31:
632:), and wrote a couple papers and articles on language matters. There are hints that he was working on a Russian–Polish–Lithuanian dictionary – no manuscript is known though he was well known to collect words. Even as a judge, he would interrupt court proceedings to take notes on a rarer or more interesting word. Kriaučiūnas had a manuscript of a Lithuanian–Polish dictionary with about 21,000 words from 1820 that we was annotating and correcting.
604:. Kriaučiūnas submitted numerous petitions arguing in favor of lifting the Lithuanian press ban. He knew eight languages (Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Latin, Greek, Latvian, German, and French) and had a rich philological library. However, he wrote very little and left no extensive bibliography. He collected examples of Lithuanian folklore (about 160 songs collected by him are known), contributed material to the dictionary of
636:
659:
brought some relaxation of the various
Russification policies. Kriaučiūnas was able to regain his teaching position at the Marijampolė Gymnasium in September 1906. He taught Latin and Lithuanian languages and law. As a school librarian, he established a section of Lithuanian publications in the
197:
for a year to get a teaching diploma. He then returned to
Lithuania and became a teacher at the Marijampolė Gymnasium. He taught Latin, Lithuanian, German and Greek languages and encouraged his students, many of whom later became prominent figures in independent Lithuania, to be proud of their
695:
where he fell ill in late 1915 and died on 20 January 1916. He was buried in the old cemetery of
Yaroslavl. His grave was destroyed when the cemetery was liquidated. A primary school and a public library in Marijampolė were named after Kriaučiūnas in 1935 and 1937. A middle school in
237:
where he spent a decade. During his free time, he continued to study linguistics. While his contemporaries were impressed by his wealth of knowledge, he wrote very little. His home was frequently visited by various activists and scholars. He was particularly close with
294:
of land. As many parents of the time, Kriaučiūnas' family wanted him to become a
Catholic priest and sent him to get education. He first studied at a primary school in Vištytis and in 1864 enrolled into a four-year school in Marijampolė. In the aftermath of the
242:. In 1899, he lost his government job and was forced to take up a private attorney practice in Marijampolė until he was able to regain his teaching position at the Marijampolė Gymnasium in 1906. He taught Latin and Lithuanian languages and law. During
321:
400:
in theology, but as a stipend recipient he would have been obligated to work in the
Archdiocese of Mogilev. Therefore, Kriaučiūnas did not accept the final ordination to priesthood and returned to Lithuania. He then studied at the
391:
444:, government ministers, and university professors. While his lessons inspired patriotic feelings, they lacked structure and consistency. He taught Lithuanian grammar that was based on an eclectic mix of previous works by
533:
During this time, he devoted his free time to philological studies and developed a scholarly reputation. He delivered two lectures to philological societies in Saint
Petersburg in 1897 and 1900 and was a member of the
526:. Kriaučiūnas collected and published Arminas' works in 1893 (republished in 1907). Kriaučiūnas was disliked by Tsarist officials and local landowners and was dismissed from his court job in 1899 and returned to
571:
483:
The
Tsarist authorities noticed Lithuanian activities and one by one Lithuanian personnel were forced out of the gymnasium. Kriaučiūnas' workload was reduced to 10 lessons and his salary was cut to 250
1031:
470:, the first Lithuanian-language periodical aimed at Lithuanians in the Russian Empire – he edited articles, donated funds, distributed physical copies. He later also supported
347:
190:
111:
417:. He taught Latin, Lithuanian, German and Greek languages. He was a dedicated teacher using new teaching methods (e.g. rhymes to help memorize grammar rules). He defied the
222:, the key Lithuanian-language periodicals. He was forced to resign from the gymnasium in 1887 and found employment with the Marijampolė Court. In 1889, he was assigned as
511:
where he spent a decade. A position somewhere in the interior of Russia would have been more prestigious and lucrative, but Kriaučiūnas wanted to remain in his native
669:
440:
who counted some 80 students of Kriaučiūnas who later became prominent figures in
Lithuanian culture, science, politics, including 30 who became members of the
346:
in 1871. He was a good student and worked as an assistant librarian keeping up with the newest books and periodicals. He wanted to continue his studies at the
488:
a year. He resigned on 1 September 1887. He found employment as a secretary of the
Marijampolė Court with a monthly salary of 25 rubles which he shared with
1036:
994:
193:. However, the stipend obligated him to work at the Archdiocese of Mogilev. Therefore, he declined the final ordination to priesthood and attended
311:, Kriaučiūnas was proud of his Lithuanian identity and heritage. He started comparing Lithuanian words with Latin and Greek words exploring their
539:
593:
911:
351:
186:
1051:
816:
965:
786:
30:
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1041:
975:
688:
673:
264:
535:
370:
163:
143:
656:
589:
461:
521:
386:
668:
in
Russian. In 1913–1914, he prepared a program for teaching Lithuanian language in schools and sent it to the
516:
664:
and the girls' gymnasium established by Ksenija Breverniūtė. In 1909, he published a slim 18-page textbook on
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300:
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133:
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51:
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366:
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971:
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879:
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735:(in Lithuanian). Chicago: Akademinio skautų sąjūdžio Vydūno jaunimo fondas. pp. 138–144.
