423:
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476:
645:
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279:, OPEC revenues approximated an unprecedented US$ 1 trillion per year in 2008 and 2011â2014. Beyond the OPEC countries, substantial surpluses also accrued to Russia and Norway, and sovereign wealth funds worldwide amassed US$ 7 trillion by 2014â2015. Some oil exporters were unable to reap the full benefits, as the national economies of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Nigeria and Venezuela all suffered from multi-year political obstacles associated with what economists call the "
264:
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130:; but the surpluses could be usefully invested in other locations, or spent on imports such as consumer products, construction supplies, and military equipment. Alternatively, global economic growth would have suffered if that money was withdrawn from the world economy, while the oil-exporting states needed to be able to invest profitably to raise their long-term standards of living.
457:
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162:, the Managing Director of the IMF, said in 1974: "The international monetary system is facing its most difficult period since the 1930s." The IMF administered a new lending program during 1974â1976 called the Oil Facility. Funded by oil-exporting states and other lenders, it was available to governments suffering from acute problems with their
126:, both in 1973.) These petrodollar surpluses could be described as net U.S. dollar-equivalents earned from the export of petroleum, in excess of the internal development needs of the exporting countries. The surpluses could not be efficiently invested in their own economies, due to small populations or being at early stages of
220:
market as a less-regulated rival to U.S. monetary markets. As the recessionary condition of the world economy made investment in corporations less attractive, bankers and well-financed governments lent much of the money directly to the governments of developing countries, especially in Latin
America
1057:
Georgetown
University economics professor Ibrahim Oweiss has written about petrodollars and is credited with the word's coinage by Knowledge (XXG), but there is insufficient documentary evidence that he used the term first in 1973. Former commerce secretary Peter G. Peterson was credited with using
2189:
The former head of the Soviet planning agency, Nikolai
Baibakov, recalled that 'what we got for oil and gas' was $ 15 billion in 1976â80 and $ 35 billion in 1981â85. Of this money, the Soviets spent, respectively, $ 14 billion and $ 26.3 billion to buy grain, both to feed the
271:
In the 2005â2014 petrodollar surge, financial decision-makers were able to benefit somewhat from the lessons and experiences of the previous cycle. Developing economies generally stayed better balanced than they did in the 1970s; the world economy was less oil-intensive; and global inflation and
229:
as well as other major developing countries like Turkey. The 1973 oil crisis had created a vast dollar shortage in these countries; however, they still needed to finance their imports of oil and machinery. In early 1977, when Turkey stopped heating its prime minister's office, opposition leader
66:
plus Russia and Norway, earning more money from the export of crude oil than they could efficiently invest in their own economies. The resulting global interdependencies and financial flows, from oil producers back to oil consumers, can reach a scale of hundreds of billions of
272:
interest rates were much better contained. Oil exporters opted to make most of their investments directly into a diverse array of global markets, and the recycling process was less dependent on intermediary channels such as international banks and the IMF.
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enforced by violent military interventions against countries like Iraq, Iran, and
Venezuela, and a key hidden driver of world politics. The term was coined by William R. Clark, who has written a book with the same title. The phrase
238:
summarized the situation: "Banks collected the deposits of revenue-rich OPEC governments and lent the money to developing countries so they could avoid bankruptcy." In subsequent decades, many of these developing states found their
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Dubai is capitalized just as much on cheap labour as it is on expensive oil, and the
Maktoums, like their cousins in the other emirates, are exquisitely aware that they reign over a kingdom built on the backs of a South Asian
983:
In March 1973... Two weeks after Dr. Oweiss had used the word â at an international monetary seminar held at
Columbia University's Arden House in Harriman, New York â it was picked up by a prestigious economics commentator in
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403:
2455:'... a long-term investment, not only in the future of Turk Telekom but also in Turkey,' Hariri said. The sale of Turk Telekom's controlling stake is a key element of Turkey's IMF-backed privatization program.
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International bankers... began to invest huge amounts of those petro-dollars in Brazil and other developing countries..., allowing them to finance gigantic infrastructure works like the Itaipu
Hydroelectric
526:
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Mohtashami Pur, a one-time ambassador to
Lebanon who currently holds the title of secretary-general of the 'Intifada conference', told an Iranian newspaper that Iran transferred the missiles to the Shi'ite
2425:
Since the Dubai-based airline began its wine program 12 years ago, it has spent more than $ 500 million to develop the best wine list in the sky... 'It's an investment. We look at it like a commodity.'
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From a 14.6% stake of around US$ 329 million acquisition in
December 1974, the KIA is now the largest consistent shareholder in Daimler over 40 years where our 6.9% stake is currently valued around $
546:
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According to critics, the use of dollars in international oil transactions increases overall U.S. dollar demand by only a tiny fraction, and the dollar's overall status as the major
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surplus for all members of OPEC amounted to US$ 450 billion, without scaling-up for the subsequent decades of inflation. Ninety percent of this surplus was accumulated by the
2232:
115:, oil exporters amassed large surpluses of "petrodollars" from the sale of oil at historically high prices. (The word has been credited alternately to Egyptian-American economist
75:
to the U.S. dollar and some not. These flows are heavily influenced by government-level decisions regarding international investment and aid, with important consequences for both
456:
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High oil prices in the 1970s propped up the regime so well, that had it not been for Soviet oil sales, it's quite possible the regime would have collapsed a decade earlier.
2328:
Since the
Russian oligarch began pouring petro-dollars into Stamford Bridge, he has turned one of English football's underachieving clubs into an established powerhouse.
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283:". Most of the other large exporters accumulated enough financial reserves to cushion the shock when oil prices and petrodollar surpluses fell sharply again from an
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In return for oil, Cuba is sending Venezuela between 30,000 and 50,000 technical staff. As many as 30,000 Cubans in Venezuela are presumably medical doctors.
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was an early leader since 1961, and certain Arab states became some of the largest donors in the years since 1974, including through the IMF and the
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The price of the arms sale gives increased weight to an argument that in part it should be approved because it helps to 'recycle petrodollars'.
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A U.N. sanctions committee expressed 'grave concern' Thursday about what it called apparent Iranian violations of a U.N. ban on arms exports.
