784:
1168:"First is the Bala-Hisar mound, actually there are two mounds, approachable by a pathway from the main Peshawar road just where it makes a sharp bend towards the river Jinde (a branch of Swat river) immediately before the bridge that acts as a gateway to the modern town of Charsadda Sir Mortimer traces the material of the western mound to the iron age and dates its beginning to about the 6th century B.C. According to him this was the city invested by Alexander’s generals. In the 3rd-2nd century B.C. the eastern mound, which was separated from the western at this time by a river (now dried up), assumed importance, but not for long."
184:
71:
1293:, in: The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History, Oxford University Press, p. 99: "he regions at the western-most edge of South Asia were incorporated into the Achaemenid empire (c. 520 BCE) The limited excavations have revealed no evidence for the establishment of Persian administrative buildings or palaces in cities like Charsadda but there appears to be some evidence of the emulation of Achaemenid drinking vessels, which may indicate that local elites adopted some symbols of authority and certain culinary practices."
1115:, in: The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History, Oxford University Press, p. 99: "he regions at the western-most edge of South Asia were incorporated into the Achaemenid empire (c. 520 BCE) The limited excavations have revealed no evidence for the establishment of Persian administrative buildings or palaces in cities like Charsadda but there appears to be some evidence of the emulation of Achaemenid drinking vessels, which may indicate that local elites adopted some symbols of authority and certain culinary practices."
60:
766:
191:
158:
125:
118:
1345:: "Dittman suggested that his Phase IIC, which is marked by the earliest appearance of the lotus bowl, dates to the time around Alexander the Great up to the beginning of the Mauryan domination, or roughly the late 4th and early 3rd centuries BC (Dittman 1984: 191). However, as with the tulip bowls, there is no available absolute dating evidence to clarify the proposed dating, and a post-Achaemenid date spanning from the late 4th to the 2nd centuries BC is likely to be appropriate."
624:
700:
151:
1752:, in: The Ramayana and Mahabharata: "Bharat had two sons, Taksha and Pushkala. The former founded Taksha-sila, to the east of the Indus, and known to Alexander and the Greeks as Taxila. The latter founded Pushkala-vati, to the west of the Indus, and known to Alexander and the Greeks as Peukelaotis. Thus the sons of Bharat are said to have founded kingdoms which flourished on either side of the Indus river in the fourth century before Christ."
692:
1280:: "Vogelsang has argued that there was a period of what he refers to as 'Indic' influence in Ch. I Layers 38-33, which is marked by the appearance of upright-sided open bowls in grey ware These vessels are akin to various forms seen in the Ganges Valley, particularly Painted Grey Ware bowls Vogelsang (1988: 112) proposed that the 'Indic' influence at the Bala Hisar took place in the second quarter of the 1st millennium BC (750-500 BC) "
1769:"As we, along with many earlier students of the Rāmāyaṇa, have noted, the Uttarakāṇḍa shows considerable evidence in many of its sections of a somewhat later composition than the bulk of the central five books of the poem, books 2 through 6. Moreover, the characterization of some of the epic's central figures, particularly Rāma, appears to be rather different in some ways from that in the other books."
1185:"t is suggested that the main centre of activity had shifted by or before the 1st century B.C. to another site at Shaikhan Dheri, north of the river Sambor, now a marshy channel, which separates Bala-Hisar from Shaikhan Dheri this mound is caught up between two rivers, Sambor on the south and Jinde on the east. The consequent changes in these rivers did not allow the city to flourish long."
1089:"The recent absolute dating of early deposits at the Bala Hisar (GrA-8358: 1420-1160 BC; Peshawar-Bradford Period II-Coningham and Batt 2007: 93-98; also Young 2003: 39) has, however, provided clear confirmation of previous suppositions that this ware and the corresponding early levels at the Bala Hisar date from around 1400 BC onwards into the early 1st millennium BC, c. 800 BC."
1059:
1396:: "In many ways the sequence at Shaikhan Dheri as exposed by Dani (1965-66) is far less problematic as it was of shorter duration and is at least partly controlled by coin finds and a small number of radiocarbon dates. This evidence shows that the site was established during the Indo-Greek period and presumably occupied continuously up to the Kushan period (Dani 1965-66: 24)."