625:
617:
609:
445:
869:
538:. His home was frequently visited by various activists and researchers, including foreigners
970:(in Lithuanian). Marijampolė: Marijampolės P. Kriaučiūno viešoji biblioteka. pp. 9–16.
639:
Members of the Lithuanian Science Society in 1912. Kriaučiūnas sits third from left between
629:
605:
581:
489:
397:
374:
350:, but the seminary would not grant him a stipend. He then managed to get a stipend from the
296:
460:. His apartment at the Warsaw Hotel was frequently visited by students, various activists,
286:. He was the eldest of eight children. His father was an educated man who acted as a local
562:
493:
426:
382:
326:
207:
66:
660:
library. At the same time, he also taught at the girls' progymnasium established by the
635:
601:
527:
485:
422:
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and teaching language switched from Polish to Russian in 1866–1867. Despite widespread
239:
203:
88:
1015:
543:
506:
437:
308:
232:
640:
429:. He encouraged his students to translate texts into Lithuanian, collect samples of
665:
556:
547:
304:
396:, taught at the academy. In 1880, Kriaučiūnas completed his exams and received a
697:
680:
613:
515:. In May 1889, he married Sofija Zalevskaitė, a widow of the teacher and writer
336:
279:
243:
733:
Didysis varpininkas Vincas Kudirka: jo asmuo ir gyvenimo laikotarpio paveikslas
433:, learn and study Lithuanian history and culture. His students included future
927:
883:
849:
826:
740:
692:
512:
354:
and started his studies at the academy in 1876. In Saint Petersburg, he met
287:
247:
174:
84:
691:. In August 1915, together with the Marijampolė Gymnasium, he evacuated to
676:
and worked on the failed attempt to establish its chapter in Marijampolė.
466:
283:
267:
4 September] 1850 to a well-off family of Lithuanian farmers in
212:
997:(in Lithuanian). Vištyčio Petro Kriaučiūno mokykla-daugiafunkcis centras
342:
After graduating from the gymnasium, Kriaučiūnas became a cleric at the
684:
299:, the school was undergoing reorganization – it was transformed into a
472:
441:
291:
218:
821:(in Lithuanian). Philadelphia, PA: Žvaigždės spauda. pp. 7–8.
373:. At the time, several noted linguists and philologists, including
942:
634:
170:
in 1881–1887 and 1906–1914 and was active as an amateur linguist.
793:(in Lithuanian). Marijampolės Petro Kriaučiūno viešoji biblioteka
421:
and in Lithuanian lessons used illegal Lithuanian books in the
315:
roots (he got up to the letter P). When one teacher mocked the
492:
who briefly worked at the court before his appointment to the
995:"Petras Kriaučiūnas - tautinio atgimimo pradininkas Sūduvoje"
912:"Petras Kriaučiūnas, tautos atgimimas ir lietuvių filologija"
818:
Petras Kriaučiūnas: Kun. A. Miluko paskaita 1924 m. Petrinēse
339:
into Lithuanian and read them during a graduation ceremony.
878:. Vol. III. Boston: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 193–194.
