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613:"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses." As early as 1926, Karl Landsteiner had nominated him and subsequently received other 16 nominations up to 1951, but was selected 55 years after his initial discovery at the age of 87, and he is recorded as the oldest recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology. His remains "the longest 'incubation period' in the 110 years history of the Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine."
339:) developed in his armpit and was surgically removed. He was given leave from the medical school for recovery. His uncle got him a job as a cowboy at a cattle ranch in Texas, where he worked for a year. He was able to resume his medical course in 1904. Due to the disease, he considered himself as unfit to be a physician, or a "real doctor," for which he focused his interest in medical research. He obtained an M.D. degree in 1905.
407:
healthy chickens of the same breed only, so that genetic relatedness was important for the specific tumor. His first report in May 1910 on spontaneous chicken tumor established the first avian tumor that was transplantable to other individuals. Speculating the medical importance, he noted that "there is no reason to suspect on these points that the
351:
as an instructor of pathology. Alfred
Warthin, head of the pathology department, advised him to study German to pursue specialised pathological course in Germany. To earn extra salary, Warthin arranged for him temporary teaching position at the summer school. He published his first technical paper on
473:
and showed in 1935 that the virus was transmissible in healthy rabbits. Shope realized the similarity as a cancer agent with Rous's virus and requested Rous for further investigation. Rous obliged and soon reported on the details Shope papilloma virus. From his initial study, he knew that such tumor
406:
which had developed a "large irregularly globular mass" on its left breast two months earlier. He identified the tumor as a "spindle-celled sarcoma." After several experiments of attempting to see the effect of the tumor exudate on healthy chicken, he realized that he could induce the same tumour in
529:
Rous also made important contributions in the physiology of digestion focussing on the liver and gall bladder. With Louise D. Larimore, he described the conditions leading to liver damage and the effect on bile secretion. He and Philip D. McMaster worked out the main function of gall bladder as the
516:
He and Turner also successfully developed a technique for prolonged blood preservation initially by adding gelatine in the blood sample. In 1916, they replaced the additive with a citrate-glucose solution which extended blood storage from one week to two weeks. The use of citrate was the key to the
453:
He was even accused of using faulty technique and contaminating the tumor samples with cancer cells. However, he was convinced that the malignancy was as those of any other cancer cells, the only difference being that it could be produced by a cell-free filtrate of a tumor. Experiments he continued
389:
which published his papers, recognized his research interest and offered him to lead cancer research at the institute. In 1909, he joined the laboratories as a full-time researcher at
Rockefeller. In 1920, he was appointed Member of the Rockefeller Institute, and became Member Emeritus in 1945, the
419:
A transmissible sarcoma of the chicken has been under observation in this laboratory for the past fourteen months, and it has assumed of late a special interest because of its extreme malignancy and a tendency to wide-spread metastasis... small quantities of a cell-free filtrate have sufficed to
512:
had discovered blood types a decade earlier, the practical usage was not yet developed, as Rous described: "The fate of
Landsteiner's effort to call attention to the practical bearing of the group differences in human bloods provides an exquisite instance of knowledge marking time on technique.
457:
Rous continued to work on cancer up to 1915, after which he gave up due to failure to obtain other carcinogenic agents from chicken and mice, and general acceptance of his discovery. After 18 years, he returned to cancer research upon the request of a colleague
Richard Shope. In 1933, Shope had
507:
inspired Rous to turn his attention to blood transfusion, as he learned soldiers were dying at the war fronts due to blood loss. In 1915, he collaborated with Joseph R. Turner to work on the methods of blood transfusion. That year, they devised a method for testing blood compatibility to avoid
414:
He continued to maintain and transplant the tumor in different individuals. In 1911, he made a seminal observation that cell-free filtrate (using
Berkefeld filter that separate bacteria and large microbes) of chicken sarcoma could produce a malignant tumor when transferred to other chickens,
454:
with James B. Murphy and published made conclusive evidences for the cancerous nature of the infection. An experiment they did with W.H. Tytler in 1912 gave the first clue of virus as the filterable agent, but failed to make an exact identification.
42:
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who firmly believed what they said, rose the voice of a young
American who claimed to have transmitted by a cell-free filtrate a neoplasm—a chicken sarcoma. Of course this could not be true, and for years they did not even try to repeat his
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site of bile concentration. He showed that bile was concentrated by the gallbladder from water as it is released from the liver, and this also helped to the understanding of diseases associated with bile secretions, such as
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beginning of modern blood transfusion. At the time, blood transfusion was by direct person-to-person so that the preservation method allowed transfusion in the absence of a donor. An
English physician
373:
in northeastern
Upstate New York for recovery. After his return in 1908, Warthin informed him of a Rockefeller Scholarship for cancer research at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now
474:
can "undergo progressive changes in the direction of malignancy when they grow vigorously." His research during the next three decades helped to confirm that viral papilloma can lead to cancers.
432:), was widely discredited by most of the field's experts at that time as "utter nonsense" as it was a medically accepted fact that cancer was not an infection. As recorded by Charles Oberling:
2996:
Sulek, K. (1969). "Nobel prize for
Francis Peyton Rous in 1966 for the discovery of carcinogenic viruses and for Charles Huggins for the introduction of hormones for treatment of neoplasms".
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Wood. He had two younger sisters. His father, a grain broker, died when he was 11 years of age. He studied at the local public schools up to secondary education. He received a scholarship to
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776:"Nobel prize for Francis Peyton Rous in 1966 for the discovery of carcinogenic viruses and for Charles Huggins for the introduction of hormones for treatment of neoplasms"
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362:) in 1906. In 1907, he went to Germany for a training course on morbid anatomy at Friedrichstadt Municipal Hospital (Krankenhaus Dresden-Friedrichstadt) in Dresden under
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Tumor pathology was then completely under the spell of the German school of pathologic anatomy which, probably as an aftermath of the antagonism between
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for his work in 1966, 55 years after his initial discovery and he remains the oldest recipient of the Nobel Prize in
Medicine or Physiology.
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Cornwall, Claudia M. Catching cancer : the quest for its viral and bacterial causes. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2013.
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2040:"Uninfected vertebrate cells contain a protein that is closely related to the product of the avian sarcoma virus transforming gene (src)"
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444:, was utterly opposed to any theory of an infectious origin of cancer. And suddenly, in opposition to all these dignified and bearded
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2607:"Observations on some causes of gall stone formation: III. The Relation of the Reaction of the Bile to Experimental Cholelithiasis"
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1769:"Fluorescent antibody detection of the antigens of the Shope papilloma virus in papillomas of the wild and domestic rabbit"
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625:(Marni), Ellen and Phoebe. Marni (1917–2015) was a children's book editor, and the wife of another Nobel Prize winner,
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Rous married Marion Eckford de Kay in 1915 who survived him by fifteen years and died in 1985. He had three daughters,
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2411:"Relation of the portal blood to liver maintenance: a demonstration of liver atrophy conditional on compensation"
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Rous started his Rockefeller research on the tumors in rodents, and turned to that of chicken (specifically, a
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1092:"Some differential counts of the cells in the lymph of the dog: their bearing on problems in haematology"
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1239:"An experimental comparison of transplanted tumor and a transplanted normal tissue capable of growth"
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Transfusion was still not done because (until at least 1915), the risk of clotting was too great."
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at Hampstead in 1925. The carcinogenic property was widely accepted after the discovery of the
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On his way home from Germany, he showed symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis and was sent to the
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Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1963–1970, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972
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2305:"The preservation of living red blood cells in vitro: ii. The transfusion of kept cells"
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2248:"The preservation of living red blood cells in vitro : i. Methods of preservation"
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from where he obtained a B.A. degree in 1900. He immediately took up medicine at the
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Oppermann, H.; Levinson, A. D.; Varmus, H. E.; Levintow, L.; Bishop, J. M. (1979).
