44:
2000:
562:
74:
467:, because the lichenicolous genera originated relatively recently and fell under the timeframe threshold for genus level. This proposed synonymy was not accepted in a later critical analysis of the temporal phylogenetic approach for fungal classification. In a 2018 review of taxonomic developments in the family Parmeliaceae, the authors recommended not synonymizing
581:
are circular to irregular in shape, and may be dispersed or aggregated. The excipulum (the outer margin of the apothecium) range from colourless to blackish-brown, and often comprises "a few rows of cells which may be difficult to recognize". The hypothecium (a layer of dense hyphal tissue just below
393:(another genus of lichenicolous fungi in the Parmeliaceae), owing to similarities both in the structure of their apothecia and the characteristics of their hymenia. This proposed synonymy, however, was not accepted by several authors in the years following, until 1995 when Triebel, Rambold, and
1566:
Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Leavitt, Steven D.; Singh, Garima; Schmitt, Imke; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2017). "Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize family- and genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi".
514:, and so he considered the genus most appropriately classified in this family. This familial placement, however, was not corroborated in Triebel and colleagues' 1995 review and revision of the genus. Molecular phylogenetic analysis eventually revealed its true
1401:
Hafellner, J.; Sancho, L.G. (1990). "Über einige Pilze und
Flechten aus den Gebirgen Zentralspaniens und den Ostalpen (mit 8 Abbildungen)" [On some fungi and lichens from the mountains of central Spain and the eastern Alps (with 8 figures)].
447:. In 2017, Divakar and colleagues used a then-recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach in an attempt to make family- and genus-level classification more consistent with evolutionary history. They proposed to synonymize genus
1245:
Nannfeldt, J.A. "Studien über die
Morphologie und Systematik der nichtlichenisierten inoperculaten Discomyceten" [Studies on the morphology and systematics of non-lichenized inoperculate Discomycetes].
522:. This relationship is an example of adelpho-parasitism, in which the host species is closely related to the parasite; this type of relationship is fairly common in the Lecanorales. The genus
735:
species are distinguished from each other by the characteristics of their ascospores, the colour and amyloid reaction of the hypothecium, and the identity of their host. According to
1602:
Lücking, Robert (2019). "Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based classifications in Fungi (including lichens) and other organisms".
1637:
Thell, Arne; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Seaward, Mark D. (2018). "Splitting or synonymizing – genus concept and taxonomy exemplified by the
Parmeliaceae in the Nordic region".
617:, and have smooth walls with occasional thickening at either end. The spores have a range of shapes; depending on the species, the following shapes have been recorded:
2517:
2426:
2413:
756:
2491:
2530:
2045:. Reports (B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition, (1929–1931). Series B, Zoology and botany. Vol. 7. Adelaide: Hassell Press. p. 264.
2592:
2640:
2025:
1684:
1868:; Hawksworth, David L.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2004). "A molecular phylogeny and a new classification of parmelioid lichens containing
569:
asci. Several spores are visible in some of the asci, and the non-amyloid zone above the axial body is visible in some instances.
2635:
2535:
1515:
Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Wedin, Mats; Leavitt, Steven D.; Hawksworth, David L.; Myllys, Leena; et al. (2015).
649:
Members of the host family, Parmeliaceae, are found worldwide and the family has centres of distribution in Asia and in the
594:; this characteristic can be used to distinguish between some species. The hymenium is colourless, pale brownish, or pale
2556:
238:
have been described in the genus. Many of the species are poorly known, some of them having been documented only from the
397:
showed that the supposed differences that separated the two genera were not consistent. Following this, Ove
Eriksson and
2630:
2151:"The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa"
2625:
1656:
Eriksson, O.E.; Hawksworth, David L. (1987). "An alphabetical list of the generic names of the ascomycetes - 1987".
308:
73:
1791:"The lichenicolous fungi of the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica: species diversity and identification guide"
752:
43:
1929:
Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022).