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146:, it caused problems especially for oil-importing countries that were paying much higher prices for oil, and incurring long-term debts. The
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It should not escape notice that this is the first true title showdown, and first genuine title race, between the petrodollar clubs.
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Fluctuations of OPEC net oil export revenues since 1972, showing elevated inflation-adjusted levels during 1974â1981 and 2005â2014
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of the United States, European Union, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. In fact, the process contributed to the growth of the
59:
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and in other financial markets of the major industrial economies, often directed discreetly by government entities now known as
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In 2015, Japanese carmaker Toyota retained its long-held local market leadership..., over three times its nearest rival Nissan.
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He thinks the U.S. should give more study to ways in which the excess funds â he calls them petro dollars â can be soaked up.
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This was a dream come true for the family, which built its fortune... first in the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf.
2005:
762:
695:
323:, although their working conditions are generally harsh. Even more controversially, several oil exporters have been major
94:, and the first major petrodollar surge (1974â1981) resulted in more financial complications than the second (2005â2014).
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due to the rise in oil prices, notably including Italy and the United Kingdom as well as dozens of developing countries.
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This article is about the trade surpluses of oil-exporting nations. For a broader term with multiple meanings, see
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These images illustrate the diversity of major petrodollar recycling activities, in roughly chronological order:
324:
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The money is there: the United Arab Emirates region is home to nearly 10 percent of all the world's oil reserve.
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These funds, which maintain passive investment positions, will perform a crucial petrodollar-recycling function.
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2307:"Roman Abramovich reaches 700 games as Chelsea owner â but how does his reign stack up against the rest?"
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Most of its cost (pegged at about US$ 120 million today) was a gift from King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.
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2342:"The colossal wealth of Manchester City and Chelsea is changing the landscape of British football"
234:
famously described the shortage as: "Turkey is in need of 70 cents." As political journalist
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has relatively limited tangible benefit to the United States economy as well as some drawbacks.
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contributed to the bloc's collapse in 1989. During the 2005â2014 petrodollar surge, OPEC member
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also accumulating significant oil surpluses through 1978 before suffering the hardships of
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between Brazil and Paraguay, financed by loans from petrodollar bank deposits in the 1970s
235:
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Inflation and interest rates surged with oil prices in the 1970s, but not in the 2000s.
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The Hidden Hand of American Hegemony: Petrodollar Recycling and International Markets
943:
812:
709:
463:
154:
increased by 150% between 1973 and 1977, complicated further by a worldwide shift to
31:
2233:"Harrod's New Owner: Mohamed al-Fayed; A Quiet Acquisitor Is Caught in a Cross Fire"
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per year â including a wide range of transactions in a variety of currencies, some
68:
4078:
2555:"U.N. panel voices concern over Iran's apparent violations of arms-export embargo"
2282:
2260:
1858:
1249:
StateâBusiness Alliances and Economic Development: Turkey, Mexico and North Africa
354:, before the 2014â2017 oil downturn brought Venezuela to its own economic crisis.
908:
315:. Oil exporters have also aided poorer countries indirectly through the personal
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Oil-exporting countries have used part of their petrodollar surpluses to fund
217:
2190:
cattle on collective farms and to put bread on the tables of Soviet citizens.
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1405:
1253:
703:
552:"Oil for doctors" program, with thousands of Cuban physicians anchoring the
343:
51:
17:
1578:"Oil-Rich Nations Are Selling Off Their Petrodollar Assets at Record Pace"
689:
338:
during the 1974â1981 petrodollar surge, and the loss of income during the
4331:
4196:
4176:
4171:
4151:
4146:
3922:
3912:
3834:
3769:
3541:
3269:
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3220:
3084:
2413:"Emirates Has Invested $ 500 Million to Build a 'Fort Knox' of Wine"
938:
50:
is the international spending or investment of a country's revenues from
1434:
910:
All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror
3864:
3854:
3734:
3729:
3644:
2620:
for More Than $ 250 Million, Highest Price Ever for a Work of Art"
2588:
2099:
1889:
999:
websites, it appears that these events actually occurred in March 1974.
537:
517:
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4913:
4336:
4181:
4068:
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4043:
4003:
3917:
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673:
669:
212:. Many billions of petrodollars were also invested through the major
1157:"International Balance of Payments Financing and the Budget Process"
2469:"Abu Dhabi buys 75% of Chrysler Building in latest trophy purchase"
1994:. December 15, 2015. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016.
39:
5340:
5115:
4918:
3963:
3937:
3907:
3869:
3809:
3804:
3799:
751:. January 10, 2006. Archived from the original on January 7, 2008.
262:
182:
38:
4944:
2738:"The U.S.âSaudi Arabian Joint Commission on Economic Cooperation"
2373:"The Logic of Extremism: How ChĂĄvez Gains by Giving Cuba So Much"
1623:"Cables Released by WikiLeaks Reveal Saudis' Checkbook Diplomacy"
1222:"The Untold Story Behind Saudi Arabia's 41-Year U.S. Debt Secret"
4191:
4131:
3884:
3362:
2021:"Kuwait Investment Authority says to expand Germany investments"
1496:"Sovereign Wealth Funds May Sell $ 404 Billion of Equities"
498:
413:
370:
as the standard means of settling oil transactions as a kind of
347:
186:
63:
4948:
4304:
2776:
2711:
Petrodollars: Tracking the Flow and Investment of Oil Windfalls
2584:"Iranian Official Admits Tehran Supplied Missiles to Hezbollah"
4023:
3889:
3662:
1862:
1325:
Carrasco, Enrique; McClellan, Charles; Ro, Jane (April 2007).
596:
90:
The term petrodollar was coined in the early 1970s during the
1970:"The dollar's international role: An "exorbitant privilege"?"