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1043:"The effect of pilocarpine on the output of lymphocytes through the thoracic duct"
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1640:"A filterable agent the cause of a second chicken-tumor, an osteochondrosarcoma"
1402:"A Sarcoma of the Fowl Transmissible by an Agent Separable from the Tumor Cells"
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1826:"Serial Transmission of Virus of Infectious Papillomatosis in Domestic Rabbits"
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Kreyberg, L. (1966). "Nobel prize in physiology and medicine 1966 (Rous FP)".
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His discovery in 1911 that a chicken tumor was caused by a virus (later named
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1542:"The histological signs of resistance to a transmissible sarcoma of the fowl"
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1141:"An inquiry into some mechanical factors in the production of lymphocytosis"
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This finding, that cancer could be transmitted by a virus (now known as the
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through his injured finger while performing an autopsy. A tuberculous bone (
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Rous was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Charles Rous and Frances Anderson
17:
3153:
3072:
3051:
3030:
3009:
2988:
1784:
1019:
799:
775:
4967:
4378:
2622:
2573:
2426:
2320:
2263:
2083:
1880:
1865:"The progression to carcinoma of virus-induced rabbit papillomas (Shope)"
1735:
1720:"Infectious papillomatosis of rabbits, with a note on the histopathology"
1606:
1557:
1508:
1417:
1306:
1254:
1205:
1190:"Parabiosis as a test for circulating anti-bodies in cancer: First paper"
1156:
1107:
1058:
866:
531:
486:
408:
176:
2524:
2475:
1937:
1913:
1686:
1671:"On the causation by filterable agents of three distinct chicken tumors"
2101:"The Rockefeller University Hospital Centennial – The First Blood Bank"
1140:
1042:
399:
301:
308:
at the front line in Belgium in 1917 as the world's first blood bank.
2008:
274:
1493:"The behavior of chicken sarcoma implanted in the developing embryo"
1004:"The effects of struggle on the content of white cells in the lymph"
3017:
Datta, R. K.; Datta, B. (1967). "Nobel prize winners in medicine".
2605:
Drury, Douglas R.; McMaster, Philip D.; Rous, Peyton (1924-03-01).
3108:"Citation and presentation of the Academy Medal to F. Peyton Rous"
270:
8716:
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
489:
in 1960, the exact gene of which was identified in the 1970s as
354:
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
331:
While in the second year at the medical school, Rous contracted
7792:
7262:
6672:
6186:
5242:
4978:
4937:
4711:
3168:
2509:"Physiological causes for the varied character of stasis bile"
1591:"Variations in a chicken sarcoma caused by a filterable agent"
1291:"A transmissible avian neoplasm.(Sarcoma of the common fowl.)"
2127:"A rapid and simple method of testing donors for transfusion"
508:
complications in transfusion. Although an Austrian physician
219:
1912:
Gye, William Ewart; Gordon, M. H.; McCartney, J. E. (1925).
1638:
Rous, Peyton; Murphy, Jemes B.; Tytler, W. H. (1912-11-16).
269:) led to more discoveries and understanding of the role of
684:
Andrewes, C. H. (1971). "Francis Peyton Rous. 1879-1970".
385:, director of the Rockefeller Institute and editor of the
2707:
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
1343:"The early history of tumor virology: Rous, RIF, and RAV"
2948:
Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
737:"Nobel Prize laureates. Francis Peyton Rous (1879-1970)"
284:
He and Joseph R. Turner studied methods to make use of
230:; October 5, 1879 – February 16, 1970) was an American
2558:"The biliary obstruction required to produce jaundice"
586:
in Paris. He also received the Kovalenko Medal of the
556:
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1940
411:
will differ from the better-known tumors of mammals."
2201:"On the preservation in vitro of living erythrocytes"
222:
817:"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"
686:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
216:
8630:
8479:
8328:
8149:
7955:
7803:
7722:
7624:
7513:
7424:
7345:
7273:
7215:
7124:
7016:
6907:
6788:
6683:
6594:
6486:
6340:
6216:
6197:
6093:
5902:
5716:
5534:
5390:
5253:
5195:
5136:
5048:
5008:
4989:
4836:
4817:
4796:
4766:
4747:
4365:
4030:
3691:
3427:
3206:
629:. Phoebe married Thomas J. Wilson, director of the
182:
172:
124:
113:
105:
95:
85:
66:
51:
32:
1718:Shope, Richard E.; Hurst, E. Weston (1933-11-01).
477:The virus nature of the Rous sarcoma was shown by
381:on which he published a series of papers in 1908.
2763:National Science and Technology Medals Foundation
1914:"Discussion On Filter-Passing Viruses And Cancer"
7264:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
2867:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
2783:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966"
2556:McMaster, Philip D.; Rous, Peyton (1921-06-01).
2507:Rous, Peyton; McMaster, Philip D. (1921-07-01).
2460:"The concentrating activity of the gall bladder"
2458:Rous, Peyton; McMaster, Philip D. (1921-07-01).
2165:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
1956:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
347:After completing an internship, Rous joined the
1347:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
546:Rous was elected a member of the United States
2360:Hedley-Whyte, John; Milamed, Debra R. (2010).
917:Kumar, Prasanna; Murphy, Frederick A. (2013).
849:Weiss, Robin A.; Vogt, Peter K. (2011-11-21).
560:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
466:was due to a filterable virus, later known as
138:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
8766:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4949:
4723:
3180:
1669:Rous, Peyton; Murphy, James B. (1914-01-01).
1589:Rous, Peyton; Murphy, James B. (1913-02-01).
1491:Murphy, James B.; Rous, Peyton (1912-02-01).
648:Rous died in 1970 of abdominal cancer at the
8:
3112:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
2946:Dulbecco, R. (1976). "Francis Peyton Rous".
2909:Raju, T. N. (1999). "The Nobel Chronicles".
572:Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
377:) in New York. Using the grants, he studied
2967:"Francis Peyton Rous, M.D. Johns Hopkins".
2131:Journal of the American Medical Association
1767:Noyes, W. F.; Mellors, R. C. (1957-10-01).
1644:Journal of the American Medical Association
402:) in the early 1910. A woman brought him a
7800:
7789:
7270:
7259:
6680:
6669:
6194:
6183:
5250:
5239:
4986:
4975:
4956:
4942:
4934:
4730:
4716:
4708:
3187:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3038:Graffi, A. (1966). "Francis Peyton Rous".
2409:Rous, Peyton; Larimore, Louise D. (1920).
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
636:In his later life he wrote biographies of
600:Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize
578:. He was appointed honorary fellow of the
420:transmit the growth to susceptible fowls.
260:Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
191:Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
150:Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize
29:
8706:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
3123:
3096:
3019:Journal of the Indian Medical Association
2734:
2630:
2581:
2532:
2483:
2434:
2385:
2336:
2279:
2073:
2063:
1967:
1888:
1863:Rous, Peyton; Beard, J. W. (1935-10-01).
1800:
1743:
1694:
1614:
1565:
1516:
1425:
1376:
1366:
1314:
1262:
1213:
1164:
1115:
1066:
942:
882:
590:, the Distinguished Service Award of the
576:Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
258:, he became dedicated researcher at the
4965:United States National Medal of Science
3061:Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening
2162:(1947). "Karl Landsteiner. 1868-1943".
1460:"Dr. Peyton Rous, Nobel Laureate, Dies"
661:
483:National Institute for Medical Research
273:in the development of certain types of
2199:Rous, P.; Turner, J. R. (1915-03-01).
1997:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
1540:Rous, P.; Murphy, J. B. (1912-03-01).
919:"Who is this man? Francis Peyton Rous"
650:Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
602:from the Federal Republic of Germany.
3200:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2836:"Marni Hodgkin obituary | Books"
2829:
2827:
2154:
2152:
2095:
2093:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1336:
1334:
1284:
1282:
607:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
390:position he occupied till his death.
279:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
156:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
8746:Foreign members of the Royal Society
2864:(1949). "Simon Flexner. 1863-1946".
2303:Rous, Peyton; Turner, J. R. (1916).
2246:Rous, Peyton; Turner, J. R. (1916).