1043:
895:
780:
1077:
602:
wall layer and a thicker, non-amyloid inner wall layer; a non-amyloid zone rests above the axial body of the
1702:"Studien über lichenicole Pilze und Flechten V. Über die Gattung Phacopsis Tul. emend. Körber (Lecanorales)"
1145:
1128:
1111:
1999:
1094:
1060:
836:
809:
591:
281:
2366:
1517:"Evolution of complex symbiotic relationships in a morphologically derived family of lichen-forming fungi"
901:
889:
845:
796:
713:
561:
422:
2620:
1744:
883:
816:
1162:
927:
829:
914:
907:
2571:
2452:
2298:
2269:
2217:
2188:
2120:
1294:
1265:
984:
934:
874:
475:, suggesting that the separation between these two genera has not yet been sufficiently established.
372:
345:
852:
2483:
1013:
789:
764:
708:
650:
598:. Asci are more or less club-shaped, and contain eight spores. They are surrounded by a thin outer
538:
495:
430:
425:
analysis published in 2015 demonstrated that the group of species then considered to be members of
398:
389:
349:
204:
2597:
2170:
1962:
1889:
1771:
1725:
1619:
1584:
1473:
1419:
599:
384:
68:
24:
1491:
Eriksson, O.E.; Hawksworth, David L. (1995). "Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos. 1885–2023".
586:) is colourless to blackish-brown. In some species, the hyphae in the hypothecium have a violet
2066:"A first synopsis of lichenicolous fungi of Mongolia, with the description of five new species"
2579:
2522:
2439:
2046:
2021:
1680:
1548:
1363:
Eriksson, O.E.; Hawksworth, David L. (1989). "Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos. 804–888".
1179:
954:
942:
922:
341:
169:
2584:
2162:
2077:
1952:
1942:
1881:
1846:
1802:
1763:
1717:
1611:
1576:
1538:
1528:
1465:
1411:
824:
693:
666:
293:
220:
2328:
499:
115:
2404:
1850:
272:, and the colour and reaction of the hypothecium (a tissue layer under the spore-bearing
2470:
2478:
2306:
2277:
2225:
2196:
2128:
1865:
1302:
1273:
804:
773:
736:
702:
674:
491:
394:
315:
261:
239:
227:
2431:
1721:
1415:
2614:
2418:
2150:
2098:
2020:. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 48. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 169.
1966:
1930:
1789:
Alstrup, Vagn; Olech, Maria; Wietrzyk-Pełka, Paulina; Węgrzyn, Michał Hubert (2018).
1729:
1701:
1623:
1423:
2174:
1947:
1588:
1452:
Triebel, Dagmar; Rambold, Gerhard; Elix, John A. (1995). "A conspectus of the genus
1203:
482:
has changed several times in its taxonomic history. It has been placed in the order
2222:
Triebel & Rambold, in
Triebel, Rambold & Elix, Bryologist 98(1): 76 (1995)"
1775:
1229:
712:
was noted to grow on representatives from both of those lichen genera. Since then,
688:
species are usually restricted to living on a host belong to a single phylogenetic
527:
519:
515:
511:
487:
337:
288:
fungi are usually restricted to living on hosts belonging to a single phylogenetic
223:
161:
135:
2444:
1615:
743:(28 species and 5 varieties). A recent (2022) estimate places 10 species in genus
2561:
2504:
2398:
2166:
638:
483:
443:
320:
125:
1907:
1204:"Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire organographique et physiologique des Lichens"
759:
are used) and year of publication, type locality, and host species (or genus).
1767:
1580:
1382:
Alstrup, V.; Hawksworth, D.L. (1990). "The lichenicolous fungi of
Greenland".
1344:(Lecanorales): two lichenicolous fungus genera with cecidogenic species].
634:
595:
550:
463:
412:
407:
216:
105:
2389:
2465:
2050:
947:
867:
618:
610:
578:
453:
269:
249:
85:
23:
This article is about the genus of fungi. For the defunct legume genus, see
1552:
577:
in which no morphologically distinct lichenized structure is formed. Their
2082:
2065:
1981:
1336:(Lecanorales): zwei lichenicole Pilzgattungen mit cecidogenen Arten" [
621:, ovoid (egg-shaped), fusiform (spindle-shaped), lemon-shaped, falciform (
2543:
2383:
963:
861:
696:
and
Triebel suggested a possible close phylogenetic relationship between
626:
587:
583:
362:
312:
277:
273:
57:
2496:
1957:
1893:
1477:
669:) found on 41 host species on 20 genera. Little is known about several
574:
546:
510:, showing them to be similar to those commonly found in members of the
268:
used to distinguish species from each other include the shape of their
257:
2509:
1807:
1790:
1543:
1533:
1516:
622:
614:
208:
95:
2360:
2064:
Zhurbenko, Mikhail P.; Enkhtuya, Ochirbat; Javkhlan, Samiya (2019).
