1529:
1507:
966:
573:
74:
403:
467:
As his equipment for high-magnetic field research remained in
Cambridge (although later Ernest Rutherford negotiated with the British government the possibility of shipping it to the USSR), he changed the direction of his research to the study of low temperature phenomena, beginning with a critical
506:
on 8 January 1938 where he reported the absence of measurable viscosity in liquid helium-4 cooled below 1.8 K, Kapitza documented the properties of helium-4 superfluid in a series of papers. This was the body of work for which he was later awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physics, "basic inventions and
803:
660:"is your supervisor a human or a beast?" to which Shalnikov responded that he is a Centaurus, i.e. he can be human but also he can get angry and hit you with hooves like a horse. Kapitsa was married in 1927 to Anna Alekseyevna Krylova (1903-1996), daughter of applied mathematician
534:
about Beria's ignorance of physics and his arrogance. Stalin backed
Kapitsa, telling Beria he had to cooperate with the scientists. Kapitsa refused to meet Beria: "If you want to speak to me, then come to the Institute." Stalin offered to meet Kapitsa, but this never happened.
515:, where he developed his low-pressure expansion techniques for industrial purposes. He invented high power microwave generators (1950–1955) and discovered a new kind of continuous high pressure plasma discharge with electron temperatures over 1,000,000 K.
657:
510:
In 1939 he developed a new method for liquefaction of air with a low-pressure cycle using a special high-efficiency expansion turbine. Consequently, during World War II he was assigned to head the
Department of Oxygen Industry attached to the
818:
3404:
3419:
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823:
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Kapitsa had the ear of people high up in the Soviet government, due to the usefulness to industry of his discoveries, regularly writing letters on matters of science policy. In particular, he saved both
3434:
483:, in part using equipment which the Soviet government bought from the Mond Laboratory in Cambridge (with the assistance of Rutherford, once it was clear that Kapitsa would not be permitted to return).
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Immediately after the war, a group of prominent Soviet scientists (including
Kapitsa in particular) lobbied the government to create a new technical university, the
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461:. In 1928 he discovered the linear relation between resistivity and magnetic field strength in various metals under very strong magnetic fields.
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668:(1928–2012) was a physicist and demographer. Kapitsa was also the host of the popular and long-running Russian scientific TV show
464:
In 1934 Kapitsa returned to Russia to visit his parents but the Soviet Union prevented him from travelling back to Great
Britain.
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analysis of the existing methods for achieving low temperatures. In 1934 he developed new and original apparatus (based on the
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33:
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596:" and was also cited for his long term role as a leader in the development of this area. He shared the prize with
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1538:
569:, "Thirty-two years" replied Kapitza. Within moments the servant returned, not with any gown, but Kapitsa's own.
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1407:
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1055:"Ilustrul savant rus de origine basarabeană, academicianul Serghei Petrovici Capița, împlinește azi 80 de ani"
1054:
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2008:
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2016:
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1214:
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Kora
Drobantseva's memoirs, "The way we lived"; Академик Ландау: как мы жили: воспоминания Москва 2011
176:
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in 1918. His wife and two children died in the flu epidemic of 1918–19. He subsequently studied in
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that Landau was the only one who would be able to solve an important physics puzzle of the time.
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Jubilee Medal "In
Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
542:. Kapitsa taught there for many years. From 1957, he was also a member of the presidium of the
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1992:
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is the thermal resistance (which causes a temperature discontinuity) at the interface between
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329:
101:
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3015:
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2115:
2024:
1935:
1865:
1671:
1427:
1162:
1084:
912:
761:
653:
577:
392:
321:
281:
572:
3043:
3035:
2999:
2863:
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2751:
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2506:
2422:
2414:
2351:
2323:
2239:
2143:
1955:
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1623:
1611:
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681:
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is a dimensionless number characterizing the flow of thin films of fluid down an incline.