366:
refers to a theory that depicts the international use of the
204:
Large volumes of Arab petrodollars were invested directly in
2524:"Owners of Famed Chrysler Building Reach Deal to Sell Tower"
2164:"Soviet foreign policy from dĂ©tente to Gorbachev, 1975â1985"
676:, where the Japanese automaker holds a dominant market share
150:(IMF) estimated that the foreign debts of 100 oil-importing
83:. The phenomenon is most pronounced during periods when the
3652:
520:
department store in London, under Arab ownership since 1985
432:, whose largest consistent shareholder since 1974 has been
2168:
The Cambridge History of the Cold War: Volume III, Endings
2261:"Mohammed Fayed sells Harrods store to Qatar Holdings"
784:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. May 15, 2017
1885:"Venezuelan shoppers flock across border to Colombia"
1332:
The E-Book on International Finance & Development
657:
for a record-setting price above US$ 250 million
4253:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
1706:"Iranian General: Tehran Arming 'Liberation Armies'"
466:, constructed 1976â1986, a gift from Saudi Arabia's
5708:
5696:
5530:
5464:
5397:
5388:
5350:
5245:
5207:
4982:
4886:
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3421:
3303:
3189:
3083:
3011:
2954:
2913:
2906:
2828:
1768:"US allies Saudi Arabia and Qatar are funding ISIS"
1523:. Natural Resource Governance Institute. March 2015
138:While petrodollar recycling reduced the short-term
58:"). It generally refers to the phenomenon of major
27:
International spending of petroleum export revenues
2305:
2166:. In Leffler, Melvyn P.; Westad, Odd Arne (eds.).
1830:"The Economics Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall"
1766:
1470:
1399:"Petrodollars, emerging markets and vulnerability"
907:
572:, millions of which were purchased by Dubai-owned
536:, Russian-owned between 2003 and 2022 through the
412:, approximately $ 300 billion accumulated by
2439:"Oger Telecom signs $ 6.55 bln Turk Telekom deal"
2036:The KIA... is the largest shareholder in Daimler.
1737:. Oxford University Press. "Libya", pp. 207â208.
1090:The Economic Dimensions of Middle Eastern History
2170:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 109â110.
1357:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
327:challenging the governments of other countries.
2498:"Abu Dhabi Buys 90% Stake in Chrysler Building"
1542:Aguilera, Roberto F.; Radetzki, Marian (2015).
1088:. In Esfandiari, Haleh; Udovitch, A.L. (eds.).
299:programs, as a prominent example of so-called "
1988:"Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities"
1548:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87â89.
4960:
4316:
2788:
1946:"Debunking the Dumping-the-Dollar Conspiracy"
1734:The Role of Terrorism in 21st-Century Warfare
882:"Petrodollar Recycling and Global Imbalances"
836:"In the soup - Bob Woodward's plan of attack"
485:to ease food shortages in the 1970s and 1980s
8:
1339:. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011
2582:Harel, Amos; Stern, Yoav (August 4, 2006).
2050:"KIA/Daimler 40th Anniversary Celebrations"
1731:Weinberg, Leonard; Martin, Susanne (2016).
1327:"Foreign Debt: Forgiveness and Repudiation"
933:
931:
334:to support the struggling economies of the
5394:
4967:
4953:
4945:
4323:
4309:
4301:
3640:
3625:
2910:
2795:
2781:
2773:
2204:"Saudi AWACS Deal Passes $ 8 Billion"
1919:. Canada: New Society Publishers. p.
803:Myers, Amy; Elass, Jareer (January 2016).
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
776:
774:
772:
739:
737:
382:is sometimes used with the same meaning.
2048:Al Saleh, Anas K. (September 18, 2014).
1461:"Global disequilibrium remains unlikely"
971:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
501:fighter jet, one of dozens owned by the
3715:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
2231:Feder, Barnaby J. (September 8, 1985).
1494:Bianchi, Stefania (February 22, 2016).
733:
481:Western grain, heavily imported by the
399:
313:OPEC Fund for International Development
5089:Measures of national income and output
3589:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
3348:2020 RussiaâSaudi Arabia oil price war
1997:
1765:Cockburn, Patrick (October 14, 2016).
1672:Davis, Mike (SeptemberâOctober 2006).
1350:
754:
749:U.S. Energy Information Administration
591:, whose control was privatized to the
2758:"Is the end of the petrodollar near?"
2742:U.S. Government Accountability Office
2437:Aydogdu, Hatice (November 15, 2005).
2019:Taylor, Edward (September 18, 2014).
1373:"Federal Reserve Economic Data graph"
7:
3720:China National Petroleum Corporation
2340:Delaney, Miguel (February 2, 2014).
1649:Mukherjee, Andy (February 4, 2016).
723:Saudi ArabiaâUnited States relations
325:financial supporters of armed groups
2496:Bagli, Charles V. (July 10, 2008).
2467:Thomas, Landon Jr. (July 9, 2008).
880:Nsouli, Saleh M. (March 23, 2006).
247:, concluding that it was a form of
3780:National Iranian South Oil Company
3496:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
2614:Peers, Alexandra (February 2012).
2553:Lynch, Colum (December 11, 2009).
2534:from the original on June 13, 2024
2371:Corrales, Javier (December 2005).
2304:Critchley, Mark (April 12, 2015).
2283:"Russian businessman buys Chelsea"
1859:"Venezuela ends upbeat Cuba visit"
1857:Gibbs, Stephen (August 24, 2005).
1828:McMaken, Ryan (November 7, 2014).
834:Hertzberg, Hendrik (May 2, 2004).
321:foreign workers in the Middle East
169:From 1974 through 1981, the total
25:
4248:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
4137:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
3790:Oil & Gas Development Company
2318:from the original on May 26, 2022
2202:Mohr, Charles (August 22, 1981).
1781:from the original on May 26, 2022
1377:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1155:Neu, Carl Richard (August 1977).
346:played a similar role supporting
319:sent home by tens of millions of
5761:
5760:
4607:Malaya and British Borneo dollar
4285:
4284:
2522:Morris, Keiko (March 10, 2019).
2411:Gaddy, James (January 5, 2017).
1883:Polanco, Anggy (July 17, 2016).
1469:. August 8, 2008. Archived from
1161:U.S. Congressional Budget Office
1092:. Darwin Press. pp. 179â199
967:"Personality: Ibrahim M. Oweiss"
809:Journal of International Affairs
702:
688:
662:
643:
634:to Lebanon and Syria, including
624:
604:
581:
561:
545:
525:
510:
490:
474:
455:
440:
421:
402:
277:oil price increases of 2003â2008
3795:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
1992:U.S. Department of the Treasury
1944:Baker, Dean (October 7, 2009).
1576:Blas, Javier (April 13, 2015).
1397:Lubin, David (March 19, 2007).