1885:
1675:
Kirk, P.M.; Cannon, P.F.; David, J.C.; Stalpers, J.A., eds. (2001).
1469:
2548:
975:
689:
662:
603:
560:
503:
289:
235:
212:
200:
2193:(Flot. ex Körb.) Vouaux, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 30(2): 144 (1914)"
253:
152:
2364:
2457:
1704:[Studies on lichenicole fungi and lichens V. On the genus
2099:"New species and new records of American lichenicolous fungi"
2011:
2009:
1820:
1818:
318:
in 1852 with multiple species originally classified in genus
1323:
1321:
1319:
1031:
have since been transferred to other genera. These include:
982:, but with smaller spore dimensions and growing on the host
1223:
1221:
248:
species appear as partially immersed, shiny brown to black
1982:"New and interesting lichenicolous fungi from Eurasia. II"
379:
In 1988, Dagmar
Triebel and Gerhard Rambold proposed that
226:, of which they are also a member. Originally proposed by
1234:(2nd ed.). New York: Hafner Publishing. p. 306.
677:. The most southernly distributed member of the genus is
657:
probably occurs wherever the host does. A 1995 survey of
625:-shaped), fabiform (bean-shaped), and partly curved. The
2149:
Diederich, Paul; Lawrey, James D.; Ertz, Damien (2018).
716:
analysis has demonstrated that they are equivalent, and
681:, known to occur only in southern Chile and Antarctica.
352:(1932). Of the other two species originally included in
292:, the identity of the host lichen is another diagnostic
336:. The last-mentioned species was later selected as the
2256:
Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeois
1510:
1508:
1506:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1116:(Räsänen) D.Hawksw., C.Boluda & H.Lindgren (2015)
411:) in the next update of their regular publication on
573:
All species are endokapylic, meaning they possess a
2373:
1749:— A lichenicolous genus of the family Parmeliaceae"
1299:
Tul., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 17: 125 (1852)"
1270:
Tul., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 17: 124 (1852)"
1248:
Nova Acta Regiae
Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis
1228:Clements, Frederic E.; Shear, Cornelius L. (1931).
234:now contains 10 species, although historically, 33
2254:Vouaux (lichenicolous Ascomycetes, Leotiales)".
996:in 2003, based on specimens he found growing on
673:species, and some have only been found at their
1825:Aptroot, André; Triebel, Dagmar (2002). "A new
1677:Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi
534:. It has been estimated that the lichenicolous
2327:Hawksworth, David L.; Santesson, Rolf (1988).
1931:"Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021"
739:, 33 taxa have been described under the name
8:
2303:Willey, Enum. Lich. New Bedford: 34 (1892)"
2125:Creveld, Biblthca Lichenol. 17: 281 (1981)"
1872:-type lichenan (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)".
1679:(9th ed.). Oxon, UK: CABI Bioscience.
1000:with ascospores similar in size to typical
2361:
970:In 1995, Triebel and colleagues described
506:(spore-bearing cells) of the type species
42:
31:
2081:
1956:
1946:
1806:
1542:
1532:
1208:Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique
1065:(Alstrup & P.Scholz) Diederich (2018)
633:are immersed in the thallus of the host.
2274:Uloth, Flora, Regensburg 44: 653 (1861)"
2246:Etayo, Javier; Diederich, Paul (2000). "
1743:Peršoh, Derek; Rambold, Gerhard (2002).
1150:(Uloth) Hafellner & Nav.-Ros. (2004)
1099:(Triebel & Rambold) Diederich (2018)
879:(A.Massal.) Triebel & Rambold (1988)
841:(Müll.Arg.) Triebel & Rambold (1992)
1708:Tul. emend. Körber (Lecanorales)].
1194:
1184:(Willey) D.Hawksw. & R.Sant. (1988)
1048:(Creveld) Hafellner & Sancho (1990)
1908:"Results for search term "Phacopsis""
1133:(Vouaux) Etayo & Diederich (2000)
360:has since been referred to the genus
7:
2572:b8409867-312a-4c93-ba9d-f954ad3980d3
1795:Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
401:used an expanded generic concept of
2250:gen. et comb. nov., a new name for
2018:The inter-lecanoralean associations
1801:(4). Polish Botanical Society: 22.