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519:
415:
296:
225:
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and at his death in 1984 was the only presidium member who was not also a member of the
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705:
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565:. He asked to borrow one, but a college servant asked him when he last dined at
407:
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676:(1931–2011) was a geographer. He was credited with the discovery and naming of
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2255:
2191:
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1984:
1900:
1790:
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37:
3063:
17:
2343:
2315:
2151:
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344:
916:
446:. He was the first director (1930–34) of the Mond Laboratory in Cambridge.
1501:
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401:
901:(1985). "Piotr Leonidovich Kapitza. 9 July 1894 – 8 April 1984".
652:
Pyotr
Kapitsa had the nickname "Centaurus". This arose when once
418:, in which he served as an ambulance driver for two years on the
3405:
Academic staff of the Moscow
Institute of Physics and Technology
1358:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
523:
3067:
1556:
819:
Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
449:
In the 1920s he originated techniques for creating ultrastrong
553:
In 1966 Kapitsa was allowed to visit Cambridge to receive the
3420:
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
351:
laureate, whose research focused on low-temperature physics.
3390:
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University alumni
3495:
Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
824:
Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"
486:
In Russia, Kapitsa began a series of experiments to study
592:"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of
580:, the physics and chemistry Nobel laureates (portrait by
1243:
Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History
1117:"Cavendish Laboratory : Portrait of Pyotr Kapitza"
630:
effect consisting of the diffraction of electrons by a
3435:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
490:. This research culminated with the 1937 discovery of
457:
for brief periods into specially constructed air-core
507:
discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics".
340:
26 June] 1894 – 8 April 1984) was a leading
904:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
3475:
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
3440:
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
3233:
3202:
3171:
3146:
3122:
3103:
2704:
2361:
2050:
1828:
1594:
292:
280:
270:
260:
186:
156:
148:
134:
112:
83:
57:
3360:People from the Russian Empire of Romanian descent
1329:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 – Press Release"
1265:"Dr Peter Kapitza expected in Britain next month"
3490:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
3355:People from the Russian Empire of Polish descent
1512:Plasma and the Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction
1057:(in Romanian). MDN News Magazine. Archived from
688:, which lies 4,000 meters below the continent's
979:"Alsos: Browse Results: People: Kapitza, Peter"
27:Soviet physicist and Nobel Laureate (1894–1984)
3480:Niels Bohr International Gold Medal recipients
743:in 1982, is named after him. He was elected a
3079:
1568:
1510:including the Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1978
1087:Remarkable Physicists: From Galileo to Yukawa
8:
3415:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
502:). Beginning with a letter to the editor of
1038:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
1015:Polish Armorial Middle Ages to 20th Century
383:who constructed fortifications, and to the
3086:
3072:
3064:
1575:
1561:
1553:
1527:
1505:
964:
540:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
414:Kapitsa's studies were interrupted by the
406:Kapitsa, standing leftmost with Professor
72:
54:
3445:Russian military personnel of World War I
3410:Academic staff of Moscow State University
1166:
747:. In 1958 he was elected a Member of the
745:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1929
3430:Fellows of the American Physical Society
664:. They had two sons, Sergey and Andrey.
561:, he found he did not have the required
518:In November 1945 Kapitsa quarreled with
1517:Newspaper clippings about Pyotr Kapitsa
1121:University of Cambridge Digital Library
1091:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
956:
954:
887:
829:Order of the Partisan Star (Yugoslavia)
472:) for making significant quantities of
3465:Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
1245:. Cambridge University Press. p. 212.
1315: – via newspapers.com
1283: – via newspapers.com
893:
891:
749:German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
7:
3395:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
1535:Papers of Piotr Leonidovich Kapitza
1408:"The Top-Secret Life of Lev Landau"
1331:. Nobel Prize.org. 17 October 1978.
557:. While dining at his old college,
3425:Members of the Royal Irish Academy
3370:Physicists from the Russian Empire
1143:"Prof. P. Kapitza and the U.S.S.R"
430:, working for over ten years with
25:
3510:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal
3365:Inventors from the Russian Empire
1432:10.1038/scientificamerican0897-72
1191:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978"
814:Medal "For the Defence of Moscow"
798:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
424:Petrograd Polytechnical Institute
410:(seated fourth from left) in 1915
387:Olga Ieronimovna Kapitsa, from a
3470:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
1453:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
1263:Tucker, Anthony (4 April 1966).