425:
instead of the legal publications in the government-imposed
576:, Åge Meyer Benedictsen. His Lithuanian visitors included
480:
collaborators took place at his apartment in June 1888.
173:
Kriaučiūnas was born into a well-off Lithuanian family in
608:, translated ten poems from various languages (works by
672:
for approval. In 1909, he joined the newly established
413:
In November 1881, Kriaučiūnas became a teacher at the
655:
The Lithuanian press ban was lifted in 1904 and the
405:for a year and received a Latin teacher's diploma.
185:. As a good student, he obtained a stipend from the
348:
Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy
191:
Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy
149:
139:
129:
121:
112:
Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy
103:
95:
73:
37:
21:
840:Drotvinas, Vincentas; Grinaveckis, Vladas (1970).
198:Lithuanian identity and heritage. He defied the
16:Lithuanian teacher, judge, attorney and activist
530:where he started a private attorney practice.
278:located near the Russia–Prussia border between
263:Kriaučiūnas was born on 16 September [
1032:19th-century educators from the Russian Empire
844:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mintis. p. 13.
8:
922:: 170–171, 174–175, 177, 179, 189–190, 193.
496:. In January 1889, he was transferred as a
464:. Kriaučiūnas became a strong supporter of
967:Petras Kriaučiūnas: bibliografijos rodyklė
600:. Kriaučiūnas was particularly close with
29:
18:
166:. Educated as a priest, he taught at the
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
202:teaching his students Lithuanian in the
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987:
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162:(1850–1916) was an activist during the
943:"Nemunėlis bėgo kaip skystas sidabras"
941:Žeimantas, Vytautas (22 August 2005).
687:where he lived at the premises of the
700:was named after Kriaučiūnas in 1999.
7:
863:
861:
859:
651:After the Russian Revolution of 1905
868:Merkelis, Aleksandras (1970–1978).
540:Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay
14:
1037:Activists from the Russian Empire
210:. Kriaučiūnas actively supported
964:Giniuvienė, Dalia, ed. (2000).
409:During the Lithuanian press ban
250:where he died in January 1916.
206:and not the government-imposed
872:. In Sužiedėlis, Simas (ed.).
842:Kalbininkas Kazimieras Jaunius
731:Merkelis, Aleksandras (1989).
670:Ministry of National Education
153:Sofija Zalevskaitė (1849–1912)
1:
689:Lithuanian Scientific Society
674:Lithuanian Scientific Society
290:. The family owned about 150
246:, the gymnasium evacuated to
369:who were also active in the
1052:University of Warsaw alumni
910:Vidžiūnas, Arvydas (2010).
683:, Kriaučiūnas retreated to
536:Lithuanian Literary Society
371:Lithuanian National Revival
164:Lithuanian National Revival
144:Lithuanian National Revival
1068:
657:Russian Revolution of 1905
594:Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė
387:Nikolai Petrovich Nekrasov
322:Czego chcesz od nas, Panie
1047:Lithuanian schoolteachers
1042:Lithuanian book smugglers
815:Antanas, Milukas (1927).
517:Petras Arminas-Trupinėlis
462:Lithuanian book smugglers
319:, he translated the poem
28:
259:Early life and education
125:Teacher, judge, attorney
590:Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas
476:– the first meeting of
875:Encyclopedia Lituanica
791:Karalius lietuviškasis
647:
435:President of Lithuania
870:"Kriaučiūnas, Petras"
638:
415:Marijampolė Gymnasium
379:Franz Anton Schiefner
356:Silvestras Gimžauskas
352:Archbishop of Mogilev
344:Sejny Priest Seminary
332:The Old Man and Death
187:Archbishop of Mogilev
183:Sejny Priest Seminary
179:Marijampolė Gymnasium
168:Marijampolė Gymnasium
134:Marijampolė Gymnasium
108:Sejny Priest Seminary
567:Alexander Alexandrov
419:Lithuanian press ban
403:University of Warsaw
301:seven-year gymnasium
224:justice of the peace
200:Lithuanian press ban
195:University of Warsaw
116:University of Warsaw
785:Skinkienė, Loreta.