857:Coll, Steve (August 10, 2014).
5722:Publications in macroeconomics
4263:Society of Petroleum Engineers
4034:Port Harcourt Refining Company
3700:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
1621:Hubbard, Ben (June 21, 2015).
1009:Rowen, Hobart (July 9, 1973).
973:. December 26, 1983. p. 8
387:international reserve currency
1:
5702:Critique of political economy
4752:Zimbabwean dollar (2019â2024)
3209:Production sharing agreements
2650:"Kuwait Autos Report Q2 2016"
1220:Wong, Andrea (May 30, 2016).
1136:. International Monetary Fund
1114:. International Monetary Fund
1058:'petrodollar' in a July 1973
805:"War and the Oil Price Cycle"
696:Business and economics portal
5790:International macroeconomics
4567:Danish West Indian rigsdaler
4243:Canadian petroleum companies
4238:American Petroleum Institute
3775:National Iranian Oil Company
3760:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
2756:Tran, Hung (June 20, 2024).
2656:. March 2016. Archived from
1435:"Recycling the Petrodollars"
1011:"Peterson Urges Cooperation"
617:Abu Dhabi Investment Council
330:High-priced oil allowed the
285:oil supply glut in 2014â2017
107:Especially during the years
4662:Prince Edward Island dollar
4532:British North Borneo dollar
4258:International Energy Agency
3243:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
2616:"Qatar Purchases CĂ©zanne's
2057:Kuwait Investment Authority
1086:"Economics of Petrodollars"
886:International Monetary Fund
653:, purchased in 2011 by the
428:German vehicle factory for
393:Gallery of notable examples
148:International Monetary Fund
5821:
5450:New neoclassical synthesis
5433:Real business-cycle theory
4597:Japanese occupation dollar
4537:British West Indies dollar
4468:Trinidad and Tobago dollar
3845:PTT Public Company Limited
3446:East Midlands Oil Province
3431:List of natural gas fields
3031:Integrated asset modelling
2685:Clark, William R. (2005).
2095:Brazil Is Not for Amateurs
1911:Clark, William R. (2005).
1651:"Oil's Plunge Spills Over"
782:"OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet"
745:"OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet"
595:organization in 2005 with
121:U.S. Secretary of Commerce
60:petroleum-exporting states
29:
5758:
4547:Confederate States dollar
4280:
4217:Weatherford International
3750:Iraq National Oil Company
2810:
2441:. Reuters. Archived from
2098:(English, 2nd ed.).
2004:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1674:"Fear and Money in Dubai"
761:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
636:over 300 tons intercepted
5455:Saltwater and freshwater
4562:Danish West Indian daler
4398:Eastern Caribbean dollar
2708:Smolyar, Leonid (2006).
1190:Cornell University Press
1182:Spiro, David E. (1999).
1134:"Recycling Petrodollars"
906:Kinzer, Stephen (2008).
632:Iranian weapon shipments
554:Venezuelan health system
410:U.S. Treasury securities
206:U.S. Treasury securities
5379:International economics
5304:Overlapping generations
4821:Project Entropia Dollar
4773:Pitcairn Islands dollar
4527:British Columbia dollar
4268:World Petroleum Council
4142:China Oilfield Services
3199:Petroleum fiscal regime
2898:Western Canadian Select
2893:West Texas Intermediate
2717:(B.Sc. Honors thesis).
2528:The Wall Street Journal
2380:Inter-American Dialogue
1951:Foreign Policy Magazine
939:"Petrodollar Profusion"
275:Thanks to the historic
156:floating exchange rates
5749:Mathematical economics
5483:Modern monetary theory
5236:Universal basic income
4453:Solomon Islands dollar
3745:Indian Oil Corporation
3231:Submersible pump (ESP)
3176:Underbalanced drilling
2997:of gasoline and diesel
2691:New Society Publishers
268:
210:sovereign wealth funds
87:is historically high.
44:
5795:International finance
5577:Wesley Clair Mitchell
5552:Thomas Robert Malthus
5374:Development economics
4934:Zimbabwean bond notes
4929:Zimbabwean bond coins
4801:(GearyâKhamis dollar)
4697:Sierra Leonean dollar
4647:Norwegian speciedaler
4582:Greenlandic rigsdaler
4388:Cayman Islands dollar
4122:Cameron International
3564:Petrodollar recycling
3547:fossil fuel phase-out
3110:Differential sticking
3063:Reflection seismology
3036:Petroleum engineering
2878:OPEC Reference Basket
1974:Brookings Institution
1290:Secrets of the Temple
1112:"Petrodollar Problem"
655:Royal Family of Qatar
589:Turkish Telecom Corp.
534:Chelsea Football Club
503:Royal Saudi Air Force
352:other regional allies
266:
255:was the only escape.
48:Petrodollar recycling
42:
5299:RamseyâCassâKoopmans
5138:Liquidity preference
4799:International dollar
4687:Saint Vincent dollar
4632:New Brunswick dollar
4478:United States dollar
4019:Occidental Petroleum
3333:1990 oil price shock
3159:Shale oil extraction
3132:Drilling engineering
3115:Directional drilling
3041:Reservoir simulation
2389:on November 29, 2016
2135:"Shah Faisal Mosque"
2090:Castor, Belmiro V.J.
1805:"Russian Footprints"
1518:"The Resource Curse"
1295:Simon & Schuster
1044:(February 1, 2012).
372:economic imperialism
368:United States dollar
152:developing countries
5800:Petroleum economics
5717:Macroeconomic model
5582:John Maynard Keynes
5364:Economic statistics
5309:General equilibrium
4858:Canadian Tire money
4667:Puerto Rican dollar
4652:Nova Scotian dollar
4642:Norwegian rigsdaler
4637:Newfoundland dollar
4542:Ceylonese rixdollar
4393:Cook Islands dollar
4167:Naftiran Intertrade
4112:Amec Foster Wheeler
4039:Reliance Industries
3928:Naftiran Intertrade
3740:Hindustan Petroleum
3338:2000s energy crisis
2719:New York University
2687:Petrodollar Warfare
2660:on January 16, 2017
2559:The Washington Post
2445:on February 2, 2017
2285:. BBC. July 2, 2003
2160:Zubok, Vyadislav M.
