2027:
327:
752:
764:
728:
740:
689:
comparing DNA from different skeletal sites concluded that "The inner part of petrous bones and the cementum layer in teeth roots are currently recognized as the best substrates for (ancient DNA) research ... Both substrates display significantly higher endogenous DNA content (average of 16.4% and 40.0% for teeth and petrous bones, respectively) than parietal skull bone (average of 2.2%)."
56:
716:
704:
947:
40:
655:
is intermediate in length between the superior and the anterior. Its medial half is marked by a sulcus, which forms, with a corresponding sulcus on the occipital bone, the channel for the inferior petrosal sinus. Its lateral half presents an excavation — the jugular fossa — which, with the jugular
688:
In ancient DNA studies, scientists extract and sequence DNA from ancient skeletal remains of humans and other species. In many cases the DNA is highly degraded, and contaminated by DNA from soil microbes. In 2015 it was found that the petrous bone has remarkably well-preserved DNA. A 2017 study
2047:
829:
Pinhasi R, Fernandes D, Sirak K, Novak M, Connell S, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Gerritsen F, Moiseyev V, Gromov A, Raczky P, Anders A, Pietrusewsky M, Rollefson G, Jovanovic M, Trinhhoang H, Bar-Oz G, Oxenham M, Matsumura H, Hofreiter M (18 June 2015).
433:
Behind the internal acoustic meatus is a small slit almost hidden by a thin plate of bone, leading to a canal, the aquæductus vestibuli, which transmits the ductus endolymphaticus together with a small artery and vein.
667:
At the angle of junction of the petrous and the squamous parts are two canals, one above the other, and separated by a thin plate of bone, the septum canalis musculotubarii; both canals lead into the tympanic cavity.
663:
is divided into two parts—a lateral joined to the squamous part by a suture (petrosquamous), the remains of which are more or less distinct; a medial, free, which articulates with the spinous process of the sphenoid.
751:
763:
437:
Above and between these two openings is an irregular depression that lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein; in the infant, this depression is represented by a large fossa, the
583:, a sheath-like plate of bone, which divides behind into two laminæ; the lateral lamina is continuous with the tympanic part of the bone, the medial with the lateral margin of the jugular surface
510:, which ascends at first vertically, and then, making a bend, runs horizontally forward and medially; it transmits into the cranium the internal carotid artery, and the carotid plexus of nerves
429:
and the superior and lateral semicircular ducts, and, in front, the area facialis, with one large opening, the commencement of the canal for the facial nerve (aquæductus
Fallopii).
173:. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior the components of the
295:
265:, remains of which are distinct even at a late period of life. It is marked by depressions for the convolutions of the brain, and presents six notable points:
129:
357:
a short canal, about 1 cm. in length, which runs lateralward. It transmits the facial and acoustic nerves and the internal auditory branch of the
656:
notch on the occipital, forms the jugular foramen; an eminence occasionally projects from the center of the fossa, and divides the foramen into two.
990:
105:
2052:
1913:
1797:
616:
560:
1596:
1435:
757:
Bones of the front of the skull, viewed from behind (interior surface). The petrous part of the temporal is labeled in the lower left.
205:
192:
The petrous bone is important for studies of ancient DNA from skeletal remains, as it tends to contain extremely well-preserved DNA.
1516:
1445:
1329:
301:
291:
209:
769:
Another view of the bones of the front of the skull, viewed from behind, with the petrous part of the temporal labeled bilaterally.
1937:
727:
1113:
1091:
1037:
461:
Anterior inferior cribriform area, with (5’) the tractus spiralis foraminosus, and (5’’) the canalis centralis of the cochlea.
