29:
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function. A reconfigured control system included an autopilot and the engineers redesigned portions of the electrical system. The engines were changed to the more powerful AM-34FRNVs and a redesigned undercarriage was fitted to the airframe. Two additional fuel tanks increased the craft's range. The defensive and offensive armament was revised, and the bomber's weaponry expanded to twin ShKAS guns in the nose, nacelle barbettes and tail turrets and a dorsal turret with a ShVAK; this design eliminated the ventral gun. The bomb bay was modified to allow for a single 5,000-kilogram (11,000 lb)
374:
370:
engines were evaluated. Somewhere in the massive Soviet chain of command, the decision was made to proceed without the superchargers. The unavailability of the Klimov M-100 engine of the ATsN-2 installation required a design change, although this modification allowed a commander and radio operator to be carried in its place. Then, to compound the problem further, the production of AM-34FRNV engines ended in the second half of 1939. Only two or four Pe-8s were equipped with them. Eighteen of the aircraft produced by the end of 1940 were fitted with AM-35A engines.
671:. Aviation historian Yefim Gordon maintains that the Pe-8 flew its last mission on the night of 1–2 August 1944, but the Statistical Digest of the VVS contradicts this claim, showing 31 Pe-8s assigned to 45th DBAD on 1 January 1945 and 32 on hand on 10 May 1945. However, during this period the 45th DBAD only had three regiments, none of which used the Pe-8 as their primary aircraft, so while the 45th DBAD may have had Pe-8s, these may not have been in use as the primary combat aircraft.
730:
333:
testing identified a problem with the aerodynamics of the radiators and nacelles. To solve this problem, the outer engines' radiators were moved into deep ducts under the inner nacelles. The Pe-8 now featured only two pronounced radiator intakes, one under each inner engine, each shared by both inner and outer engines, one of the distinctive and unique features of the aircraft. The rudder was also enlarged and redesigned with a smooth skin.
650:, commander of IV./NJG 5, claimed to have shot down three himself. The exhaust plume of the ASh-82 engine may have been a contributing factor; the engines lacked flame dampening exhausts, making their plume visible from a distance. Despite its losses, the 746th was re-designated as the 25th Long-Range Guards Aviation Regiment (GAPDD) on 18 September 1943 in recognition of its achievements.
400:. At least nine Pe-8s were fitted with diesel engines in 1941, but neither the ACh-30 nor the M-40 were entirely satisfactory, despite greatly increasing the range of the aircraft. All surviving Pe-8s were re-engined with AM-35As by the end of 1941. Production continued slowly at Factory No. 124; most of the factory's resources were devoted to the higher-priority
348:, disrupted the program and the second prototype did not make its first flight until 26 July 1938. Although this prototype served as the basis for the series aircraft, further modifications were made to the armament. New weaponry included a retractable ShVAK in the MV-6 dorsal turret, another ShVAK in a KEB tail turret and a 12.7-millimeter (0.50 in)
412:
aircraft's defensive capability. At the end of 1943, the nose turret was deleted in favor of a manually operated ShKAS machine gun in a more streamlined nose. This version of the aircraft proved to have much the same range as the diesel-engined versions, but reliability was greatly improved. Production of the Pe-8s totaled 93.
658:
The loss of Pe-8s to all causes—mechanical, combat, friendly fire—had steadily increased from one aircraft per 103 flights in 1942 to one per 46 sorties in 1944. Despite the losses, production kept pace with need. The number of aircraft belonging to the 45th DBAD continued to rise; 20 were on hand on
207:
heavy bomber. These requirements specified a bomber that could carry 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) of bombs 4,500 km (2,800 mi) at a speed greater than 440 km/h (270 mph) at an altitude of 10,000 metres (32,808 ft), figures that were twice the range, speed and service ceiling
542:
and dropped 606 tonnes (596 long tons; 668 short tons) of bombs. In the course of these missions, they lost 14 bombers, five in combat, and the rest from engine malfunction. The regiment received 17 Pe-8s as replacements. Sixteen aircraft were on hand on 1 May 1942, but the number had increased only
369:
Engine supply problems complicated the construction of the aircraft. Production of the ATsN superchargers could not be organized in any systematic way and only the first four Pe-8s were equipped with them. Factory No. 124 shut down its Pe-8 production line at the beginning of 1940 while alternative
356:
in each inner engine nacelle, on the underside of the wing covering the lower rear arc of fire to left and right, respectively. Another fuel tank further increased the range, and the 'beard' was removed entirely, replaced by a more streamlined nose. Authorization for production was slow for several
454:
ordered that the squadron be reformed into a regiment, and that it strike targets deep inside German territory. Theoretically, this tactic would boost Soviet morale by demonstrating the vulnerability of the enemy. The squadron was re-designated on 29 June as the 412th TBAP and began training for
601:
was a favorite target and the regiment dropped approximately 606 tonnes (596 long tons; 668 short tons) of bombs there between
February and September 1943. It is not clear if these sorties were made by Pe-8s alone or in combination with other aircraft. In addition, the regiment dropped the first
332:
on 27 December 1936. After successful initial trials, the ATsN system was installed for the State acceptance trials in August 1937 and the AM-34RNB engines were fitted during the tests. Gromov reported that the rudder was ineffective and that the outer engines overheated. Subsequent wind tunnel
681:
in the spring of 1944 and was itself re-designated as the 890th Bomber
Aviation Regiment on 26 December 1944. The 362nd APDD was formed in early 1944 with four Pe-8s received from the other two regiments, but these were returned in the spring of 1944, when the regiment began to convert to the
498:
punctured a fuel tank. He crash-landed his aircraft in southern
Estonia. Five more Pe-8s were lost during the operation, largely due to the unreliability of the M-40s. Seven Pe-8s were lost during the month of August alone, rendering the regiment ineffective. During this period, the surviving
190:
By the end of the war, most of the surviving aircraft had been withdrawn from combat units. After the war, some were modified as transports for important officials, and a few others were used in various Soviet testing programs. Some supported the Soviet Arctic operations until the late 1950s.