2066:on January 18, 2017
1968:(January 7, 2016).
1915:Petrodollar Warfare
1817:on January 9, 2015.
1803:(August 24, 2006).
1475:on December 3, 2022
1441:. November 10, 2005
1246:Ăzel, IĆık (2014).
1016:The Washington Post
615:, 90% owned by the
570:premium French wine
364:petrodollar warfare
358:Petrodollar warfare
301:checkbook diplomacy
5805:Petroleum politics
5657:Edward C. Prescott
5369:Monetary economics
4873:Salt Spring dollar
4737:Trinidadian dollar
4682:Saint Lucia dollar
4677:Saint Kitts dollar
4577:Dutch rijksdaalder
4552:Continental dollar
4438:New Zealand dollar
4014:Marathon Petroleum
3436:List of oil fields
3046:Reservoir modeling
2804:Petroleum industry
2728:on April 25, 2012.
2502:The New York Times
2473:The New York Times
2263:. BBC. May 8, 2010
2237:The New York Times
2208:The New York Times
1712:. October 27, 2008
1628:The New York Times
1466:The New York Times
1337:University of Iowa
1192:. pp. 74â75.
1082:Oweiss, Ibrahim M.
986:The New York Times
269:
81:petroleum politics
45:
5772:
5771:
5744:Political economy
5687:N. Gregory Mankiw
5677:Thomas J. Sargent
5526:
5525:
5517:Market monetarism
5321:Endogenous growth
5150:National accounts
4942:
4941:
4747:Zimbabwean dollar
4742:Tobagonian dollar
4727:Old Taiwan dollar
4722:Swedish riksdaler
4602:Kiautschou dollar
4506:Malaysian ringgit
4463:New Taiwan dollar
4458:Surinamese dollar
4353:Australian dollar
4298:
4297:
4276:
4275:
4162:Nabors Industries
4092:
4091:
3290:Well intervention
3265:Petroleum product
3164:Ljungström method
3068:Seismic inversion
3053:Petroleum geology
3007:
3006:
2700:978-0-86571-514-1
2347:The Sunday Mirror
1930:978-0-86571-514-1
1801:Pacepa, Ion Mihai
1304:978-0-671-47989-3
1263:978-1-317-81782-6
991:According to the
815:on April 10, 2019
619:from 2008 to 2019
613:Chrysler Building
241:accumulated debts
128:industrialization
124:Peter G. Peterson
16:(Redirected from
5812:
5764:
5763:
5667:William Nordhaus
5652:Robert Lucas Jr.
5542:François Quesnay
5395:
5162:Nominal rigidity
5133:Demand for money
5111:Microfoundations
5047:Financial crisis
5027:Effective demand
4997:Aggregate supply
4992:Aggregate demand
4969:
4962:
4955:
4946:
4672:Rhodesian dollar
4622:Mongolian dollar
4617:Mauritian dollar
4587:Grenadian dollar
4572:Dominican dollar
4557:Danish rigsdaler
4448:Singapore dollar
4413:Hong Kong dollar
4373:Bermudian dollar
4363:Barbadian dollar
4325:
4318:
4311:
4302:
4288:
4287:
3989:Hess Corporation
3710:Bharat Petroleum
3641:
3626:
3313:1967 Oil Embargo
3149:Lost circulation
2987:Posted oil price
2911:
2868:Isthmus-34 Light
2797:
2790:
2783:
2774:
2769:
2766:Atlantic Council
2752:
2750:
2748:
2734:Staats, Elmer B.
2729:
2727:
2721:. Archived from
2716:
2704:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2618:The Card Players
2611:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2415:. Bloomberg News
2408:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2382:. Archived from
2377:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2309:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2177:978-1-31602563-5
2156:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2109:978-1-46910432-4
2086:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2059:. Archived from
2054:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1918:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1813:. Archived from
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1770:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1744:978-1-78499764-9
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1710:Associated Press
1702:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1653:. Bloomberg News
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1580:. Bloomberg News
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1555:978-1-31643242-6
1545:The Price of Oil
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1498:. Bloomberg News
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1415:on March 5, 2016
1414:
1408:. Archived from
1403:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1285:Greider, William
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1163:. pp. 27â29
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1078:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1006:
1000:
990:
980:
978:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
947:. April 28, 2012
935:
926:
925:
913:
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
877:
871:
870:
868:
866:
854:
848:
847:
845:
843:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
811:. Archived from
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
778:
767:
766:
760:
752:
741:
712:
707:
706:
698:
693:
692:
666:
651:CĂ©zanne painting
647:
628:
608:
585:
574:Emirates airline
565:
549:
529:
514:
494:
478:
459:
444:
425:
416:during 1960â2015
414:OPEC governments
406:
232:Suleyman Demirel
214:commercial banks
164:balance of trade
21:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5704:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5672:Joseph Stiglitz
5632:Milton Friedman
5612:Friedrich Hayek
5533:macroeconomists
5522:
5521:
5520:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5331:MundellâFleming
5326:Matching theory
5264:Keynesian cross
5241:
5240:
5239:
5203:
5202:
5201:
4978:
4973:
4943:
4938:
4882:
4841:
4825:
4804:
4777:
4756:
4717:Sumatran dollar
4702:Slovenian tolar
4627:Nevisian dollar
4592:Hawaiian dollar
4510:
4488:
4482:
4473:Tuvaluan dollar
4433:Namibian dollar
4428:Liberian dollar
4423:Kiribati dollar
4418:Jamaican dollar
4408:Guyanese dollar
4383:Canadian dollar
4358:Bahamian dollar
4341:
4329:
4299:
4294:
4272:
4226:
4222:John Wood Group
4212:Valaris Limited
4105:
4102:
4099:
4088:
3954:APA Corporation
3942:
3894:
3693:
3690:
3682:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3621:
3615:
3516:Classification
3500:
3423:
3417:
3353:Nationalization
3323:1979 oil crisis
3318:1973 oil crisis
3299:
3285:Water injection
3253:Steam injection
3248:Gas reinjection
3216:Artificial lift
3185:
3127:Drill stem test
3079:
3003:
2950:
2902:
2824:
2806:
2801:
2755:
2746:
2744:
2732:
2725:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2684:
2681:
2679:Further reading
2676:
2663:
2661:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2630:
2628:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2594:
2592:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2448:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2352:
2350:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2321:
2319:
2312:The Independent
2303:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2140:
2138:
2137:. Lonely Planet
2133:
2132:
2128:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2102:. p. 202.