1384:Meddelelser om Grønland Biosciences
1027:Several species formerly placed in
1009:(Tul.) Triebel & Rambold (1988)
785:(Nyl.) Triebel & Rambold (1988)
478:The higher-level classification of
1604:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
1328:Triebel, D.; Rambold, G. (1988). "
429:actually comprised three distinct
324:. Tulasne included three species:
14:
2016:Rambold, G.; Triebel, D. (1992).
1998:
1851:10.1127/0029-5035/2002/0074-0405
72:
2041:Dodge, Carroll William (1948).
720:is now placed in synonymy with
684:Like many lichenicolous fungi,
219:of members of the large lichen
1980:Zhurbenko, Mikhail P. (2010).
1073:(Flot. ex Körb.) Vouaux (1914)
801:Hafellner & Rambold (1995)
441:, and the newly circumscribed
230:in 1852 to contain 3 species,
1:
1616:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517
1082:(Flot. ex Körb.) Etayo (2010)
1056:Alstrup & P.Scholz (1998)
988:. Paul Diederich synonymised
939:Zhurb. & Diederich (2019)
433:, representing three genera:
2641:Taxa named by Edmond Tulasne
2070:Plant and Fungal Systematics
2043:Lichens and Lichen Parasites
1864:Blanco, Oscar; Crespo, Ana;
1090:Triebel & Rambold (1995)
769:Aptroot & Triebel (2002)
751:species indicates its name,
2167:10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340
1722:10.1127/herzogia/7/1987/343
1416:10.1127/herzogia/8/1990/363
665:(eight species and several
2657:
857:(Müll.Arg.) Triebel (1992)
296:used to identify species.
256:-like deformations on the
22:
1948:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2
1768:10.1007/s11557-006-0004-0
1700:Hafellner, Josef (1987).
1581:10.1007/s13225-017-0379-z
185:
180:
167:
160:
69:Scientific classification
67:
50:
41:
34:
2097:Diederich, Paul (2003).
1044:Gyrophthorus crustulosae
896:Flavoparmelia praesignis
781:Phacopsis cephalodioides
771:– southern Africa; host=
747:. The following list of
541:from the lichen-forming
518:placement in the family
1202:Tulasne, L.-R. (1852).
1146:Cercidospora macrospora
1112:Raesaenenia huuskonenii
1078:Rhymbocarpus ericetorum
1018:(Tul.) A.Massal. (1856)
539:diverged evolutionarily
2636:Taxa described in 1852
2248:Echinodiscus lesdainii
1210:. Série 3 (in Latin).
1167:(Willey) Seaver (1951)
1129:Echinodiscus lesdainii
1020:, the type species of
890:Flavoparmelia caperata
846:Platismatia interrupta
797:Phacopsis lethariellae
757:standard abbreviations
714:molecular phylogenetic
570:
423:Molecular phylogenetic
2123:Phacopsis crustulosae
2083:10.2478/pfs-2019-0023
1837:in southern Africa".