1932:
1165:
521:, which lodges a tubular prolongation of the dura mater establishing a communication between the perilymphatic space and the
496:
229:
201:
483:
is rough and irregular, and forms part of the exterior of the base of the skull. It presents eleven points for examination:
1714:
1560:
542:
221:
124:
2017:
425:
presents behind, the area cribrosa superior, pierced by a series of small openings, for the passage of the nerves to the
261:
of the base of the skull, and is continuous with the inner surface of the squamous portion, to which it is united by the
2057:
1769:
1356:
1322:
185:, meaning "stone-like, hard". It is one of the densest bones in the body. In other mammals, it is a separate bone, the
1993:
1737:
1656:
1101:
442:
402:
274:
284:: Here, the layer of bone that separates the tympanic from the cranial cavity is extremely thin, and is known as the
1998:
983:
409:
1782:
1777:
1572:
1523:
1487:
1369:
1096:
1047:
413:
365:
354:
350:
220:
The apex, which is rough and uneven, is received into the angular interval between the posterior border of the
136:
88:
518:
715:
1829:
1759:
889:
Hansen HB, Damgaard PB, Margaryan A, Stenderup J, Lynnerup N, Willerslev E, Allentoft ME (27 January 2017).
780:
703:
637:
343:
331:
2026:
1834:
1749:
1673:
612:
550:
112:
100:
387:
1950:
1862:
1732:
1430:
976:
956:
673:
536:
526:
488:
364:
The lateral end of the canal is closed by a vertical plate, which is divided by a horizontal crest, the
487:
near the apex is a rough surface, quadrilateral in form, which serves partly for the attachment of the
379:
are three sets of foramina; these openings together with this central canal transmit the nerves to the
326:
1975:
1945:
1577:
1533:
1420:
1312:
902:
843:
692:
Consequently, petrous bones are now the most widely-used skeletal site for the study of ancient DNA.
594:
566:
262:
258:
17:
1960:
1754:
1565:
1295:
1173:
641:
606:
556:
353:, the size of which varies considerably; its margins are smooth and rounded, and it leads into the
314:
739:
1906:
1867:
1696:
1415:
1086:
1020:
522:
290:
a shallow groove, sometimes double, leading lateralward and backward to an oblique opening, the
513:
medial to the opening for the carotid canal and close to its posterior border, in front of the
280:
in front of and a little lateral to this eminence, a depression indicating the position of the
1846:
1668:
1651:
1646:
1604:
1528:
1407:
1238:
1228:
1138:
1121:
961:
930:
871:
398:
371:
Each portion is further subdivided by a vertical ridge into an anterior and a posterior part.
1896:
1742:
1727:
1704:
1683:
1678:
1543:
1473:
1425:
1384:
1285:
1272:
1178:
1153:
1057:
920:
910:
861:
851:
645:
438:
270:
346:
of the base of the skull, and is continuous with the inner surface of the mastoid portion.
2048:
Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
1955:
1841:
1812:
1663:
1458:
1453:
1374:
1364:
1339:
1243:
1148:
1126:
1069:
580:
570:
546:
281:
241:
177:. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the
906:
847:
2031:
1817:
1691:
1483:
1478:
1280:
1253:
1194:
1131:
1011:
925:
890:
866:
831:
574:
500:
358:
233:
170:
2041:
1983:
1965:
1641:
1636:
1618:
1548:
1506:
1468:
1462:
1398:
1379:
1344:
1248:
1233:
1220:
1042:
952:
679:
the lower one (semicanalis tubae auditivae) forms the bony part of the auditory tube.
