1436:
1432:
1407:. Retrieved
1397:
1384:
1378:IJ (digraph)
1372:
1362:December 26,
1360:. Retrieved
1356:
1347:
1337:December 26,
1335:. Retrieved
1331:
1322:
1312:
1308:
1289:
1285:
1214:minor planet
1172:Debye sheath
1138:Debye length
1132:electrolytes
1103:Hall of Fame
1027:
1015:Paul Rosbaud
1008:
997:
994:collaborator
989:
987:
978:
972:
969:
964:
963:
960:
944:
932:
929:unwarranted.
927:
926:
923:
920:allegations.
918:
917:
913:
905:
900:
899:
894:
890:
887:
882:
877:
871:
860:James Franck
856:Lise Meitner
852:Max von Laue
841:
837:
828:Max von Laue
820:
816:Lise Meitner
813:
809:
805:
796:
791:
790:
785:
773:
772:, entitled
770:Sybe Rispens
767:
753:heart attack
750:
734:World War II
720:
705:
697:Nazi Germany
686:
665:electrolytic
661:Lars Onsager
645:Erich HĂŒckel
631:patterns of
614:
593:
575:
567:
560:
556:
544:
522:in 1920, to
518:in 1913, to
514:in 1912, to
493:
466:
441:
439:
372:
371:
347:Fritz Zwicky
335:Lars Onsager
264:Institutions
243:
81:(1966-11-02)
29:
4865:1966 deaths
4860:1884 births
4855:Peter Debye
4772:John Napier
4742:John Dalton
4722:Marie Curie
4521:Peter Debye
4305:Lord Kelvin
4122:(Argentina)
4077:Peter Debye
4060:Nobel Prize
3912:Ben Feringa
3896:Aziz Sancar
3876:Stefan Hell
3872:Eric Betzig
3649:Walter Kohn
3617:Robert Curl
3593:George Olah
3581:Kary Mullis
3557:Elias Corey
3549:Thomas Cech
3501:Yuan T. Lee
3469:Henry Taube
3002:Paul Karrer
2990:Peter Debye
2970:Harold Urey
2856:Fritz Pregl
2817:Fritz Haber
2759:Marie Curie
2435:Ben Feringa
2419:Peter Debye
2326:â Session I
2272:Peter Debye
2116:, page 141.
1757:(11): 418.
1439:: 175â232.
1292:: 175â232.
1210:30852 Debye
1144:Debye model
1030:Philip Ball
973:Heil Hitler
947:Jan Terlouw
891:Heil Hitler
659:in 1926 by
653:electrolyte
610:Debye model
127:Debye model
113:RWTH Aachen
99:Netherlands
95:Citizenship
36:Peter Debye
4849:Categories
4675:Fahrenheit
4476:James Watt
4170:Otto Loewi
4088:Literature
3748:Irwin Rose
3728:Peter Agre
3653:John Pople
3461:Aaron Klug
3366:Paul Flory
3314:Odd Hassel
3238:Max Perutz
3119:Kurt Alder
3115:Otto Diels
2943:Carl Bosch
2578:Andre Geim
2314:Kennislink
1977:Volkskrant
1693:0520208609
1631:3897960486
1265:References
1112:See also:
902:maintained
823:Rechenberg
800:Maastricht
744:and other
683:Later work
617:Niels Bohr
520:ETH Zurich
489:Max Planck
446:Maastricht
436:Early life
289:ETH Zurich
68:Maastricht
60:1884-03-24
4662:customary
4416:Georg Ohm
4330:becquerel
4172:(Austria)
4141:(Austria)
4069:Chemistry
4062:laureates
3433:Paul Berg
3388:1976â2000
3129:1951â1975
3059:Otto Hahn
2890:1926â1950
2670:1901â1925
2659:Laureates
2402:Chemistry
1773:121893768
730:molecules
677:electrons
586:molecules
516:Göttingen
431:Biography
417:physicist
357:Signature
313:(1940â50)
306:(1934â39)
299:(1927â34)
292:(1920â27)
285:(1914â20)
278:(1912â14)
271:(1911â12)
258:chemistry
4796:roentgen
4673:(degree
4656:Imperial
4515:angstrom
4338:(degree
2096:45072312
2088:21465996
1961:Archived
1936:16809496
1899:July 25,
1865:July 11,
1838:Archived
1818:Archived
1799:Archived
1549:72952631
1506:Archived
1409:July 27,
1233:See also
742:proteins
377:ForMemRS
164:Children
4806:thomson
4756:faraday
4615:oersted
4605:maxwell
4595:langley
4585:lambert
4565:gilbert
4504:) units
4450:sievert
4440:siemens
4350:coulomb
4340:Celsius
4131:Physics
2661:of the
2497:Physics
2353:of the
2349:in the
2298:at the
2187:June 1,
2162:June 1,
2137:June 1,
1944:6571440
1916:Science
1715:Bibcode
1124:plasmas
1108:Eponyms
1099:1982 â
1093:1965 â
1087:1963 â
1071:1937 â
1054:1936 â
1047:1930 â
793:Hitler!
