492:
was more realistic and politically prudent. Socialists later argued that they did not oppose independence and that their position was just a tactic to tread carefully and keep the options open in the uncertain times of war and revolutions. Nevertheless, attempts at creating a political center failed and
Lithuanians were unable to gain any kind of recognition or acknowledgement from the
466:
In the end, the resolution calling for full independence won by a narrow margin (140 votes for, 128 votes against, and four abstentions). The resolution explicitly called for an independent
Lithuania organized on democratic principles that would guarantee equal rights regardless of nationality, sex,
491:
Due to the disagreements and inability to adopt a common resolution, the
Council of the Lithuanian Nation splintered and became inactive. Its last meeting took place on 29 June . However, fundamentally, both sides sought the same – freedom for Lithuania – and disagreed only on what course of action
59:
brought political freedoms and
Lithuanians hurried to organize their political parties. There was a need to organize an authoritative political body that could represent all Lithuanians and work towards obtaining autonomy or full independence from Russia. Representatives of five Lithuanian parties
397:
From the very beginning, there were major disagreements between the various parties. Election of the Seimas' presidium took two and a half days. After disagreements, the
Popular Union of Lithuanian Socialists withdrew from the proceedings and the first presidium was elected without its deputies.
389:
14 March] 1917, the
Council of the Lithuanian Nation decided to organize the Petrograd Seimas hoping that it would boost its authority and recognition. The deputies were not appointed but elected in local elections that were organized in 42 cities in Russia free of German forces. The
223:. At the same time, the council adopted a declaration that Lithuania was a separate ethnic, cultural, and political entity that should be granted autonomy. The plan was to read the declaration at the Russian State Duma, but it was not reconvened and the declaration was not made public.
471:
and planned to petition
Russian and other democratic governments to gain recognition of such right. Both resolutions agreed that Lithuania's future was not an internal Russian issue, but an international question that should be addressed at the
416:
Even more heated discussions followed. The deputies could not agree on the future of
Lithuania – should it seek autonomy within Russia or full independence? The full independence was supported by the right wing – the Party of National Progress
143:
11 February] 1917, representatives of five
Lithuanian parties gathered to the so-called Small Seimas of Petrograd. Each party sent ten representatives, ten others were independents, and another ten were guests. The parties were
118:
in
September 1915. As many as 200,000 Lithuanians, including activists and intellectuals, evacuated deeper into Russia. The Tsarist regime limited political activities and Lithuanians did not have a political center in Russia. After the
78:) both on procedural questions and fundamental issues. The left advocated for autonomy within Russia while the right advocated for full independence. When the right won by a narrow margin of votes, the socialists withdrew in protest.
404:) – intervened, dismissed the first presidium, and brought back the socialists. The second presidium was elected from representatives of five parties (the National Union of Lithuanian Catholics was excluded). Socialist
467:
or religion. The other resolution received 132 votes in favor. It did not explicitly call for either independence or autonomy, leaving the issue to the future Constituent Assembly, but emphasized the right of
241:). Two seats were reserved for each of six political parties. Another 12 seats were reserved for national minorities (six for Belarusians, three for Jews, two for Poles, and one for Russians).
52:, the delegates discussed whether Lithuania should seek autonomy or full independence. While it failed to unite Lithuanian activists, it helped to crystallize ideas on Lithuania's independence.
66:) in February 1917. To boost its authority and recognition, the council called the Petrograd Seimas attended by 334 deputies. There were passionate disagreements between the political right (
893:
Blažytė-Baužienė, Danutė; Gimžauskas, Edmundas; Laurinavičius, Česlovas; Mačiulis, Dangiras; Rudis, Gediminas; Svarauskas, Artūras; Vaičenonis, Jonas (2014). Laurinavičius, Česlovas (ed.).
81:
Such splintering of the Lithuanian movement brought an end to the Council of the Lithuanian Nation and Lithuanians were unable to gain any kind of recognition or acknowledgement from the
1076:
394:
but only 320 were recognized as properly elected. Among elected deputies, there were a couple Bolsheviks who read a statement and withdrew from the conference.