2088:
2087:
2083:
2077:7 billion.
2069:
2067:
2063:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1996:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1838:
1836:
1834:Mises Institute
1827:
1826:
1822:
1810:National Review
1799:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1774:The Independent
1764:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1685:
1683:
1679:New Left Review
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1297:. p. 340.
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1060:Washington Post
1050:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1022:
1020:
1008:
1007:
1003:
976:
974:
965:
964:
960:
950:
948:
937:
936:
929:
922:
905:
904:
900:
890:
888:
879:
878:
874:
864:
862:
859:"Oil and erbil"
856:
855:
851:
841:
839:
833:
832:
828:
818:
816:
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
780:
779:
770:
753:
743:
742:
735:
731:
718:Dedollarisation
708:
701:
694:
687:
684:
677:
667:
658:
648:
639:
629:
620:
609:
600:
586:
577:
566:
557:
550:
541:
530:
521:
515:
506:
497:American-built
495:
486:
479:
470:
460:
451:
445:
436:
426:
417:
407:
395:
360:
336:Soviet-led bloc
293:
261:
259:2005â2014 surge
245:unpayably large
236:William Greider
171:current account
160:Johan Witteveen
144:1973 oil crisis
136:
134:1974â1981 surge
105:
100:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5818:
5816:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5777:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5739:Microeconomics
5736:
5735:
5734:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5642:Lawrence Klein
5639:
5637:Paul Samuelson
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5592:MichaĆ Kalecki
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5507:Disequilibrium
5504:
5503:
5502:
5495:Post-Keynesian
5492:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5475:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5425:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:Related fields
5348:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5279:Phillips curve
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5130:
5128:Money creation
5125:
5124:
5123:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5086:
5084:Liquidity trap
5081:
5076:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5002:Business cycle
4999:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:Basic concepts
4980:
4979:
4976:Macroeconomics
4974:
4972:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4904:Quarter dollar
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4878:Toronto dollar
4875:
4870:
4868:Liberty dollar
4865:
4863:Disney Dollars
4860:
4855:
4853:Calgary dollar
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4761:Noncirculating
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4712:Straits dollar
4709:
4707:Spanish dollar
4704:
4699:
4694:
4692:Sarawak dollar
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4612:Malayan dollar
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4522:Antigua dollar
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4501:Ethiopian birr
4498:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4059:Surgutneftegas
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3979:Eneos Holdings
3976:
3971:
3969:ConocoPhillips
3966:
3961:
3959:Cenovus Energy
3956:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3900:Energy trading
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3586:
3584:Swing producer
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:Gulf of Mexico
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:2010s oil glut
3340:
3335:
3330:
3328:1980s oil glut
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3137:Drilling fluid
3134:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3075:Seismic source
3072:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2873:Japan Cocktail
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2820:Primary energy
2817:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2753:
2730:
2705:
2699:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2641:
2606:
2574:
2545:
2514:
2488:
2459:
2429:
2403:
2363:
2332:
2296:
2274:
2252:
2223:
2194:
2176:
2151:
2126:
2108:
2081:
2040:
2011:
1979:
1957:
1936:
1929:
1903:
1875:
1849:
1820:
1792:
1757:
1743:
1723:
1697:
1664:
1641:
1613:
1591:
1568:
1554:
1534:
1509:
1486:
1452:
1426:
1389:
1364:
1317:
1303:
1276:
1262:
1256:. p. 34.
1238:
1226:Bloomberg News
1212:
1198:
1174:
1147:
1125:
1103:
1066:
1033:
1001:
958:
927:
921:978-0470185490
920:
898:
872:
849:
826:
795:
768:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
720:
714:
713:
699:
683:
680:
679:
678:
668:
661:
659:
649:
642:
640:
630:
623:
621:
610:
603:
601:
587:
580:
578:
567:
560:
558:
551:
544:
542:
531:
524:
522:
516:
509:
507:
496:
489:
487:
480:
473:
471:
461:
454:
452:
446:
439:
437:
427:
420:
418:
408:
401:
394:
391:
359:
356:
340:1980s oil glut
292:
289:
281:resource curse
260:
257:
249:neocolonialism
175:Arab countries
142:impact of the
135:
132:
119:and to former
117:Ibrahim Oweiss
104:
101:
99:
96:
77:global finance
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5817:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5767:
5757:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:Peter Diamond
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5647:Edmund Phelps
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5622:Richard Stone
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:Joan Robinson
5605:
5603:
5602:Simon Kuznets
5600:
5598:
5597:Gunnar Myrdal
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:Irving Fisher
5570:
5568:
5567:Knut Wicksell
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5529:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5428:New classical
5426:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:Shrinkflation
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5074:Interest rate
5072:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5031:Expectations
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:See also
4885:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:Linden dollar
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:Penang dollar
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4403:Fijian dollar
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:Brunei dollar
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:Belize dollar
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4291:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4095:
4085:
4084:Valero Energy
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Suncor Energy
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3678:TotalEnergies
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3627:
3624:
3622:organisations
3620:Companies and
3618:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Petrocurrency
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Oil shale gas
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3512:Abbreviations
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Permian Basin
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:United States
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Seven Sisters
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Core sampling
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Indian Basket