1104:Phacopsis huuskonenii
1095:Nesolechia falcispora
1061:Nesolechia doerfeltii
1036:Phacopsis crustulosae
972:Phacopsis menegazziae
881:– New Zealand; hosts=
837:Phacopsis prolificans
817:Phacopsis oroarcticae
810:Lethariella intricata
613:are colourless, lack
564:
383:should be considered
2272:Phacopsis macrospora
2220:Phacopsis falcispora
2191:Phacopsis ericetorum
1756:Mycological Progress
1138:Phacopsis macrospora
1087:Phacopsis falcispora
1070:Phacopsis ericetorum
1053:Phacopsis doerfeltii
985:Menegazzia terebrata
935:Phacopsis vulpicidae
902:Parmotrema eurysacum
875:Phacopsis thallicola
373:Opegrapha physciaria
264:lichen. Features of
63:scale bar is 0.5 mm
2631:Lichenicolous fungi
2252:Phacopsis lesdainii
1658:Systema Ascomycetum
1493:Systema Ascomycetum
1365:Systema Ascomycetum
1231:The Genera of Fungi
1121:Phacopsis lesdainii
1014:Nesolechia oxyspora
990:P. menegazziae
859:– Australia; hosts=
790:Hypogymnia physodes
765:Phacopsis australis
753:taxonomic authority
709:Phacopsis australis
651:Southern Hemisphere
496:electron microscopy
417:Systema Ascomycetum
399:David L. Hawksworth
350:John Axel Nannfeldt
2626:Lecanorales genera
2339:Agyrium flavescens
2333:, a new genus for
2301:Phacopsis muelleri
1910:. Species Fungorum
1155:Phacopsis muelleri
1006:Phacopsis oxyspora
980:Phacopsis oxyspora
978:fungus similar to
884:Cetrelia sanguinea
592:iodine–starch test
571:
530:relationship with
486:, in the families
282:iodine–starch test
25:Astragalus (plant)
2608:
2607:
2580:Open Tree of Life
2367:Taxon identifiers
2335:Phacopsis mulleri
2299:"Record Details:
2270:"Record Details:
2218:"Record Details:
2189:"Record Details:
2121:"Record Details:
2027:978-3-443-58027-8
1808:10.5586/asbp.3607
1686:978-0-85199-377-5
1534:10.1111/nph.13553
1295:"Record Details:
1268:Phacopsis clemens
1266:"Record Details:
1180:Skyttella mulleri
1172:Phacopsis mulleri
1163:Calloria muelleri
955:Phacopsis vulpina
945:(Mongolia); host=
928:Usnea trachycarpa
923:Kerguelen Islands
830:Brodoa oroarctica
590:reaction with an
567:Phacopsis vulpina
342:Frederic Clements
192:
191:
170:Phacopsis vulpina
156:
53:Phacopsis vulpina
2648:
2601:
2600:
2588:
2587:
2575:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2562:NHMSYS0001492938
2552:
2551:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2525:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2499:
2487:
2486:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2435:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2013:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1950:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1845:(3–4): 405–409.
1822:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1569:Fungal Diversity
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1527:(4): 1217–1226.
1512:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1456:(Lecanorales)".
1449:
1428:
1427:
1410:(3–4): 363–382.
1398:
1392:
1391:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1199:
1185:
1176:
1168:
1159:
1151:
1142:
1134:
1125:
1117:
1108:
1100:
1091:
1083:
1074:
1066:
1057:
1049:
1040:
1019:
1010:
1002:P. oxyspora
994:P. oxyspora
960:
940:
920:
919:C.W.Dodge (1948)
915:Phacopsis usneae
908:Rimelia cetraria
880:
858:
842:
825:Severnaya Zemlya
822:
802:
787:– Denmark; host=
786:
770:
679:Phacopsis usneae
549:(23.03 to 5.333
370:is now known as
151:
77:
76:
46:
32:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2596:
2591:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2369:
2359:
2348:Graphis Scripta
2343:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2015:
2014:
2007:
1997:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1886:10.2307/4135563
1863:
1862:
1858:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1639:Graphis Scripta
1636:
1635:
1631:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1521:New Phytologist
1514:
1513:
1504:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1470:10.2307/3243643
1451:
1450:
1431:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1352:(3–4): 279–309.
1327:
1326:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1297:Phacopsis varia
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1166:
1157:
1149:
1140:
1132:
1123:
1115:
1106:
1098:
1089:
1081:
1072:
1064:
1055:
1047:
1038:
1017:
1008:
961:– France; host=
958:
938:
918:
878:
856:
840:
820:
800:
784:
768:
730:
647:
559:
508:P. vulpina
500:Josef Hafellner
358:P. clemens
348:(1931), and by
346:Cornelius Shear
334:P. vulpina
326:P. clemens
302:
176:
173:
150:
116:Lecanoromycetes
71:
62:
28:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2589:
2576:
2566:
2553:
2540:
2527:
2514:
2501:
2488:
2475:
2462:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2410:
2395:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2357:
2319:
2307:Index Fungorum
2290:
2278:Index Fungorum
2261:
2238:
2226:Index Fungorum
2209:
2197:Index Fungorum
2180:
2161:(3): 340–425.
2155:The Bryologist
2141:
2129:Index Fungorum
2112:
2089:
2076:(2): 345–366.
2056:
2033:
2026:
2005:
1972:
1921:
1899:
1880:(4): 959–975.