529:, who established a garrison in it. Reinhard Dittman (1984) suggested that the earliest appearance of the "Lotus bowl" in Bala Hisar belongs to the time of Alexander the Great up to the beginning of the Mauryan times, late 4th to early 3rd centuries BCE, but according to Cameron Petrie (2013), a post-Achaemenid date around the late 4th to the 2nd centuries BCE is likely.
1207:: "Bharata, the son of Kaikeyi entered those two opulent and magnificent cities, and there, Bharata established Taksha in Takshashila and Pushkala in Pushkalavata, in the country of the Gandharvas, in the ravishing region of Gandhara. Overflowing with treasure and precious gems, adorned with groves, they seemed to vie with each other in magnificence."
1786:"The oldest surviving version of the great tale of Rāma, and the one that is doubtless the direct or indirect source of all of the hundreds and perhaps thousands of other versions of the story, is the monumental, mid-first millennium BCE epic poem in some twenty-five thousand Sanskrit couplets attributed to Vālmīki."
517:
The site could have been incorporated to
Achaemenid empire c. 520 BCE, although there is no archaeological evidence of administrative buildings or palaces in Bala Hisar, but only "some evidence of the emulation of Achaemenid drinking vessels" which local elites could have adopted from the empire.
861:. To the latter he gave Pushkala-vati or Pushkalavati, to the west of the Indus, known to Alexander and the Greeks as Peukelaotis. Thus according to Hindu legend, the sons of Bharata received kingdoms that flourished on either side of the Indus river, which were conquered by their father.
1532:"Avadānas in the British Library collection of Gāndhārī manuscripts also mention a number of cities by name. Some of these occur in stories set in India proper but we have also (in addition to Taxila, discussed above) mentions of Pokhaladi (Sanskrit Puṣkalāvatī) in CKM 2 and 14."
2072:
1585:"To the north-east of the sangharama of Kanishka-raja about 50 li, we cross a great river and arrive at the town of Pushkalavati (Po-shi-kie-lo-fa-ti). It is about 14 or 15 li in circuit; the population is large; the inner gates are connected by a hollow (tunnel ?)."
509:
Along with the continuity of red burnished ware, but now decorated with grooves (the so-called "grooved" red burnished ware), in the period (c. 750-500 BCE) there was influence from Ganges Valley in the appearance of upright-sided open bowls made of grey ware, similar to
1310:: "There are no radiocarbon dates from sites in South Asia that can be used to clarify the chronology, but a date during the mid-late Achaemenid period, i.e. c. 400-325 BC, would match other elements of the Bala Hisar sequence that have been confirmed by absolute dates."
1619:"A hundred li or so to the north-east of the Sangharama of Kanishka, we cross a great river and come to the town of Po-sih-kie-lo-fa-ti (Pushkaldvati). To the east of the town there is a Stupa built by Asoka-raja. Here the four past Buddhas have preached the Law."
391:
The ruins of
Pushkalavati consist of two sites, separated by the small Shambor river. To the south is Bala Hisar, which consists of two separate mounds, one eastern and one western. To the north is Shaikhan Dheri, wedged between the Shambor and Jindi rivers.
1328:: "From Bazaria Alexander marched against Peukelaotis, seated not far from the Indus, which being surrendered to him, he placed a garrison in it, and 'proceeded,' according to Arrian, 'to take many other small towns situated on that river.'"
506:) in this area was first inhabited in the 2nd-millennium BCE. The C14 dating of early deposits in Bala Hisar, bearing "Soapy red"/red burnished ware, is 1420-1160 BCE, so this early phase is considered to last roughly from 1400 to 800 BCE.
1362:"Then going north-eastwards through the market town on the road that leads to Tangi, the visitor turns on to a kacha road towards the village of Rajar, recrosses the river Jinde and finally comes to the low mound of Shaikhan Dheri "
1070:
1413:"On the topmost layers a number of coins of Vasudeva I (copper coin of Siva and bull type) were recovered Thus the end of the city came towards the close of the second century A. D. or in the middle of the 3rd century A. D."
803:
and considered sacred. A grand graveyard is situated to the north of Prang where the local people bring their dead for burial. This graveyard is considered to be among the largest graveyards in the world. The name
1259:, in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi, p. 515.