715:Kapitsa died on 8 April 1984 in
395:, the Kapitsa family also spoke
3385:University and college founders
1379:"Andrey Kapitsa dies in Moscow"
481:Institute for Physical Problems
442:, and founding the influential
3460:Recipients of the Stalin Prize
794:(1943, 1944, 1945, 1964, 1971)
604:, who won for discovering the
1:
3350:People from Petergofsky Uyezd
1153:(3418): 755–756. 1 May 1935.
34:Eastern Slavic naming customs
3500:Recipients of Franklin Medal
3400:Fellows of the Royal Society
1384:Russian Geographical Society
1521:20th Century Press Archives
764:, 1st class (1941 and 1943)
606:cosmic microwave background
494:(another expression of the
3526:
3455:Heroes of Socialist Labour
3450:Nobel laureates in Physics
1451:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2013)
555:Rutherford Medal and Prize
544:Soviet Academy of Sciences
528:Soviet atomic bomb project
391:Stebnicki family. Besides
371:Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa (
234:Rutherford Medal and Prize
32:In this name that follows
31:
3252:
1539:Churchill Archives Centre
1406:Gorelik, Gennady (1997).
1354:"Kalinga Prize Laureates"
1123:. University of Cambridge
948:. Encyclopædia Britannica
946:Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa
809:Medal "Veteran of Labour"
513:USSR Council of Ministers
325:
309:Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa
302:
253:
88:Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa
71:
64:
1305:. 5 May 1966. p. 10
1044:, 1890–1907 (in Russian)
846:Basic oxygen steelmaking
756:Hero of Socialist Labour
656:asked Kapitsas' student
588:In 1978 Kapitsa won the
422:. He graduated from the
1317:(subscription required)
1285:(subscription required)
1215:Montefiore, Simon Sebag
1034:Stebnytski noble family
670:Evident, but Incredible
594:low-temperature physics
440:University of Cambridge
377:Leonid Petrovici Capița
275:Moscow State University
3375:Soviet Nobel laureates
3258:Nobel Prize recipients
3204:Physiology or Medicine
3139:(Poland/United States)
1588:Nobel Prize in Physics
917:10.1098/rsbm.1985.0012
768:Nobel Prize in Physics
708:of the 1930s, telling
590:Nobel Prize in Physics
585:
411:
376:
333:
326:Пётр Леонидович Капица
242:Nobel Prize in Physics
3345:People from Kronstadt
3193:Robert Woodrow Wilson
3137:Isaac Bashevis Singer
861:Quantum hydrodynamics
602:Robert Woodrow Wilson
575:
526:and in charge of the
405:
1455:. Springer. p. 287.
1017:. — Gdańsk: L&L
786:Simon Memorial Prize
774:Lomonosov Gold Medal
623:Kapitsa–Dirac effect
436:Cavendish Laboratory
359:Kapitsa was born in
218:Lomonosov Gold Medal
181:Kapitsa–Dirac effect
139:Novodevichy Cemetery
78:Kapitsa in the 1930s
1424:1997SciAm.277b..72G
1412:Scientific American
1297:"Carry on Jeeveski"
1159:1935Natur.135..755.
741:Lyudmila Karachkina
576:Kapitsa (left) and
498:that gives rise to
479:Kapitsa formed the
470:adiabatic principle
336:; 9 July [
165:Kapitza instability
3505:Russian scientists
3187:Arno Allan Penzias
1504:on Nobelprize.org
1478:www.leopoldina.org
1061:on 29 October 2013
963:on Nobelprize.org
710:Vyacheslav Molotov
628:quantum mechanical
613:Kapitsa resistance
598:Arno Allan Penzias
586:
453:by injecting high
412:
177:Kapitza's pendulum
173:Kapitza resistance
3380:Soviet physicists
3322:
3321:
3235:Economic Sciences
3224:Hamilton O. Smith
3113:Peter D. Mitchell
3061:
3060:
1474:"List of Members"
1102:978-0-521-01706-0
1023:978-83-60597-10-1
989:on 28 August 2006
876:Kapitza Institute
866:Reynolds equation
723:Honors and awards
620:and a solid. The
500:superconductivity
432:Ernest Rutherford
381:military engineer
306:
305:
293:Doctoral students
255:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
3517:
3260:
3243:Herbert A. Simon
3115:(United Kingdom)
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1716:Kamerlingh Onnes
1710:
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1239:Graham, Loren R.
