1604:
their turns, and the young is not hatch'd till at seven Weeks' end: All the while they are sitting upon it, or are bringing up their young one, which is not able to provide itself in several Months, they will not suffer any other Bird of their
Species to come within two hundred Yards round of the Place; But what is very singular, is, the Males will never drive away the Females, only when he perceives one he makes a noise with his Wings to call to the Female, and she drives the unwelcome Stranger away, not leaving it till 'tis without her Bounds. The Female do's the same as to the Males, whom she leaves to the Male, and he drives them away. We have observ'd this several Times, and I affirm it to be true. The Combats between them on this occasion last sometimes pretty long, because the Stranger only turns about, and do's not fly directly from the Nest. However, the others do not forsake it till they have quite driven it out of their Limits. After these Birds have rais'd their young One, and left it to itself, they are always together, which the other Birds are not, and tho' they happen to mingle with other Birds of the same Species, these two Companions never disunite. We have often remark'd, that some Days after the young leaves the Nest, a Company of thirty or forty brings another young one to it, and the now fledg'd Bird, with its Father and Mother joyning with the Band, march to some bye Place. We frequently follow'd them, and found that afterwards the old ones went each their way alone, or in Couples, and left the two young ones together, which we call'd a Marriage.
1281:
little longer in proportion than a turkey's when it lifts up his head. Its eye is black and lively, and its head without comb on cop. They never fly, their wings are too little to support the weight of their bodies ; they serve only to beat themselves and flutter when they call one another. They will whirl about for twenty or thirty times together on the same side during the space of 4 or 5 minutes. The motions of their wings make then a noise very like that of a rattle, and one may hear it two hundred paces off. The bone of their wings grows greater towards the extremity, and forms a little round mass under the feathers as big as a musket ball. That and its beak are the chief defences of this bird. 'Tis very hard to catch in the woods, but easy in open places, because we run faster than they, and sometimes we approach them without much trouble. From March to
September they are very fat, and taste admirably well, especially while they are young, some of the males weigh 45 pounds.
1361:. They presumably settled disputes by striking each other with their wings; to aid this purpose, they used the knobs on their wrists. Fractures in their wing bones also indicate that they were used in combat. It has also been suggested that these fractures may have been the result of a hereditary bone disease rather than battle-injuries. But in all extant birds where carpal spurs and knobs are present, these are used as weapons without exceptions. Though some dodo bones have been found with healed fractures, it had weak pectoral muscles and more reduced wings in comparison with the Rodrigues solitaire. Since Rodrigues receives less rainfall and has more seasonal variation than Mauritius, which would have affected the availability of resources on the island, the Rodrigues solitaire would have more reason to evolve aggressive territorial behaviour. Several accounts state that they also defended themselves with a powerful bite.
1679:. However, size dimorphism does occur in some monogamous birds; most other pigeons are monogamous as well. A 2015 article proposed that males invited females into their territories as secondary mates, which would result in the resident female acting aggressively towards the newcomer. Similar behaviour is seen in species that practice resource-defence polygyny. The territories probably provided all the food the birds needed in addition to acting as breeding-areas, and there was probably intense competition for favourable territories. The fact that Rodrigues island shrank by 90% at the end of the
1662:
for I have not been able to discover where they lay. But I have never seen but one little one alone with them, and, if any one tried to approach it, they would bite him very severely. These birds live on seeds and leaves of trees, which they pick up on the ground. They have a gizzard larger than the fist, and what is surprising is that there is found in it a stone of the size of a henn's egg, of oval shape, a little flattened, although this animal cannot swallow anything larger than a small cherry-stone. I have eaten them: they are tolerably well tasted.
1163:
Their weight may have varied substantially due to fat cycles, meaning that individuals were fat during cool seasons, but slim during hot seasons, and may have been as low as 21 kg in males and 13 kg in females. Though male pigeons are usually larger than females, there is no direct evidence for the largest specimens actually being the males of the species, and this has only been assumed based on early works. Though the male was probably largest, this can only be confirmed by molecular sexing techniques, and not skeletal morphology alone.
1318:
in pairs, they preen their plumage or fur with their beak, and keep themselves very clean. They have their toes furnished with hard scales, and run with quickness, mostly among the rocks, where a man, however agile, can hardly catch them. They have a very short beak, of about an inch in length, which is sharp. They, nevertheless, do not attempt to hurt anyone, except when they find someone before them, and, when hardly pressed, try to bite him. They have a small stump of a wing, which has a sort of bullet at its extremity, and serves as a defence.
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careful to adjust themselves, and make them all even with their beaks. The feathers on their thighs are round like shells at the end, and being there very thick, have an agreeable effect. They have two risings on their craws , and the feathers are whiter there than the rest, which livelily represents the fine neck of a beautiful woman. They walk with so much stateliness and good grace that one cannot help admiring them and loving them, by which means their fine mien often saves their lives.
1589:
1633:
1538:. The risings on the crop of the female may have covered glands that produced the crop milk. If the theory is correct, the birds may have practiced a division of labour, where the female stayed and fed the young crop milk, while the male collected food in the crop and delivered it to the female. It has been suggested that the maximum size attained by the solitaire and the dodo was limited by the amount of crop milk they were able to produce for their young during early growth.
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122:
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1186:. One study measured the largest knob to be 32.9 millimetres (1.30 in) in diameter. The knobs vary in size across individuals, and were entirely absent from 58% of specimens examined for the study. These are thought to be immature birds, or birds without territory. The carpometacarpi of males without the knobs were smaller on average than those with it, but there was little difference between the females. In life, the knobs would have been covered by tough
176:
622:
1387:
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1550:
of the bigness of a Hen's Egg, 'tis somewhat rough, flat on one side and round on the other, heavy and hard. We believe this Stone was there when they were hatched, for let them be never so young, you meet with it always. They never have but one of 'em, and besides, the
Passage from the Craw to the Gizard is so narrow, that a like Mass of half Bigness cou'd not pass. It serv'd to whet our Knives better than any other Stone Whatsoever.
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1244:. Its neck and legs were proportionally longer, and the dodo did not possess an equivalent to the carpal knob of the Rodrigues solitaire. Many skeletal features of the Rodrigues solitaire and dodo that are unique among pigeons have evolved to adapt to flightlessness. Their pelvic elements were thicker than those of flighted birds (to support their greater weight), and their
5134:
1787:. The young ones that were brought had the head made more or less like the latter animal, but their feet were similar to those of turkeys, instead of that of the ostrich which is forked and cloven in the shape of a hind's foot. These two birds, when skinned, had an inch of fat on the body. One was made into a pie, which turned out to be so tough that it was uneatable.
5110:
3505:
5162:
1197:, which would have made them appear even larger. Carpal spurs and knobs are also known from other extant as well as extinct birds. Within Columbidae, the crowned pigeons and the Viti Levu giant pigeon have outgrowths on the carpometacarpus which are similar to those of the female Rodrigues solitaire. Other well known examples are the
1087:. The Nicobar and spotted green pigeon were placed at the base of a lineage leading to the Raphinae, which indicates the flightless raphines had ancestors that were able to fly, were semi-terrestrial, and inhabited islands. This in turn supports the hypothesis that the ancestors of those birds reached the Mascarene islands by
1423:, writing about his time on the island around 1735, stated that a captive Rodrigues solitaire (which he described as having a melancholic appearance) would always walk in the same line until running out of space, and then return. The species may have lived primarily in the island's woodlands, rather than on the shores.