2125:Rous, Peyton; Turner, J. R. (1915).
1773:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1546:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1194:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1096:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
811:
809:
652:in New York. His wife died in 1985.
8741:National Medal of Science laureates
3040:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
2703:"The Albert Lasker Awards for 1958"
598:Prize for Cancer Research, and the
566:in 1965. He was also member of the
2807:"Nomination archive – Peyton Rous"
2107:. The Rockefeller University. 2010
337:axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis
25:
2205:Experimental Biology and Medicine
1830:Experimental Biology and Medicine
1008:Experimental Biology and Medicine
851:"100 years of Rous sarcoma virus"
582:and foreign correspondent of the
387:Experimental Biology and Medicine
359:Experimental Biology and Medicine
352:white blood cell analysis in the
296:, they developed a technique for
2611:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2562:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2513:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2464:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2415:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2309:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2252:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2143:10.1001/jama.1915.02570500028011
1869:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1724:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1675:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1656:10.1001/jama.1912.04270110207011
1595:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1497:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1406:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1295:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1243:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1145:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1047:Journal of Experimental Medicine
855:Journal of Experimental Medicine
326:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
212:
40:
8721:Johns Hopkins University alumni
1952:"William Ewart Gye, 1884-1952"
1041:Rous, F. Peyton (1908-05-01).
584:Académie Nationale de Médecine
552:American Philosophical Society
458:discovered that a skin tumor (
250:. A medical graduate from the
27:American scientist (1879–1970)
1:
8751:Rockefeller University people
4980:Behavioral and social science
2981:10.1016/s0140-6736(70)90876-7
2923:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75563-X
1458:Brody, Jane E. (1970-02-17).
580:Weizmann Institute of Science
923:Emerging Infectious Diseases
588:National Academy of Sciences
550:in 1927 and a member of the
548:National Academy of Sciences
262:for the rest of his career.
8761:American cancer researchers
8756:Infectious causes of cancer
4292:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
1918:The British Medical Journal
1824:Shope, R. E. (1935-03-01).
1289:Rous, Peyton (1910-09-01).
1237:Rous, Peyton (1910-05-01).
117:Three daughters, including
8782:
7868:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
2366:The Ulster Medical Journal
554:in 1939. He was elected a
8736:Scientists from Baltimore
7799:
7788:
7269:
7258:
6843:William Hayward Pickering
6679:
6668:
6193:
6182:
5249:
5238:
4985:
4974:
4861:
3489:Charles Scott Sherrington
3465:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
978:"Peyton Rous – Biography"
568:Royal Society of Medicine
564:National Medal of Science
196:
165:
144:National Medal of Science
39:
8711:American Nobel laureates
8292:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
7738:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
5369:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
4479:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
1993:"The hunting of the Src"
1842:10.3181/00379727-32-7875
1139:Rous, F. Peyton (1908).
1002:Rous, F. Peyton (1906).
774:Sulek, K. (1969-06-15).
631:Harvard University Press
322:Johns Hopkins University
312:Early life and education
252:Johns Hopkins University
90:Johns Hopkins University
7603:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
5521:George Ledyard Stebbins
5442:James Augustine Shannon
4852:Charles Brenton Huggins
2719:10.2105/ajph.48.12.1664
2713:(12): 1664–1667. 1958.
1368:10.1073/pnas.1108655108
1188:Rous, P. (1909-11-01).
611:Charles Brenton Huggins
592:American Cancer Society
364:Christian Georg Schmorl
298:preserving blood sample
248:physiology of digestion
238:known for his works in
8060:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
8047:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
7003:Harry George Drickamer
6949:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
6623:M. Frederick Hawthorne
6497:John D. Baldeschwieler
5737:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
5419:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
4867:Nobel Prize recipients
4838:Physiology or Medicine
3260:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
3106:Rhoads, C. P. (1959).
3098:10.1136/bmj.2.5520.964
2880:10.1098/rsbm.1949.0006
2217:10.3181/00379727-12-74
2178:10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002
2105:centennial.rucares.org
2065:10.1073/pnas.76.4.1804
1991:Martin, G. S. (2001).
1969:10.1098/rsbm.1953.0008
935:10.3201/eid1904.130049
741:Casopis Lekaru Ceskych
698:10.1098/rsbm.1971.0025
640:and Karl Landsteiner.
451:
422:
375:Rockefeller University
349:University of Michigan
256:University of Michigan
236:Rockefeller University
187:University of Michigan
8651:Sylvester James Gates
8037:William Alfred Fowler
8019:Robert Rathbun Wilson
7832:Robert Burns Woodward
6644:Geraldine L. Richmond
6392:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
5675:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
5604:Vernon B. Mountcastle
5460:Sterling B. Hendricks
5277:Marshall W. Nirenberg
5272:Theodosius Dobzhansky
5120:William Julius Wilson
3761:Dickinson W. Richards
3445:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1962:(22): 418–430. 1953.
1785:10.1084/jem.106.4.555
1400:Rous, Peyton (1911).
1341:Rubin, Harry (2011).
1020:10.3181/00379727-4-91
468:Shope papilloma virus
434:
417:
109:Marion Eckford de Kay
8701:American virologists
8622:Warren M. Washington
8586:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
8495:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
8440:Martin Schwarzschild
8221:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
8213:J. Robert Schrieffer
8183:E. Margaret Burbidge
8027:Nicolaas Bloembergen
8004:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
7883:Vladimir K. Zworykin
7635:John Griggs Thompson
7558:Martin David Kruskal
7398:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
6871:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
6825:Ralph Brazelton Peck
6780:Jack St. Clair Kilby
6707:John Robinson Pierce
6674:Engineering sciences
6605:Jacqueline K. Barton
6460:George M. Whitesides
6379:Dudley R. Herschbach
6317:Richard B. Bernstein
6286:Walter H. Stockmayer
5834:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
5765:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
5655:Stanley Norman Cohen
5642:Rita Levi-Montalcini
5478:Keith Roberts Porter
5341:Alfred H. Sturtevant
5336:Michael Heidelberger
5308:Fritz Albert Lipmann
4184:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3545:Albert Szent-Györgyi
2998:Wiadomosci Lekarskie
2683:search.amphilsoc.org
2679:"APS Member History"
2623:10.1084/jem.39.3.403
2574:10.1084/jem.33.6.731
2427:10.1084/jem.31.5.609
2321:10.1084/jem.23.2.239
2264:10.1084/jem.23.2.219
1881:10.1084/jem.62.4.523
1736:10.1084/jem.58.5.607
1607:10.1084/jem.17.2.219
1558:10.1084/jem.15.3.270
1509:10.1084/jem.15.2.119
1418:10.1084/jem.13.4.397
1307:10.1084/jem.12.5.696
1255:10.1084/jem.12.3.344
1206:10.1084/jem.11.6.810
1157:10.1084/jem.10.2.238
1108:10.1084/jem.10.4.537
1090:Rous, F. P. (1908).
1059:10.1084/jem.10.3.329
867:10.1084/jem.20112160
780:Wiadomosci Lekarskie
735:Cech, Pavel (2010).
371:Adirondack Mountains
8672:Shirley Ann Jackson
8591:Charles P. Slichter
8435:Marshall Rosenbluth
8427:Wallace S. Broecker
8380:Eugene M. Shoemaker
8141:Victor F. Weisskopf
8088:Herbert S. Gutowsky
8070:Edgar Bright Wilson
7911:George Kistiakowsky
7529:Stephen Cole Kleene
7040:George H. Heilmeier
7027:Mildred Dresselhaus
6918:Edward H. Heinemann
6848:Frederick E. Terman
6812:Richard T. Whitcomb
6733:Clarence L. Johnson
6694:Theodore von Kármán
6581:Stephen J. Benkovic
6560:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
6547:Marvin H. Caruthers
6502:Ralph F. Hirschmann
6442:Darleane C. Hoffman
6332:Harden M. McConnell
6273:Frank H. Westheimer
6085:Stanley B. Prusiner
6049:Robert J. Lefkowitz
5808:Howard Martin Temin
5665:Maurice R. Hilleman
5660:Joseph L. Goldstein
5599:Donald A. Henderson
5516:Earl Reece Stadtman
5501:Elizabeth C. Crosby
5465:Orville Alvin Vogel
5295:Donald D. Van Slyke
5244:Biological sciences
4846:Francis Peyton Rous
4576:William C. Campbell
4487:Elizabeth Blackburn
4324:Robert F. Furchgott
4316:Stanley B. Prusiner
4308:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
4208:George H. Hitchings
4172:Joseph L. Goldstein
4132:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3961:Earl Sutherland Jr.