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1168:10.1038/135755a0
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985:. Archived from
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968:
958:
949:
943:
937:
936:
895:
735:, discovered by
654:Artem Alikhanian
578:Nikolay Semyonov
327:
319:
282:Doctoral advisor
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3245:(United States)
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2647:Cohen-Tannoudji
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2141:
2129:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1913:
1907:
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1894:
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1590:
1581:
1546:discography at
1498:
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1471:
1467:
1450:
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1387:. 3 August 2011
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1199:
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944:
940:
897:
896:
889:
884:
851:Bipolar battery
837:
780:Cothenius Medal
758:(1945 and 1974)
725:
719:at the age 89.
706:Stalin's purges
682:subglacial lake
650:
582:Boris Kustodiev
548:Communist Party
520:Lavrentiy Beria
496:state of matter
451:magnetic fields
416:First World War
357:
315:
297:David Shoenberg
249:
244:
236:
228:
226:Cothenius Medal
220:
212:
204:
196:
179:
175:
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167:
163:
130:
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93:
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28:
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15:
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11:
5:
3523:
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3497:
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3407:
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3397:
3392:
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3362:
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3327:
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3306:
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3253:
3250:
3249:
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3221:
3218:Daniel Nathans
3215:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3183:(Soviet Union)
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3162:Menachem Begin
3159:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3039:
3023:
3007:
2991:
2975:
2959:
2943:
2927:
2915:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2859:
2847:
2831:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2775:
2759:
2743:
2727:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2682:
2670:
2654:
2638:
2622:
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2586:
2578:
2570:
2554:
2538:
2522:
2510:
2494:
2486:
2474:
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2454:
2438:
2426:
2410:
2394:
2383:P. W. Anderson
2378:
2365:
2363:
2359:
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2356:
2355:
2339:
2327:
2311:
2295:
2287:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2227:
2211:
2204:Goeppert Mayer
2195:
2187:
2175:
2167:
2155:
2139:
2127:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2079:
2067:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1931:
1928:C. D. Anderson
1919:
1911:
1904:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1861:
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1496:External links
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1195:NobelPrize.org
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841:Ball lightning
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826:
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806:
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795:
792:Order of Lenin
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
724:
721:
680:, the largest
674:Andrey Kapitsa
666:Sergey Kapitsa
662:Aleksey Krylov
649:
646:
641:Kapitza number
636:fluid dynamics
522:, head of the
459:electromagnets
365:Russian Empire
356:
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169:Kapitza number
158:
157:Known for
154:
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136:
132:
131:
122:
120:(aged 89)
114:
110:
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106:Russian Empire
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3485:Superfluidity
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3244:
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3216:
3214:(Switzerland)
3213:
3210:
3209:
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3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:Pyotr Kapitsa
3179:
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3075:
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3024:
3021:
3017:
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3008:
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2989:
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2635:R. Richardson
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2472:
2468:
2467:Chandrasekhar
2463:
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2249:
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2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1940:G. P. Thomson
1937:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1858:O. Richardson
1854:
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1733:
1728:
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1712:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1692:Van der Waals
1688:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1656:J. J. Thomson
1652:
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1578:
1573:
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1566:
1564:
1559:
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1549:
1545:
1544:Pyotr Kapitsa
1542:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1502:Pyotr Kapitsa
1500:
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1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:0-521-28789-8
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:, pp. 446–7.
1220:
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1024:
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1016:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1001:
988:
984:
983:alsos.wlu.edu
980:
974:
971:
967:
962:
961:Pyotr Kapitsa
957:
955:
951:
947:
942:
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934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:
900:
899:Shoenberg, D.