1392:, in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi,
1341:, in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi,
1306:, in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi,
1085:, in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi,
1379:"Bålå Hisår and Shaikhan Dheri. The former site (or Charsadda-I, Wheeler 1962:13), locally known as Hisår Dheri, lies on the south-western while the latter on the opposite bank of the Sambor River."
2404:
842:
and his brothers are described as the receivers of the great cities and kingdoms which flourished in
Western India. Uttarakānda may have been composed slightly later than c. 500 BCE.
1526:
The
Geography of Gandharan Art: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop of the Gandhara Connections Project, University of Oxford, 22nd - 23rd March 2018, Archaeopress
2165:
2394:
1274:
History of
Ancient India III: The Texts, Political History and Administration til c. 200 BC, Vivekananda International Foundation, Aryan Books International, Delhi
1485:: "...twenty‐seven unique birch‐bark scrolls, written in the Kharoṣṭhī script and the Gāndhārī language, that had been acquired by the British Library in 1994..."
783:
183:
2160:
2409:
1602:"Pushkalavati is a name long forgotten in history, the last reference being recorded in the account of the Chinese pilgrim, Hiuen Tsang, in 7th century A.D."
384:. The earliest archaeological remains in Bala Hisar mound are from 1400 to 800 BCE. Pushkalavati (in Bala Hisar mound) may have been incorporated as an
666:
Two early
Buddhist manuscripts were acquired among a group of twenty‐seven birch‐bark scrolls, in 1994 by the British Library, possibly found in a
1860:
2062:
388:
regional settlement around 520 BCE, and it remained an important city (in
Shaikhan Dheri mound) through to the beginning of 3rd century CE.
2155:
1612:
117:
2399:
1941:
1219:
248:
2209:
1951:
1946:
1832:
1430:"If the coins could supply a nomenclature, we would like to call them Phase A - Kushana, Phase B - Scytho-Parthian, Phase C - Greek."
1805:
1698:"CNG: Printed Auction Triton XV. INDIA, Pre-Mauryan (Gandhara). Period of Achaemenid Rule. Circa 5th century BC. Cast AR Cake Ingot"
1044:
518:
Pottery known as "Tulip bowls," which attests to emulation of
Achaemenid shapes, is only present in Bala Hisar in (c. 400-325 BCE).
1578:
1495:
1290:
1112:
2316:
150:
2414:
2363:
1667:
2424:
2022:
2281:
947:
707:
In the 2nd century CE, river changed its course and city was flooded. The town moved to the site of the modern village of
330:
1132:"Thus the end of the city came towards the close of the second century A. D. or in the middle of the 3rd century A. D."
365:
2042:
1647:
695:
Buddhist statues (made of stucco), found around three kilometers to the east of
Shaikhan Dheri, in mound Pālātu Dheri.
70:
2047:
2037:
1779:
1200:
684:
around 1st century CE (now in the
British Library Collection of Gandharan Scrolls) mention the name of the city as
1102:, Society for South Asian Studies Monograph No. 5, BAR International Series 1709, Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 93-98
800:
568:
511:
478:
738:(Pushkalavati) where there was a stupa built by king Ashoka, in the location which four past Buddhas preached.
703:
Buddhist statuary, found in Pālātu Dheri and Ghaz Dheri, roughly three kilometers to the east of Shaikhan Dheri.