322:
1373:
such lesions would likely not occur only in a specific part of the skeleton, but would appear in any growing bone tissue. If such a disease was due to inbreeding, it would also be present in other isolated island bird populations, but it is not. The authors instead suggested that the wing bones contained
1549:
Tho' these Birds will sometimes very familiarly come up near enough to one, when we do not run after them, yet they will never grow Tame. As soon as they are caught they shed Tears without Crying, and refuse all sustenance till they die. We find in the
Gizzards of both Male and Female, a brown Stone,
1372:
In 1869, the Newton brothers suggested that the carpal knobs may have been formed through continuous injuries, as they resemble diseased bone. It has also been claimed that the carpal knobs were instead formed due to a hereditary disease caused by inbreeding. This was dismissed in a 2013 study, since
1782:
Our men told of having seen goats and a large quantity of birds of different kinds: they brought, amongst others, two of which were bigger by a third than the largest turkey; they appeared, nevertheless to be still quite young, still having down on the neck and head; their wingtips were but sparsely
1317:
The solitaire is a large bird, which weighs about forty or fifty pounds. They have a very big head, with a sort of frontlet, as if of black velvet. Their feathers are neither feathers nor fur; they are of light grey colour, with a little black on their backs. Strutting proudly about, either alone or
1816:
attempted to obtain a live specimen, as he had been assured the
Rodrigues solitaire still survived in remote areas of the island. Though trying for 18 months, and offering large rewards, none could be found. He noted that cats were blamed for decimating the species, but suspected that it was due to
1377:
tissue able to form the knob. This development was either in response to continuous impacts during combat, or to hormones released when individuals paired up and acquired territories. It appears a male which had long held a territory would possess especially large carpal knobs, and that their mates
1285:
Several of Leguat's observations were later confirmed through study of subfossil
Rodrigues solitaire remains. The curved contour lines of the pelvis also support the roundness of its hind parts, which he compared to that of a horse. Also, a ridged surface appears at the base of the beak, indicating
1661:
They do not fly at all, having no feathers to their wings, but they flap them, and make a great noise with their wings when angry, and the noise is something like thunder in the distance. They only ly, as I am led to suppose, but once in the year, and only one egg. Not that I have seen their eggs,
1301:
The females are wonderfully beautiful, some fair, some brown. I call them fair, because they are the colour of fair hair ; they have a sort of peak like a widow's, upon their breasts , which is of a dun colour. No one feather is straggling from the other all over their bodies, they being very
1736:
refugees, who were the first to colonise the island from 1691 to 1693, after they were marooned there by their captain. His description of the
Rodrigues solitaire and its behaviour is the most detailed account of the bird in life, and he also described other species that are now extinct. Leguat's
1603:
When these Birds build their Nests, they choose a clean Place, gather together some Palm-Leaves for that purpose, and heap them up a foot and a half high from the Ground, on which they sit. They never lay but one Egg, which is much bigger than that of a Goose. The Male and Female both cover it in
1364:
In addition to their use as weapons, both sexes of the
Rodrigues solitaire also used their wings for communication. The wings could create low-frequency sounds for communicating with mates, or to warn rivals, but it is unknown exactly how this sound was created. The sound could be heard 200 yards
1280:
The feathers of the males are of a brown-grey colour, the feet and beak are like a turkey's, but a little more crooked. They have scarce any tail, but their hind part covered with feathers is roundish, like the crupper (rump) of a hare. They are taller than turkeys. Their neck is straight, and a
1162:
bird. Males were considerably larger than females, measuring 75.7–90 centimetres (30–35 inches) in height and weighing up to 28 kilograms (62 pounds), whereas females were 63.8–70 centimetres (25–28 in) and weighed 17 kilograms (37 lb). This is only 60% of the weight of a mature male.
1844:
By the time the discovery of subfossil
Rodrigues solitaire bones from 1786 onwards confirmed Leguat's descriptions, no living residents of Rodrigues remembered having seen live specimens. In 1831, a man who had lived on Rodrigues for 40 years said that he had never seen birds large enough to be
1275:
Apart from Leguat's rather simple depiction, the life appearance of the
Rodrigues solitaire is only known from a handful of descriptions; no soft-tissue remains survive. Leguat devoted three pages of his memoirs to the Rodrigues solitaire, and was clearly impressed by the bird. He described its
689:. In spite of the evidence, some later scholars doubted Leguat's story, and the existence of the Rodrigues solitaire. In 1921, the American linguist Geoffroy Atkinson claimed Leguat's memoir was merely a novel, and that the man had never even existed, and in 1955, the British ecologist
1138:
The beak of the Rodrigues solitaire was slightly hooked, and its neck and legs were long. One observer described it as the size of a swan. The skull was 170 mm (6.7 in) long, flattened at the top with the fore and hind parts elevated into two bony ridges structured with
563:
in 1848. They dissected the only known dodo specimen with soft tissue, comparing it with the few Rodrigues solitaire remains then available. Strickland stated that, although not identical, these birds shared many distinguishing features in the leg bones otherwise only known in
1580:, but hardly flat on one side as described by Leguat. This could be due to its association with a young individual. Although Leguat asserted that the bird hatched with the gizzard stone already inside, in reality adults most likely fed the stones to their hatchlings.
1666:
The size difference between sexes has led to the suggestion that the Rodrigues solitaire was not monogamous as stated by Leguat, and that this deeply religious man attributed the trait to the bird for moral reasons. It has been proposed that it was instead
665:
was home not only to a white dodo, but also to a white bird similar to the Rodrigues solitaire, both of which are now believed to be misinterpretations of old reports of the Réunion ibis. An atypical 17th-century description of a dodo and bones found on
455:. Males were much larger than females and measured up to 75.7–90 centimetres (30–35 inches) in height and 28 kilograms (62 pounds) in weight, contrasting with 63.8–70 centimetres (25–28 in) and 17 kilograms (37 lb) for females. Its
1418:
birds have slower growth rates, indicates that the Rodrigues solitaire may have had a protracted development period. Based on mass estimates, it has been suggested the male could reach the age of 28, and the female 17. The French economist
1430:
of the island is heavily damaged. Before humans arrived, forests covered the island entirely, but very little remains today due to deforestation. The Rodrigues solitaire lived alongside other recently extinct birds such as the
1290:". Before fossils of the carpal knob were found, Strickland noted that the keel of the sternum of the Rodrigues solitaire was so well-developed as to almost indicate it had possessed the power of flight; however, since the
1724:
mentioned "dodos" on Rodrigues again in 1634, and they were also mentioned in 1700. The next account, which was the first referring to the bird as the "solitaire", was published in François Leguat's 1708 memoir,
1554:
In 1877 three stones were found in a cavern on Rodrigues, each near a Rodrigues solitaire skeleton, and were inferred to be the gizzard stones mentioned by Leguat. One of the stones was examined and found to be
1756:, which has been attributed to Julien Tafforet, a mariner marooned on Rodrigues in 1726. His observations are considered credible, though it is known he had a copy of Leguat's memoirs with him during his stay.
1795:
sent a "solitaire" to France from the nearby island of Réunion around 1740. Since the Réunion solitaire is believed to have become extinct by this date, the bird may actually have been a Rodrigues solitaire.
649:
of the bird in detail. Thousands of bones were excavated, and mounted skeletons were composed from the remains of several specimens. Study of skeletal features by the Newtons indicated that the solitaire was
1720:
The Dutch viceadmiral Hans Hendricksz Bouwer was the first to list "dodos", most likely referring to the Rodrigues solitaire, as part of the fauna of Rodrigues in 1601. The English traveller
1624:, which may have followed foraging adults as part of the learning process. A study of subfossil remains found that the carpal knob only developed after the bird reached skeletal maturity.
1182:-like in appearance, and consisted of up to two or three lobes. The knobs were about half the length of the metacarpus, were larger in males than females, and described as the size of a
1545:. Dodos also did this, which may imply a similar diet. Leguat described the stones in the following passage, mentioning that Rodrigues solitaires refused to feed in captivity:
1083:
origin and are less than 10 million years old. Therefore, the ancestors of both birds probably remained capable of flight for a considerable time after the separation of their
486:, and was extinct by the late 18th century. Apart from Leguat's account and drawing, and a few other contemporary descriptions, nothing was known about the bird until a few
459:
was grey and brown; the female was paler than the male. It had a black band at the base of its slightly hooked beak, and its neck and legs were long. Both sexes were highly
1737:
observations are considered some of the first cohesive accounts of animal behaviour in the wild. He later left for Mauritius, but was too late to observe dodos there.
4010:
3362:"Digital reconstruction of Rodrigues Solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria) (Aves: Columbidae) physical appearance based on early descriptive observation and other evidence"
1812:
trade between 1730 and 1750; traders burnt off vegetation, hunted solitaires and imported cats and pigs that preyed on eggs and chicks. In 1755, the French engineer
1046:) at the base of the clade. Based on behavioural and morphological evidence, Jolyon C. Parish proposed that the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire should be placed in the
6308:
5254:
2175:
The Dodo and Its Kindred; or the History, Affinities, and Osteology of the Dodo, Solitaire, and Other Extinct Birds of the Islands Mauritius, Rodriguez, and Bourbon
716:
has since led to the dissolution of the family Raphidae, and the dodo and solitaire are now placed in their own subfamily, Raphinae, within the family Columbidae.
6464:
6434:
1792:
6347:
1657:
Tafforet's account confirms Leguat's description of reproductive behaviour, adding that Rodrigues solitaires would even attack humans approaching their chicks:
1297:
Leguat continued with an elaborate description of the female Rodrigues solitaire, which also appears to be the sex depicted in his illustration of the bird:
693:
doubted aspects of the bird's biology mentioned by Leguat. Today, it is widely accepted that Leguat's memoirs are credible observations of the bird in life.
1845:
Rodrigues solitaires. Rodrigues covers only 104 square kilometres (40 sq mi), making it implausible that the bird would have survived undetected.
2597:(L.), Aves, Columbiformes] from Mauritius Cave Shelters Highlights Human Predation, with a Comment on the Status of the Family Raphidae Wetmore, 1930"
510:
was the first to refer to the bird as the "solitaire" (referring to its solitary habits), but it has been suggested that he borrowed the name from a 1689
1813:
463:, with large bony knobs on their wings that were used in combat. The Rodrigues solitaire laid a single egg that was incubated in turn by both sexes.
6282:
6321:
4005:
2984:
1791:
Unlike the dodo, no Rodrigues solitaires are known to have been sent to Europe alive. However, it has been claimed that the French naval officer
637:, since an observation station was located on the island. Many of these excavations were requested by the English ornithologists (and brothers)
6429:
1464:
700:
of their own, the Raphidae (formerly Dididae), because their exact relationships with other pigeons were unresolved. Each was also placed in a
3304:
3279:
3181:
3101:
3027:
2901:
2818:
2459:
2420:
1118:. It was only slightly smaller than the Rodrigues solitaire and the dodo, and it too is thought to have been related to the crowned pigeons.