894:
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872:
869:
867:
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862:
859:
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854:
852:
849:
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839:
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834:
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827:
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822:
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815:
812:
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802:
799:
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787:
784:
781:
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769:
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750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
722:
720:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:Vladimir Fock
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:Personal life
647:
645:
643:
642:
637:
634:of light. In
633:
632:standing wave
629:
625:
624:
619:
618:liquid helium
615:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
583:
579:
574:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
536:
533:
532:Joseph Stalin
530:, writing to
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:superfluidity
489:
488:liquid helium
484:
482:
477:
475:
474:liquid helium
471:
465:
462:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
409:
404:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
354:
352:
350:
346:
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
318:
314:
313:Peter Kapitza
310:
301:
298:
295:
291:
288:
285:
283:
279:
276:
273:
269:
266:
263:
259:
256:
252:
243:
240:
235:
232:
227:
224:
219:
216:
211:
208:
203:
202:Faraday Medal
200:
195:
192:
191:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:Superfluidity
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:
140:
137:
135:Resting place
133:
129:
125:
115:
111:
107:
103:
86:
82:
75:
70:
63:
59:Pyotr Kapitsa
56:
51:
47:
44: and the
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
18:Peter Kapitza
3288:
3212:Werner Arber
3180:
2491:von Klitzing
2483:Van der Meer
2398:
1511:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:
1468:
1452:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1418:(2): 72–77.
1415:
1411:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1382:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1348:
1337:
1323:
1307:. Retrieved
1302:The Guardian
1300:
1291:
1275:. Retrieved
1270:The Guardian
1268:
1258:
1242:
1234:
1219:Young Stalin
1218:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:
1185:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1120:
1111:
1086:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:the original
1049:
1029:
1009:Tadeusz Gajl
1007:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
987:the original
982:
973:
941:
908:
902:
871:Kapitza Club
856:Cliodynamics
762:Stalin Prize
733:3437 Kapitsa
729:minor planet
726:
714:
694:
669:
651:
639:
621:
611:
610:
587:
552:
537:
517:
509:
503:
485:
478:
466:
463:
448:
444:Kapitza club
420:Polish front
413:
389:noble Polish
358:
334:Petre Capița
312:
308:
307:
271:Institutions
254:
128:Soviet Union
118:(1984-04-08)
116:8 April 1984
49:
41:
29:
3340:1984 deaths
3335:1894 births
3156:Anwar Sadat
3096:Nobel Prize
2535:Steinberger
2451:K. Siegbahn
2443:Bloembergen
2164:Chamberlain
1897:Schrödinger
1807:M. Siegbahn
1736:W. H. Bragg
1732:W. L. Bragg
1273:. p. 4
1081:James, Ioan
911:: 326–374.