3091:(5520): 964. 1966.
2975:(7644): 477. 1970.
2525:10.1084/jem.34.1.75
2476:10.1084/jem.34.1.47
2056:1979PNAS...76.1804O
1687:10.1084/jem.19.1.52
1359:2011PNAS..10814389R
1353:(35): 14389–14396.
519:Oswald H. Robertson
343:Career and research
306:Oswald H. Robertson
277:. He was awarded a
203:Francis Peyton Rous
59:Baltimore, Maryland
46:Francis Peyton Rous
34:Francis Peyton Rous
8544:G. Brent Dalrymple
8362:Arthur L. Schawlow
8269:James A. Van Allen
8160:Philip W. Anderson
8116:Richard P. Feynman
8042:Linus Carl Pauling
7677:Dennis P. Sullivan
7234:John B. Goodenough
7167:Edwin N. Lightfoot
7135:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
7116:Kenneth N. Stevens
6884:Raymond D. Mindlin
6807:Harold E. Edgerton
6652:A. Paul Alivisatos
6531:Stephen J. Lippard
6510:Ernest R. Davidson
6447:Harold S. Johnston
6281:William S. Johnson
6245:George C. Pimentel
6080:Susan L. Lindquist
6062:Francis S. Collins
5956:Victor A. McKusick
5931:Francisco J. Ayala
5913:Nancy C. Andreasen
5863:Robert A. Weinberg
5637:Har Gobind Khorana
5622:Michael E. DeBakey
5609:George Emil Palade
5581:Wendell L. Roelofs
5571:Howard L. Bachrach
5401:Barbara McClintock
5303:Edward F. Knipling
4781:Shmuel Yosef Agnon
4757:Robert S. Mulliken
4636:William Kaelin Jr.
4632:Peter J. Ratcliffe
4375:Leland H. Hartwell
4264:Richard J. Roberts
4144:Barbara McClintock
4088:Godfrey Hounsfield
3989:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3921:Marshall Nirenberg
3889:Charles B. Huggins
3678:Tadeusz Reichstein
3666:António Egas Moniz
3461:Christiaan Eijkman
3156:on Nobelprize.org
1464:The New York Times
627:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
558:. He received the
464:cottontail rabbits
446:Herren Professoren
426:Rous sarcoma virus
300:by using an acid,
267:Rous sarcoma virus
8688:
8687:
8684:
8683:
8680:
8679:
8617:Esther M. Conwell
8557:Robert N. Clayton
8549:Riccardo Giacconi
8513:Raymond Davis Jr.
8401:Albert Overhauser
8344:Edwin M. McMillan
8305:Arnold O. Beckman
8282:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
8259:Paul C. Lauterbur
8236:Robert Hofstadter
8188:Maurice Goldhaber
8175:Charles H. Townes
8126:Edward M. Purcell
8093:Frederick Rossini
7947:Wolfgang Panofsky
7878:John H. Van Vleck
7794:Physical sciences
7784:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7746:Solomon W. Golomb
7706:Andrew J. Viterbi
7701:Leonard Kleinrock
7648:Calyampudi R. Rao
7616:Ronald R. Coifman
7524:George F. Carrier
7505:Donald C. Spencer
7500:Saunders Mac Lane
7435:Marshall H. Stone
7385:Shiing-Shen Chern
7292:Solomon Lefschetz
7254:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7191:David J. Wineland
7159:John M. Prausnitz
7100:C. Kumar N. Patel
7095:James L. Flanagan
7063:John Roy Whinnery
7050:H. Guyford Stever
7032:Nick Holonyak Jr.
6995:George W. Housner
6990:Willis M. Hawkins
6985:Daniel C. Drucker
6967:Robert Byron Bird
6959:Bernard M. Oliver
6866:Peter C. Goldmark
6853:Wernher von Braun
6799:George E. Mueller
6772:Nathan M. Newmark
6767:J. Presper Eckert
6746:Claude E. Shannon
6715:Charles S. Draper
6664:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6631:Judith P. Klinman
6515:Gábor A. Somorjai
6426:Isabella L. Karle
6413:George S. Hammond
6374:Gertrude B. Elion
6327:Rudolph A. Marcus
6178:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6104:Ralph L. Brinster
6023:Torsten N. Wiesel
6000:Norman E. Borlaug
5987:Solomon H. Snyder
5982:J. Michael Bishop
5941:Mario R. Capecchi
5821:Salome G. Waelsch
5752:E. Donnall Thomas
5627:Theodor O. Diener
5526:Paul Alfred Weiss
5354:Bernard B. Brodie
5290:George G. Simpson
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5179:Michael I. Posner
5080:Eleanor J. Gibson
5032:George J. Stigler
5000:Neal Elgar Miller
4931:
4930:
4705:
4704:
4670:Ardem Patapoutian
4519:Ralph M. Steinman
4515:Jules A. Hoffmann
4503:Robert G. Edwards
4471:Harald zur Hausen
4395:H. Robert Horvitz
4296:Eric F. Wieschaus
4232:E. Donnall Thomas
4216:J. Michael Bishop
4204:Gertrude B. Elion
4076:Hamilton O. Smith
4001:Christian de Duve
3737:Frederick Robbins
3614:Alexander Fleming
3553:Corneille Heymans
3399:Frederick Banting
3304:Allvar Gullstrand
3046:(51): 2309–2310.
3004:(12): 1161–1162.
2917:(9177): 520–527.
2759:"Francis P. Rous"
2659:www.nasonline.org
2137:(24): 1980–1982.
1924:(3370): 189–196.
1650:(20): 1793–1794.
861:(12): 2351–2355.
786:(12): 1161–1162.