1865:
971:
919:
59:
2052:
1668:"CNG: Printed Auction Triton XV. ATTICA, Athens. Circa 500/490-485/0 BC. AR Tetradrachm (21mm, 16.75 g, 11h)"
2368:
2204:
814:
765:
2311:
1875:
1825:
938:
799:
and Kabul rivers. Three different branches of Kabul river meet there. That specific place is still called
538:
1595:
1355:
1178:
1161:
1145:
344:
2236:
1806:
Map of Gandhara archaeological sites, from the Huntington Collection, Ohio State University (large file)
853:
had two sons, Taksha and Pushkala. Bharata gave to the former Taksha-sila or Taxila, to the east of the
769:
613:
597:
749:
was not used anymore, and in all probability the following period is when Pushkalavati became known as
720:
2017:
776:
623:
1423:
1406:
1125:
1098:
Coningham, R.A.E. and C. Batt, 2007. "Dating the Sequence", in R.A.E. Coningham and I. Ali (eds.),
875:
870:
526:
360:, situated in present day's Pakistan. Its ruins are located on the outskirts of the modern city of
1799:
1482:
1234:
655:(cf. Sanskrit 'Puṣkalāvatī devatā' i.e. 'the goddess of Puṣkalāvatī city') in Kharosthi up right,
2336:
2301:
2291:
2216:
2194:
2067:
1931:
1880:
1424:"Shaikhan Dheri Excavation 1963 & 1964 Seasons (In Search of the Second City of Pushkalavati)
1407:"Shaikhan Dheri Excavation 1963 & 1964 Seasons (In Search of the Second City of Pushkalavati)
1126:"Shaikhan Dheri Excavation 1963 & 1964 Seasons (In Search of the Second City of Pushkalavati)
846:
671:
605:
427:
369:
232:
1389:
1338:
1303:
1269:
1256:
1082:
699:
2419:
2331:
1818:
1321:
1040:
962:
930:
910:
681:
444:
1372:
1216:
779:
in Pushkalavati. This coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far east.
1915:
1855:
1718:
1201:"Uttara-kanda, Chapter 101: The slaying of the Gandharvas and the conquest of their Country"
1141:
809:
742:
734:
in 7th century C.E. The monk Hui Li also commented Xuanzang's visit to the east of the town
712:
691:
334:
1440:
2352:
2346:
1629:
1223:
1000:
894:
1560:
1542:
1323:
Four Reports Made During The Years 1862-63-64-65, Vol. II, Archaeological Survey of India
1099:
2373:
2326:
2296:
2286:
2170:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1936:
1890:
1885:
1870:
1722:
1499:
826:. The name is a reference to the Kabul and Swat rivers, which must have once met here.
609:
558:
546:
357:
1521:
467:
The ruins of Pushkalavati consist of many stupas and the sites of two ancient cities.
2388:
2358:
2306:
2261:
2032:
2027:
1982:
1895:
1008:
902:
667:
617:
2246:
2241:
2150:
2140:
2125:
1977:
1697:
1675:
1654:"hich is situated on a dheri, or 'mound of ruins,' the remains of some early town."
1522:"A survey of place names in Gandhari inscriptions and a new oil lamp from Malakand"
1749:
347:"Pushkalavati: The Lotus City"], Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar Univ
2341:
2321:
2256:
2251:
2199:
2186:
2102:
2012:
1910:
1905:
1900:
601:
448:
435:
381:
2175:
2097:
1992:
1987:
819:
796:
385:
377:
297:
93:
583:
570:
493:
480:
263:
250:
2231:
2082:
2057:
1762:
640:
361:
228:
1468:
Crowns, Horns and Goddesses Appropriation of Symbols in Gandhāra and Beyond
17:
1763:
The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume VII: Uttarakāṇḍa
608:
period and inhabited until the beginning of third century CE, occupied by
410:
1968:
1841:
835:
788:
746:
731:
426:, it was named Pushkalavati because it was given to Pushkala, the son of
422:
417:
401:
373:
307:
236:
2226:
2221:
2145:
2135:
2130:
2092:
2077:
452:
433:
The region around ancient Pushkulavati was recorded in the Zoroastrian
345:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533479/page/n11/mode/1up
2120:
2112:
858:
787:
Achaemenid period silver ingot, circa 5th century BCE, Pushkalavati,
716:
708:
659:
522:
456:
1598:, Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar,
1466:
1358:, Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar,
1181:, Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar,
1164:, Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar,
1148:, Archaeological Guide Series No. 1, Peshawar University, Peshawar,
1778:
Goldman, Robert P., and Sally J. Sutherland Goldman, (eds.), 2022.
1615:, New Edition, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd., London,
854:
782:
764:
698:
690:
648:
622:
604:. This city was established in the second century BCE during the
982:
850:
839:
405:
1814:
1724:
Peshawar University Archaeological Guide Series 1: Pushkalavati
1100:
Charsadda: The British-Pakistani Excavations at the Bala Hisar
1761:
Goldman, Robert P., and Sally J. Sutherland Goldman, (2017).
795:
The city of Pushkalavati was situated near the confluence of
1630:"غونډۍ in English - Pashto-English Dictionary | Glosbe"
1246:
Ali et al. 1998: 6–14; Young 2003: 37–40; Coningham 2004: 9.