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2762:Econographics
2759:
2754:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2300:
2297:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1904:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1758:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1602:. Kuwait Fund
1601:
1595:
1592:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1535:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1440:
1439:The Economist
1436:
1430:
1427:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1239:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1201:
1199:0-8014-2884-X
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1175:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1047:
1046:"Petrodollar"
1043:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
972:
968:
962:
959:
946:
945:
944:The Economist
940:
934:
932:
928:
923:
917:
912:
911:
902:
899:
887:
883:
876:
873:
860:
853:
850:
837:
830:
827:
814:
810:
806:
799:
796:
783:
777:
775:
773:
769:
764:
758:
750:
746:
740:
738:
734:
728:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
711:
710:Energy portal
705:
700:
697:
691:
686:
681:
675:
671:
665:
660:
656:
652:
646:
641:
637:
633:
627:
622:
618:
614:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
584:
579:
575:
571:
564:
559:
555:
548:
543:
539:
535:
528:
523:
519:
513:
508:
504:
500:
493:
488:
484:
477:
472:
469:
465:
464:Faisal Mosque
458:
453:
449:
443:
438:
435:
431:
424:
419:
415:
411:
405:
400:
398:
392:
390:
388:
383:
381:
380:
373:
369:
365:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
290:
288:
286:
282:
278:
273:
265:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
233:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
131:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
102:
98:Capital flows
97:
95:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
62:, mainly the
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
33:
32:Petrocurrency
19:
5682:Paul Krugman
5627:Hyman Minsky
5587:Alvin Hansen
5359:Econometrics
5336:Overshooting
5289:HarrodâDomar
5284:ArrowâDebreu
5231:Central bank
5197:Unemployment
5187:Supply shock
5145:Money supply
5022:Disinflation
5017:Demand shock
4924:Trade dollar
4909:Holey dollar
4793:
4732:Texas dollar
4496:Chinese yuan
4487:Circulating,
4335:
4187:Schlumberger
4117:Baker Hughes
4009:Marathon Oil
3999:Imperial Oil
3994:Husky Energy
3984:Galp Energia
3974:Devon Energy
3860:Saudi Aramco
3840:Petrovietnam
3785:NNPC Limited
3689:National oil
3569:Petrofiction
3563:
3537:Orphan wells
3505:Other topics
3476:Persian Gulf
3403:Saudi Arabia
3373:Standard Oil
3181:Well logging
3058:Petrophysics
2761:
2745:. Retrieved
2723:the original
2710:
2686:
2669:
2662:. Retrieved
2658:the original
2653:
2644:
2636:
2631:February 19,
2629:. Retrieved
2623:
2617:
2609:
2600:
2593:. Retrieved
2587:
2577:
2569:
2562:. Retrieved
2558:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2527:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2501:
2491:
2483:
2478:December 29,
2476:. Retrieved
2472:
2462:
2454:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:the original
2432:
2424:
2417:. Retrieved
2406:
2398:
2393:November 29,
2391:. Retrieved
2384:the original
2366:
2358:
2351:. Retrieved
2345:
2335:
2327:
2320:. Retrieved
2311:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2255:
2247:
2240:. Retrieved
2236:
2226:
2218:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:
2197:
2188:
2181:. Retrieved
2167:
2154:
2146:
2139:. Retrieved
2129:
2120:
2113:. Retrieved
2094:
2084:
2075:
2068:. Retrieved
2061:the original
2043:
2035:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:
2014:
1982:
1966:Ben Bernanke
1960:
1949:
1939:
1914:
1906:
1896:December 31,
1894:. Retrieved
1888:
1878:
1868:November 28,
1866:. Retrieved
1852:
1844:
1837:. Retrieved
1823:
1815:the original
1808:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1772:
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1733:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1686:February 12,
1684:. Retrieved
1677:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1644:
1634:February 16,
1632:. Retrieved
1626:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1594:
1584:February 14,
1582:. Retrieved
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1544:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1512:
1502:February 22,
1500:. Retrieved
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1472:the original
1464:
1455:
1445:February 14,
1443:. Retrieved
1438:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1410:the original
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1367:
1341:. Retrieved
1331:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1289:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1248:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1184:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1089:
1059:
1056:
1049:. Retrieved
1042:Popik, Barry
1036:
1028:
1021:. Retrieved
1019:. p. A1
1014:
1004:
985:
982:
975:. Retrieved
970:
961:
949:. Retrieved
942:
909:
901:
889:. Retrieved
875:
863:. Retrieved
861:. New Yorker
852:
840:. Retrieved
838:. New Yorker
829:
817:. Retrieved
813:the original
808:
798:
786:. Retrieved
672:vehicles in
483:Soviet Union
396:
384:
379:currency war
376:
363:
361:
329:
294:
274:
270:
203:
179:Persian Gulf
168:
140:recessionary
137:
106:
89:
85:price of oil
69:U.S. dollars
64:OPEC members
56:petrodollars
55:
47:
46:
36:
18:Petrodollars
5562:LĂ©on Walras
5445:Supply-side
5274:Accelerator
5182:Stagflation
5167:Price level
5062:Demand-pull
4899:Half dollar
4894:Dollar sign
4837:Angus Bucks
4794:Petrodollar
4768:Niue dollar
4489:but renamed
4443:Samoan tÄlÄ
4346:Circulating
4157:Halliburton
4029:Phillips 66
3850:QatarEnergy
3820:Petrobangla
3755:KazMunayGas
3645:Supermajors
3594:heavy crude
3481:Prudhoe Bay
3461:Niger Delta
3441:Caspian Sea
3204:Concessions
3154:Measurement
3120:Geosteering
3103:Squeeze job
3013:Exploration
2962:Consumption
2921:Consumption
2914:Natural gas
2843:Bonny Light
2747:January 31,
2664:January 13,
2625:Vanity Fair
2449:January 30,
2267:February 7,
2242:January 16,
2213:November 5,
2183:January 18,
2115:January 18,
2070:January 17,
2030:January 17,
1839:January 12,
1682:(41): 47â68
1657:February 4,
1606:January 22,
1561:January 22,
1527:January 22,
1419:January 31,
1310:January 31,
1269:January 31,
1205:February 8,
1167:February 5,
1140:January 31,
1118:January 31,
1096:January 31,
1051:January 11,
1023:February 5,
977:January 11,
951:February 7,
891:January 14,
611:New York's
568:Bottles of
540:oil fortune
468:King Faisal
462:Pakistan's
317:remittances
309:Kuwait Fund
305:petro-Islam
297:foreign aid
291:Foreign aid
253:debt relief
251:from which
5779:Categories
5617:John Hicks
5547:Adam Smith
5500:Circuitism
5490:Ecological
5478:Chartalism
5423:Monetarism
5398:Mainstream
5294:SolowâSwan
5269:Multiplier
5226:Commercial
5121:Endogenous
5079:Investment
4789:Eurodollar
4782:Conceptual
4340:or similar
4332:Currencies
4207:Transocean
4074:Tullow Oil
4064:TechnipFMC
3830:PetroChina
3668:ExxonMobil
3574:Shale band
3451:East Texas
3424:and fields
3238:Downstream
3191:Production
3098:Completion
3026:Geophysics
2967:Production
2926:Production
2863:Indonesian
2838:Argus Sour
2830:Benchmarks
2419:January 5,
1693:workforce.