542:Awards and honors
499:Blood transfusion
479:William Ewart Gye
404:Plymouth Rock hen
290:blood transfusion
244:blood transfusion
200:
199:
167:Scientific career
70:February 16, 1970
16:(Redirected from
8773:
8500:Gilbert F. White
8445:George Wetherill
8339:Allan M. Cormack
8297:Jack Steinberger
8277:D. Allan Bromley
8226:H. Richard Crane
8203:Frederick Reines
8193:Helmut Landsberg
8108:George Uhlenbeck
8009:Vladimir Haensel
7971:Allan R. Sandage
7942:Herbert C. Brown
7924:Herbert Friedman
7850:Leon M. Lederman
7822:Julian Schwinger
7801:
7790:
7759:Alexandre Chorin
7733:Richard A. Tapia
7714:David B. Mumford
7542:Alberto Calderón
7487:Joseph B. Keller
7474:Michael Freedman
7443:Herman Goldstine
7297:H. Marston Morse
7271:
7260:
7199:Rudolf E. Kálmán
7183:Robert S. Langer
7175:Jan D. Achenbach
7008:Herbert E. Grier
6759:Igor I. Sikorsky
6720:Othmar H. Ammann
6681:
6670:
6636:Jerrold Meinwald
6405:Norman Hackerman
6384:Glenn T. Seaborg
6299:William O. Baker
6227:F. Albert Cotton
6195:
6184:
6161:Mary-Claire King
6054:Bert W. O'Malley
6010:Thomas E. Starzl
6005:Phillip A. Sharp
5992:Charles Yanofsky
5974:Evelyn M. Witkin
5969:James E. Darnell
5795:Paul C. Zamecnik
5760:Mary Ellen Avery
5732:Herbert W. Boyer
5727:Baruj Benacerraf
5698:Joshua Lederberg
5688:Viktor Hamburger
5650:Michael S. Brown
5496:Robert H. Burris
5251:
5240:
5187:Mortimer Mishkin
5112:William K. Estes
5096:Roger N. Shepard
5088:Robert K. Merton
5072:George A. Miller
5019:Herbert A. Simon
4987:
4976:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4935:
4869:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4709:
4698:
4683:
4672:
4657:
4651:Michael Houghton
4638:
4628:Gregg L. Semenza
4622:
4616:James P. Allison
4610:
4608:Michael W. Young
4594:
4592:Yoshinori Ohsumi
4586:
4570:
4554:
4552:Thomas C. Südhof
4538:
4526:
4505:
4497:
4491:Carol W. Greider
4481:
4465:
4449:
4437:
4425:
4413:
4401:
4385:
4358:
4342:
4334:
4318:
4310:
4304:Peter C. Doherty
4298:
4282:
4276:Alfred G. Gilman
4270:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4222:
4220:Harold E. Varmus
4210:
4194:
4186:
4174:
4162:
4146:
4138:
4122:
4106:
4096:Baruj Benacerraf
4090:
4078:
4062:
4046:
4023:
4007:
3991:
3975:
3963:
3955:
3939:
3923:
3913:Robert W. Holley
3907:
3891:
3879:
3863:
3851:
3835:
3819:
3817:Georg von Békésy
3811:
3799:
3787:
3785:Joshua Lederberg
3771:
3763:
3757:Werner Forssmann
3747:
3739:
3723:
3711:
3703:
3684:
3668:
3656:
3648:
3646:Bernardo Houssay
3632:
3624:
3608:
3596:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3527:
3519:
3503:
3495:
3483:
3475:
3473:Karl Landsteiner
3467:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3437:Johannes Fibiger
3420:
3419:
3413:
3411:Willem Einthoven
3405:
3393:
3381:
3380:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3276:Élie Metchnikoff
3270:
3268:Alphonse Laveran
3262:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3166:
3161:
3137:
3127:
3102:
3100:
3076:
3055:
3034:
3013:
2992:
2963:
2942:
2892:
2891:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2067:
2050:(4): 1804–1808.
2035:
2029:
2028:
2009:10.1038/35073094
1988:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1455:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1370:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1038:
1032:
1031:
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
974:
957:
956:
946:
914:
897:
896:
886:
846:
831:
830:
828:
827:
813:
804:
803:
771:
765:
764:
732:
726:
725:
681:
605:Rous shared the
562:in 1958 and the
510:Karl Landsteiner
503:The outbreak of
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
209:
73:
44:
30:
21:
8781:
8780:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8771:
8770:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8676:
8664:Sean C. Solomon
8626:
8578:Daniel Kleppner
8570:Lonnie Thompson
8565:Ralph A. Alpher
8531:W. Jason Morgan
8518:Charles Keeling
8508:Marvin L. Cohen
8475:
8458:John N. Bahcall
8453:Don L. Anderson
8419:Peter Goldreich
8372:Steven Weinberg
8324:
8254:Walter Elsasser
8231:Herman Feshbach
8145:
8083:Samuel Goudsmit
8075:Chien-Shiung Wu
8014:Frederick Seitz
7981:John A. Wheeler
7966:Robert H. Dicke
7951:
7814:Luis W. Alvarez
7795:
7776:
7764:David Blackwell
7718:
7669:Carl R. de Boor
7640:Karen Uhlenbeck
7620:
7574:Louis Nirenberg
7509:
7482:Ralph E. Gomory
7420:
7416:Donald E. Knuth
7403:Hassler Whitney
7341:
7265:
7246:
7211:
7143:Andreas Acrivos
7120:
7108:Eli Ruckenstein
7087:Hermann A. Haus
7058:Calvin F. Quate
7045:Luna B. Leopold
7012:
6903:
6889:Robert N. Noyce
6879:Emmett N. Leith
6838:Manson Benedict
6820:Rudolf Kompfner
6784:
6738:Warren K. Lewis
6675:
6656:
6590:
6552:Peter B. Dervan
6523:John I. Brauman
6482:
6434:Norman Davidson
6361:John D. Roberts
6336:
6304:Konrad E. Bloch
6250:Richard N. Zare
6212:
6189:
6170:
6127:Sallie Chisholm
6109:Rudolf Jaenisch
6089:
6072:J. Craig Venter
6031:Rita R. Colwell
5898:
5884:David Baltimore
5775:Robert W. Kates
5747:David G. Nathan
5742:Edward B. Lewis
5712:
5708:Harland G. Wood
5703:Roger W. Sperry
5558:Glenn W. Burton
5530:
5506:Arthur Kornberg
5473:Roger Guillemin
5450:Hallowell Davis
5414:Daniel I. Arnon
5406:Albert B. Sabin
5386:
5359:Detlev W. Bronk
5331:Harry F. Harlow
5326:Kenneth S. Cole
5313:William C. Rose
5285:Francis P. Rous
5245:
5226:
5191:
5171:Gordon H. Bower
5132:
5128:Robert M. Solow
5044:
5040:Milton Friedman
5004:
4981:
4970:
4962:
4932:
4927:
4865:
4857:
4854:(United States)
4848:(United States)
4832:
4813:
4792:
4762:
4759:(United States)
4743:
4736:
4706:
4701:
4686:
4675:
4660:
4655:Charles M. Rice
4647:Harvey J. Alter
4641:
4625:
4613:
4604:Michael Rosbash
4600:Jeffrey C. Hall
4597:
4589:
4573:
4564:May-Britt Moser
4557:
4541:
4536:Shinya Yamanaka
4529:
4508:
4500:
4495:Jack W. Szostak
4484:
4468:
4463:Oliver Smithies
4452:
4440:
4428:
4416:
4411:Peter Mansfield
4404:
4399:John E. Sulston
4388:
4372:
4361:
4345:
4337:
4321:
4313:
4301:
4288:Edward B. Lewis
4285:
4273:
4261:
4249:
4237:
4225:
4213:
4197:
4192:Susumu Tonegawa
4189:
4177:
4165:
4149:
4141:
4125:
4109:
4093:
4081:
4065:
4052:Roger Guillemin
4049:
4044:Daniel Gajdusek
4040:Baruch Blumberg
4037:
4026:
4017:Renato Dulbecco
4013:David Baltimore
4010:
3994:
3981:Karl von Frisch
3978:
3966:
3958:
3942:
3926:
3910:
3901:Haldan Hartline
3894:
3882:
3866:
3854:
3838:
3833:Maurice Wilkins
3822:
3814:
3802:
3797:Arthur Kornberg
3790:
3774:
3766:
3750:
3742:
3726:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3687:
3671:
3659:
3651:
3635:
3627:
3611:
3602:Joseph Erlanger
3599:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3530:
3522:
3506:
3498:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3458:
3453:Charles Nicolle
3450:
3442:
3434:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3296:Albrecht Kossel
3293:
3285:
3273:
3265:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3202:
3193:
3150:
3145:
3105:
3079:
3058:
3037:
3016:
2995:
2966:
2945:
2908:
2901:
2899:Further reading
2896:
2895:
2874:(18): 408–426.
2860:
2859:
2855:
2846:
2844:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2362:"Blood and war"
2359:
2358:
2354:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2172:(15): 294–324.
2158:
2157:
2150:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2037:
2036:
2032:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1457:
1456:
1443:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1001:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
976:
975:
960:
916:
915:
900:
848:
847:
834:
825:
823:
815:
814:
807:
773:
772:
768:
747:(12): 619–620.