1810:
952:
1780:
The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: The Complete English Translation
1579:
Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, Volume 1
1465:
Castro, Andrea (Angelo Andrea) A. A. Di (January 2017).
1373:"Terracotta Seal-Impressions from Bala Hisar, Charsadda"
651:
of Pushkalavati, wearing mural crown, holding a flower.
838:) Uttarakanda or Supplemental Book, the descendants of
976:
924:
711:. The former city's ruins were partly excavated by
600:
on the other side of Shambor River, at the banks of
376:, at the banks of Jindi River, near the junction of
2274:
2184:
2111:
1967:
1960:
1924:
1848:
730:was recorded in the account of the Chinese pilgrim
340:
326:
318:
313:
303:
292:
287:
279:
242:
223:
215:
1524:, in (eds.) Wannaporn Rienjang and Peter Stewart,
565:) at the mound currently known as Shaikhan Dheri (
27:Capital of ancient Gandhara in modern-day Pakistan
1496:"British Library Collection of Gandharan Scrolls"
2405:Populated places in Charsadda District, Pakistan
741:Subsequently, after the region was conquered by
1662:
1660:
1561:"British Library Collection, Manuscript CKM 14"
1195:
1193:
1191:
1543:"British Library Collection, Manuscript CKM 2"
525:, the city then surrendered in 327/326 BCE to
1826:
715:in 1960s. There are still many mounds at Mir
100:mound just beyond (center of the photograph).
8:
1802:Pushkalavati Archaeological Research Project
1744:
1742:
1713:
1711:
1237:Pushkalavati Archaeological Research Project
39:
32:
596:), which lies one kilometre northeast from
356:, was the capital of the ancient region of
84: : The remains of the original mound,
2395:Archaeological sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1964:
1833:
1819:
1811:
986:
775:(Circa 500/490–485 BCE) discovered in the
420:. According to Hindu mythology as per the
31:
1272:, in D.K. Chakrabarti and M. Lal (eds.),
1613:The Life Of Hiuen-Tsiang: Shaman Hwui Li
1577:Beal, Samuel, (ed. & trans.), 1884.
1483:"The Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project"
1326:. Government Central Press. p. 102.
1861:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley
1027:
887:
857:, known to Alexander and the Greeks as
822:", via an intermediate contracted form
451:. It was known as the "crown jewel" of
726:The last reference to Pushkalavati as
445:seventh most beautiful place on earth
7:
812:as ultimately derived from the word
190:
157:
124:
2410:Former populated places in Pakistan
1942:Hellenistic influence on Indian art
1012:
1004:
906:
898:
40:
1947:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1800:Investigating ancient Pushkalavati
1727:. Peshawar: University of Peshawar
1235:Investigating ancient Pushkalavati
1037:Foreign Influence on Ancient India
834:In the concluding portion of the (
674:. These two manuscripts, known as
25:
1217:Encyclopædia Britannica: Gandhara
845:According to this mythical book,
639:(cf. Sanskrit vṛṣabha = bull) in
203:Pushkalavati (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
2317:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
1375:, in Ancient Pakistan, Vol XVI,
658:in Kharosthi down left. Time of
635:('tauros' meaning 'bull) above,
372:, 35-42 kilometres northeast of
189:
182:
156:
149:
123:
116:
69:
58:
2364:Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
1581:, Author: Hiuen Tsang, London,
1565:...Pokhaladige...Pokhaladago...
1035:Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992).
1765:, Princeton University Press,
1648:The Ancient Geography of India
1646:Cunnigham, Alexander, (1871).
1596:"Pushkalavati: The Lotus City"
1320:Cunningham, Alexander (1871).
1199:Shastri, Hari Prasad, (1952).
206:Show map of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1:
2282:Aramaic Inscription of Taxila
1782:, Priceton University Press,
723:which are still unexcavated.
1356:Pushkalavati: The Lotus City
1289:Petrie, Cameron A., (2013).
1179:Pushkalavati: The Lotus City
1162:Pushkalavati: The Lotus City
1146:Pushkalavati: The Lotus City
1111:Petrie, Cameron A., (2013).
953:
830:Pushkalavati in the Ramayana
757:means mound/hill in Pashto.