587:
532:
514:
507:
492:
426:
307:
237:
225:
166:
158:
45:
300:
lateral to the hiatus, a smaller opening, occasionally seen, for the passage of the
1901:
1881:
1511:
1263:
1074:
1052:
999:
602:
598:
915:
856:
541:
in the bony ridge dividing the carotid canal from the jugular fossa is the small
412:, consisting of a number of small spirally arranged openings, which encircle the
93:
1787:
1003:
620:
178:
1317:
832:"Optimal ancient DNA yields from the inner ear part of the human petrous bone"
464:
Ridge separating the tractus spiralis foraminosus from the area cribrosa media
1204:
968:
535:, of variable depth and size in different skulls; it lodges the bulb of the
313:
above this canal the shallow trigeminal impression for the reception of the
174:
117:
55:
934:
875:
517:, is a triangular depression; at the apex of this is a small opening, the
1584:
1300:
142:
891:"Comparing ancient DNA preservation in petrous bone and tooth cementum"
569:, covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and articulating with the
391:
386:
one group, just below the posterior part of the crest, situated in the
380:
1199:
611:
situated between the tympanic portion and the mastoid process is the
39:
1033:
455:
Ridge separating the area facialis from the area cribrosa superior
330:
Posterior borders of the petrous part of the temporal bone in the
325:
162:
76:
972:
672:
The upper one (semicanalis m. tensoris tympani) transmits the
458:
Area cribrosa superior, with (4’) openings for nerve filaments
467:
Area cribrosa media, with (7’) orifices for nerves to saccule
452:
Area facialis, with (2’) internal opening of the facial canal
294:, for the passage of the greater petrosal nerve and for the
390:, consists of several small openings for the nerves to the
310:, the wall of which in this situation is deficient in front
800:
273:(eminentia arcuata), which indicates the location of the
565:
behind the jugular fossa is a quadrilateral area, the
236:; it presents the anterior or internal opening of the
161:
is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the
2015:
503:
through the intervention of some dense fibrous tissue
441:, which extends backward as a blind tunnel under the
257:
The anterior surface forms the posterior part of the
733:
Dissection of the muscles of the palate from behind.
525:, and transmits a vein from the cochlea to join the
200:
The base is fused with the internal surfaces of the
1974:
1922:
1889:
1880:
1855:
1796:
1768:
1713:
1626:
1617:
1595:
1497:
1444:
1406:
1397:
1355:
1271:
1262:
1219:
1187:
1164:
1112:
1019:
1010:
644:; at its medial extremity is a notch, in which the
123:
111:
99:
87:
75:
70:
65:
32:
506:behind this is the large circular aperture of the
306:near the apex of the bone, the termination of the
593:between the styloid and mastoid processes is the
579:extending backward from the carotid canal is the
555:in the lateral part of the jugular fossa is the
531:behind these openings is a deep depression, the
240:, and forms the postero-lateral boundary of the
1587:in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone)
296:petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery
984:
590:, a sharp spine, about 2.5 cm. in length
8:
781:Internal carotid artery#C2: Petrous segment
1886:
1623:
1403:
1268:
1016:
991:
977:
969:
54:
38:
924:
914:
865:
855:
349:Near the center is a large orifice, the
2022:
792:
699:
408:in front of and below the first is the
951:This article incorporates text in the
140:
29:
27:Feature at the base of the human skull
495:, and partly for connection with the
491:and the cartilaginous portion of the
7:
423:portion above the crista falciformis
181:. Petrous comes from the Latin word
18:Petrous portion of the temporal bone
684:Petrous bone in ancient DNA studies
561:auricular branch of the vagus nerve
377:portion beneath the falciform crest
721:Base of the skull. Upper surface.
636:, the longest, is grooved for the
401:, or opening for the nerve to the
397:below and behind this area is the
25:
302:lesser superficial petrosal nerve
292:hiatus for greater petrosal nerve
60:Petrous part of the temporal bone
33:Petrous part of the temporal bone
2025:
945:
762:
750:
738:
726:
714:
709:Base of skull. Inferior surface.
702:
1092:Internal occipital protuberance
1038:External occipital protuberance
597:; it is the termination of the
342:forms the anterior part of the
640:, and gives attachment to the
1:
543:inferior tympanic canaliculus
368:, into two unequal portions.