679:At the outbreak of
578:Antanas Baranauskas
454:Antanas Baranauskas
431:Lithuanian folklore
317:Lithuanian language
63:Suwałki Governorate
648:
645:Jonas Basanavičius
622:Friedrich Schiller
498:judge of the peace
458:Kazimieras Jaunius
450:Friedrich Kurschat
367:Kazimieras Jaunius
160:Petras Kriaučiūnas
23:Petras Kriaučiūnas
949:(in Lithuanian).
918:(in Lithuanian).
626:Alexander Pushkin
618:Mikhail Lermontov
610:Gavrila Derzhavin
598:Povilas Višinskis
446:August Schleicher
157:
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48:16 September 1850
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630:Maria Konopnicka
582:Jonas Jablonskis
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490:Jonas Jablonskis
398:candidate degree
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364:
297:Uprising of 1863
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189:to study at the
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60:
47:
45:
33:
19:
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662:Žiburys Society
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586:Petras Avižonis
569:
563:Eduards Volters
554:
519:
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494:Mitau Gymnasium
427:Cyrillic script
411:
389:
383:Daniel Chwolson
358:
327:Jan Kochanowski
271:
261:
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208:Cyrillic script
114:
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104:Alma mater
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82:
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77:20 January 1916
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67:Congress Poland
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947:Lietuvos aidas
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832:
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707:
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652:
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602:Vincas Kudirka
423:Latin alphabet
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329:and the fable
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240:Vincas Kudirka
204:Latin alphabet
177:. He attended
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89:Russian Empire
83:
81:(aged 65)
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50:
39:
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22:
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13:
10:
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6:
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977:9986-875-35-8
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606:Antanas Juška
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587:
583:
579:
573:
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558:
553:
552:Aukusti Niemi
549:
546:and his wife
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544:J. J. Mikkola
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438:Kazys Grinius
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375:Lucian Müller
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313:Indo-European
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309:Russification
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122:Occupation(s)
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20:
999:. Retrieved
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959:
950:
946:
936:
919:
915:
873:
841:
835:
817:
795:. Retrieved
790:
787:"Biografija"
732:
678:
666:Latin syntax
654:
548:Maila Talvio
532:
482:
477:
471:
465:
412:
341:
330:
320:
305:Polonization
262:
217:
211:
172:
159:
158:
79:(1916-01-20)
1027:1916 deaths
1022:1850 births
681:World War I
614:Victor Hugo
570: [
555: [
528:Marijampolė
520: [
505: [
390: [
359: [
337:Ivan Krylov
272: [
244:World War I
231: [
96:Nationality
55: [
1016:Categories
704:References
99:Lithuanian
44:1850-09-16
928:2029-4018
884:883965704
850:923587763
693:Yaroslavl
513:Suvalkija
502:Plokščiai
288:lay judge
254:Biography
248:Yaroslavl
228:Plokščiai
175:Suvalkija
85:Yaroslavl
1001:9 August
827:63583834
797:4 August
741:21441761
698:Vištytis
284:Kybartai
280:Vištytis
140:Movement
130:Employer
685:Vilnius
641:Žemaitė
292:morgens
269:Girėnai
52:Girėnai
974:
926:
916:Varpas
882:
848:
825:
739:
486:rubles
478:Varpas
473:Varpas
442:Seimas
385:, and
219:Varpas
150:Spouse
574:]
559:]
524:]
509:]
467:Aušra
394:]
363:]
276:]
235:]
213:Aušra
59:]
1003:2019
972:ISBN
924:ISSN
880:OCLC
846:OCLC
823:OCLC
799:2019
737:OCLC
643:and
365:and
307:and
282:and
265:O.S.
216:and
181:and
74:Died
38:Born
951:193
500:to
335:by
325:by
226:to
1018::
986:^
945:.
920:43
914:.
892:^
858:^
807:^
789:.
749:^
711:^
628:,
624:,
620:,
616:,
612:,
596:,
592:,
588:,
584:,
580:,
572:ru
565:,
561:,
557:fi
550:,
542:,
522:lt
507:lt
456:,
452:,
448:,
392:ru
381:,
377:,
361:lt
274:lt
233:lt
87:,
65:,
61:,
57:lt
1005:.
980:.
953:.
930:.
886:.
852:.
829:.
801:.
743:.
46:)
42:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