455:, and held sway over nearby
1441:"Catalog of Gāndhārī Texts"
1426:, in: Ancient Pakistan II,
1409:, in: Ancient Pakistan II,
1354:Dani, Ahmad Hasan, (1963).
1128:, in: Ancient Pakistan II,
977:
925:
411:
2441:
2400:Buddhist sites in Pakistan
1481:University of Washington.
942:
934:
1952:Art of Gandhara by museum
1748:Dutt, Romesh C., (1899).
1594:Dani, Ahmad Hasan, 1963.
1222:29 September 2007 at the
1177:Dani, Ahmad Hasan, 1963.
1160:Dani, Ahmad Hasan, 1963.
966:
914:
562:
550:
533:Peucela in Shaikhan Dheri
512:Painted Grey Ware culture
110:
48:
37:
1866:Greek conquests in India
1528:, Archaeopress, Oxford,
1422:Dani, A. H., (1965-66).
1405:Dani, A. H., (1965-66).
1124:Dani, A. H., (1965-66).
1039:. Northern Book Centre.
416:) means "Lotus City" in
2369:Hephthalite silver bowl
1547:Pokhala . puśi ? +
1520:Baums, Stefan, (2019).
1388:Petrie, Cameron, 2013.
1337:Petrie, Cameron, 2013.
1302:Petrie, Cameron, 2013.
1268:Petrie, Cameron, 2013.
1255:Petrie, Cameron, 2013.
1205:The Ramayana of Valmiki
1081:Petrie, Cameron, 2013.
170:Pushkalavati (Gandhara)
2415:Places in the Ramayana
2312:Saptarishi Tila statue
1876:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
1611:Beal, Samuel, (1911).
1371:Khan, M. Nasim, 2005.
987:
792:
780:
761:Pushkalavati and Prang
704:
696:
663:
2425:Ancient Indian cities
1750:"Ramayana-Conclusion"
1060:Peshawar to Charsadda
786:
768:
745:in 1001 AD, the name
702:
694:
626:
319:Excavation dates
216:Alternative name
137:Shown within Pakistan
777:Shaikhan Dehri hoard
736:Po-shih-kie-lo-fa-ti
514:'s pottery shapes.
335:Sir Mortimer Wheeler
283:Ancient capital city
173:Show map of Gandhara
140:Show map of Pakistan
1678:on 25 December 2019
876:Pushkalavati Museum
871:History of Peshawar
728:Po-shi-kie-lo-fa-ti
627:Pushkalavati mint.
580: /
527:Alexander the Great
490: /
260: /
34:
2337:Treasure of Begram
2302:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2292:Kanishka reliquary
1932:Greco-Buddhist art
1881:Indo-Greek kingdom
808:was considered by
793:
781:
705:
697:
672:Hadda, Afghanistan
664:
662:, circa 58-12 BCE.
631:: Zebu with greek
541:built a new city (
370:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
366:Charsadda District
233:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2382:
2381:
2332:Rukhuna reliquary
2270:
2269:
2205:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
2156:Lalchak monastery
1719:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
1142:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
975:
951:
931:Prakrit languages
923:
682:Gandhari language
680:, and written in
584:34.178°N 71.743°E
494:34.168°N 71.736°E
475:Bala Hisar site (
351:
350:
331:Sir John Marshall
264:34.168°N 71.736°E
16:(Redirected from
2432:
1965:
1916:Ghaznavid Empire
1856:Gandhara kingdom
1835:
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1702:www.cngcoins.com
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1674:. Archived from
1672:www.cngcoins.com
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743:Mahmud of Ghazni
721:Shahr-i-Napursan
713:Ahmad Hasan Dani
595:
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2347:Standing Buddha
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2210:Tapa-i Kafariha
2180:
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1956:
1920:
1844:
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893:
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867:
849:the brother of
832:
771:Athenian "Owls"
763:
719:, at Rajar and
643:at the bottom.