411:
radial engine was proposed as a replacement to alleviate the shortage of engines and this modification went into production in late 1942. The exhaust arrangements of the ASh-82 were not compatible with the gun turrets in the rear of the engine nacelles and the guns were removed, reducing the
336:
Construction of a second prototype began in April 1936, incorporating lessons from the first aircraft and feedback from the VVS. Designers widened the fuselage by 100 mm (3.9 in); the 'beard' was also widened and the tail section was modified to lessen resistance and improve rudder
298:
experimental bomber designs. Subsequent models of the Pe-8 omitted the internal engine, and provided seating for a flight engineer and radio operator, behind and below the pilots. The bombardier sat in the nose and manned a turret armed with a 20-millimeter (0.79 in)
423:
at the base of the vertical stabilizer. These were special VIP transports with a seating capacity of twelve and a cargo capacity of 1,200 kilograms (2,600 lb). Sources disagree as to whether the armament was removed and, if it was, whether partly or entirely.
638:"eyes". Once the Germans had use of their radar, after the night of 17–18 July, Soviet losses increased sharply. Although the Germans flew only fourteen sorties that night, they claimed eight kills (of course, throughout the war, night or day, the number of kills
1325:
412-й тяжелый бомбардировочный авиационный полк 432-й тяжелый бардировочный авиационный полк 746-й отдельный авиационный полк дальнего действия 25-й гвардейский авиационный Орловский полк дальнего действия 25-й гвардейский бомбардировочный Орловский авиационный
609:
By 1 July, the regiment had 18 Pe-8s for deployment during the early phase of the Battle of Kursk. The long-range aviation units continued to attack targets in the German rear areas at night, supporting the Soviet ground offensive in the Orel Bulge, called
518:—OAPDD) on 3 December. No aircraft were reported on hand two days later after this designation, but eleven were on strength on 18 March 1942. During the winter of 1941–42, the regiment was assigned the destruction of a railroad bridge over the
313:. Crewmen had access to these positions through the wing or by a trapdoor in the upper wing surface. The large internal bomb bay racks held up to 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) of bombs; external racks held a single 500-kilogram (1,100 lb)
606:. In one sortie, the 109 bombers of the 45th DBAD struck the rail junction at Orsha during the evening of 4 May, most of which were not Pe-8s; the German High Command reported the destruction of 300 rail wagons and three ammunition trains.
1247:
14-й тяжелый бомбардировочный авиационный полк 14-й авиационный полк дальнего действия 11-й гвардейский Сталинский Краснознаменный авиационный полк дальнего действия 11-й гвардейский бомбардировочный Сталинский Краснознаменный авиационный
538:, and back, for negotiations to open a second front against Nazi Germany (19 May – 13 June 1942). The flight crossed German-controlled airspace on the return trip without incident. From August 1941 to May 1942, the regiment flew 226
467:. One heavily loaded Pe-8 crashed immediately upon take off, after it lost an engine. Only four managed to reach Berlin, or its outskirts, and of those, only two returned to their base. The others landed elsewhere or crash-landed in
303:
cannon that covered a 120° cone ahead. A prominent chin gondola, nicknamed the 'beard', protruded beneath the nose. The dorsal gunner sat at the rear of the ATsN fairing with a sliding hood covering a 7.62-millimeter (0.30 in)
159:
vulnerabilities. Its primary mission, however, was to attack German airfields, rail yards and other rear-area facilities at night, although one was used to fly the People's
Commissar of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister)
449:
was equipped with Pe-8s, but was not ready for combat. Two of its nine Pe-8s were destroyed by German air strikes shortly after the war began, before the Pe-8s were withdrawn out of reach of German bombers to Kazan.
308:
machine gun and another ShKAS mounted in a ventral hatch. The tail gunner had a powered turret with a ShVAK and, most unusually, there were manually operated ShVAK cannon mounted at the rear of each inner engine
404:, a successful light bomber. At this time, most of these aircraft, re-designated as the Pe-8 after Petlyakov was killed in a Pe-2 crash on 12 January 1942, were built with out-of-production AM-35A engines.