82:pars petrosa ossis temporalis
916:10.1371/journal.pone.0170940
857:10.1371/journal.pone.0129102
586:between these laminæ is the
410:tractus spiralis foraminosus
1657:Posterior clinoid processes
1102:Groove for transverse sinus
959:of the 20th edition of
443:superior semicircular canal
403:posterior semicircular duct
275:superior semicircular canal
2074:
2053:Bones of the head and neck
414:canalis centralis cochleæ
351:internal acoustic opening
135:
53:
37:
1783:Anterior clinoid process
1778:Superior orbital fissure
1524:Internal auditory meatus
1370:Fossa for lacrimal gland
1097:Internal occipital crest
1048:External occipital crest
808:3D4Medical from Elsevier
559:for the entrance of the
355:internal auditory meatus
137:Anatomical terms of bone
1760:Sulcus of auditory tube
638:superior petrosal sinus
545:for the passage of the
344:posterior cranial fossa
332:posterior cranial fossa
1674:Middle clinoid process
615:, for the exit of the
613:tympanomastoid fissure
551:glossopharyngeal nerve
335:
1951:Superior nasal concha
1431:Petrotympanic fissure
537:internal jugular vein
489:Levator veli palatini
329:
269:near the center, the
1946:Supreme nasal concha
1578:Petrosquamous suture
1534:Stylomastoid foramen
1421:Suprameatal triangle
1313:Supraorbital foramen
601:, and transmits the
595:stylomastoid foramen
334:shown at (2) in blue
263:petrosquamous suture
259:middle cranial fossa
2058:Otorhinolaryngology
1961:Middle nasal concha
1914:Perpendicular plate
1755:Infratemporal crest
1296:Superciliary arches
1174:Pharyngeal tubercle
907:2017PLoSO..1270940H
848:2015PLoSO..1029102P
642:tentorium cerebelli
607:stylomastoid artery
557:mastoid canaliculus
388:area cribrosa media
315:trigeminal ganglion
1989:ethmoidal foramina
1907:Olfactory foramina
1868:Sphenoidal conchae
1705:Sphenoidal sinuses
1697:Sphenoidal lingula
1416:Articular tubercle
1087:Cruciform eminence
801:"Complete Anatomy"
523:subarachnoid space
519:aquæductus cochleæ
470:Foramen singulare.
336:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1876:
1875:
1702:Anterior surface:
1669:Chiasmatic groove
1652:Hypophysial fossa
1647:Tuberculum sellae
1634:Superior surface:
1613:
1612:
1605:Suprameatal spine
1561:Inferior tympanic
1529:Cochlear aqueduct
1436:Zygomatic process
1393:
1392:
1330:Zygomatic process
1229:Parietal eminence
1215:
1214:
1139:Hypoglossal canal
696:Additional images
399:foramen singulare
340:posterior surface
322:Posterior surface
151:
150:
146:
16:(Redirected from
2065:
2030:
2029:
2021:
1938:Uncinate process
1897:Cribriform plate
1887:
1825:pterygoid plates
1689:Lateral surface:
1679:Petrosal process
1624:
1544:Subarcuate fossa
1474:Occipital groove
1426:Mandibular fossa
1404:
1385:Frontonasal duct
1286:Frontal eminence
1269:
1239:Parietal foramen
1154:Jugular tubercle
1058:Suprainiac fossa
1017:
993:
986:
979:
970:
949:
948:
939:
938:
928:
918:
886:
880:
879:
869:
859:
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
810:. Elsevier. 2023
805:
797:
766:
754:
742:
730:
718:
706:
646:trigeminal nerve
617:auricular branch
527:internal jugular
481:inferior surface
475:Inferior surface
439:subarcuate fossa
271:arcuate eminence
253:Anterior surface
143:edit on Wikidata
58:
48:. Outer surface.