734:
733:
729:
683:
682:
663:
658:
646:
619:
544:
527:
501:
396:
345:
314:
215:
211:
205:
161:
86:Alma mater
81:
75:
71:
62:
56:
55:October 5, 1879
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8779:
8777:
8769:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8693:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8678:
8677:
8675:
8674:
8669:
8666:
8661:
8659:Burton Richter
8656:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8634:
8632:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8612:Yakir Aharonov
8609:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8580:
8575:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8559:
8554:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8526:Richard Garwin
8523:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8490:Willis E. Lamb
8487:
8483:
8481:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8429:
8424:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8382:
8377:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8332:
8330:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8249:Philip Abelson
8246:
8243:
8241:Chen-Ning Yang
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8215:
8210:
8208:Bruno B. Rossi
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8165:Yoichiro Nambu
8162:
8157:
8153:
8151:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7976:John C. Slater
7973:
7968:
7963:
7959:
7957:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7863:Jacob Bjerknes
7860:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7816:
7811:
7807:
7805:
7797:
7796:
7793:
7786:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7726:
7724:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7695:
7690:
7687:
7682:
7679:
7674:
7671:
7666:
7663:
7661:James G. Glimm
7658:
7655:
7653:Elias M. Stein
7650:
7645:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7628:
7626:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7605:
7600:
7597:
7595:Shing-Tung Yau
7592:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7576:
7571:
7568:
7563:
7560:
7555:
7552:
7547:
7544:
7539:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7517:
7515:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7463:
7461:Antoni Zygmund
7458:
7453:
7450:
7448:Isadore Singer
7445:
7440:
7437:
7432:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7411:Joseph L. Doob
7408:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7392:
7390:George Dantzig
7387:
7382:
7380:John W. Backus
7377:
7374:
7369:
7366:
7361:
7358:
7356:Richard Brauer
7353:
7349:
7347:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7339:
7337:William Feller
7334:
7331:
7326:
7323:
7318:
7315:
7310:
7307:
7302:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7286:
7284:Norbert Wiener
7281:
7277:
7275:
7267:
7266:
7263:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7242:Thomas Kailath
7239:
7236:
7231:
7228:
7223:
7219:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7201:
7196:
7193:
7188:
7185:
7180:
7177:
7172:
7169:
7164:
7161:
7156:
7153:
7148:
7145:
7140:
7137:
7132:
7128:
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6972:H. Bolton Seed
6969:
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6946:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6925:
6923:Donald L. Katz
6920:
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6902:
6901:
6896:
6894:Earl R. Parker
6891:
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6751:
6748:
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6730:
6728:Hugh L. Dryden
6725:
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6709:
6704:
6699:
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6691:
6687:
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6677:
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6666:
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6649:
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6641:
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6628:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6612:
6610:Peter J. Stang
6607:
6602:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6586:Marye Anne Fox
6583:
6578:
6575:
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6557:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6541:
6539:Tobin J. Marks
6536:
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6517:
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6507:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6490:
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6470:
6468:Stuart A. Rice
6465:
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6444:
6439:
6436:
6431:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6415:
6410:
6407:
6402:
6400:Donald J. Cram
6397:
6394:
6389:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6369:Ronald Breslow
6366:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6311:
6309:Elias J. Corey
6306:
6301:
6296:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6275:
6270:
6268:Carl S. Marvel
6265:
6260:
6255:
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6240:Roald Hoffmann
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6156:Stanley Falkow
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6148:Rakesh K. Jain
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5958:
5953:
5951:Gene E. Likens
5948:
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5936:George F. Bass
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5928:
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5918:Peter H. Raven
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5842:Alexander Rich
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5816:Daniel Nathans
5813:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5797:
5792:
5790:Folke K. Skoog
5787:
5782:
5780:Salvador Luria
5777:
5772:
5770:Elvin A. Kabat
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5683:Katherine Esau
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5670:Eric R. Kandel
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5614:Joan A. Steitz
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5586:Berta Scharrer
5583:
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5553:Seymour Benzer
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5545:Philip Handler
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5432:Erwin Chargaff
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5264:C. B. van Niel
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5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
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5222:Albert Bandura
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5214:Robert Axelrod
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5193:
5192:
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5155:R. Duncan Luce
5152:
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5140:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5122:
5117:
5114:
5109:
5106:
5104:Paul Samuelson
5101:
5098:
5093:
5090:
5085:
5082:
5077:
5074:
5069:
5066:
5064:Patrick Suppes
5061:
5059:Leonid Hurwicz
5056:
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4859:
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4827:Alfred Kastler
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4703:
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4692:Katalin Karikó
4684:
4673:
4658:
4639:
4623:
4611:
4595:
4587:
4571:
4555:
4548:Randy Schekman
4539:
4527:
4506:
4498:
4482:
4475:Luc Montagnier
4466:
4455:Mario Capecchi
4450:
4438:
4431:Barry Marshall
4426:
4414:
4407:Paul Lauterbur
4402:
4391:Sydney Brenner
4386:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4352:Paul Greengard
4348:Arvid Carlsson
4343:
4335:
4319:
4311:
4299:
4283:
4280:Martin Rodbell
4271:
4259:
4256:Edwin G. Krebs
4252:Edmond Fischer
4247:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4200:James W. Black
4195:
4187:
4175:
4163:
4160:César Milstein
4156:Georges Köhler
4147:
4139:
4128:Sune Bergström
4123:
4120:Torsten Wiesel
4116:David H. Hubel
4107:
4091:
4079:
4072:Daniel Nathans
4063:
4056:Andrew Schally
4047:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4008:
3992:
3976:
3969:Gerald Edelman
3964:
3956:
3953:Julius Axelrod
3940:
3937:Salvador Luria
3933:Alfred Hershey
3924:
3908:
3892:
3880:
3869:François Jacob
3864:
3852:
3836:
3820:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3772:
3764:
3753:André Cournand
3748:
3740:
3724:
3712:
3709:Selman Waksman
3704:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3674:Edward Kendall
3669:
3657:
3649:
3633:
3630:Hermann Muller
3625:
3609:
3606:Herbert Gasser
3597:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3561:Gerhard Domagk
3556:
3548:
3540:
3528:
3520:
3517:William Murphy
3509:George Whipple
3504:
3496:
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3476:
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3456:
3448:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3425:
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3406:
3394:
3387:Archibald Hill
3382:
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3338:
3331:
3323:
3320:Charles Richet
3315:
3307:
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3251:
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3219:
3210:
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3184:
3177:
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3163:
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3149:
3148:External links
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3118:(4): 216–219.
3103:
3077:
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3035:
3014:
2993:
2964:
2943:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2853:
2823:
2811:NobelPrize.org
2798:
2787:NobelPrize.org
2774:
2750:
2694:
2670:
2655:"Francis Rous"
2646:
2617:(3): 403–423.
2597:
2568:(6): 731–750.
2548:
2499:
2450:
2421:(5): 609–632.
2401:
2372:(3): 125–134.
2352:
2315:(2): 239–248.
2295:
2258:(2): 219–237.
2238:
2211:(6): 122–124.
2191:
2148:
2117:
2089:
2030:
2003:(6): 467–475.
1983:
1943:
1904:
1875:(4): 523–548.
1855:
1836:(6): 830–832.
1816:
1779:(4): 555–562.
1759:
1730:(5): 607–624.
1710:
1661:
1630:
1601:(2): 219–231.
1581:
1552:(3): 270–286.
1532:
1503:(2): 119–132.
1483:
1466:. p. 43.
1441:
1412:(4): 397–411.
1392:
1330:
1301:(5): 696–705.
1278:
1249:(3): 344–366.
1229:
1200:(6): 810–814.
1180:
1151:(2): 238–270.
1131:
1102:(4): 537–547.
1082:
1053:(3): 329–342.
1033:
1014:(1): 129–130.
994:
982:Nobelprize.org
958:
929:(4): 661–663.