702:
received several of the surviving Pe-8s for polar exploration. Their military equipment removed, they had additional fuel tanks installed, were painted orange, and had their engines upgraded to either
602:
FAB-5000 bomb on Königsberg in April 1943, continuing the pin-prick attacks against targets deep in the German rear. In May 1943, efforts shifted to disrupt the German concentration of forces for the
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1017:
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By 1 October 1941, the regiment mustered fourteen Pe-8s after having been replenished by new aircraft from the factory. It spent the rest of the year conducting night raids on Berlin,
2998:
526:. In April 1942, one aircraft flew diplomatic personnel and mail on a non-stop flight from Moscow to Great Britain. This was a test run for a flight carrying Soviet Foreign Minister
455:
long-range missions. On or about 27 July it was again renamed, this time as the 432nd TBAP. On the evening of 10 August, eight M-40-engined Pe-8s of the 432nd TBAP, accompanied by
570:. The pace of activity increased and the regiments flew as many missions in August as they had in the first ten months of the war. By the eve of the Soviet counterattack at
3008:
2595:
220:
handed the work to a team led by
Vladimir Petlyakov and the project received the internal bureau designation of ANT-42. The resulting aircraft, a four-engined, mid-wing
179:, died in a plane crash in 1942. Supply problems complicated the aircraft's production and the Pe-8s also had engine problems. As Soviet morale boosters, they were also
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was inevitably significantly higher than the actual number shot down, regardless of nationality or aircraft type). On the night of 20–21 July, Captain (
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reasons, including the Great Purge, but also due to the scarcity of resources, and a shortage of workers. Although production facilities in the
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and it was designated as the Pe-8LL for prototype piston engine trials. It was also used as a mother ship for the experimental rocket-engined
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and as well as German-occupied cities in the Soviet Union. The regiment was re-designated as the 746th
Separate Long-Range Aviation Regiment (
187:'s fighter pilots. The loss rate of these aircraft, whether from mechanical failure, friendly fire, or combat, doubled between 1942 and 1944.
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597:, southeast of Moscow, the regiments bombed transportation centers, airfields and troop concentrations. The railroad yard at
578:, on 8 November the regiments had fourteen Pe-8s on hand. Under the command of the 45th Long-Range Bomber Aviation Division (
446:
554:—APDD) was formed on 15 June 1942 and both regiments were used to bomb German-held transportation centers of, among others,
262:
fuselage required the pilots to sit in tandem, offset to the left. In the prototype, space for a fifth engine, an auxiliary
155:
in August 1941. It was also used for so-called "morale raids" designed to raise the spirit of the Soviet people by exposing
1348:
266:, was reserved inside the fuselage, in a fairing above the wing spars and behind the pilots. It was intended to drive a
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area. Initially, the night fighters were ineffective against the Soviet raids, until the deployment of their ground
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45-я Гомельская авиационная дивизия дальнего действия 45-я тяжелая бомбардировочная Гомельская авиационная дивизия
3346:
1757:
1744:
Pe-8 at HeavyBomber.narod.ru, Original Pe-8 trial tests data, professional drawings & more (site at
Russian)
1287:Качественный состав боевых самолетов Дальней авиации на важнейшие даты Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг.
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After the war, the Pe-8 was used extensively as a testbed for trials involving Soviet derivatives of the German
28:
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151:, and the only four-engine bomber the USSR built during the war. Produced in limited numbers, it was used to
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to seventeen two months later; the regiment was losing aircraft almost as fast as they were being replaced.
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to be carried and provisions were added to carry VAP-500 or VAP-1000 poison gas dispensers under the wings.
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aircraft were re-equipped with AM-35As, which gave them a shorter range, but a more reliable engine.
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362-й Рижский авиационный полк дальнего действия 362-й бомбардировочный Рижский авиационный полк
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1 January 1944 and 30 on 1 June. The Pe-8s flew 276 sorties in 1944 against such targets as
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Factory No. 124 were ready as early as 1937, the order to begin was not given until 1939.
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1472:. Vol. 3: Everything for Stalingrad. Sundin, Claes. Hamilton, MT: Eagle Editions.
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203:(VVS) issued requirements for an aircraft to replace the obsolete and cumbersome
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began on 22 June 1941, only the 2nd
Squadron of the 14th Heavy Bomber Regiment (
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of the 420th Long-Range Bomber
Aviation Regiment (DBAP), attempted to bomb
699:
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353:
239:—Heavy Bomber) by the VVS and owed more to the streamlined design of the
475:. The aircraft of the commander of the 81st Long-Range Bomber Division,
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The arrests of both
Tupolev and Petlyakov in October 1937, during the
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V-12 liquid-cooled piston engines, 999 kW (1,340 hp) each
1353:(in Russian). Heroes of the Soviet Union 1934–1941. Archived from
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and lost an engine; later, before he could reach Berlin, German
175:, the aircraft was renamed the Pe-8 after its primary designer,
3828:
The initial version of this article was based on material from
3368:
2980:
2567:
1753:
482:, to which both regiments belonged, was attacked mistakenly by
282:—Central Supercharging Unit), an idea pioneered in 1918 by the
1743:
213:
1641:
OKB Tupolev: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft
3829:
2766:
1468:
Berstrom, Christer; Dikov, Andrey; Antipov, Vlad (2006).