6454:
1599:
The most detailed account of the reproductive habits of the Rodrigues solitaire is Leguat's. He described mating and nesting as follows:
5247:
2709:"Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences support a Cretaceous origin of Columbiformes and a dispersal-driven radiation in the Paleogene"
1774:
noted that some Rodrigues solitaire remains bore traces of having been broken by a human or perhaps another large predator, to extract
2150:
1778:. Writing in 1735, the French lieutenant Gennes de la Chancelière described the capture and consumption of two specimens as follows:
6439:
1143:. A black band (a contemporary description described it as a "frontlet") appeared on its head just behind the base of the beak. The
548:, which caused confusion, until they were compared with other bones from Rodrigues that were found to belong to the same species.
6459:
5460:
1740:
The Huguenots praised the Rodrigues solitaires for their flavour, especially that of the young, and used their gizzard stones as
1620:
offspring, which required extensive parental care until maturity. The gathering of unrelated juveniles suggests that they formed
6114:
1783:
feathered, without any proper tail. Three sailors told me of having seen two others, of the same species, as big as the biggest
1420:
1102:. The dodo lost the ability to fly owing to the lack of mammalian predators on Mauritius. Another large, flightless pigeon, the
3549:
2634:
Shapiro, B.; Sibthorpe, D.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Wragg, G. M.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Lee, P. L. M.; Cooper, A. (2002).
1064:) was analysed, and it was found to be a close relative of the Nicobar pigeon, and thus also the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire.
572:
and cared for its nestlings also supported this relationship. Strickland recognised its generic distinction and named the new
5240:
1460:
6326:
490:
bones were found in a cave in 1786. Thousands of bones have subsequently been excavated. It is the only extinct bird with a
3509:
1056:
pigeons and others, in agreement with the genetic evidence In 2014, DNA of the only known specimen of the recently extinct
797:
shows the closest relationships of the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire within Columbidae, based on Shapiro et al., 2002:
1974:
1236:. It differed in other aspects; it was taller and more slender than the dodo and had a smaller skull and beak, a flatter
1714:
Leguat's 1708 maps of Rodrigues and his settlement. Rodrigues solitaires are distributed across the maps, many in pairs
1612:
was described as consisting of a single egg; given the bird's large size, this led to proposals that the solitaire was
6444:
6220:
5138:
3995:
2059:
1306:
It has been proposed that Leguat's comparison between the crop of the female Rodrigues solitaire and the "beautiful
6352:
5152:
3777:
1294:
was very short he inferred that this was instead related to Leguat's claim that they used their wings for defence.
1228:
The Rodrigues solitaire shared traits with the dodo, its closest relative, such as size and features in the skull,
1039:
175:
5232:
1752:. The second most detailed description of the bird was found in an anonymous document rediscovered in 1874 called
1365:(182 m) away, and this may therefore be the size of the territory of an individual. Other species of birds (e.g.,
1310:
of a woman" (changed to "fine neck" in some editions of his memoirs) was out of longing for female companionship.
3692:
3682:
3487:
Voyages et Avantures de François Leguat & de ses Compagnons, en Deux Isles Desertes des Indes Orientales, etc
1826:
1131:
556:
2060:"In the footsteps of the bone collectors: Nineteenth-century cave exploration on Rodrigues Island, Indian Ocean"
4018:
4000:
1833:
after the bird to commemorate the journey. Although the Rodrigues solitaire is the only extinct bird to have a
835:
690:
614:
of the bird were so large that Strickland thought they belonged to two species, naming the smaller female bird
6172:
3521:
4023:
2836:"On the Comparative Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Total and Mass-Specific Rates of Metabolism"
1818:
1524:, whereas Tafforet mentioned seeds and leaves. No other accounts mention diet. It has been suggested it ate
527:
311:
6207:
6134:
3990:
3802:
3752:
3485:
1103:
728:
and colleagues analysed the DNA of the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire for the first time. Comparison of
6225:
3444:
1683:
may also have contributed to such competition over territories, and thereby furthered sexual dimorphism.
6386:
6373:
3827:
2169:
2100:
1822:
1452:
1067:
The 2002 study indicated that the ancestors of the Rodrigues solitaire and the dodo diverged around the
634:
552:
491:
291:
267:
2105:"XVI. On some Bones of Birds allied to the Dodo, in the Collection of the Zoological Society of London"
1484:
633:
Additional subfossils were recovered during the 1860s, but more complete remains were found during the
2988:
1951:
1808:
sometime between the 1730s and 1760s; the exact date is unknown. Its disappearance coincided with the
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6181:
5324:
4455:
2930:
2608:
2219:
1834:
1440:
1057:
705:
671:
651:
374:
685:
At one point it was suggested that the skeleton of this species is the best described after that of
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3985:
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3762:
3542:
2370:
1668:
1621:
1504:
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1084:
899:
778:
569:
139:
5397:
5121:
1588:
1426:
Many other of the endemic species of Rodrigues became extinct after the arrival of humans, so the
1147:
of the Rodrigues solitaire was described as grey and brown. Females were paler than males and had
6030:
5336:
4768:
3832:
3792:
3757:
3381:
3245:
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2946:
2871:
2855:
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2534:
2500:
2492:
2275:
2082:
1880:
1771:
1721:
1444:
1369:) are also known to use their wings to create sounds that attract mates or mark their territory.
1358:
1313:
Leguat's statements were confirmed by another description by Julien Tafforet, who wrote in 1726:
511:
483:
460:
337:
170:
6378:
5883:
5731:
5543:
5491:
5417:
3481:
1770:
Many old accounts mention that Rodrigues solitaires were hunted by humans. The Danish zoologist
1252:(underdeveloped, retaining juvenile features). However, the skull, trunk, and pelvic limbs were
507:
471:
130:
6391:
6313:
6010:
5962:
5648:
5593:
5114:
3322:"A possible connection between crop milk and the maximum size attainable by flightless pigeons"
2667:
1759:
1401:
6449:
6360:
6339:
6243:
5553:
5407:
5214:
4894:
4841:
4791:
3934:
3924:
3867:
3667:
3662:
3300:
3275:
3177:
3097:
3023:
2897:
2863:
2814:
2791:
2730:
2658:
2455:
2416:
2386:
2179:
2146:
1830:
1763:
1214:
1076:
952:
800:
750:
611:
495:
452:
5788:
6365:
6186:
5747:
5740:
4760:
3902:
3574:
3463:
3416:
3373:
3333:
3237:
3145:
3060:
2938:
2847:
2781:
2771:
2720:
2650:
2616:
2565:
2484:
2378:
2345:
2310:
2279:
2227:
2116:
2074:
2031:
1989:
1946:
1900:
1456:
1436:
1269:
1099:
697:
470:
First mentioned during the 17th century, the Rodrigues solitaire was described in detail by
6212:
1766:
to Leguat's 1708 memoir, showing his settlement on Rodrigues, and a solitaire in the middle
514:
by his sponsor Marquis Henri Duquesne, which used the name "solitaire" in reference to the
5345:
5173:
4992:
4820:
4290:
3812:
3797:
3735:
3634:
3562:
1741:
1171:
1155:
1140:
1031:
701:
532:
475:
409:
2255:
1287:
654:
intermediate between the dodo and ordinary pigeons, but differed from them in its unique
515:
2934:
2679:
2612:
2223:
1928:
1264:
5657:
5376:
5309:
5190:
5178:
5102:
5032:
4984:
4918:
4857:
4812:
4799:
4673:
4636:
4487:
4261:
4098:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3822:
3807:
3702:
3697:
3677:
3672:
3654:
3602:
3535:
3149:
2917:
Worthy, T. H. (2001). "A giant flightless pigeon gen. Et sp. Nov. And a new species of
2786:
2759:
2349:
2120:
1676:
1432:
1088:
1051:
860:
805:
766:
758:
679:
541:
441:
1098:
competing for resources on these islands allowed the solitaire and the dodo to attain
6423:
6404:
6334:
5897:
5695:
5630:
5478:
5202:
5040:
5024:
4947:
4939:
4773:
4571:
4421:
4308:
4266:
4066:
4058:
3980:
3944:
3862:
3786:
3361:
2504:
2451:
2173:
2086:
1937:
1609:
1592:
1542:
1495:
1218:
1187:
739:
670:, now known to have belonged to the Rodrigues solitaire, led the British taxidermist
642:
638:
580:
464:
160:
72:
3385:
2950:
2875:
2835:
1344:
1332:
621:
6248:
6046:
5797:
5761:
5709:
5533:
5513:
5166:
5126:
4870:
4715:
4531:
4369:
4317:
4189:
4150:
3919:
3907:
3897:
3887:
3584:
3015:
2889:
2443:
1632:
1530:
1521:
1249:
1202:
1198:
1126:
742:
732:
729:
725:
713:
709:
121:
17:
6235:
3297:
Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues
3272:
Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues
3174:
Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues
2942:
2811:
Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues
2760:"The mysterious Spotted Green Pigeon and its relation to the Dodo and its kindred"
2654:
2413:
Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues
704:
family (Raphidae and Pezophapidae, respectively), as it was thought that they had
3429:
3377:
3346:
3073:
2957:
2741:
2620:
2511:
2364:
2240:
2140:
2078:
2044:
1913:
1889:(Aves: Columbidae), an extinct flightless bird from Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands"
6295:
6166:
6074:
6039:
5992:
5978:
5971:
5917:
5846:
5825:
5818:
5754:
5688:
5616:
5523:
5385:
4931:
4778:
4584:
4563:
4552:
4517:
4384:
4374:
4332:
4223:
4090:
3892:
3717:
3712:
3644:
3629:
3597:
2329:
1975:"The white dodo of Réunion Island: Unravelling a scientific and historical myth"
1825:, although he had been assured they survived. His friend, the French astronomer
1775:
1705:
1680:
1415:
1386:
1374:
1253:
1183:
1179:
321:
47:
5185:
3516:
2374:
1534:
tortoises. It is not known how the young were fed, but related pigeons provide
1357:
Observations of the Rodrigues solitaire in life indicate that they were highly
133:, the only known illustration of this species by someone who observed it alive
6399:
6081:
6060:
5924:
5907:
5890:
5702:
5674:
5667:
5623:
5584:
5563:
5441:
5354:
5268:
5048:
4910:
4849:
4828:
4660:
4644:
4579:
4524:
4496:
4428:
4393:
4271:
4119:
3954:
3929:
3687:
3045:"On the Osteology of the Solitaire or Didine Bird of the Island of Rodriguez,
2859:
2725:
2708:
2283:
2016:"On the Osteology of the Solitaire or Didine Bird of the Island of Rodriguez,
1672:
1613:
1525:
1237:
1206:
1194:
1191:
774:
754:
662:
626:
568:. The fact that the Rodrigues solitaire laid only one egg, fed on fruits, was
544:
in about 1830. For unknown reasons, he stated they had recently been found on
537:
425:
421:
237:
227:
154:
92:
57:
6157:
3467:
3338:
3321:
2776:
2635:
1993:
6091:
6067:
5934:
5839:
5716:
5637:
5609:
5602:
5573:
5434:
5427:
5008:
4963:
4752:
4545:
4462:
4446:
4435:
4345:
4281:
4240:
3939:
3740:
3727:
3707:
3607:
2330:"2. On Some Recently Discovered Bones of the Largest Known Species of Dodo (
1617:
1535:
1427:
1167:
1111:
1095:
1068:
794:
793:
consists of generally ground-dwelling island endemic pigeons. The following
753:
of a dodo confirmed their close relationship and their placement within the
667:
646:
545:
487:
479:
433:
417:
330:
187:
97:
3065:
3044:
2867:
2795:
2734:
2662:
2390:
2382:
2314:
2232:
2203:
2036:
2015:
3504:
1821:
did not encounter any solitaires when he visited Rodrigues to observe the
6151:
5873:
5832:
5811:
5804:
5779:
5768:
5681:
5291:
4976:
4706:
4681:
4627:
4538:
4510:
4400:
4364:
4356:
4338:
4233:
4218:
4202:
3949:
3912:
3745:
2684:
2145:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 140, 265–282, 336–340.
1838:
1809:
1745:
1733:
1556:
1414:
Some evidence, including their large size and the fact that tropical and
1210:
1159:
1047:
437:
413:
247:
207:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
2538:
1178:. Other wing bones also sometimes show similar structures. The knob was
6287:
6194:
5864:
5303:
4886:
4739:
4618:
4503:
4469:
4407:
4228:
4082:
4074:
3767:
3639:
3624:
3614:
3401:"Possible resource-defence polygyny in the extinct Rodrigues Solitaire
3249:
3214:
2577:
1837:
named for it, celestial mapmakers did not know what it looked like and
1805:
1784:
1491:
1392:
1291:
1233:
1144:
1080:
1072:
519:
456:
406:
102:
77:
3527:
3421:
3400:
2496:
1905:
1884:
1696:
1644:
1541:
Several contemporary accounts state that the Rodrigues solitaire used
1022:
A similar cladogram was published in 2007, inverting the placement of
757:. The genetic evidence was interpreted as showing the Southeast Asian
6053:
6019:
5999:
5951:
5361:
5285:
5272:
5264:
5016:
4955:
4731:
4723:
4652:
4592:
4476:
4414:
4297:
3964:
3959:
3837:
3399:
Byrkjedal, Ingvar; Grønstøl, Gaute; Lislevand, Terje (January 2016).
2707:
Pereira, S. L.; Johnson, K. P.; Clayton, D. H.; Baker, A. J. (2007).
2366:
Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural History)
1749:
1730:
1511:
1241:
1229:
1092:
696:
For many years the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire were placed in a
655:
598:
584:
565:
197:
6300:
6261:
6128:
3241:
2569:
2298:
2104:
2851:
2592:
2488:
1286:
the position of the caruncular ridge, which Leguat described as a "
6256:
5853:
5297:
4902:
4689:
4252:
3198:
1758:
1587:
1307:
1263:
1245:
1175:
1125:
799:
790:
786:
746:
686:
620:
573:
3274:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser. pp. 167–168.
2553:
2415:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser. pp. 111–114.
808:, the closest living relative of the Rodrigues solitaire and the
6274:
5985:
5944:
4878:
4245:
4208:
4178:
3592:
3558:
3128:
Livezey, B. C. (1993). "An Ecomorphological Review of the Dodo (
1115:
809:
560:
559:
suggested the common descent of the Rodrigues solitaire and the
448:
429:
217:
6132:
5476:
5322:
5236:
4042:
3531:
3299:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser. pp. 49–52.
2813:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser. pp. 70–71.
1671:, and the wing-rattling behaviour described for males suggests
1595:
restoration of a nesting female and a male in their environment
5000:
3857:
3619:
1338:
Wing bones, including carpal knobs (87–90) in the middle right
1166:
Members of both sexes possessed a large tuberous knob of bone
813:
2475:
Atkinson, G. (1921). "A French desert island novel of 1708".
605:
591:
540:
were discovered in a cave and sent to the French naturalist
536:. In 1786, subfossil Rodrigues solitaire bones encrusted in
3490:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Jean Louis de Lorme. p. 77.
3176:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser. p. 45.
2164:
2162:
1885:"Fight club: A unique weapon in the wing of the solitaire,
1350:
Limb bones, two with healed fractures (135–136) lower right
3022:(revised ed.). New York: Comstock. pp. 203–205.
2758:
Heupink, Tim H; van Grouw, Hein; Lambert, David M (2014).
2058:
Hume, J. P.; Steel, L.; André, A. A.; Meunier, A. (2014).
526:, based on Leguat's description) by the German naturalist
2212:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2024:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2896:(revised ed.). New York: Comstock. pp. 37–39.
467:
helped digest its food, which included fruit and seeds.
3136:), Flightless Columbiformes of the Mascarene Islands".
2921:(Aves: Columbidae), from Quaternary deposits in Fiji".
2753:
2751:
1256:, which means they changed considerably with maturity.
765:) to be their closest living relative, followed by the
518:. The bird was first scientifically named in 1789 as a
482:
on Rodrigues in 1691–1693. It was hunted by humans and
3087:
3085:
3083:
424:
in the Indian Ocean. Genetically within the family of
29:
Extinct, flightless bird that was endemic to Rodrigues
5150:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2554:"Independent Evolution of the Dodo and the Solitaire"
2202:
Newton, Edward; Clark, John Willis (1 January 1879).
1744:. D'Héguerty later claimed these were also useful in
6087:
5940:
5930:
5913:
5903:
5879:
5663:
5569:
5559:
5549:
5539:
5529:
5519:
5509:
5423:
5413:
5403:
5393:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2109:
The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
1378:
would have such developments as well, only smaller.
948:
923:
6141:
6029:
6009:
5961:
5863:
5787:
5778:
5730:
5647:
5592:
5583:
5500:
5489:
5384:
5375:
5344:
5335:
4975:
4930:
4869:
4840:
4811:
4790:
4751:
4714:
4705:
4672:
4635:
4626:
4617:
4562:
4486:
4445:
4383:
4355:
4331:
4307:
4280:
4201:
4188:
4149:
4118:
4057:
3973:
3876:
3776:
3726:
3653:
3583:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
1528:fruits, for which it competed with the now extinct
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1520:Leguat stated that the Rodrigues solitaire fed on
428:, it was most closely related to the also extinct
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2014:Newton, Alfred; Newton, Edward (1 January 1869).
1952:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690062A93259685.en
1817:hunting by humans instead. The French astronomer
2993:. London: Hutchinson & Co. pp. 177–179.
1638:Skeletons of a female and male collected in 1874
3449: – dodo and other birds on Mauritius 1601"
2338:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1780:
1659:
1601:
1547:
1315:
1299:
1278:
1158:in this species is perhaps the greatest in any
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
5248:
3543:
3228:Amadon, D. (1951). "Inbreeding and Disease".
3096:. London: A & C Black. pp. 137–138.
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2142:The Dodo and the Solitaire: A Natural History
629:-encrusted remains of this bird known by 1848
8:
2178:. London: Reeve, Benham and Reeve. pp.