898:
832:
821:NobelPrize.org
805:
766:
727:
660:
659:
657:
654:
645:
642:
618:
615:
596:United Nations
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8536:Edward Witten
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8354:Roger Revelle
8352:
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8334:
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8331:
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8320:Henry Stommel
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7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7305:Oscar Zariski
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7261:
7257:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7214:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7079:Ray W. Clough
7077:
7074:
7072:
7071:Alfred Y. Cho
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6941:John G. Trump
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6754:Edwin H. Land
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6702:Vannevar Bush
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6671:
6667:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6618:Allen J. Bard
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6573:JoAnne Stubbe
6571:
6569:
6568:Joanna Fowler
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6479:
6478:Susan Solomon
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6322:Melvin Calvin
6320:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6263:Yuan Tseh Lee
6261:
6259:
6258:Harry B. Gray
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Gilbert Stork
6230:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6185:
6181:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6140:Bruce Alberts
6138:
6136:
6135:May Berenbaum
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6041:Lubert Stryer
6039:
6037:
6036:Nina Fedoroff
6034:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6018:Anthony Fauci
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5961:Harold Varmus
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5894:Lynn Margulis
5892:
5890:
5889:Jared Diamond
5887:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5829:Thomas Eisner
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5803:Maxine Singer
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5785:Paul A. Marks
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5594:Stanley Cohen
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:Efraim Racker
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:James V. Neel
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5349:Horace Barker
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5318:Sewall Wright
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5237:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:Anne Treisman
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5163:Kenneth Arrow
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:Anne Anastasi
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4959:
4954:
4952:
4947:
4945:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4733:
4728:
4726:
4721:
4719:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4697:
4696:Drew Weissman
4693:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4593:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4580:Satoshi Ōmura
4577:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4544:James Rothman
4540:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4511:Bruce Beutler
4507:
4504:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4424:
4423:Linda B. Buck
4420:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4341:
4340:Günter Blobel
4336:
4333:
4329:
4328:Louis Ignarro
4325:
4320:
4317:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4268:Phillip Sharp
4265:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4228:Joseph Murray
4224:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4180:Stanley Cohen
4176:
4173:
4169:
4168:Michael Brown
4164:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4084:Allan Cormack
4080:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4060:Rosalyn Yalow
4057:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4005:George Palade
4002:
3998:
3997:Albert Claude
3993:
3990:
3986:
3985:Konrad Lorenz
3982:
3977:
3974:
3973:Rodney Porter
3970:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3949:Ulf von Euler
3946:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3897:Ragnar Granit
3893:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3877:Jacques Monod
3874:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3849:Andrew Huxley
3846:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3825:Francis Crick
3821:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3809:Peter Medawar
3806:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3777:George Beadle
3773:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3746:
3745:Hugo Theorell
3741:
3738:
3734:
3733:Thomas Weller
3730:
3725:
3722:
3721:Fritz Lipmann
3718:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3622:Howard Florey
3619:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3501:Thomas Morgan
3497:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3391:Otto Meyerhof
3388:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3328:Róbert Bárány
3324:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3312:Alexis Carrel
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3256:Camillo Golgi
3252:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:"Nobel Prize"
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2834:Ann Thwaite.
2830:
2828:
2824:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2486:
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2018:
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1987:
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1965:
1961:
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651:
643:
641:
639:
638:Simon Flexner
634:
632:
628:
624:
617:Personal life
616:
614:
612:
609:in 1966 with
608:
603:
601:
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593:
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393:
391:
388:
384:
383:Simon Flexner
380:
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94:
91:
88:
84:
79:
78:New York City
69:
65:
60:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
8646:Sandra Faber
8641:Sidney Drell
8471:Leo Kadanoff
8466:James Cronin
8414:Hans Dehmelt
8349:Robert Pound
8315:Robert Sharp
8131:John Sinfelt
8098:Verner Suomi
8065:Lewis Sarett
7929:Lars Onsager
7873:Henry Eyring
7840:John Bardeen
7582:Richard Karp
7550:Allen Newell
7329:Jerzy Neyman
6954:Tung-Yen Lin
6931:Bill Hewlett
6861:Morris Cohen
6455:John W. Cahn
6356:Karl Folkers
6117:Lucy Shapiro
6067:Elaine Fuchs
5946:Ann Graybiel
5876:Janet Rowley
5858:James Watson
5850:Ruth Patrick
5693:Philip Leder
5563:Mildred Cohn
5511:Severo Ochoa
5488:E. O. Wilson
5284:
4897:
4845:
4681:Svante Pääbo
4666:David Julius
4620:Tasuku Honjo
4568:Edvard Moser
4560:John O'Keefe
4523:posthumously
4522:
4459:Martin Evans
4435:Robin Warren
4419:Richard Axel
4366:2001–present
4244:Bert Sakmann
4112:Roger Sperry
4104:George Snell
4100:Jean Dausset
4068:Werner Arber
4021:Howard Temin
3945:Bernard Katz
3929:Max Delbrück
3885:Francis Rous
3884:
3861:Feodor Lynen
3857:Konrad Bloch
3845:Alan Hodgkin
3829:James Watson
3805:Frank Burnet
3793:Severo Ochoa
3781:Edward Tatum
3769:Daniel Bovet
3682:Philip Hench
3594:Edward Doisy
3525:Hans Spemann
3513:George Minot
3493:Edgar Adrian
3481:Otto Warburg
3403:John Macleod
3372:August Krogh
3364:Jules Bordet
3280:Paul Ehrlich
3232:Niels Finsen
3216:Emil Behring
3115:
3111:
3088:
3084:
3067:(22): 1565.
3064:
3060:
3043:
3039:
3025:(1): 41–42.
3022:
3018:
3001:
2997:
2972:
2968:
2951:
2947:
2914:
2910:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2845:. Retrieved
2841:The Guardian
2839:
2815:. Retrieved
2813:. 2020-04-01
2810:
2801:
2790:. Retrieved
2786:
2777:
2766:. Retrieved
2762:
2753:
2710:
2706:
2697:
2686:. Retrieved
2682:
2673:
2662:. Retrieved
2658:
2649:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2519:(1): 75–95.
2516:
2512:
2502:
2470:(1): 47–73.
2467:
2463:
2453:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2109:. Retrieved
2104:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1681:(1): 52–68.
1678:
1674:
1664:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1463:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1350:
1346:
1298:
1294:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1011:
1007:
997:
985:. Retrieved
981:
926:
922:
858:
854:
824:. Retrieved
820:
783:
779:
769:
744:
740:
730:
689:
685:
647:
635:
620:
604:
545:
528:
515:
502:
490:
476:
470:
456:
452:
449:experiments.
445:
435:
423:
418:
413:
397:
386:
368:
357:
353:
346:
333:tuberculosis
330:
317:
315:
283:
264:
202:
201:
183:Institutions
166:
72:(1970-02-16)
8731:1970 deaths
8726:1879 births
8599:Berni Alder
8406:Frank Press
8287:Walter Kohn
8264:George Pake
8198:Walter Munk
8121:Herman Mark
8103:Henry Taube
7891:Jesse Beams
7845:Peter Debye
7827:Harold Urey
7751:Barry Mazur
7313:John Milnor
7207:Amnon Yariv
7151:Leo Beranek
6977:Ernst Weber
6830:Abel Wolman
6421:Thomas Cech
6351:Elkan Blout
6291:Max Tishler
6208:Roger Adams
6166:Simon Levin
5632:Harry Eagle
5455:Paul Gyorgy
5147:Gary Becker
4787:Nelly Sachs
4740:Nobel Prize
4532:John Gurdon
4447:Craig Mello
4443:Andrew Fire
4356:Eric Kandel
4332:Ferid Murad
4240:Erwin Neher
4152:Niels Jerne
3917:Har Khorana
3905:George Wald
3873:André Lwoff
3841:John Eccles
3729:John Enders
3701:Max Theiler
3662:Walter Hess
3654:Paul Müller
3618:Ernst Chain
3288:Emil Kocher
3248:Robert Koch
3240:Ivan Pavlov
3224:Ronald Ross
3154:Peyton Rous
2954:: 275–306.
692:: 643–662.
538:formation.