1018:
List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS
614:, that began on 12 July. The Germans had transferred the
1718:(2). Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll: 76–83, 101. August 1980.
419:—Special Mission) with Charomskiy ACh-30B engines and a
2924:
618:
of the Fourth Group of the 5th Night Fighter Wing (IV./
385:
In 1940, six aircraft without engines were fitted with
324:
The maiden flight of the unarmed prototype, piloted by
290:, and refined further for the Third Reich Luftwaffe's
1663:
The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995
199:
Development of the Pe-8 began in July 1934, when the
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Black Cross/Red Star: Air War over the Eastern Front
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Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
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50:
40:
35:
21:
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415:The last Pe-8s were completed in 1944 as Pe-8ONs (
389:A engines, while VVS officials evaluated both the
274:engines, with the installation designated ATsN-2 (
3343:
2716:
2605:
1432:890-й Брянский авиационный полк дальнего действия
593:In 1943, from the division's primary airfield at
2791:
1703:. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.
2652:
630:aircraft, to counter the Soviet raids near the
584:Dal'nebombardirovochnaya Aviatsionnaya Diviziya
328:and without the ATsN installation, occurred at
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1378:Barbarossa—The Air Battle: July–December 1941
869:3,700 km (2,300 mi, 2,000 nmi)
321:- high explosive bomb) bomb under each wing.
8:
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718:NP-2, NP-3 and NP-4 during the late 1950s.
243:than to the block-like design of the TB-3.
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1639:Gordon, Yefim; Rigamant, Vladimir (2005).
1435:(in Russian). allaces.ru. 22 December 2008
208:of the TB-3. The task was assigned to the
18:
1643:. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing.
1624:. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing.
1605:. Hersham, Surrey: Classic Publications.
1329:(in Russian). allaces.ru. 10 October 2009
863:443 km/h (275 mph, 239 kn)
714:in 1954 and others helped to monitor the
377:A Soviet stamp that reads "Post USSR / 1
1684:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
1552:(in Russian). allaces.ru. 15 August 2005
1425:
1423:
1380:. Hersham, Surrey: Midland. p. 53.
1318:
1316:
1314:
586:—DBAD), they did not participate in the
546:The 890th Long-Range Aviation Regiment (
227:, was initially designated as the TB-7 (
1573:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage"
1528:(in Russian). allaces.ru. 30 March 2009
1224:
1222:
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798:188.66 m (2,030.7 sq ft)
516:Otdel'nyy Avia Polk Dahl'nevo Deystviya
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1251:(in Russian). allaces.ru. 7 July 2008
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887:143 kg/m (29 lb/sq ft)
270:that supplied pressurized air to the
258:were fabric-covered. The pear-shaped
7:
3043:
786:39.13 m (128 ft 5 in)
443:Tyazholy Bombardirovochnyy Avia Polk
2596:bomber/attack aircraft designations
896:0.140 kW/kg (0.085 hp/lb)
648:Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
848:3-bladed constant-speed propellers
780:23.2 m (76 ft 1 in)
530:and his delegation from Moscow to
14:
3857:World War II Soviet heavy bombers
3832:. It has been released under the
792:6.2 m (20 ft 4 in)
3018:
1701:The Observer's Book Of Airplanes
1008:List of aircraft of World War II
929:2 × 7.62 mm (0.30 in)
922:2 × 12.7 mm (0.50 in)
881:5.9 m/s (1,160 ft/min)
728:
27:
3009:transport aircraft designations
1603:Kursk—The Air Battle: July 1943
832:35,000 kg (77,162 lb)
826:27,000 kg (59,525 lb)
820:18,571 kg (40,942 lb)
365:Manufacture and supply problems
246:The bomber was built mainly of
1708:"Pe-8: Last of a Generation".
1622:Soviet Airpower in World War 2
1290:(in Russian). ilpilot.narod.ru
758:Soviet Airpower in World War 2
1:
3867:Four-engined tractor aircraft
915:2 × 20 mm (0.8 in)
875:9,300 m (30,500 ft)
552:Avia Polk Dahl'nevo Deystviya
381:/ Petlyakov-8 / Heavy bomber"
280:Agregat tsentral'novo nadduva
3887:Four-engined piston aircraft
3877:Aircraft first flown in 1936
3852:1940s Soviet bomber aircraft
1601:Bergstrom, Christer (2007).
1376:Bergstrom, Christer (2007).
1350:Водопьянов Михаил Васильевич
749:Specifications (Pe-8/AM-35A)
463:from Pushkino Airfield near
16:Soviet heavy bomber aircraft
1682:Tupolev Aircraft since 1922
1202:Gordon (2008), pp. 395, 398
966:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
583:
551:
515:
279:
254:in the wings, although the
3908:
1097:Pe-8: Last of a Generation
1042:Pe-8: Last of a Generation
171:Originally designated the
3398:military aircraft during
3355:
2967:
2885:Short-range dive bomber (
1699:Lawrence, Joseph (1945).