1650:Skulls of a male and female in several views
1079:(Mauritius, Réunion, and Rodrigues), are of
2923:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1729:. Leguat was the leader of a group of nine
6129:
5784:
5589:
5497:
5486:
5473:
5381:
5341:
5332:
5319:
5255:
5241:
5233:
4711:
4632:
4623:
4614:
4352:
4198:
4185:
4146:
4142:
4115:
4054:
4050:
4039:
4035:
3550:
3536:
3528:
3053:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
1616:, which means it produced a low number of
444:is their closest living genetic relative.
320:
148:
120:
33:
3420:
3337:
3064:
2785:
2775:
2724:
2231:
2035:
1950:
1904:
1893:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
447:Rodrigues solitaires grew to the size of
2525:Hutchinson, G. E. (1954). "MARGINALIA".
2134:
2132:
2130:
1804:The Rodrigues solitaire probably became
1793:Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais
706:evolved their similarities independently
5157:
3043:Newton, Alfred; Newton, Edward (1867).
2593:"Discovery of Isolated Dodo Bones [
2299:"An unnoticed painting of a white Dodo"
1853:
1814:Joseph-François Charpentier de Cossigny
1395:of a female (above) and male from below
352:
1465:saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise
6465:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
6435:Extinct birds of Indian Ocean islands
2840:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
2303:Journal of the History of Collections
1675:, where males gather for competitive
1490:Pelvis of a female (1) and male (2),
7:
5109:
2204:"On the Osteology of the Solitaire (
5133:
3360:Rodríguez-Pontes, M. N. A. (2014).
2448:Dodo – From Extinction To Icon
1938:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
916:
891:
884:
877:
852:
827:
820:
3295:Cheke, A. S.; Hume, J. P. (2008).
3270:Cheke, A. S.; Hume, J. P. (2008).
3172:Cheke, A. S.; Hume, J. P. (2008).
3150:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02686.x
2809:Cheke, A. S.; Hume, J. P. (2008).
2411:Cheke, A. S.; Hume, J. P. (2008).
2350:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1865.tb02320.x
2121:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb08059.x
1973:Hume, J. P.; Cheke, A. S. (2004).
1559:: somewhat rough, hard and heavy,
1268:Skeletons of a female and a male,
777:, and the superficially dodo-like
25:
4011:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
3092:Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012).
749:of a Rodrigues solitaire and the
6113:
5459:
5220:
5208:
5196:
5184:
5172:
5160:
5132:
5120:
5108:
5097:
5096:
4987:(New World vultures and condors)
3515:
3503:
3428:
3345:
3072:
2956:
2740:
2680:"DNA yields dodo family secrets"
2510:
2239:
2043:
1912:
1704:
1695:
1643:
1631:
1503:
1483:
1400:
1385:
1343:
1331:
645:, who used them to describe the
436:, the two forming the subfamily
174:
1927:BirdLife International (2016).
1727:A New Voyage to the East Indies
1459:. Extinct reptiles include the
3199:"On the Spurs on Birds' Wings"
1461:domed Rodrigues giant tortoise
1151:elevations on the lower neck.
1110:), was described in 2001 from
661:Some scientists believed that
451:, and demonstrated pronounced
1:
6430:IUCN Red List extinct species
3445:"The journal of the flagship
2943:10.1080/03014223.2001.9517673
2655:10.1126/science.295.5560.1683
2591:Janoo, A. (April–June 2005).
1560:
1091:from South Asia. The lack of
724:In 2002, American geneticist
612:differences between the sexes
530:in the thirteenth edition of
3378:10.1080/08912963.2014.954569
2621:10.1016/j.annpal.2004.12.002
2079:10.1080/08912963.2014.886203
1170:situated at the base of the
599:
585:
6455:Bird extinctions since 1500
5051:(woodpeckers and relatives)
3456:Archives of Natural History
2328:Newton, A. (January 1865).
1982:Archives of Natural History
1510:Male pelvis from below and
474:, the leader of a group of
6481:
4913:(cormorants and relatives)
4006:Extinct species since 1500
3320:Storer, Robert W. (2005).
2268:Journal of Natural History
2172:; Melville, A. G. (1848).
2139:Parish, Jolyon C. (2013).
1754:Relation de l'Ile Rodrigue
1748:, and referred to them as
1040:thick-billed ground pigeon
864:(Victoria crowned pigeon)
606:
592:
6111:
5485:
5472:
5457:
5331:
5318:
5280:
5092:
5043:(kingfishers and rollers)
4897:(albatrosses and petrels)
4781:(swifts and hummingbirds)
4763:(nightjars and relatives)
4613:
4587:(pheasants and relatives)
4145:
4114:
4053:
4049:
4038:
4034:
3570:
2726:10.1080/10635150701549672
2668:Supplementary information
2297:de Lozoya, A. V. (2003).
2284:10.1080/00222937808682294
1827:Pierre Charles Le Monnier
1260:Contemporary descriptions
1132:Frederick William Frohawk
1050:subfamily along with the
946:
921:
914:
896:
889:
882:
875:
857:
850:
832:
825:
557:Alexander Gordon Melville
343:
336:
328:
319:
297:
290:
171:Scientific classification
169:
157: (mid-18th century)
146:
137:
128:
119:
36:
6440:Extinct flightless birds
5275:and their extinct allies
4942:(seriemas and relatives)
4921:(pelicans and relatives)
3468:10.3366/anh.2003.30.1.13
2777:10.1186/1471-2148-14-136
2764:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2601:Annales de Paléontologie
2256:"XII. On the Solitaire (
1994:10.3366/anh.2004.31.1.57
1945:: e.T22690062A93259685.
1829:named the constellation
1687:Relationship with humans
836:Didunculus strigirostris
783:Didunculus strigirostris
691:George Evelyn Hutchinson
551:The English naturalists
6460:Birds described in 1789
5035:(hornbills and hoopoes)
4950:(falcons and relatives)
1421:Pierre-André d'Héguerty
1407:Vertebrae and left foot
1276:appearance as follows:
674:to name a new species,
528:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
5019:(trogons and quetzals)
4831:(cranes and relatives)
4101:(emus and cassowaries)
3991:Glossary of bird terms
3803:Confuciusornithiformes
3339:10.1093/auk/122.3.1003
3066:10.1098/rspl.1867.0091
2552:Storer, R. W. (1970).
2383:10.5962/bhl.title.8301
2233:10.1098/rstl.1879.0044
2037:10.1098/rstl.1869.0011
1841:depicted other birds.
1789:
1767:
1664:
1606:
1596:
1552:
1320:
1304:
1283:
1272:
1248:region and wings were
1135:
1104:Viti Levu giant pigeon
839:(tooth-billed pigeon)
817:
630:
6387:Paleobiology Database
6374:Paleobiology Database
4860:(kagu and sunbittern)
4823:(gulls and relatives)
3828:Songlingornithiformes
3793:Omnivoropterygiformes
3405:(Columbidae: Raphini"
2834:McNab, B. K. (1999).
2363:Lydekker, R. (1891).
1823:1761 transit of Venus
1762:
1591:
1453:Rodrigues night heron
1323:Behaviour and ecology
1267:
1223:Xenicibis xympithecus
1129:
803:
635:1874 transit of Venus
624:
553:Hugh Edwin Strickland
432:of the nearby island
4682:Phoenicopteriformes
3512:at Wikimedia Commons
3443:Hume, J. P. (2003).
3197:Rand, A. L. (1954).
2636:"Flight of the Dodo"
2454:. pp. 156–164.
2371:Taylor & Francis
2315:10.1093/jhc/15.2.201
1883:; Steel, L. (2013).
1835:former constellation
1819:Alexandre Guy Pingré
1058:spotted green pigeon
672:Abraham Dee Bartlett
506:The French explorer
492:former constellation
363:Pezophaps solitarius
6405:Pezophaps-solitaria
6187:Pezophaps_solitaria
6173:Pezophaps solitaria
6143:Pezophaps solitaria
4653:Mesitornithiformes
4647:(doves and pigeons)
3981:Families and orders
3843:Ichthyornithiformes
3818:Patagopterygiformes
3522:Pezophaps solitaria
3510:Pezophaps solitaria
3403:Pezophaps solitaria
3203:The Wilson Bulletin
3134:Pezophaps solitaria
3047:Pezophaps solitaria
2935:2001JRSNZ..31..763W
2613:2005AnPal..91..167J
2262:Pezophaps solitaria
2224:1879RSPT..168..438N
2206:Pezophaps solitaria
2018:Pezophaps solitaria
1931:Pezophaps solitaria
1887:Pezophaps solitaria
1469:Rodrigues day gecko
1449:Rodrigues scops owl
1367:club-winged manakin
1108:Natunaornis gigoura
933:Rodrigues solitaire
928:Pezophaps solitaria
900:Caloenas nicobarica
779:tooth-billed pigeon
763:Caloenas nicobarica
402:Pezophaps solitaria
397:Rodrigues solitaire
304:Pezophaps solitaria
140:Conservation status
37:Rodrigues solitaire
18:Pezophaps solitaria
6445:Fauna of Rodrigues
5337:Mesitornithiformes
4995:(eagles and hawks)
4895:Procellariiformes
4800:Opisthocomiformes
4769:Steatornithiformes
3996:List by population
3833:Hongshanornithidae
3758:Evolution of birds
3366:Historical Biology
3138:Journal of Zoology
2713:Systematic Biology
2688:. 28 February 2002
2527:American Scientist
2067:Historical Biology
1772:Japetus Steenstrup
1768:
1722:Sir Thomas Herbert
1597:
1564: 50 g (
1445:Rodrigues starling
1273:
1217:, and the extinct
1136:
1036:Otidiphaps nobilis
1030:and including the
818:
745:isolated from the
631:
596:'pedestrian') and
484:introduced animals
478:refugees who were
6415:
6414:
6361:Open Tree of Life
6135:Taxon identifiers
6126:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
5726:
5725:
5468:
5467:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5371:
5370:
5148:
5147:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
4881:(loons or divers)
4850:Phaethontiformes
4842:Phaethontimorphae
4792:Opisthocomiformes
4761:Caprimulgiformes
4701:
4700:
4690:Podicipediformes
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4327:
4326:
4110:
4109:
4067:Struthioniformes
3935:Waterfowl hunting
3868:Gastornithiformes
3863:Aepyornithiformes
3853:Lithornithiformes
3508:Media related to
3422:10.1111/ibi.12329
3306:978-0-7136-6544-4
3281:978-0-7136-6544-4
3183:978-0-7136-6544-4
3132:) and Solitaire (
3130:Raphus cucullatus
3103:978-1-4081-5725-1
3029:978-0-8014-3954-4
2903:978-0-8014-3954-4
2820:978-0-7136-6544-4
2595:Raphus cucullatus
2461:978-0-00-714572-0
2422:978-0-7136-6544-4
2254:Owen, R. (1878).