1870:Xanthoparmelia
1856:
1835:Xanthoparmelia
1814:
1781:
1735:
1692:
1685:
1667:
1648:
1629:
1610:(3): 199–253.
1594:
1558:
1502:
1483:
1458:The Bryologist
1429:
1393:
1374:
1355:
1315:
1303:Index Fungorum
1286:
1274:Index Fungorum
1257:
1237:
1217:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1169:
1152:
1135:
1118:
1107:Räsänen (1948)
1101:
1084:
1067:
1050:
1039:Creveld (1981)
968:
967:
951:
943:Renchinlkhümbe
931:
911:
871:
853:Phacopsis rufa
849:
843:– Japan; host=
833:
813:
805:Canary Islands
793:
777:
774:Xanthoparmelia
737:Index Fungorum
729:
726:
722:Xanthoparmelia
703:Xanthoparmelia
646:
643:
565:Microscopy of
558:
555:
492:Acarosporaceae
316:Edmond Tulasne
301:
298:
228:Edmond Tulasne
190:
189:
183:
182:
178:
177:
174:
165:
164:
158:
157:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
48:
47:
39:
38:
18:Genus of fungi
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2653:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2337:Willey (syn.
2336:
2332:
2323:
2320:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2294:
2291:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2213:
2210:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1995:(3): 213–222.
1994:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1941:(1): 53–453.
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:Elix, John A.
1860:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:Nova Hedwigia
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:(in German).
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1645:(6): 130–137.
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:(in German).
1405:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1348:(in German).
1347:
1346:Nova Hedwigia
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1287:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1250:(in German).
1249:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1175:Willey (1892)
1173:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1158:Willey (1892)
1156:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1124:Vouaux (1914)
1122:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
977:
973:
966:
965:
957:
956:
952:
950:
949:
944:
937:
936:
932:
930:
929:
924:
917:
916:
912:
910:
909:
904:
903:
898:
897:
892:
891:
886:
885:
877:
876:
872:
870:
869:
864:
863:
855:
854:
850:
848:
847:
839:
838:
834:
832:
831:
826:
821:Zhurb. (2010)
819:
818:
814:
812:
811:
806:
799:
798:
794:
792:
791:
783:
782:
778:
776:
775:
767:
766:
762:
761:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
705:
704:
699:
695:
694:André Aptroot
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
675:type locality
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
644:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
576:
568:
563:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
502:examined the
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
455:
450:
446:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
418:
415:systematics,
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:
386:
382:
377:
375:
374:
369:
368:P. varia
365:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:P. varia
327:
323:
322:
317:
314:
310:
309:circumscribed
306:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
240:type specimen
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:lichenicolous
202:
198:
197:
188:
184:
179:
172:
171:
166:
163:
159:
154:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
26:
21:
16:
2621:Parmeliaceae
2374:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2300:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2271:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2219:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2190:
2183:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2122:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2042:
2036:
2017:
1992:
1988:
1975:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1902:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:Paraparmelia
1830:
1826:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1762:(1): 43–55.
1759:
1755:
1746:
1738:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1524:
1520:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1464:(1): 71–83.
1461:
1457:
1453:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1306:. Retrieved
1296:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1267:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1230:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1178:
1171:
1161:
1154:
1144:
1141:Uloth (1861)
1137:
1127:
1120:
1110:
1103:
1093:
1086:
1076:
1069:
1059:
1052:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1012:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
983:
979:
971:
969:
962:
953:
946:
933:
926:
913:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
873:
866:
860:
851:
844:
835:
828:
815:
808:
795:
788:
779:
772:
763:
748:
744:
740:
732:
731:
721:
718:Paraparmelia
717:
707:
701:
698:Paraparmelia
697:
685:
683:
678:
670:
661:accepted 13
658:
654:
648:
645:Distribution
630:
608:
572:
566:
542:
535:
531:
528:sister taxon
523:
520:Parmeliaceae
516:phylogenetic
512:Lecanoraceae
507:
488:Graphidaceae
479:
477:
472:
468:
462:
458:
452:
448:
442:
438:
434:
426:
421:
416:
406:
402:
388:
380:
378:
371:
367:
361:
357:
356:by Tulasne,
353:
338:type species
333:
329:
325:
319:
304:
303:
285:
265:
245:
244:
231:
224:Parmeliaceae
195:
194:
193:
186:
168:
162:Type species
146:
145:
136:Parmeliaceae
56:
52:
35:
29:
20:
15:
2505:iNaturalist
2399:Wikispecies
2354:(2): 33–37.