1180:Gordon (2008), pp. 393–94
919:(dorsal and tail turrets)
237:Tyazholy Bombardirovschik
232:
137:
26:
3836:by the copyright holder.
1548:
1524:
1431:
1349:
1324:
1286:
1246:
1171:Gordon (2005), pp. 75–76
407:The 1,380-kW (1,850-hp)
352:machine gun in each ShU
3882:Diesel-engined aircraft
2765:Heavy bomber seaplane (
1739:Pe-8 on www.airpages.ru
1577:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu
1013:List of bomber aircraft
765:General characteristics
674:The 890th began to fly
398:aircraft Diesel engines
2956:High-speed dive bomber
1680:Gunston, Bill (1995).
1620:Gordon, Yefim (2008).
810:TsAGI-40 (19%) ;
682:Lend-Lease Mitchells.
588:Stalingrad air attacks
382:
233:Тяжёлый Бомбардировщик
195:Design and development
2815:Heavy ground-attack (
2518:ANT-40/SB/PS-40/PS-41
1513:Gordon (2008), p. 398
1458:Gordon (2008), p. 397
1405:Gordon (2008), p. 396
1308:Gordon (2008), p. 395
620:Nachtjagdgeschwader 5
488:Soviet Naval Aviation
376:
3357:Unknown/not assigned
3272:Passenger seaplane (
3258:PS-90 through PS-123
3087:Passenger aircraft (
2969:Unknown/not assigned
2925:Light armored-attack
2896:BPB-1 through BPB-21
2604:Short-range bomber (
1216:Gordon (2005), p. 76
1128:Gordon (2005), p. 75
710:. One landed at the
439:Operation Barbarossa
417:Osobovo Naznacheniya
3317:Passenger maybach (
3223:PS-44 through PS-83
3148:PS-10 through PS-29
2689:DB-5 through DB-239
2651:Long-range bomber (
2418:ANT-7/R-6/KR-6/MR-6
1357:on 24 November 2009
1191:Osprey Encyclopedia
1085:Osprey Encyclopedia
830:Max takeoff weight:
654:Removal from combat
622:), flying a mix of
428:Operational history
319:Fugasnaya AviaBomba
164:from Moscow to the
36:General information
3862:Petlyakov aircraft
3607:UTI-2/3/4/(I-16UTI
2630:BB-4 through BB-21
2488:ANT-27/MDR-4/MTB-1
1665:. London: Osprey.
931:ShKAS machine guns
716:drift ice stations
480:Mikhail Vodopianov
383:
330:Khodynka Aerodrome
181:high-value targets
177:Vladimir Petlyakov
162:Vyacheslav Molotov
3892:Strategic bombers
3872:Mid-wing aircraft
3824:
3823:
3362:
3361:
2974:
2973:
2561:
2560:
1711:Air International
1631:978-1-85780-304-4
1612:978-1-90322-388-8
1571:Lednicer, David.
1501:Bergstrom, p. 111
1415:Air International
1387:978-1-85780-270-2
1101:Air International
1046:Air International
926:(engine nacelles)
743:Soviet Air Forces
612:Operation Kutuzov
445:—TBAP), based at
391:Charomskiy ACh-30
250:, with two steel
201:Soviet Air Forces
126:
125:
111:Introduction date
84:Soviet Air Forces
3899:
3389:
3382:
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3366:
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3304:
3299:
3294:
3275:
3259:
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2994:
2987:
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2957:
2949:
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2926:
2918:
2897:
2888:
2868:
2865:Torpedo bomber (
2848:
2845:Torpedo bomber (
2818:
2793:
2790:Armored bomber (
2768:
2718:
2690:
2654:
2631:
2607:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2548:ANT-51/BB-1/Su-2
2528:ANT-42/TB-7/Pe-8
1774:
1767:
1760:
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1492:Bergstrom, p. 18
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1230:Tupolev Aircraft
1226:
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1194:
1187:
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1163:
1160:Tupolev Aircraft
1156:
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1142:Tupolev Aircraft
1138:
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1114:Tupolev Aircraft
1110:
1104:
1094:
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1072:Tupolev Aircraft
1068:
1062:
1059:Tupolev Aircraft
1055:
1049:
1039:
924:UBT machine guns
904:
873:Service ceiling:
856:
814:TsAGI-40 (15.5%)
767:
734:
732:
731:
708:Shvetsov ASh-73s
576:Operation Uranus
536:Washington, D.C.