1600:"Timeline"
1382:August 25,
1188:. Ithaca:
729:References
593:Saudi Oger
576:since 2005
505:since 1981
448:Itaipu Dam
218:Eurodollar
191:revolution
103:Background
92:oil crisis
54:exports ("
5727:Economics
5557:Karl Marx
5465:Heterodox
5440:Stockholm
5406:Keynesian
5172:Recession
5067:Cost-push
5057:Inflation
5012:Deflation
4830:Fictional
4202:TC Energy
4103:companies
3933:Trafigura
3880:Sonatrach
3825:Petrobras
3815:Pertamina
3725:Ecopetrol
3691:companies
3635:companies
3633:petroleum
3609:tight oil
3604:oil shale
3599:oil sands
3579:Shale gas
3520:sweet oil
3491:Venezuela
3466:North Sea
3422:Provinces
3413:Venezuela
3260:Midstream
2955:Petroleum
2815:Petroleum
2654:Just Auto
2595:March 29,
2564:March 29,
2353:August 1,
2322:August 1,
2289:March 23,
2141:March 29,
1785:March 29,
1750:March 29,
1716:March 29,
1406:Citigroup
1353:cite book
1254:Routledge
914:. Wiley.
865:April 10,
842:April 10,
819:April 10,
556:from 2004
532:London's
362:The term
344:Venezuela
227:Argentina
199:sanctions
113:2005â2014
109:1974â1981
52:petroleum
5766:Category
5709:See also
5697:Critique
5531:Notable
5473:Austrian
5221:Monetary
5208:Policies
5040:Rational
5035:Adaptive
4290:Category
4197:Subsea 7
4177:Petrofac
4172:NOV Inc.
4152:GE Power
4147:Enbridge
4101:services
3923:Mercuria
3913:Glencore
3875:Sonangol
3835:Petronas
3770:Naftogaz
3542:Peak oil
3525:sour oil
3280:Upstream
3275:Refining
3270:Pipeline
3226:Pumpjack
3221:Gas lift
3142:invasion
3085:Drilling
2972:Reserves
2931:Reserves
2736:(1979).
2602:militia.
2538:June 13,
2532:Archived
2316:Archived
2162:(2010).
2092:(2003).
2000:cite web
1779:Archived
1287:(1987).
1084:(1990).
1062:article.
757:cite web
682:See also
221:such as
5732:Applied
5512:Marxian
5390:Schools
4846:Private
4809:Virtual
4515:Defunct
3865:Sinopec
3855:Rosneft
3735:Gazprom
3730:Equinor
3658:Chevron
3305:History
3171:Tracers
3093:Blowout
2982:Exports
2977:Imports
2941:Exports
2936:Imports
2589:Haaretz
2507:July 3,
2100:Xlibris
2025:Reuters
1890:Reuters
1479:May 25,
1343:June 6,
1231:May 31,
788:May 28,
638:in 2009
599:support
538:Sibneft
518:Harrods
430:Daimler
307:". The
185:, with
177:of the
5785:Dollar
5246:Models
5216:Fiscal
5192:Saving
5052:Growth
4914:Thaler
4337:dollar
4334:named
4231:Others
4182:Saipem
4079:TĂŒpraĆ
4069:TNK-BP
4054:Sunoco
4044:Repsol
4004:Lukoil
3947:Others
3918:Gunvor
3552:timing
3486:Russia
3398:Norway
3383:France
3378:Canada
2697:
2174:
2122:Plant.
2106:
1927:
1741:
1552:
1301:
1260:
1196:
993:Oweiss
918:
674:Kuwait
670:Toyota
434:Kuwait
303:" or "
243:to be
223:Brazil
73:pegged
5341:NAIRU
5259:ADâAS
5254:ISâLM
5116:Money
4919:Tolar
4098:Major
3964:Cepsa
3938:Vitol
3908:Enron
3870:SOCAR
3810:Pemex
3805:PDVSA
3800:Orlen
3765:Lotos
3705:ANCAP
3673:Shell
3630:Major
3388:India
2992:Price
2946:Price
2888:Urals
2883:Tapis
2853:Dubai
2848:Brent
2726:(PDF)
2715:(PDF)
2387:(PDF)
2376:(PDF)
2064:(PDF)
2053:(PDF)
1521:(PDF)
1413:(PDF)
1402:(PDF)
183:Libya
5411:Neo-
5314:DSGE
5007:CAGR
4192:Snam
4132:CH2M
3885:TPAO
3393:Iraq
3363:OPEC
3358:GECF
2907:Data
2749:2016
2695:ISBN
2666:2017
2633:2016
2597:2017
2566:2017
2540:2024
2509:2016
2480:2016
2451:2017
2421:2017
2395:2016
2355:2016
2324:2016
2291:2016
2269:2016
2244:2017
2215:2016
2185:2017
2172:ISBN
2143:2017
2117:2017
2104:ISBN
2072:2017
2032:2017
2006:link
1925:ISBN
1898:2016
1870:2016
1841:2016
1787:2017
1752:2017
1739:ISBN
1718:2017
1688:2016
1659:2016
1636:2016
1608:2017
1586:2016
1563:2017
1550:ISBN
1529:2017
1504:2016
1481:2024
1447:2016
1421:2016
1384:2016
1359:link
1345:2011
1312:2016
1299:ISBN
1271:2016
1258:ISBN
1233:2016
1207:2016
1194:ISBN
1169:2016
1142:2016
1120:2016
1098:2016
1053:2017
1025:2016
995:and
979:2017
953:2016
916:ISBN
893:2017
867:2019
844:2019
821:2019
790:2017
763:link
499:F-15
377:oil
350:and
348:Cuba
332:USSR
225:and
197:and
187:Iran
181:and
111:and
79:and
5416:New
5155:SNA
5104:NNI
5099:GNI
5094:GDP
4127:CGG
4024:OMV
3890:YPF
3663:Eni
1863:BBC
997:NYT
597:IMF
195:war
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3653:BP
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