930:
509:
1086:
177:). Each party was to send three representatives to the council. The National Union of Lithuanian Catholics was not recognized as a party, but the
996:
Perrin, Charles (2016). "Eating bread with tears: Martynas Jankus and the deportation of East Prussian civilians to Russia during World War I".
968:
902:
883:
328:
149:
71:
338:
145:
75:
1081:
390:
deputies could be elected by all Lithuanians over 18 years of age. One deputy represented 200 people. In total, 334 deputies arrived to
356:
153:
986:
257:
479:
The socialists did not accept the vote and left the Seimas. Separately, they adopted their own resolution and presented it to the
139:
to organize an authoritative body that could represent all Lithuanians and their political aspirations. On 24 February [
480:
493:
268:
82:
497:
386:
290:
232:
140:
45:
473:
132:
1061:
366:
178:
67:
1071:
1056:
452:
422:
398:
Lithuanian soldiers – they organized a congress at the same time to establish the Union of Lithuanian Soldiers (
213:
1066:
260:. In essence, the Temporary Committee was supposed to be an embryo of a Lithuanian provisional government.
218:
115:
426:
194:
963:
430:
418:
111:
244:
The Temporary Committee declared its intentions to take over evacuated Lithuanian institutions, govern
199:
89:. Political initiative was taken over by Lithuanians in German-occupied Lithuania when they organized
441:
94:
876:
Population Displacement in Lithuania in the Twentieth Century: Experiences, Identities and Legacies
235:
13 March] 1917 and established the 12-member Temporary Committee for Governing Lithuania (
120:
56:
23:
468:
286:
90:
86:
49:
48:
27 May – 3 June] 1917 to discuss the political future of Lithuania. Citing the right of
460:
209:
186:
136:
1013:
982:
950:
917:
898:
879:
405:
293:
who was organizing the Russian Constituent Assembly, but Russian politicians did not respond.
252:, organize the return of war refugees, foster economic recovery of war-torn Lithuania, demand
249:
245:
190:
871:
463:) supported autonomy. Seven draft resolutions were prepared and then consolidated into two.
435:
1005:
942:
282:
41:
253:
446:
205:
131:
In January 1917, a meeting of Moscow Lithuanians and Lithuanian representatives in the
1050:
456:
289:
and promised to support the Lithuanian cause. Another declaration was presented to
1009:
264:
872:"Forging a "Moral Community": The Great War and Lithuanian Refugees in Russia"
1026:
1017:
954:
496:. Lithuanians in Russia did not establish another political center until the
391:
182:
37:
946:
921:
1033:(in Lithuanian). Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
171:
The gathering decided to establish the Council of the Lithuanian Nation (
481:
First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
1031:
Lietuviškos partijos ir organizacijos Rusijoje 1917–1918 metais
897:(in Lithuanian). Vol. X, part I. Vilnius: Baltos lankos.
156:(known as Santara), Popular Union of Lithuanian Socialists (
972:(in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
455:) and members of the Democratic National Freedom League (
853:
691:
547:
123:, restrictions on political activities were lifted.
916:. Vol. II. Chicago: Dr. Kazio Griniaus Fondas.
74:) and left (Popular Union of Lithuanian Socialists,
60:established the Council of the Lithuanian Nation (
895:Lietuvos istorija. Nepriklausomybė (1918–1940 m.)
874:. In Balkelis, Tomas; Davoliūtė, Violeta (eds.).
231:The council convened again on 26 March [
399:
285:which expressed its support to the principle of
271:, and was published in the official publication
236:
172:
163:
157:
61:
31:
981:(in Lithuanian) (3rd ed.). Vilnius: Vaga.
931:"Politinė lietuvių veikla Rusijoje 1917 metais"
162:), and National Union of Lithuanian Catholics (
476:where Lithuania should be fully represented.
36:) was a conference of Lithuanian activists in
829:
679:
571:
559:
276:
8:
227:Temporary Committee for Governing Lithuania
600:
305:
533:
512:for conferences in Sweden and Switzerland
510:Lithuanian conferences during World War I
16:1917 conference of Lithuanian politicians
801:
799:
790:
766:
714:
712:
675:
673:
648:
646:
644:
623:
841:
817:
805:
778:
754:
742:
730:
718:
664:
652:
635:
611:
583:
543:
541:
521:
159:Lietuvos socialistų liaudininkų sąjunga
110:Lithuania was occupied by Germany when
962:Lasinskas, Povilas (8 December 2011).