484:Polikarpov I-16s
457:Yermolaev Yer-2s
284:Zeppelin-Staaken
272:Mikulin AM-34FRN
234:
147:designed before
139:
122:27 December 1936
31:
19:
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3344:Cargo transport
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2917:Tactical bomber
2905:
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2523:ANT-41/T-1/LK-1
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692:V-1 flying bomb
688:
656:
604:Battle of Kursk
435:
430:
409:Shvetsov ASh-82
395:Charomskiy M-40
367:
212:Design Bureau (
197:
51:National origin
17:
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3703:Reconnaissance
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2715:Heavy bomber (
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2553:ANT-58/FB/Tu-2
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2362:Frigate Ecojet
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1732:External links
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996:Short Stirling
993:
988:
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978:
976:Heinkel He 177
973:
968:
963:
961:Avro Lancaster
951:
948:
947:
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934:
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920:
898:
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882:
879:Rate of climb:
876:
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864:
861:Maximum speed:
850:
849:
843:
840:Mikulin AM-35A
833:
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821:
815:
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781:
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745:
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687:
684:
679:B-25 Mitchells
655:
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628:Dornier Do 217
434:
431:
429:
426:
402:Petlyakov Pe-2
366:
363:
218:Andrei Tupolev
196:
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130:Petlyakov Pe-8
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3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
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3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
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3422:
3420:
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3415:
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3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3378:
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3354:
3348:
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3329:
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3315:
3309:
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3296:
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3261:
3256:
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3226:
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3216:
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3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:Attack bomber
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2877:
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2799:
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2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:ANT-20/PS-124
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
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2360:
2358:
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2353:
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2300:
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2265:
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2258:
2255:
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2250:
2248:
2245:
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2240:
2238:
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2233:
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2225:
2223:
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2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
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2067:
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2062:
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2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
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1918:
1915:
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1910:
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1782:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1691:1-55750-882-8
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1672:1-85532-405-9
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:Gunston, Bill
1656:
1652:
1650:1-85780-214-4
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1551:
1543:
1540:
1527:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1479:0-9761034-4-3