2170:Strickland, H. E.
2101:Strickland, H. E.
1906:10.1111/bij.12087
1831:Turdus Solitarius
1441:Newton's parakeet
1215:spur-winged goose
1077:Mascarene Islands
1062:Caloenas maculata
1044:Trugon terrestris
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
983:
982:
974:
973:
965:
964:
953:Raphus cucullatus
903:(Nicobar pigeon)
682:of this species.
496:Turdus Solitarius
453:sexual dimorphism
426:pigeons and doves
416:to the island of
393:
392:
386:
378:
367:
359:
349:
283:P. solitaria
271:
164:
16:(Redirected from
6472:
6408:
6407:
6395:
6394:
6382:
6381:
6369:
6368:
6356:
6355:
6343:
6342:
6330:
6329:
6317:
6316:
6304:
6303:
6291:
6290:
6278:
6277:
6265:
6264:
6252:
6251:
6239:
6238:
6229:
6228:
6216:
6215:
6203:
6202:
6200:2FC54A500BFB61BA
6190:
6189:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6130:
6117:
6089:
5942:
5932:
5915:
5905:
5881:
5785:
5665:
5590:
5571:
5561:
5551:
5541:
5531:
5521:
5511:
5498:
5487:
5474:
5463:
5425:
5415:
5405:
5395:
5382:
5342:
5333:
5320:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5234:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5189:
5188:
5177:
5176:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5156:
5136:
5135:
5124:
5112:
5111:
5100:
5099:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5028:
5025:Leptosomiformes
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4993:Accipitriformes
4988:
4967:
4966:(perching birds)
4959:
4951:
4943:
4922:
4914:
4906:
4898:
4890:
4887:Sphenisciformes
4882:
4861:
4853:
4832:
4824:
4821:Charadriiformes
4803:
4782:
4764:
4743:
4735:
4732:Musophagiformes
4727:
4712:
4693:
4685:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4633:
4624:
4615:
4588:
4575:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4255:
4248:
4212:
4199:
4195:
4186:
4182:
4147:
4143:
4116:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4055:
4051:
4040:
4036:
3903:Bird collections
3858:Dinornithiformes
3763:Darwin's finches
3753:Origin of flight
3693:Seabird breeding
3683:Sexual selection
3552:
3545:
3538:
3529:
3520:Data related to
3519:
3507:
3492:
3491:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3453:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3332:(3): 1003–1004.
3317:
3311:
3310:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3169:
3154:
3153:
3125:
3108:
3107:
3089:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3012:
2995:
2994:
2981:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2779:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2728:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2640:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2258:Didus solitarius
2251:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2199:
2184:
2183:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2136:
2125:
2124:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2011:
1998:
1997:
1979:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1877:
1742:knife sharpeners
1708:
1699:
1647:
1635:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1562:
1507:
1487:
1457:Rodrigues pigeon
1437:Rodrigues parrot
1404:
1389:
1347:
1335:
1270:Hunterian Museum
1150:
1100:very large sizes
950:
925:
917:
892:
885:
878:
853:
828:
821:
609:
608:
602:
595:
594:
588:
524:Didus solitarius
494:named after it,
385:Strickland, 1852
384:
373:
366:Strickland, 1848
365:
357:
355:Didus solitarius
347:
324:
306:
302:
266:
259:
179:
178:
158:
152:
151:
129:1708 drawing by
124:
114:
44:
40:Temporal range:
34:
21:
6480:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6411:
6403:
6398:
6390:
6385:
6377:
6372:
6364:
6359:
6351:
6346:
6338:
6333:
6325:
6320:
6312:
6307:
6299:
6294:
6286:
6281:
6273:
6268:
6260:
6255:
6247:
6242:
6234:
6232:
6224:
6219:
6211:
6206:
6198:
6193:
6185:
6180:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6137:
6127:
6118:
6097:
6025:
6005:
5957:
5859:
5774:
5722:
5643:
5579:
5494:
5481:
5464:
5447:
5367:
5346:Mesitornithidae
5327:
5325:Pteroclimesites
5314:
5276:
5261:
5231:
5221:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5197:
5195:
5183:
5171:
5161:
5159:
5151:
5149:
5144:
5056:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5033:Bucerotiformes
5027:(cuckoo-roller)
5026:
5018:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4986:
4985:Cathartiformes
4971:
4965:
4957:
4956:Psittaciformes
4949:
4941:
4926:
4920:
4919:Pelecaniformes
4912:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4865:
4859:
4858:Eurypygiformes
4851:
4836:
4830:
4822:
4807:
4801:
4786:
4780:
4762:
4747:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4697:
4691:
4683:
4668:
4662:
4661:Pterocliformes
4654:
4646:
4597:
4586:
4573:
4558:
4482:
4441:
4379:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4335:
4323:
4303:
4276:
4253:
4246:
4206:
4205:
4193:
4192:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4106:
4100:
4099:Casuariiformes
4092:
4091:Apterygiformes
4084:
4076:
4068:
4045:
4030:
4001:Lists by region
3969:
3879:
3872:
3813:Chaoyangiformes
3798:Jeholornithidae
3772:
3736:Origin of birds
3722:
3703:Brood parasites
3649:
3579:
3566:
3556:
3500:
3495:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3269:
3268:
3257:
3242:10.2307/2405692
3227:
3226:
3222:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3171:
3170:
3157:
3127:
3126:
3111:
3104:
3091:
3090:
3081:
3071:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3014:
3013:
2998:
2983:
2982:
2965:
2955:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2739:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2570:10.2307/4083934
2551:
2550:
2546:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2442:
2441:
2430:
2423:
2410:
2409:
2398:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2332:Didus Nazarenus
2327:
2326:
2322:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2201:
2200:
2187:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2103:(August 1859).
2099:
2098:
2094:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1879:
1878:
1855:
1851:
1802:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1689:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1586:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1488:
1477:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1325:
1262:
1172:carpometacarpus
1156:size dimorphism
1148:
1141:cancellous bone
1130:Restoration by
1124:
1032:pheasant pigeon
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
966:
767:crowned pigeons
722:
676:Didus nazarenus
652:morphologically
616:Pezophaps minor
610:'pigeon'). The
533:Systema Naturae
508:François Leguat
504:
476:French Huguenot
472:François Leguat
410:flightless bird
389:
382:Pezophaps minor
371:Didus nazarenus
351:
350:
315:
308:
300:
299:
286:
265:
257:
173:
165:
153:
149:
142:
131:François Leguat
115:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
38:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6478:
6476:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6422:
6421:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6396:
6383:
6370:
6357:
6344:
6331:
6318:
6305:
6292:
6279:
6266:
6253:
6240:
6230:
6217:
6204:
6191:
6178:
6163:
6147:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6035:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6015:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5948:
5938:
5928:
5921:
5911:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5877:
5869:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5791:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5661:
5653:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5598:
5596:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5567:
5557:
5547:
5537:
5527:
5517:
5506:
5504:
5502:incertae sedis
5495:
5490:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5421:
5411:
5401:
5390:
5388:
5379:
5377:Pterocliformes
5373:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5358:
5350:
5348:
5339:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5310:Columbimorphae
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5237:
5230:
5229:
5217:
5205:
5193:
5181:
5169:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5130:
5118:
5106:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5046:
5041:Coraciiformes
5038:
5030:
5022:
5017:Trogoniformes
5014:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:Passeriformes
4961:
4953:
4948:Falconiformes
4945:
4940:Cariamiformes
4936:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4903:Ciconiiformes
4900:
4892:
4884:
4875:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4855:
4846:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4826:
4817:
4815:
4813:Cursorimorphae
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4796:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4757:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4687:
4678:
4676:
4674:Mirandornithes
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4645:Columbiformes
4641:
4639:
4637:Columbimorphae
4630:
4621:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4582:
4577:
4572:Meleagridinae
4568:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4492:
4490:
4488:Odontophoridae
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4451:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4350:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4267:Stictonettinae
4264:
4262:Dendrocygninae
4259:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4215:
4213:
4196:
4183:
4140:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4063:
4061:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4015:Notable birds
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3965:Egg collecting
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3848:Hesperornithes
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3823:Ambiortiformes
3820:
3815:
3810:
3808:Enantiornithes
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3524:at Wikispecies
3513:
3499:
3498:External links
3496:
3494:
3493:
3473:
3435:
3415:(1): 199–201.