703:
348:National Union of Lithuanian Catholics
320:Popular Union of Lithuanian Socialists
307:Deputies at the Seimas by affiliation
181:was. The council elected a six-member
529:
527:
525:
329:Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party
238:Laikinasis Lietuvos valdymo komitetas
150:Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party
72:Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party
7:
964:"Rusijos lietuvių seimas Petrograde"
596:
594:
592:
498:Supreme Lithuanian Council in Russia
339:Social Democratic Party of Lithuania
146:Social Democratic Party of Lithuania
76:Social Democratic Party of Lithuania
114:abandoned the territory during the
357:Democratic National Freedom League
154:Democratic National Freedom League
28:Rusijos lietuvių seimas Petrograde
14:
1077:History of Lithuania (1795–1918)
1025:Sperskienė, Rasa (30 May 2017).
969:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
929:Grigaravičius, Algirdas (2013).
263:This plan was presented to Duke
165:Lietuvių katalikų tautos sąjunga
101:Council of the Lithuanian Nation
1087:Russian Revolution in Petrograd
977:Merkelis, Aleksandras (1989) .
914:Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija
500:was convened in November 1917.
494:Russian Provisional Government
269:Russian Provisional Government
83:Russian Provisional Government
44:, held on 9–16 June [
1:
1010:10.1080/01629778.2016.1178655
302:Electing deputies and leaders
85:before it was toppled in the
33:Visos Rusijos lietuvių seimas
854:Blažytė-Baužienė et al. 2004
692:Blažytė-Baužienė et al. 2004
548:Blažytė-Baužienė et al. 2004
281:). A delegation visited the
483:which convened on 16 June.
425:) and Christian Democrats (
256:, prepare elections to the
1103:
1082:Legal history of Lithuania
367:Party of National Progress
179:Party of National Progress
68:Party of National Progress
998:Journal of Baltic Studies
277:
127:Small Seimas of Petrograd
1027:"Lietuvių tautos taryba"
912:Čepėnas, Pranas (1986).
870:Balkelis, Tomas (2016).
487:Aftermath and evaluation
412:Independence or autonomy
267:, Prime Minister of the
979:Juozas Tumas Vaižgantas
474:future peace conference
214:Gabrielius Liutkevičius
193:, second vice-chairman
947:10.7220/2335-8769.60.2
408:was elected chairman.
401:Lietuvių karių sąjunga
400:
385:On 27 March [
237:
189:, first vice-chairman
174:Lietuvių tautos taryba
173:
164:
158:
63:Lietuvių tautos taryba
62:
32:
27:
419:Augustinas Voldemaras
112:Russian Imperial Army
258:Constituent Assembly
195:Kazimieras Rėklaitis
95:Council of Lithuania
453:Mykolas Sleževičius
427:Mykolas Krupavičius
308:
208:, second secretary
121:February Revolution
97:in September 1917.
57:February Revolution
830:Grigaravičius 2013
680:Grigaravičius 2013
572:Grigaravičius 2013
560:Grigaravičius 2013
469:self-determination
431:Juozas Vailokaitis
306:
287:self-determination
250:Kovno Governorates
133:Russian State Duma
91:Vilnius Conference
87:October Revolution
50:self-determination
1062:1917 in Lithuania
937:(in Lithuanian).
904:978-9955-584-91-9
885:978-90-04-31410-8
406:Vaclovas Bielskis
383:
382:
191:Vaclovas Bielskis
1094:
1072:1917 conferences
1057:June 1917 events
1042:
1040:
1038:
1021:
992:
973:
958:
935:Darbai ir dienos
925:
908:
889:
878:. BRILL Rodopi.
857:
851:
845:
844:, pp. 70–71
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
808:, pp. 68–69
803:
794:
788:
782:
781:, pp. 67–68
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
745:, pp. 66–67
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
668:
667:, pp. 62–63
662:
656:
650:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
614:, pp. 60–61
609:
603:
598:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
536:
531:
450:
439:
403:
309:
297:Petrograd Seimas
291:Fyodor Kokoshkin
283:Petrograd Soviet
280:
279:
240:
222:
203:
176:
167:
161:
93:and elected the
65:
42:Russian Republic
35:
20:Petrograd Seimas
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1024:
1004:(48): 363–380.