739:astronomer
678:Lake Vostok
408:Abram Ioffe
369:Bessarabian
287:Abram Ioffe
149:Citizenship
98:9 July 1894
66:Пётр Капица
46:family name
42:Leonidovich
3329:Categories
3124:Literature
3052:L'Huillier
3016:Hasselmann
2972:Strickland
2940:Kosterlitz
2864:Perlmutter
2603:Brockhouse
2308:Schrieffer
2180:Hofstadter
2132:C. N. Yang
1889:Heisenberg
1866:De Broglie
1461:3662066157
1227:1400096138
1127:12 October
1042:Wikisource
882:References
702:Lev Landau
686:Antarctica
567:high table
94:1894-07-09
38:patronymic
3105:Chemistry
3098:laureates
3036:Zeilinger
2856:Novoselov
2824:Kobayashi
2748:Abrikosov
2595:J. Taylor
2575:de Gennes
2567:R. Taylor
2459:K. Wilson
2407:R. Wilson
2391:Van Vleck
2362:1976–2000
2352:Rainwater
2348:Mottelson
2324:Josephson
2272:Gell-Mann
2236:Schwinger
2224:Prokhorov
2184:Mössbauer
2144:Cherenkov
2136:T. D. Lee
2060:Cockcroft
2051:1951–1975
1850:C. Wilson
1829:1926–1950
1775:Guillaume
1664:Michelson
1624:Becquerel
1595:1901–1925
1584:Laureates
658:Shalnikov
385:Volhynian
367:, to the
361:Kronstadt
355:Biography
345:physicist
102:Kronstadt
3164:(Israel)
3044:Agostini
2932:Thouless
2924:McDonald
2912:Nakamura
2880:Wineland
2812:Grünberg
2768:Politzer
2752:Ginzburg
2740:Giacconi
2720:Ketterle
2675:'t Hooft
2659:Laughlin
2651:Phillips
2631:Osheroff
2559:Friedman
2531:Schwartz
2527:Lederman
2447:Schawlow
2423:Weinberg
2232:Tomonaga
2124:Brattain
2116:Shockley
2025:Blackett
2017:Appleton
2009:Bridgman
1956:Lawrence
1936:Davisson
1916:Chadwick
1799:Millikan
1783:Einstein
1672:Lippmann
1640:Rayleigh
1632:M. Curie
1628:P. Curie
1537:held at
1437:30 April
1391:4 August
1363:17 March
1309:16 March
1277:16 March
1200:11 April
1083:(2004).
1065:21 April
933:57746295
835:See also
584:, 1921).
397:Romanian
373:Romanian
330:Romanian
3173:Physics
3158:(Egypt)
3032:Clauser
2996:Penrose
2980:Peebles
2936:Haldane
2904:Akasaki
2892:Englert
2884:Haroche
2868:Schmidt
2828:Maskawa
2780:Glauber
2772:Wilczek
2756:Leggett
2736:Koshiba
2716:Cornell
2707:present
2691:Kroemer
2687:Alferov
2679:Veltman
2663:Störmer
2583:Charpak
2563:Kendall
2547:Dehmelt
2515:Bednorz
2415:Glashow
2403:Penzias
2399:Kapitsa
2371:Richter
2344:A. Bohr
2320:Giaever
2300:Bardeen
2264:Alvarez
2248:Kastler
2240:Feynman
2120:Bardeen
2084:Zernike
2076:Purcell
1846:Compton
1791:N. Bohr
1680:Marconi
1612:Lorentz
1604:Röntgen
1586:of the
1548:Discogs
1523:of the
1519:in the
1483:7 April
1420:Bibcode
1217:(2008)
1177:4113390
1155:Bibcode
993:7 April
690:ice cap
559:Trinity
504:Science
455:current
438:at the
434:in the
428:Britain
393:Russian
322:Russian
265:Physics
50:Kapitsa
3048:Krausz
3042:2023:
3028:Aspect
3026:2022:
3020:Manabe
3012:Parisi
3010:2021:
3000:Genzel
2994:2020:
2988:Queloz
2978:2019:
2968:Mourou
2964:Ashkin
2962:2018:
2956:Thorne
2952:Barish
2946:2017:
2930:2016:
2920:Kajita
2918:2015:
2902:2014:
2890:2013:
2878:2012:
2862:2011:
2850:2010:
2834:2009:
2818:2008:
2806:2007:
2796:Mather
2794:2006:
2788:Hänsch
2778:2005:
2762:2004:
2746:2003:
2730:2002:
2724:Wieman
2714:2001:
2685:2000:
2673:1999:
2657:1998:
2641:1997:
2627:D. Lee
2625:1996:
2619:Reines
2613:1995:
2601:1994:
2589:1993:
2581:1992:
2573:1991:
2557:1990:
2543:Ramsey
2541:1989:
2525:1988:
2519:Müller
2513:1987:
2507:Rohrer
2503:Binnig
2497:1986:
2489:1985:
2479:Rubbia
2477:1984:
2471:Fowler
2465:1983:
2457:1982:
2441:1981:
2431:Cronin
2429:1980:
2413:1979:
2397:1978:
2381:1977:
2369:1976:
2342:1975:
2336:Hewish
2330:1974:
2314:1973:
2304:Cooper
2298:1972:
2290:1971:
2280:Alfvén
2278:1970:
2270:1969:
2262:1968:
2254:1967:
2246:1966:
2230:1965:
2216:Townes
2214:1964:
2208:Jensen
2200:Wigner
2198:1963:
2192:Landau
2190:1962:
2178:1961:
2172:Glaser
2170:1960:
2158:1959:
2142:1958:
2130:1957:
2114:1956:
2102:1955:
2090:1954:
2082:1953:
2070:1952:
2064:Walton
2058:1951:
2041:Powell
2039:1950:
2033:Yukawa
2031:1949:
2023:1948:
2015:1947:
2007:1946:
1999:1945:
1991:1944:
1983:1943:
1954:1939:
1946:1938:
1934:1937:
1922:1936:
1914:1935:
1895:1933:
1887:1932:
1872:1930:
1864:1929:
1856:1928:
1844:1927:
1838:Perrin
1836:1926:
1815:Franck
1813:1925:
1805:1924:
1797:1923:
1789:1922:
1781:1921:
1773:1920:
1765:1919:
1759:Planck
1757:1918:
1751:Barkla
1749:1917:
1730:1915:
1722:1914:
1714:1913:
1706:1912:
1698:1911:
1690:1910:
1678:1909:
1670:1908:
1662:1907:
1654:1906:
1648:Lenard
1646:1905:
1638:1904:
1622:1903:
1616:Zeeman
1610:1902:
1602:1901:
1459:
1249:
1241:1994.
1225:
1175:
1147:Nature
1099:
1095:–327.
1021:
1011:(2007)
931:
925:769929
923:
800:(1954)
788:(1973)
782:(1959)
776:(1959)
770:(1978)
737:Soviet
717:Moscow
638:, the
342:Soviet
261:Fields
245:(1978)
237:(1966)
229:(1959)
221:(1959)
213:(1944)
205:(1942)
197:(1929)
187:Awards
143:Moscow
124:Moscow
36:, the
3289:1978
3148:Peace
3094:1978
2984:Mayor
2948:Weiss
2908:Amano
2896:Higgs
2872:Riess
2844:Smith
2840:Boyle
2820:Nambu
2800:Smoot
2764:Gross
2732:Davis
2705:2001–
2695:Kilby
2607:Shull
2591:Hulse
2499:Ruska
2435:Fitch
2419:Salam
2316:Esaki
2292:Gabor
2256:Bethe
2220:Basov
2160:Segrè
2148:Frank
2108:Kusch
2096:Bothe
2072:Bloch
2001:Pauli
1985:Stern
1948:Fermi
1901:Dirac
1874:Raman
1819:Hertz
1767:Stark
1708:Dalén
1684:Braun
1173:S2CID
1036:from
929:S2CID
921:JSTOR
704:from
626:is a
379:), a
349:Nobel
3314:1983
3309:1982
3304:1981
3299:1980
3294:1979
3284:1977
3279:1976
3274:1975
3269:1974
3264:1973
3128:1978
3004:Ghez
2852:Geim
2808:Fert
2784:Hall
2667:Tsui
2615:Perl
2551:Paul
2387:Mott
2375:Ting
2332:Ryle
2284:Néel
2152:Tamm
2104:Lamb
2092:Born
1993:Rabi
1977:1942
1970:1941
1963:1940
1924:Hess
1908:1934
1881:1931
1743:1916
1724:Laue
1700:Wien
1485:2018
1457:ISBN
1439:2022
1393:2011
1365:2011
1311:2019
1279:2019
1247:ISBN
1223:ISBN
1202:2023
1129:2022
1097:ISBN
1067:2009
1019:ISBN
995:2018
700:and
600:and
563:gown
524:NKVD
347:and
338:O.S.
152:USSR
113:Died
84:Born
2836:Kao
2643:Chu
1525:ZBW
1428:doi
1416:277
1163:doi
1151:135
1093:320
1040:at
913:doi
684:in
317:FRS
311:or
194:FRS
48:is
40:is
3331::
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