505:World War I
438:Robert Koch
415:describing:
379:lymphocytes
294:World War I
286:blood types
240:oncoviruses
232:pathologist
100:Oncoviruses
18:Peyton Rous
8695:Categories
8393:Vera Rubin
8032:Paul Flory
7693:Hyman Bass
7566:John Cocke
7469:Raoul Bott
7372:Kurt Gödel
7364:John Tukey
7321:Paul Cohen
6936:George Low
6899:Simon Ramo
6122:Leroy Hood
5923:Carl Woese
5871:Bruce Ames
5382:Ernst Mayr
4768:Literature
4383:Paul Nurse
3717:Hans Krebs
3642:Gerty Cori
3590:Henrik Dam
3537:Otto Loewi
3533:Henry Dale
2911:The Lancet
2847:2016-03-11
2817:2022-03-18
2792:2022-03-18
2768:2022-03-18
2688:2023-05-12
2664:2023-05-12
2111:2022-03-18
1477:2022-03-18
826:2022-03-18
656:References
574:, and the
525:Physiology
430:retrovirus
8388:Val Fitch
7456:Peter Lax
7226:Shu Chien
6473:John Ross
6188:Chemistry
5576:Paul Berg
4968:laureates
4749:Chemistry
4742:laureates
4584:Tu Youyou
4136:John Vane
4031:1976–2000
3692:1951–1975
3638:Carl Cori
3428:1926–1950
3207:1901–1925
3196:Laureates
2888:159733258
2727:0002-9572
2378:2046-4207
2329:1540-9538
2272:1540-9538
2225:1535-3702
2186:161789667
2025:205016442
1978:162165139
1930:0007-1447
1793:0022-1007
1472:0362-4331
875:1540-9538
792:0043-5147
753:0008-7335
706:0080-4606
536:gallstone
460:papilloma
292:. During
8367:Ed Stone
5364:Jay Lush
4829:(France)
4789:(Sweden)
4783:(Israel)
4379:Tim Hunt
3134:13629203
2960:11615657
2939:53300407
2931:10465213
2862:Rous, P.
2745:18017705
2641:19868854
2592:19868532
2543:19868542
2494:19868541
2445:19868417
2396:22375087
2347:19867982
2290:19867981
2233:88016286
2160:Rous, P.
2017:11389470
1938:25445900
1899:19870432
1850:88440867
1811:13475613
1754:19870219
1705:19867749
1625:19867639
1576:19867522
1527:19867511
1436:19867421
1387:21813762
1325:19867354
1273:19867332
1224:19867287
1175:19867129
1126:19867147
1077:19867134
1028:87669878
953:23751005
893:22110182
761:21387589
722:32825036
714:11615431
532:jaundice
487:oncogene
409:neoplasm
207:ForMemRS
177:Virology
132:ForMemRS
114:Children
4819:Physics
3198:of the
3125:1806149
3073:4859882
3052:5333372
3031:5342283
3010:4896432
2989:4189793
2736:1551844
2632:2128469
2583:2128305
2534:2128064
2485:2128065
2436:2128242
2387:3284718
2338:2125395
2281:2125399
2052:Bibcode
1890:2133298
1802:2136805
1745:2132321
1696:2125138
1616:2125032
1567:2124916
1518:2124960
1427:2124874
1378:3167550
1355:Bibcode
1316:2124810
1264:2124799
1215:2124743
1166:2124515
1117:2124537
1068:2124525
944:3647430
884:3256973
800:4896432
481:of the
442:Virchow
400:sarcoma
302:citrate
271:viruses
234:at the
4626:2019:
4614:2018:
4598:2017:
4590:2016:
4574:2015:
4558:2014:
4542:2013:
4530:2012:
4509:2011:
4501:2010:
4485:2009:
4469:2008:
4453:2007:
4441:2006:
4429:2005:
4417:2004:
4405:2003:
4389:2002:
4373:2001:
4346:2000:
4338:1999:
4322:1998:
4314:1997:
4302:1996:
4286:1995:
4274:1994:
4262:1993:
4250:1992:
4238:1991:
4226:1990:
4214:1989:
4198:1988:
4190:1987:
4178:1986:
4166:1985:
4150:1984:
4142:1983:
4126:1982:
4110:1981:
4094:1980:
4082:1979:
4066:1978:
4050:1977:
4038:1976:
4011:1975:
3995:1974:
3979:1973:
3967:1972:
3959:1971:
3943:1970:
3927:1969:
3911:1968:
3895:1967:
3883:1966:
3867:1965:
3855:1964:
3839:1963:
3823:1962:
3815:1961:
3803:1960:
3791:1959:
3775:1958:
3767:1957:
3751:1956:
3743:1955:
3727:1954:
3715:1953:
3707:1952:
3699:1951:
3672:1950:
3660:1949:
3652:1948:
3636:1947:
3628:1946:
3612:1945:
3600:1944:
3588:1943:
3559:1939:
3551:1938:
3543:1937:
3531:1936:
3523:1935:
3507:1934:
3499:1933:
3487:1932:
3479:1931:
3471:1930:
3459:1929:
3451:1928:
3443:1927:
3435:1926:
3409:1924:
3397:1923:
3385:1922:
3370:1920:
3362:1919:
3326:1914:
3318:1913:
3310:1912:
3302:1911:
3294:1910:
3286:1909:
3274:1908:
3266:1907:
3254:1906:
3246:1905:
3238:1904:
3230:1903:
3222:1902:
3214:1901:
3132:
3122:
3071:
3050:
3029:
3008:
2987:
2969:Lancet
2958:
2937:
2929:
2886:
2743:
2733:
2725:
2639:
2629:
2590:
2580:
2541:
2531:
2492:
2482:
2443:
2433:
2394:
2384:
2376:
2345:
2335:
2327:
2288:
2278:
2270:
2231:
2223:
2184:
2084:221907
2082:
2075:383480
2072:
2023:
2015:
1976:
1936:
1928:
1897:
1887:
1848:
1809:
1799:
1791:
1752:
1742:
1703:
1693:
1623:
1613:
1574:
1564:
1525:
1515:
1470:
1434:
1424:
1385:
1375:
1323:
1313:
1271:
1261:
1222:
1212:
1173:
1163:
1124:
1114:
1075:
1065:
1026:
987:6 June
951:
941:
891:
881:
873:
798:
790:
759:
751:
720:
712:
704:
623:Marion
594:, the
570:, the
394:Cancer
275:cancer
173:Fields
158:(1966)
152:(1966)
146:(1965)
140:(1958)
134:(1940)
125:Awards
119:Marion
106:Spouse
80:, U.S.
61:, U.S.
8631:2010s
8480:2000s
8329:1990s
8150:1980s
7956:1970s
7804:1960s
7723:2010s
7625:2000s
7514:1990s
7425:1980s
7346:1970s
7274:1960s
7216:2010s
7125:2000s
7017:1990s
6908:1980s
6789:1970s
6684:1960s
6595:2010s
6487:2000s
6341:1990s
6217:1980s
6198:1960s
6094:2010s
5903:2000s
5717:1990s
5535:1980s
5391:1970s
5254:1960s
5196:2010s
5137:2000s
5049:1990s
5009:1980s
4990:1960s
4898:1966
4798:Peace
4738:1966
2935:S2CID
2884:S2CID
2229:S2CID
2182:S2CID
2021:S2CID
1974:S2CID
1934:JSTOR
1846:S2CID
1024:S2CID
718:S2CID
644:Death
462:) in
440:and
356:(now
8668:2014
8655:2012
8637:2011
8608:2009
8595:2008
8582:2007
8574:2006
8561:2005
8553:2004
8540:2003
8522:2002
8504:2001
8486:2000
8462:1999
8449:1998
8431:1997
8423:1996
8410:1995
8397:1994
8384:1993
8376:1992
8358:1991
8335:1990
8301:1989
8273:1988
8245:1987
8217:1986
8179:1983
8156:1982
8112:1979
8079:1976
8051:1975
8023:1974
7990:1973
7962:1970
7938:1969
7915:1968
7887:1967
7859:1966
7836:1965
7818:1964
7810:1963
7768:2013
7755:2012
7742:2011
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