588:
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2329:
2327:Shinkot casket
2324:
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2297:Stone palettes
2294:
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2287:Bimaran Casket
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2025:
2023:Sikri Yusufzai
2020:
2015:
2010:
2008:Loriyan Tangai
2005:
2003:Kanishka stupa
2000:
1998:Shaji-ki-Dheri
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
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1972:
1962:
1958:
1957:
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1937:Greco-Buddhism
1934:
1928:
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1898:
1893:
1891:Indo-Parthians
1888:
1886:Indo-Scythians
1883:
1878:
1873:
1871:Mauryan Empire
1868:
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1794:External links
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1771:
1754:
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1707:
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1568:(Verso 78-79).
1552:
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1502:on 26 May 2020
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614:Indo-Parthians
610:Indo-Scythians
589:34.178; 71.743
534:
531:
499:34.168; 71.736
472:
469:
464:
461:
457:ancient Taxila
404:: पुष्कलावती,
400:Pushkalavati (
397:
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2031:
2029:
2028:Butkara Stupa
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
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1983:Sahr-i-Bahlol
1981:
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1963:
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1943:
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1896:Kushan Empire
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1471:. p. 39.
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1425:
1419:
1416:
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1127:
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1118:
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1084:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1046:9788172110284
1042:
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1031:
1028:
1021:
1010:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
984:
979:
973:
964:
960:
955:
949:
940:
939:Ancient Greek
932:
927:
921:
912:
904:
896:
891:
888:
881:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
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829:
827:
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767:
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748:
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733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
701:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
678:
673:
670:monastery in
669:
668:Dharmaguptaka
661:
657:
654:
653:khaladidevada
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
593:
560:
556:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
524:
521:According to
519:
515:
513:
507:
503:
470:
468:
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:
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379:
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355:
346:
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
309:
306:
302:
299:
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286:
282:
278:
273:
245:
241:
238:
234:
230:
227:Outskirts of
226:
222:
218:
214:
185:
152:
119:
109:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
72:
61:
47:
36:
30:
19:
2351:
2247:Sphola Stupa
2242:Khair Khaneh
2151:Kunala Stupa
2141:Mohra Muradu
2126:Dharmarajika
2088:Pushkalavati
2087:
2068:Saidu Sharif
1978:Takht-i-Bahi
1911:Hindu Shahis
1783:
1774:
1766:
1757:
1729:. Retrieved
1723:
1701:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1676:the original
1671:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1616:
1607:
1599:
1590:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:the original
1490:
1477:
1467:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1445:gandhari.org
1444:
1435:
1427:
1418:
1410:
1401:
1393:
1384:
1376:
1367:
1359:
1350:
1342:
1333:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1298:
1291:"South Asia"
1285:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1251:
1242:
1230:
1212:
1204:
1182:
1173:
1165:
1156:
1149:
1137:
1129:
1120:
1113:"South Asia"
1107:
1094:
1086:
1077:
1066:
1055:
1036:
1030:
996:
995:, and later
992:
988:Pokkharavatī
959:Pushkaravati
958:
907:پُشْكَلآوَتی
890:
844:
833:
823:
813:
805:
794:
770:
754:
750:
740:
735:
727:
725:
706:
685:
676:
675:
665:
656:
652:
644:
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628:
554:
542:
536:
520:
516:
508:
474:
466:
440:
434:
432:
421:
409:
399:
390:
354:Pushkalavati
353:
352:
219:Pushkalavati
197:Pushkalavati
164:Pushkalavati
131:Pushkalavati
97:
89:
85:
81:
33:Pushkalāvatī
29:
2342:Wardak Vase
2322:Kabul hoard
2257:Tepe Narenj
2252:Tapa Sardar
2237:Fondukistan
2200:Tapa Shotor
2187:Afghanistan
2103:Sikri stupa
2043:Shingardara
2013:Jamal Garhi
1961:Archaeology
1906:Turk Shahis
1901:Alchon Huns
1550:(Verso 20).