1958:10481/76378
1829:species on
1716:: 343–352.
1664:(1): 1–109.
1575:: 101–117.
1371:(1): 59–86.
1254:(2): 1–368.
959:Tul. (1852)
692:. In 2002,
639:bacilliform
635:Pycnospores
557:Description
545:during the
484:Arthoniales
459:Raesaenenia
444:Raesaenenia
321:Abrothallus
300:Systematics
252:that cause
215:. They are
211:-dwelling)
175:Tul. (1852)
126:Lecanorales
51:Closeup of
2615:Categories
2283:6 November
1989:Mycosphere
1935:Mycosphere
1544:10652/3753
1190:References
1022:Nesolechia
998:Menegazzia
611:ascospores
596:olivaceous
543:Protousnea
524:Protousnea
490:, and the
469:Nesolechia
464:Protousnea
449:Nesolechia
439:Nesolechia
413:ascomycete
408:sensu lato
390:Nesolechia
385:synonymous
313:mycologist
311:by French
106:Ascomycota
102:Division:
2466:FloraBase
2427:AusLichen
2405:Phacopsis
2375:Phacopsis
2331:Skyttella
1967:249054641
1827:Phacopsis
1747:Phacopsis
1730:249719030
1706:Phacopsis
1624:202859785
1454:Phacopsis
1424:249732880
1342:Phacopsis
1338:Cecidonia
1334:Phacopsis
1330:Cecidonia
1029:Phacopsis
948:Vulpicida
868:Punctelia
749:Phacopsis
745:Phacopsis
741:Phacopsis
733:Phacopsis
686:Phacopsis
671:Phacopsis
667:varieties
659:Phacopsis
655:Phacopsis
631:Phacopsis
619:ellipsoid
579:apothecia
536:Phacopsis
532:Phacopsis
480:Phacopsis
473:Phacopsis
454:Punctelia
435:Phacopsis
427:Phacopsis
403:Phacopsis
395:John Elix
381:Phacopsis
354:Phacopsis
305:Phacopsis
294:character
286:Phacopsis
280:using an
266:Phacopsis
250:apothecia
246:Phacopsis
232:Phacopsis
217:parasites
196:Phacopsis
187:See text
147:Phacopsis
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
36:Phacopsis
2544:MycoBank
2479:Fungorum
2432:30020757
2419:60014366
2414:AusFungi
2384:Wikidata
2312:30 March
2258:: 63–66.
2231:30 March
2202:30 March
2175:92396850
2134:30 March
2109:: 41–90.
2103:Herzogia
2051:19094928
1914:30 March
1710:Herzogia
1589:40674310
1553:26299211
1499:: 41–77.
1404:Herzogia
976:Nepalese
964:Letharia
862:Cetrelia
706:, since
627:pycnidia
588:staining
584:hymenium
494:. Using
431:lineages
366:, while
363:Arthonia
284:. Since
274:hymenium
181:Species
132:Family:
82:Domain:
58:Letharia
55:gall on
2523:1354565
2497:2584200
2390:Q127256
1894:4135563
1776:9935563
1478:3243643
1390:: 1–90.
1011:is now
925:; host=
827:; host=
807:; host=
728:Species
641:shape.
637:have a
600:amyloid
575:thallus
547:Miocene
278:stained
276:) when
260:of the
258:thallus
142:Genus:
122:Order:
112:Class:
2593:PLANTS
2585:776218
2569:NZOR:
2536:190506
2510:175459
2341:Rehm)"
2173:
2049:
2024:
1965:
1892:
1774:
1728:
1683:
1622:
1587:
1551:
1476:
1422:
1308:14 May
1279:14 May
1214:: 124.
974:for a
623:sickle
526:has a
457:, and
332:, and
270:spores
221:family
209:lichen
155:(1852)
2598:PHACO
2518:IRMNG
2471:27521
2458:22108
2344:(PDF)
2171:S2CID
1985:(PDF)
1963:S2CID
1890:JSTOR
1874:Taxon
1772:S2CID
1752:(PDF)
1726:S2CID
1620:S2CID
1585:S2CID
1474:JSTOR
1420:S2CID
992:with
690:clade
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