42:
30:
21:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2005:
1970:
1956:Superior meatus
1930:Lateral surface
1918:
1872:
1851:
1842:Pterygoid canal
1799:
1792:
1764:
1709:
1664:Ethmoidal spine
1609:
1591:
1573:Styloid process
1493:
1459:Mastoid process
1454:Mastoid foramen
1440:
1389:
1375:Trochlear fovea
1365:Ethmoidal notch
1351:
1340:Sagittal sulcus
1258:
1244:Sagittal sulcus
1211:
1183:
1160:
1149:Jugular process
1127:Condyloid fossa
1108:
1006:
997:
946:
943:
942:
901:(1): e0170940.
888:
887:
883:
842:(6): e0129102.
828:
827:
823:
813:
811:
803:
799:
798:
794:
789:
777:
770:
767:
758:
755:
746:
743:
734:
731:
722:
719:
710:
707:
698:
686:
653:posterior angle
630:
588:styloid process
581:vaginal process
571:jugular process
567:jugular surface
547:tympanic branch
477:
449:Falciform crest
366:falciform crest
324:
282:tympanic cavity
255:
250:
242:foramen lacerum
218:
198:
171:occipital bones
147:
61:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:Medial surface
1940:
1935:
1933:Orbital lamina
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1694:
1692:Carotid groove
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1630:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1484:Mastoid antrum
1481:
1479:Sigmoid sulcus
1476:
1471:
1466:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1288:
1283:
1281:Frontal suture
1277:
1275:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1254:Sagittal crest
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1195:Foramen magnum
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1132:Condylar canal
1129:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1008:
1007:
998:
996:
995:
988:
981:
973:
962:Gray's Anatomy
941:
940:
881:
821:
791:
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
776:
773:
772:
771:
768:
761:
759:
756:
749:
747:
744:
737:
735:
732:
725:
723:
720:
713:
711:
708:
701:
697:
694:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
674:tensor tympani
661:anterior angle
634:superior angle
629:
626:
625:
624:
609:
591:
584:
577:
575:occipital bone
563:
553:
539:
529:
511:
504:
501:occipital bone
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
431:
430:
419:
418:
417:
406:
395:
359:basilar artery
323:
320:
319:
318:
311:
304:
298:
288:
286:tegmen tympani
278:
254:
251:
249:
246:
234:occipital bone
217:
214:
197:
194:
149:
148:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2070:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Ethmoid sinus
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1966:Middle meatus
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Dorsum sellae
1640:
1639:
1638:
1637:Sella turcica
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1597:Tympanic part
1594:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:Jugular fossa
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:Carotid canal
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1469:Mastoid notch
1467:
1464:
1463:Mastoid cells
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1408:Squamous part
1405:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Frontal sinus
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1345:Frontal crest
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:Foramen cecum
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1273:Squamous part
1270:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:Sagittal keel
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Temporal line
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1114:Lateral parts
1111:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1043:Occipital bun
1041:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1021:Squamous part
1018:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
989:
987:
982:
980:
975:
974:
971:
967:
966:
963:
960:
958:
954:
953:public domain
936:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
882:
877:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
825:
822:
809:
802:
796:
793:
786:
782:
779:
778:
774:
765:
760:
753:
748:
745:Temporal bone
741:
736:
729:
724:
717:
712:
705:
700:
695:
693:
690:
683:
678:
675:
671:
670:
669:
665:
662:
657:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
627:
622:
618:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:
585:
582:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
562:
558:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
538:
534:
533:jugular fossa
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:jugular fossa
512:
509:
508:carotid canal
505:
502:
498:
494:
493:auditory tube
490:
486:
485:
484:
482:
474:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
447:
446:
444:
440:
435:
428:
424:
420:
415:
411:
407:
404:
400:
396:
393:
389:
385:
384:
382:
378:
374:
373:
372:
369:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
333:
328:
321:
316:
312:
309:
308:carotid canal
305:
303:
299:
297:
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
267:
266:
264:
260:
252:
247:
245:
243:
239:
238:carotid canal
235:
231:
227:
226:sphenoid bone
223:
215:
213:
211:
210:mastoid parts
207:
203:
195:
193:
190:
188:
187:petrosal bone
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:temporal bone
156:
144:
138:
134:
131:
128:
126:
122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
69:
64:
57:
52:
47:
46:temporal bone
41:
36:
31:
19:
1988:
1942:
1929:
1902:Crista galli
1824:
1807:
1722:
1701:
1688:
1633:
1582:
1555:
1538:
1512:Facial canal
1499:Petrous part
1498:
1446:Mastoid part
1357:Orbital part
1334:
1307:
1290:
1166:Basilar part
1143:
1081:
1064:
1053:Nuchal lines
1028:
1000:Neurocranium
964:
950:
944:
898:
894:
884:
839:
835:
824:
812:. Retrieved
807:
795:
691:
687:
666:
660:
658:
652:
650:
633:
631:
603:facial nerve
599:facial canal
497:basilar part
480:
478:
436:
432:
422:
376:
370:
363:
348:
339:
337:
285:
256:
230:basilar part
219:
199:
191:
186:
182:
165:between the
155:petrous part
154:
152:
106:A02.1.06.002
81:
1788:Optic canal
1770:Small wings
1715:Great wings
621:vagus nerve
179:endocranium
71:Identifiers
2042:Categories
1556:canaliculi
1318:Brow ridge
804:(Software)
787:References
222:great wing
1994:Posterior
1976:Labyrinth
1813:Pterygoid
1800:processes
1798:Pterygoid
1205:Opisthion
1070:Occipital
1012:Occipital
814:1 January
175:inner ear
1999:Anterior
1923:Surfaces
1818:Scaphoid
1743:Spinosum
1728:Rotundum
1723:foramina
1627:Surfaces
1619:Sphenoid
1585:ossicles
1399:Temporal
1335:internal
1308:foramina
1301:Glabella
1291:external
1221:Parietal
1082:internal
1029:external
957:page 142
935:28129388
895:PLOS ONE
876:26086078
836:PLOS ONE
775:See also
248:Surfaces
228:and the
206:tympanic
202:squamous
183:petrosus
167:sphenoid
2032:Anatomy
1882:Ethmoid
1847:Hamulus
1830:Lateral
1738:Vesalii
1583:(note:
1566:Mastoid
1264:Frontal
1144:jugular
1122:Condyle
1002:of the
926:5271384
903:Bibcode
867:4472748
844:Bibcode
619:of the
573:of the
549:of the
499:of the
427:utricle
392:saccule
381:cochlea
375:In the
232:of the
224:of the
157:of the
94:D010579
66:Details
2018:Portal
1890:Plates
1835:Medial
1808:fossae
1684:Clivus
1539:fossae
1517:Hiatus
1488:Aditus
1200:Basion
1179:Clivus
1075:Nuchal
1065:planes
965:(1918)
933:
923:
874:
864:
648:lies.
628:Angles
208:, and
1856:Other
1750:Spine
1733:Ovale
1188:Other
1034:Inion
1004:skull
955:from
163:skull
141:[
130:52871
77:Latin
44:Left
1863:Body
931:PMID
872:PMID
816:2024
659:The
651:The
632:The
605:and
479:The
421:The
338:The
216:Apex
196:Base
169:and
153:The
101:TA98
89:MeSH
921:PMC
911:doi
862:PMC
852:doi
125:FMA
118:642
113:TA2
2044::
929:.
919:.
909:.
899:12
897:.
893:.
870:.
860:.
850:.
840:10
838:.
834:.
806:.
445:.
383:.
361:.
244:.
212:.
204:,
189:.
2020::
1490:)
1486:(
1465:)
1461:(
1036:/
992:e
985:t
978:v
937:.
913::
905::
878:.
854::
846::
818:.
676:.
623:.
416:.
405:;
394:;
317:.
277:.
145:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