3391:
3352:
3312:
3305:
3287:
3280:
3255:
3220:
3209:(2): 127–134.
3189:
3182:
3155:
3144:(2): 247–292.
3109:
3102:
3079:
3035:
3028:
2996:
2985:Rothschild, W.
2963:
2929:(4): 763–794.
2909:
2902:
2881:
2860:10.1086/316701
2852:10.1086/316701
2846:(5): 642–644.
2826:
2819:
2801:
2747:
2719:(4): 656–672.
2699:
2671:
2649:(5560): 1683.
2626:
2607:(2): 167–180.
2583:
2564:(2): 369–370.
2544:
2533:(2): 300–308.
2517:
2489:10.2307/457349
2483:(4): 509–528.
2467:
2460:
2428:
2421:
2396:
2355:
2344:(1): 199–201.
2320:
2309:(2): 201–210.
2289:
2246:
2185:
2158:
2152:978-0253000996
2151:
2126:
2115:(6): 187–196.
2092:
2050:
1999:
1965:
1919:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1801:
1798:
1713:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1677:mating display
1649:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1585:
1582:
1543:gizzard stones
1509:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1433:Rodrigues rail
1406:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1261:
1258:
1149:light-coloured
1123:
1120:
1114:material from
1089:island hopping
1075:boundary. The
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
994:
990:
989:
986:
985:
981:
980:
977:
976:
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971:
968:
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962:
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958:
945:
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941:
938:
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920:
915:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
895:
890:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
861:Goura victoria
856:
851:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
831:
826:
824:
819:
806:Nicobar pigeon
759:Nicobar pigeon
721:
718:
680:junior synonym
678:; it is now a
542:Georges Cuvier
503:
500:
465:Gizzard stones
442:Nicobar pigeon
391:
390:
388:
387:
379:
368:
360:
346:
345:
344:
341:
340:
334:
333:
326:
325:
317:
316:
309:
295:
294:
288:
287:
279:
277:
273:
272:
255:
251:
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245:
241:
240:
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231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
167:
166:
147:
144:
143:
138:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
39:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6477:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6418:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6183:
6179:
6174:
6168:
6164:
6159:
6153:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6131:
6116:
6094:
6093:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5696:Reinwardtoena
5693:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5479:Columbiformes
5475:
5471:
5462:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5258:
5253:
5251:
5246:
5244:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5228:
5218:
5216:
5206:
5204:
5194:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5168:
5158:
5154:
5141:
5140:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5007:
5005:
5001:Strigiformes
4999:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4852:(tropicbirds)
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4774:Podargiformes
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4724:Cuculiformes
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4422:Macrocephalon
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4309:Anseranatidae
4306:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4117:
4113:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4083:Tinamiformes
4081:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4059:Palaeognathae
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3945:Pigeon racing
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3787:Archaeopteryx
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3541:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3448:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3094:Extinct Birds
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3020:Extinct Birds
3017:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:Extinct Birds
2986:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2894:Extinct Birds
2891:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
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2300:
2293:
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2277:
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2250:
2247:
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2054:
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2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
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1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
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1605:
1600:
1594:
1593:Photo collage
1590:
1583:
1581:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1539:
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1533:
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1527:
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1497:
1496:gizzard stone
1493:
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1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:, and larger
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:Jamaican ibis
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:steamer ducks
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:cartilaginous
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1128:
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944:
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939:
936:
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929:
919:
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904:
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886:
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869:
868:
865:
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854:
848:
847:
844:
843:
840:
838:
837:
830:
829:
823:
822:
815:
812:according to
811:
807:
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798:
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788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
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748:
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741:
737:
736:
731:
730:mitochondrial
727:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
659:
657:
653:
648:
644:
643:Edward Newton
640:
636:
628:
623:
619:
617:
613:
603:
601:
589:
587:
582:
581:ancient Greek
578:
575:
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361:
356:
353:
342:
339:
335:
332:
327:
323:
318:
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307:
305:
296:
293:
292:Binomial name
289:
285:
284:
278:
275:
274:
269:
264:
263:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:Columbiformes
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
177:
172:
168:
162:
156:
145:
141:
136:
132:
127:
123:
118:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
35:
32:
27:
19:
6417:
6142:
6090:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6047:Drepanoptila
6045:
6038:
6018:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5950:
5943:
5933:
5923:
5916:
5906:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5872:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5798:Gallicolumba
5796:
5767:
5762:Paraclaravis
5760:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5715:
5710:Streptopelia
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5656:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5572:
5562:
5552:
5542:
5534:Dysmoropelia
5532:
5522:
5514:Arenicolumba
5512:
5501:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5416:
5406:
5398:Archaeoganga
5396:
5360:
5353:
5227:Paleontology
5137:
5125:
5113:
5101:
5011:(mousebirds)
5009:Coliiformes
4879:Gaviiformes
4871:Aequornithes
4779:Apodiformes
4740:Otidiformes
4716:Otidimorphae
4663:(sandgrouse)
4585:Phasianinae
4551:
4544:
4537:
4532:Odontophorus
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4370:Oreophasinae
4316:
4296:
4289:
4194:(waterfowls)
4190:Anseriformes
3940:Cockfighting
3925:Conservation
3920:Bird feeding
3908:Birdwatching
3898:Ornithomancy
3838:Gansuiformes
3785:
3778:Fossil birds
3668:Intelligence
3486:
3476:
3462:(1): 13–27.
3459:
3455:
3446:
3438:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3394:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3296:
3290:
3271:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3173:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3093:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3038:
3019:
2989:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2893:
2884:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2810:
2804:
2767:
2763:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2683:
2674:
2646:
2642:
2629:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2586:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2447:
2412:
2365:
2358:
2341:
2337:
2334:, Bartlett)"
2331:
2323:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2271:
2270:. Series 5.
2267:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2174:
2141:
2112:
2108:
2095:
2070:
2066:
2053:
2027:
2023:
2017:
1988:(1): 57–79.
1985:
1981:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1942:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1843:
1803:
1790:
1781:
1769:
1764:Frontispiece
1753:
1739:
1726:
1719:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1584:Reproduction
1553:
1548:
1540:
1531:Cylindraspis
1529:
1519:
1425:
1413:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1288:widow's peak
1284:
1279:
1274:
1250:paedomorphic
1227:
1222:
1203:torrent duck
1165:
1153:
1137:
1107:
1066:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1021:
951:
947:
932:
927:
926:
922:
898:
897:
859:
858:
834:
833:
782:
770:
762:
734:
726:Beth Shapiro
723:
714:DNA analysis
710:Osteological
695:
684:
675:
660:
632:
615:
597:
583:
576:
550:
531:
523:
516:Réunion ibis
505:
469:
446:
401:
400:
396:
394:
381:
370:
362:
358:Gmelin, 1789
354:
329:Location of
303:
298:
282:
281:
261:
260:
31:
26:
6296:iNaturalist
6167:Wikispecies
6075:Lopholaimus
6040:Cryptophaps
6031:Ptilinopini
5993:Phapitreron
5979:Chalcophaps
5972:Alectroenas
5918:Natunaornis
5847:Petrophassa
5826:Leucosarcia
5819:Henicophaps
5755:Metriopelia
5689:Patagioenas
5617:Leptotrygon
5524:Bountyphaps
5386:Pteroclidae
5139:WikiProject
5049:Piciformes
4932:Australaves
4911:Suliformes
4829:Gruiformes
4684:(flamingos)
4593:Tetraoninae
4564:Phasianidae
4553:Rhynchortyx
4518:Dactylortyx
4385:Megapodidae
4375:Penelopinae
4333:Galliformes
4075:Rheiformes
4069:(ostriches)
4019:individuals
3893:Ornithology
3880:interaction
3635:Preen gland
3372:(3): 1–17.
3059:: 428–433.
2218:: 438–451.
2030:: 327–362.
1958:12 November
1881:Hume, J. P.
1776:bone marrow
1681:Pleistocene
1416:frugivorous
1375:metaplastic
1359:territorial
1254:peramorphic
1207:sheathbills
1184:musket ball
1180:cauliflower
1122:Description
733:cytochrome
461:territorial
244:Subfamily:
6424:Categories
6400:Xeno-canto
6082:Ptilinopus
6061:Gymnophaps
5925:Otidiphaps
5908:Microgoura
5891:Didunculus
5884:Deliaphaps
5732:Claravinae
5703:Spilopelia
5675:Macropygia
5668:Ectopistes
5624:Starnoenas
5585:Columbinae
5564:Primophaps
5544:Lithophaps
5492:Colombidae
5442:Syrrhaptes
5418:Leptoganga
5355:Mesitornis
5269:sandgrouse
5263:Genera of
5215:Madagascar
4889:(penguins)
4742:(bustards)
4580:Perdicinae
4525:Dendrortyx
4497:Callipepla
4429:Megapodius
4394:Aepypodius
4272:Tadorninae
4254:true geese
4085:(tinamous)
4044:Neornithes
3955:Pheasantry
3930:Aviculture
3698:Incubation
3688:Lek mating
3482:Leguat, F.