1390:"Charsadda"
1339:"Charsadda"
1304:"Charsadda"
1270:"Charsadda"
1257:"Charsadda"
1083:"Charsadda"
1071:Jindi River
1013:شیخان ڈھیری
978:Puṣkarāvatī
954:Peukelaôtis
943:Πευκελαῶτις
926:Puṣkalāvatī
818:, meaning "
602:River Jindi
598:Bala Hissar
587: /
563:Πευκελαώτις
555:Peucelaitis
497: /
449:Ahura Mazda
447:created by
436:Zend Avesta
412:Puṣkalāvatī
382:Kabul River
267: /
243:Coordinates
18:Peukelaotis
2389:Categories
2176:Bhir Mound
2098:Hashtnagar
2048:Ali Masjid
2038:Aziz Dheri
1993:Aziz Dheri
1988:Baho Dheri
1634:glosbe.com
1411:pp. 23-24:
1022:References
1005:شېخان ډېرۍ
993:Bala Hisar
967:पुष्करावती
935:Pukkalāoti
915:पुष्कलावती
820:confluence
606:Indo-Greek
575:71°44′35″E
572:34°10′41″N
485:71°44′10″E
482:34°10′05″N
471:Bala Hisar
386:Achaemenid
378:Swat River
341:Management
314:Site notes
255:71°44′10″E
252:34°10′05″N
98:Bala Hisar
94:Swat river
86:Bala Hisar
2275:Artifacts
2232:Mes Aynak
2083:Charsadda
2058:Ahin Posh
2018:Yusufzai
1506:24 August
972:romanized
948:romanized
920:romanized
686:Pokhaladi
641:Kharosthi
443:, or the
441:Vaēkərəta
396:Etymology
368:, in the
362:Charsadda
229:Charsadda
2420:Gandhara
2217:Shotorak
2185:Eastern
2171:Mankiala
2161:Badalpur
1969:Peshawar
1842:Gandhara
1731:31 March
1721:(1963).
1450:19 March
1220:Archived
1166:pp. 4-5:
1150:pp. 4-5.
1144:, 1963.
963:Sanskrit
911:Sanskrit
899:پشکلاوتي
865:See also
836:Ramayana
789:Gandhara
747:Gandhara
732:Xuanzang
677:avadanas
423:Ramayana
418:Sanskrit
402:Sanskrit
374:Peshawar
358:Gāndhāra
308:Gandhara
296:c. 1400
237:Pakistan
224:Location
41:پشکلاوتي
2227:Bimaran
2222:Paitava
2166:Bhallar
2146:Jandial
2136:Kalawan
2131:Jaulian
2093:Ranigat
2078:Barikot
2073:Chakpat
2033:Bhamala
1925:Culture
1849:History
1682:29 July
1583:p. 109:
1530:p. 169:
1087:p. 515:
974::
950::
922::
847:Bharata
645:Reverse
629:Obverse
618:Kushans
551:Πευκέλα
543:Peucela
453:Bactria
428:Bharata
304:Periods
293:Founded
288:History
2121:Sirkap
2113:Taxila
2053:Sphola
1767:p. 54:
1652:p. 60:
1617:p. 64:
1428:p. 24:
1394:p. 514
1377:p. 13:
1343:p. 518
1308:p. 517
1278:p. 516
1203:, in:
1130:p. 24:
1043:
1001:Pashto
991:), in
895:Pashto
859:Taxila
815:Prayag
717:Ziarat
709:Rajjar
660:Azes I
633:ταυροϛ
523:Arrian
90:Bottom
2195:Hadda
1971:basin
1784:p. 3:
1600:p. 1:
1360:p. 5:
1183:p. 5:
957:) or
882:Notes
855:Indus
824:*Prag
806:Prang
801:Prang
755:dheri
753:, as
649:Tyche
637:ṣabhe
559:Greek
553:) or
547:Greek
463:Ruins
380:with
364:, in
2063:Swat
1733:2023
1684:2018
1508:2019
1452:2021
1041:ISBN
1009:Urdu
983:Pāli
903:Urdu
851:Rama
840:Rama
797:Swat
773:coin
616:and
537:The
406:IAST
322:1902
280:Type
96:and
459:'.
439:as
298:BCE
82:Top
2391::
1741:^
1710:^
1700:.
1670:.
1659:^
1650:,
1632:.
1563:.
1545:.
1443:.
1276:,
1190:^
1011::
1007:;
1003::
985::
981:;
969:,
965::
945:,
941::
937:;
933::
929:;
917:,
913::
909:;
905::
901:;
897::
688:.
647::
620:.
612:,
561::
549::
430:.
408::
235:,
231:,
92::
1834:e
1827:t
1820:v
1735:.
1704:.
1686:.
1636:.
1510:.
1454:.
1049:.
999:(
961:(
791:.
557:(
545:(
20:)
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