1475:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1341:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1289:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1087:, pp. 278–279
1086:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:Related lists
997:
994:
992:
991:Piaggio P.108
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
957:
956:
949:
945:5,000 kg bomb
944:
940:
937:
933:(nose turret)
932:
928:
925:
921:
918:
917:ShVAK cannons
914:
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
903:
895:
893:
889:
886:
885:Wing loading:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
858:
857:
855:
847:
844:
841:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
824:Gross weight:
822:
819:
818:Empty weight:
816:
813:
809:
806:
804:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
769:
768:
766:
761:
759:
755:
748:
744:
741:
740:
737:
726:
725:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
698:in 1948–49.
697:
693:
685:
683:
680:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
653:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:Junkers Ju 88
621:
617:
616:nightfighters
613:
607:
605:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
448:
444:
440:
432:
427:
425:
422:
418:
413:
410:
405:
403:
399:
396:
392:
388:
387:Mikulin AM-35
380:
375:
371:
364:
362:
360:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
339:FAB-5000 bomb
334:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
307:
302:
297:
293:
289:
288:German Empire
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
230:
226:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
194:
192:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
166:United States
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
138:Петляков Пе-8
135:
131:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3839:
3827:
3826:
3776:I-28 (Yak-5)
3612:UTI-26/Yak-7
3514:
3400:World War II
3212:
2755:
2538:ANT-44/MTB-2
2527:
2503:ANT-35/PS-35
2493:ANT-29/DIP-1
2381:Early period
2127:ANT-17/TSh-1
1992:Experimental
1907:Tu-28/Tu-128
1902:Tu-22M/Tu-26
1715:
1709:
1700:
1681:
1662:
1640:
1621:
1602:
1595:Bibliography
1580:. Retrieved
1576:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1518:
1497:
1488:
1469:
1463:
1437:. Retrieved
1414:
1410:
1377:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:the original
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1253:. Retrieved
1229:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1159:
1141:
1116:, pp. 99–100
1113:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1001:
1000:
986:Nakajima G8N
981:Nakajima G5N
971:Boeing XB-15
954:
953:
938:
909:
901:
899:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
853:
851:
845:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
764:
762:
757:
753:
752:
736:Soviet Union
689:
686:Post-war use
673:
657:
639:
608:
592:
545:
534:and then to
501:
442:
436:
416:
414:
406:
384:
368:
343:
335:
326:M. M. Gromov
323:
318:
286:firm in the
268:supercharger
264:Klimov M-100
245:
236:
205:Tupolev TB-3
198:
189:
172:
170:
149:World War II
145:heavy bomber
129:
127:
119:First flight
103:Manufactured
90:Number built
80:Primary user
55:Soviet Union
45:Heavy bomber
3830:aviation.ru
3735:R-10/KhAI-5
3337:Descriptors
3042:Passenger (
3011:, 1923–1940
2933:Fast bomber
2910:Descriptors
2598:, 1923–1940
2543:ANT-46/DI-8
2513:ANT-37/DB-2
2508:ANT-36/DB-1
2498:ANT-31/I-14
2478:ANT-23/I-12
2473:ANT-22/MK-1
2468:ANT-21/MI-3
2458:ANT-16/TB-4
2438:ANT-11/MTBT
2423:ANT-8/MDR-2
2147:ANT-30/SK-1
2137:ANT-26/TB-6
1892:Tu-20/Tu-95
1556:16 December
1532:16 December
1439:16 December
1333:16 December
1255:16 December
1103:, pp. 80–81
1074:, pp. 98–99
854:Performance
846:Propellers:
836:Powerplant:
520:Volga River
433:Wartime use
350:Berezin UBT
346:Great Purge
153:bomb Berlin
3846:Categories
3759:Prototypes
3658:PS-84/Li-2
3621:Transports
3571:BSh-2/Il-2
2448:ANT-13/I-8
2443:ANT-12/I-5
2433:ANT-10/R-7
2428:ANT-9/PS-9
2413:ANT-6/TB-3
2403:ANT-4/TB-1
2162:Tu-72 (II)
1963:Tu-131 SAM
1361:24 October
1294:30 October
1024:References
892:Power/mass
796:Wing area:
712:North Pole
696:Bisnovat 5
676:Lend-Lease
572:Stalingrad
504:Königsberg
492:Baltic Sea
241:Tupolev SB
222:cantilever
3816:Zveno/SPB
3113:PS-3 (II)
2483:ANT-25/RD
2408:ANT-5/I-4
2398:ANT-3/R-3
2157:Tu-72 (I)
2120:cancelled
2118:Proposed,
1724:0306-5634
1228:Gunston,
1189:Gunston,
1158:Gunston,
1140:Gunston,
1112:Gunston,
1083:Gunston,
1070:Gunston,
1057:Gunston,
784:Wingspan:
754:Data from
722:Operators
704:ASh-82FNs
644:Hauptmann
490:over the
465:Leningrad
260:monocoque
248:duralumin
225:monoplane
185:Luftwaffe
168:in 1942.
106:1936–1944
65:Petlyakov
3592:U-2/Po-2
3585:Trainers
3407:Fighters
3108:PS-3 (I)
2074:Tu-95LAL
1936:Unmanned
1860:Military
1789:Civilian
1783:aircraft
1661:(1995).
1582:16 April