995:
989:
976:
961:
928:
911:
905:
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886:
869:
865:
860:
852:
848:
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836:
828:
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753:
749:
741:
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710:
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698:
690:
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678:
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663:
659:
651:
642:
634:
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622:
618:
610:
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601:Sperskienė 2017
599:
590:
582:
578:
570:
566:
558:
554:
546:
539:
532:
523:
519:
506:
489:
461:Stasys Šilingas
451:). Socialists (
444:
442:Petras Karvelis
433:
414:
304:
299:
254:war reparations
229:
216:
210:Antanas Tumėnas
197:
187:Stasys Šilingas
137:Stasys Šilingas
129:
108:
103:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1100:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1067:1917 in Russia
1064:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1022:
993:
987:
974:
959:
926:
909:
903:
890:
884:
866:
864:
861:
859:
858:
846:
834:
822:
810:
795:
793:, p. 232.
783:
771:
769:, p. 231.
759:
747:
735:
723:
708:
696:
684:
669:
657:
640:
628:
616:
604:
588:
576:
564:
552:
537:
534:Lasinskas 2011
520:
518:
515:
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513:
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381:
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228:
225:
206:Liudas Noreika
128:
125:
107:
104:
102:
99:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1099:
1088:
1085:
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1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
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988:5-415-00658-3
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835:
831:
826:
823:
819:
814:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
791:Merkelis 1989
787:
784:
780:
775:
772:
768:
767:Merkelis 1989
763:
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744:
739:
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724:
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645:
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632:
629:
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624:Balkelis 2016
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507:
503:
501:
499:
495:
486:
484:
482:
477:
475:
470:
464:
462:
458:
457:Petras Leonas
454:
448:
443:
437:
432:
428:
424:
423:Martynas Yčas
420:
411:
409:
407:
402:
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175:
169:
166:
160:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
126:
124:
122:
117:
116:Great Retreat
113:
105:
100:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
64:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
25:
21:
1035:. Retrieved
1030:
1001:
997:
978:
967:
938:
934:
913:
894:
875:
863:Bibliography
856:, p. 77
849:
842:Čepėnas 1986
837:
832:, p. 66
825:
820:, p. 70
818:Čepėnas 1986
813:
806:Čepėnas 1986
786:
779:Čepėnas 1986
774:
762:
757:, p. 67
755:Čepėnas 1986
750:
743:Čepėnas 1986
738:
733:, p. 74
731:Čepėnas 1986
726:
721:, p. 66
719:Čepėnas 1986
706:, p. 11
699:
694:, p. 76
687:
682:, p. 62
665:Čepėnas 1986
660:
655:, p. 62
653:Čepėnas 1986
638:, p. 61
636:Čepėnas 1986
631:
626:, p. 52
619:
612:Čepėnas 1986
607:
586:, p. 60
584:Čepėnas 1986
579:
574:, p. 39
567:
562:, p. 23
555:
550:, p. 75
490:
478:
465:
415:
396:
384:
376:Independents
272:
262:
243:
230:
212:, treasurer
204:, secretary
170:
130:
109:
80:
54:
19:
18:
1037:30 December
704:Perrin 2016
445: [
434: [
265:Georgy Lvov
217: [
198: [
185:: chairman
1051:Categories
517:References
135:delegated
106:Background
24:Lithuanian
1018:1751-7877
955:1392-0588
941:: 23–72.
392:Petrograd
183:presidium
38:Petrograd
504:See also
922:3220435
1016:
985:
953:
920:
901:
882:
278:Законы
449:]
438:]
315:Reps
312:Party
246:Vilna
221:]
202:]
1039:2017
1014:ISSN
983:ISBN
951:ISSN
918:OCLC
899:ISBN
880:ISBN
387:O.S.
273:Laws
248:and
233:O.S.
168:).
141:O.S.
55:The
46:O.S.
1006:doi
943:doi
379:51
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361:30
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343:39
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1053::
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