3447:Gelderland
3236:(4): 417.
3016:Fuller, E.
2890:Fuller, E.
2770:(1): 136.
2692:6 December
2450:. London:
2444:Fuller, E.
2373:. p.
2264:, Strkl.)"
1849:References
1800:Extinction
1673:lek-mating
1669:polygynous
1614:K-selected
1526:latan palm
1467:, and the
1455:, and the
1238:skull roof
1195:integument
1192:keratinous
1096:herbivores
1038:) and the
1028:Didunculus
775:New Guinea
755:Columbidae
627:stalagmite
625:The first
570:monogamous
538:stalagmite
422:Madagascar
420:, east of
268:Strickland
238:Columbidae
6092:Tongoenas
6068:Hemiphaga
6011:Treronini
5963:Turturini
5935:Pezophaps
5840:Pampusana
5748:Columbina
5717:Turacoena
5649:Columbini
5638:Zentrygon
5610:Leptotila
5603:Geotrygon
5594:Zenaidini
5574:Rupephaps
5435:Pterocles
5428:Linxiavis
5284:Kingdom:
4958:(parrots)
4802:(hoatzin)
4753:Strisores
4734:(turacos)
4726:(cuckoos)
4655:(mesites)
4574:(turkeys)
4546:Philortyx
4463:Agelastes
4456:Acryllium
4447:Numididae
4436:Talegalla
4346:gamebirds
4339:landfowls
4318:Anseranas
4282:Anhimidae
4241:Anserinae
4024:fictional
3746:dinosaurs
3741:Theropoda
3728:Evolution
3673:Migration
3655:Behaviour
3230:Evolution
2505:163478864
2208:, Gmel.)"
2087:128901896
1899:: 32–44.
1839:star maps
1618:altricial
1578: oz)
1536:crop milk
1428:ecosystem
1211:screamers
1168:exostosis
1112:subfossil
1093:mammalian
1069:Paleogene
795:cladogram
743:sequences
720:Evolution
702:monotypic
668:Rodrigues
647:osteology
577:Pezophaps
546:Mauritius
522:of dodo (
488:subfossil
434:Mauritius
418:Rodrigues
412:that was
331:Rodrigues
276:Species:
262:Pezophaps
194:Kingdom:
188:Eukaryota
6450:Raphinae
6340:22690062
6314:10210743
6213:22690062
6208:BirdLife
6152:Wikidata
5874:Caloenas
5833:Ocyphaps
5812:Geophaps
5805:Geopelia
5780:Raphinae
5769:Uropelia
5741:Claravis
5682:Nesoenas
5554:Microena
5408:Gerandia
5292:Chordata
5290:Phylum:
5286:Animalia
5103:Category
4977:Afroaves
4905:(storks)
4707:Passerea
4692:(grebes)
4628:Columbea
4539:Oreortyx
4511:Cyrtonyx
4401:Alectura
4365:Cracinae
4357:Cracidae
4234:Oxyurini
4224:Aythyini
4219:Anatinae
4203:Anatidae
3950:Falconry
3913:big year
3768:Seabirds
3678:Foraging
3625:Feathers
3484:(1708).
3386:86229916
3049:(Gmel.)"
3018:(2001).
2987:(1907).
2951:83708873
2892:(2001).
2876:28619917
2868:10521332
2796:25027719
2735:17661233
2685:BBC News
2663:11872833
2539:27826550
2446:(2002).
2073:(2): 1.
1810:tortoise
1746:medicine
1734:Huguenot
1557:dolerite
1494:(3) and
1246:pectoral
1174:of each
1160:neognath
1081:volcanic
1048:Gourinae
738:and 12S
502:Taxonomy
480:marooned
438:Raphinae
405:) is an
375:Bartlett
338:Synonyms
248:Raphinae
234:Family:
208:Chordata
204:Phylum:
198:Animalia
184:Domain:
161:IUCN 2.3
43:Holocene
6288:2496200
6275:1049953
6262:rodsol2
6236:rodsol2
6195:Avibase
6158:Q528572
5865:Raphini
5789:Phabini
5658:Columba
5631:Zenaida
5308:Clade:
5304:Neoaves
5302:Clade:
5296:Class:
5273:mesites
5265:pigeons
5191:Biology
5179:Animals
5153:Portals
5115:Commons
4619:Neoaves
4504:Colinus
4470:Guttera
4408:Eulipoa
4229:Mergini
4093:(kiwis)
4077:(rheas)
3888:Ringing
3713:Hybrids
3708:Nesting
3663:Singing
3640:Plumage
3615:Dactyly
3585:Anatomy
3575:Outline
3565:: Aves)
3326:The Auk
3250:2405692
3215:4158290
2931:Bibcode
2787:4099497
2643:Science
2609:Bibcode
2578:4083934
2558:The Auk
2391:4170867
2260:, Gm.;
2220:Bibcode
2020:(Gmel)"
1806:extinct
1785:ostrich
1750:bezoars
1622:crèches
1573:⁄
1492:furcula
1292:humerus
1234:sternum
1154:Sexual
1145:plumage
1085:lineage
1073:Neogene
956:(dodo)
816:studies
789:. This
785:) from
663:Réunion
579:, from
566:pigeons
520:species
457:plumage
414:endemic
407:extinct
314:, 1789)
301:†
280:†
254:Genus:
224:Order:
214:Class:
159: (
155:Extinct
109:↓
6379:368080
6366:455685
6353:187133
6327:555611
6226:857410
6054:Ducula
6020:Treron
6000:Turtur
5952:Trugon
5945:Raphus
5362:Monias
5203:Africa
5127:Portal
5003:(owls)
4477:Numida
4415:Leipoa
4298:Chauna
4291:Anhima
3986:Genera
3960:Imping
3878:Human
3718:Colony
3645:Vision
3630:Flight
3384:
3303:
3278:
3248:
3213:
3180:
3100:
3026:
2949:
2919:Ducula
2900:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2817:
2794:
2784:
2733:
2661:
2576:
2537:
2503:
2497:457349
2495:
2458:
2419:
2389:
2149:
2085:
1731:French
1610:clutch
1512:coccyx
1463:, the
1451:, the
1447:, the
1443:, the
1435:, the
1393:Sterna
1242:orbits
1232:, and
1230:pelvis
1213:, the
1201:, the
1134:, 1907
751:tarsal
698:family
687:humans
658:knob.
656:carpal
639:Alfred
440:. The
377:, 1851
312:Gmelin
270:, 1848
6392:92333
6309:IRMNG
6257:eBird
6249:4FJ7T
6233:BOW:
5898:Goura
5854:Phaps
5167:Birds
4247:swans
4209:ducks
4179:fowls
3974:Lists
3598:Brain
3563:class
3559:Birds
3452:(PDF)
3382:S2CID
3246:JSTOR
3211:JSTOR
2947:S2CID
2872:S2CID
2856:JSTOR
2639:(PDF)
2574:JSTOR
2535:JSTOR
2501:S2CID
2493:JSTOR
2278:–98.
2274:(1):
2083:S2CID
2063:(PDF)
1978:(PDF)
1522:dates
1498:(4–6)
1308:bosom
1176:wrist
1053:Goura
1024:Goura
791:clade
787:Samoa
773:) of
771:Goura
747:femur
600:phaps
593:πεζός
586:pezos
574:genus
512:tract
449:swans
6348:NCBI
6335:IUCN
6322:ITIS
6301:2711
6283:GBIF
6221:BOLD
5986:Oena
5298:Aves
3620:Eggs
3608:milk
3603:Crop
3593:Beak
3409:Ibis
3301:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3098:ISBN
3024:ISBN
2898:ISBN
2864:PMID
2815:ISBN
2792:PMID
2731:PMID
2694:2006
2659:PMID
2477:PMLA
2456:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2387:OCLC
2182:–55.
2147:ISBN
1960:2021
1943:2016
1608:The
1475:Diet
1116:Fiji
1026:and
810:dodo
740:rRNA
712:and
641:and
561:dodo
555:and
430:dodo
395:The
348:List
218:Aves
48:PreꞒ
6270:EoL
6244:CoL
6182:ADW
3464:doi
3417:doi
3413:158
3374:doi
3334:doi
3330:122
3238:doi
3146:doi
3142:230
3061:doi
2939:doi
2848:doi
2782:PMC
2772:doi
2721:doi
2651:doi
2647:295
2617:doi
2566:doi
2485:doi
2379:doi
2375:128
2346:doi
2311:doi
2280:doi
2228:doi
2216:168
2117:doi
2075:doi
2032:doi
2028:159
1990:doi
1947:doi
1901:doi
1897:110
1190:or
814:DNA
607:φάψ
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