727:polymer
701:Austria
606:phonons
580:to the
512:Utrecht
504:Bohemia
473:Bavaria
254:Physics
158:
150:
4746:dalton
4635:stokes
4575:kayser
4535:eotvos
4430:pascal
4410:newton
4309:kelvin
4299:ampere
4006:2023:
3990:2022:
3978:2021:
3966:2020:
3950:2019:
3934:2018:
3918:2017:
3902:2016:
3886:2015:
3870:2014:
3854:2013:
3842:2012:
3834:2011:
3818:2010:
3802:2009:
3786:2008:
3778:2007:
3770:2006:
3754:2005:
3738:2004:
3726:2003:
3710:2002:
3694:2001:
3667:2000:
3659:1999:
3647:1998:
3631:1997:
3615:1996:
3599:1995:
3591:1994:
3579:1993:
3571:1992:
3563:1991:
3555:1990:
3543:1989:
3527:1988:
3511:1987:
3495:1986:
3483:1985:
3475:1984:
3467:1983:
3459:1982:
3447:1981:
3431:1980:
3419:1979:
3411:1978:
3403:1977:
3395:1976:
3372:1975:
3364:1974:
3352:1973:
3336:1972:
3328:1971:
3320:1970:
3308:1969:
3300:1968:
3284:1967:
3276:1966:
3268:1965:
3260:1964:
3248:1963:
3236:1962:
3228:1961:
3220:1960:
3212:1959:
3204:1958:
3196:1957:
3184:1956:
3176:1955:
3168:1954:
3160:1953:
3148:1952:
3136:1951:
3113:1950:
3105:1949:
3097:1948:
3089:1947:
3073:1946:
3065:1945:
3057:1944:
3049:1943:
3016:1939:
3008:1938:
2996:1937:
2988:1936:
2976:1935:
2968:1934:
2953:1932:
2941:1931:
2933:1930:
2921:1929:
2913:1928:
2905:1927:
2897:1926:
2869:1925:
2854:1923:
2846:1922:
2838:1921:
2830:1920:
2815:1918:
2793:1915:
2785:1914:
2777:1913:
2765:1912:
2757:1911:
2749:1910:
2741:1909:
2733:1908:
2725:1907:
2717:1906:
2709:1905:
2701:1904:
2693:1903:
2685:1902:
2677:1901:
2617:(1973)
2609:(1929)
2601:(1924)
2580:(2010)
2572:(1999)
2564:(1999)
2556:(1981)
2548:(1981)
2540:(1953)
2532:(1913)
2524:(1910)
2516:(1902)
2508:(1902)
2487:(1911)
2466:(1975)
2458:(1969)
2437:(2017)
2429:(1995)
2421:(1936)
2413:(1901)
2245:
2112:
2094:
2086:
2042:Nature
1942:
1934:
1771:
1691:
1668:
1629:
1613:
1570:
1547:
1483:
1455:769588
1453:
689:Berlin
673:X-rays
639:(the "
608:. See
594:debyes
582:charge
528:Berlin
500:Prague
469:Munich
423:, and
408:Dutch:
250:Fields
236:(1965)
229:(1963)
222:(1961)
215:(1950)
208:(1949)
201:(1936)
194:(1935)
187:(1933)
180:(1930)
172:Awards
141:Spouse
4776:neper
4766:Mache
4736:curie
4726:curie
4664:units
4625:poise
4555:gauss
4525:debye
4490:weber
4460:tesla
4400:joule
4390:hertz
4380:henry
4360:farad
4216:1936
4112:Peace
4058:1936
2476:Peace
2092:S2CID
2067:Ambix
1940:S2CID
1769:S2CID
1545:S2CID
1451:JSTOR
1154:Debye
1122:â In
1075:from
635:with
477:Ph.D.
440:Born
152:(
148:
4816:torr
4658:and
4645:rayl
4480:watt
4470:volt
4370:gray
4241:1941
4236:1940
4231:1939
4226:1938
4221:1937
4211:1935
4206:1934
4201:1933
4196:1932
4191:1931
4092:1936
3043:1942
3036:1941
3029:1940
2962:1933
2863:1924
2824:1919
2809:1917
2802:1916
2291:IUCr
2243:ISBN
2189:2023
2164:2023
2139:2023
2110:ISBN
2084:PMID
1932:PMID
1901:2012
1867:2006
1689:ISBN
1666:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1608:2006
1568:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1411:2015
1364:2021
1339:2021
1212:â A
1130:and
951:NIOD
858:and
419:and
89:, US
76:Died
54:Born
4716:bel
4545:gal
4502:cgs
4420:ohm
2355:ZBW
2076:doi
2047:doi
1924:doi
1920:312
1759:doi
1723:doi
1535:doi
1441:doi
1294:doi
1011:MI6
736:on
725:of
710:in
444:in
4851::
4834:·
4830:·
4660:US
4014:/
4010:/
3998:/
3994:/
3982:/
3970:/
3958:/
3954:/
3942:/
3938:/
3926:/
3922:/
3910:/
3906:/
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3890:/
3878:/
3874:/
3862:/
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3547:/
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3531:/
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3515:/
3503:/
3499:/
3487:/
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3435:/
3423:/
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3344:/
3340:/
3312:/
3292:/
3288:/
3252:/
3240:/
3188:/
3152:/
3140:/
3117:/
3081:/
3077:/
3020:/
3000:/
2980:/
2945:/
2925:/
2769:/
2289:â
2217:.
2180:.
2155:.
2129:.
2090:.
2082:.
2072:57
2070:.
2045:.
1938:.
1930:.
1918:.
1887:.
1767:.
1755:44
1753:.
1747:.
1721:.
1711:58
1709:.
1683:.
1651:^
1595:^
1543:.
1531:16
1529:.
1525:.
1495:^
1463:^
1449:.
1437:16
1435:.
1431:.
1419:^
1355:.
1330:.
1290:16
1288:.
1284:.
1272:^
1126:,
748:.
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679:.
612:.
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399:aÉȘ
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4724:(
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