1417:, p. 101
1232:, p. 103
1193:, p. 281
1162:, p. 101
1144:, p. 100
950:See also
943:FAB 5000
902:Armament
760:, p. 398
756:Gordon,
700:Aeroflot
661:Helsinki
447:Boryspil
354:barbette
256:ailerons
216:) where
183:for the
140:) was a
61:Designer
3677:Gliders
3488:Bombers
3017:Cargo (
3007:Soviet
2594:Soviet
2357:Tu-2000
1943:Tu-121C
1781:Tupolev
1061:, p. 98
1048:, p. 80
803:Airfoil
790:Height:
778:Length:
665:Tallinn
640:claimed
595:Kratovo
580:Russian
568:Poltava
560:Bryansk
548:Russian
540:sorties
528:Molotov
524:Kalinin
522:, near
512:Russian
477:Combrig
473:Estonia
469:Finland
315:FAB-500
311:nacelle
296:Hs 130E
292:Do 217P
276:Russian
229:Russian
210:Tupolev
134:Russian
98:History
75:Retired
3766:ANT-58
3628:KhAI-1
3434:LaGG-3
3396:Soviet
3263:PS-124
2901:BPB-22
2694:DB-240
2533:ANT-43
2453:ANT-14
2367:PAK DA
2352:Tu-444
2347:Tu-336
2342:Tu-414
2337:Tu-404
2332:Tu-360
2327:Tu-344
2322:Tu-338
2317:Tu-334
2312:Tu-330
2307:Tu-324
2302:Tu-304
2297:Tu-300
2292:Tu-244
2287:Tu-230
2282:Tu-216
2277:Tu-206
2272:Tu-194
2267:Tu-174
2262:Tu-161
2257:Tu-156
2252:Tu-148
2247:Tu-138
2242:Tu-135
2237:Tu-127
2232:Tu-125
2227:Tu-119
2222:Tu-118
2217:Tu-117
2212:Tu-115
2152:ANT-53
2142:ANT-28
2132:ANT-18
2109:Tu-206
2104:Tu-155
2099:Tu-110
2094:Tu-107
2089:Tu-105
1983:Tu-300
1978:Tu-243
1973:Tu-143
1968:Tu-141
1958:Tu-130
1953:Tu-139
1948:Tu-123
1927:Tu-160
1922:Tu-142
1917:Tu-126
1851:Tu-354
1846:Tu-334
1841:Tu-214
1836:Tu-204
1831:Tu-164
1826:Tu-154
1821:Tu-144
1816:Tu-134
1811:Tu-124
1806:Tu-116
1801:Tu-114
1796:Tu-104
1722:
1688:
1669:
1647:
1628:
1609:
1476:
1384:
939:Bombs:
867:Range:
733:
532:London
508:Danzig
461:Berlin
452:Stalin
421:fillet
142:Soviet
72:Status
3796:I-250
3791:I-185
3786:I-180
3750:Yak-2
3720:MDR-6
3715:MBR-2
3694:КC-20
3653:PS-43
3648:PS-35
3576:Il-10
3566:BSh-1
3550:Yer-2
3545:Yak-4
3479:Yak-9
3474:Yak-7
3469:Yak-3
3464:Yak-1
3454:МiG-3
3449:MiG-1
3424:I-153
3253:PS-89
3248:PS-88
3243:PS-87
3238:PS-86
3233:PS-85
3228:PS-84
3218:PS-43
3213:PS-42
3208:PS-41
3203:PS-40
3198:PS-39
3193:PS-38
3188:PS-37
3183:PS-36
3178:PS-35
3173:PS-34
3168:PS-33
3163:PS-32
3158:PS-31
3153:PS-30
2876:TOM-1
2836:TSh-3
2831:TSh-2
2826:TSh-1
2806:BSh-2
2801:BSh-1
2781:MTB-2
2776:MTB-1
2706:DB-LK
2635:BB-22
2393:ANT-2
2388:ANT-1
2372:Voron
2207:'102'
2202:'101'
2084:Tu-98
2079:Tu-96
2069:Tu-94
2064:Tu-91
2059:Tu-85
2054:Tu-82
2049:Tu-80
2044:Tu-79
2039:Tu-77
2034:Tu-75
2029:Tu-72
2024:Tu-70
2019:Tu-18
2014:Tu-12
1912:Tu-81
1897:Tu-22
1887:Tu-16
1882:Tu-14
1877:Tu-10
1029:Notes
910:Guns:
808:root:
772:Crew:
669:Pskov
636:radar
599:Gomel
564:Kursk
486:from
437:When
359:Kazan
306:ShKAS
301:ShVAK
252:spars
3834:GFDL
3801:IS-1
3781:I-30
3771:BI-1
3745:Su-2
3725:Po-2
3710:Be-4
3689:G-11
3668:Sh-2
3643:PS-9
3638:PS-5
3602:UT-2
3597:UT-1
3540:Тu-2
3535:ТB-3
3530:TB-1
3525:Su-2
3515:Pе-8
3510:Pе-2
3505:Il-4
3500:DB-3
3495:Ar-2
3459:Pe-3
3444:La-7
3439:La-5
3429:I-16
3419:I-15
3414:DI-6
3328:PM-1
3308:MP-6
3303:MP-5
3298:MP-4
3293:MP-3
3288:MP-2
3283:MP-1
3143:PS-9
3138:PS-8
3133:PS-7
3128:PS-6
3123:PS-5
3118:PS-4
3103:PS-2
3098:PS-1
2928:LBSh
2756:TB-7
2751:TB-6
2746:TB-5
2741:TB-4
2736:TB-3
2731:TB-2
2726:TB-1
2701:DB-A
2684:DB-4
2672:DB-3
2667:DB-2
2662:DB-1
2625:BB-3
2620:BB-2
2615:BB-1
2197:'93'
2192:'90'
2187:'86'
2182:'79'
2177:'78'
2172:'74'
2167:'73'
2009:Tu-8
2004:Tu-6
1999:Tu-1
1872:Tu-4
1867:Tu-2
1720:ISSN
1686:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1584:2019
1558:2009
1534:2009
1474:ISBN
1441:2009
1382:ISBN
1363:2009
1335:2009
1326:полк
1296:2009
1257:2009
1248:полк
838:4 ×
812:tip:
667:and
632:Orel
626:and
566:and
556:Orel
496:flak
471:and
393:and
294:and
173:TB-7
157:Axis
128:The
114:1940
41:Type
22:Pe-8
3811:TIS
3806:ITP
3740:R-Z
3730:R-5
3684:А-7
3663:R-5
3633:P-5
3347:GST
3078:P-6
3073:P-5
3068:P-4
3063:P-3
3058:P-2
3053:P-1
3033:G-2
3028:G-1
2959:SPB
2951:ShB
2887:BPB
2867:TOM
2856:T-1
2817:TSh
2792:BSh
2767:MTB
2640:bis
706:or
379:Rub
214:OKB
67:OKB
3848::
3520:SB
3319:PM
3274:MP
3089:PS
2941:RK
2936:SB
2920:FB
2717:TB
2653:DB
2606:BB
1716:19
1714:.
1575:.
1506:^
1449:^
1422:^
1396:^
1313:^
1265:^
1237:^
1221:^
1207:^
1149:^
1133:^
1121:^
1099:,
1044:,
774:11
663:,
646:)
590:.
582::
574:,
562:,
558:,
550::
514::
506:,
278::
235:,
231::
136::
93:93
3388:e
3381:t
3374:v
3321:)
3276:)
3091:)
3046:)
3044:P
3021:)
3019:G
3000:e
2993:t
2986:v
2889:)
2869:)
2849:)
2847:T
2819:)
2794:)
2769:)
2719:)
2677:F
2655:)
2608:)
2587:e
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2573:v
1773:e
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1726:.
1694:.
1675:.
1653:.
1634:.
1615:.
1586:.
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1536:.
1482:.
1443:.
1390:.
1365:.
1337:.
1298:.
1259:.
894::
805::
317:(
132:(
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