615:
81:
614:
2396:
2383:
118:
811:
2379:
eukaryotic classification, with the inclusion of classes of algae described in posterior years as well as the number of described species for each class. According to the aforementioned 2019 revision by protistologists, the diatoms (Diatomeae) do not form a single class
Bacillariophyceae, but numerous classes to reflect the phylogenetic advances over the previous decade.
1096:, either freely floating or attached to filamentous algae and plants. Diatoms are more diverse, with more than 60 genera commonly found in rivers. Many river diatoms have developed different strategies to attach to the substrate to avoid being displaced by water currents. The most basic strategy is to produce
1001:
Ochrophytes are present in nearly all environments. Some classes are more common in marine habitats, while others are more frequent in freshwater or soil. Among the ochrophyte lineages are the diatoms, the most abundant photosynthetic eukaryotes worldwide in marine habitats; multicellular seaweeds,
780:
algae: "blob-like structures" where PC proteins are localized, and a vesicular network. Within the CER, there is a prominent region of tight direct contacts between the periplastid membrane and the inner nuclear envelope, where lipid transfers might occur, and perhaps exchange of other molecules.
2378:
As of 2024, ochrophytes amount to 23,314 described species, with 490 species of uncertain position. However, it is estimated that they amount to more than 100,000 species, of which the majority are diatoms. Below is the present classification of ochrophytes according to the 2019 revision of
4488:
Craig Bailey J, Bidigare RR, Christensen SJ, Andersen RA (September 1998). "Phaeothamniophyceae
Classis Nova: A New Lineage of Chromophytes Based upon Photosynthetic Pigments, rbcL Sequence Analysis and Ultrastructure".
1170:
live as colonial chains of cells with long spines (setae) that can clog fish gills, causing their death. Among diatoms, the only toxin producers have been found among pennate diatoms, almost entirely within the genus
3469:
Wetherbee R, Jackson CJ, Repetti SI, Clementson LA, Costa JF, van de Meene A, Crawford S, Verbruggen H (April 2019). "The golden paradox - a new heterokont lineage with chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes".
2353:
groups. This method of classification is preferred among protistologists. The latest revision of the
International Society of Protistologists, in 2019, recognizes Ochrophyta as a valid taxon within the higher
4114:"Multigene Phylogeny, Morphological Observation and Re-examination of the Literature Lead to the Description of the Phaeosacciophyceae Classis Nova and Four New Species of the Heterokontophyta SI Clade"
2319:
2183:
3811:
Ingvild
Riisberga; Russell J. S. Orr; Ragnhild Kluge; Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi; Holly A. Bowers; Vishwanath Patil; Bente Edvardsen; Kjetill S. Jakobsen (2009). "Seven gene phylogeny of heterokonts".
4284:
Azuma, Tomonori; Pánek, Tomáš; Tice, Alexander K.; Kayama, Motoki; Kobayashi, Mayumi; Miyashita, Hideaki; Suzaki, Toshinobu; Yabuki, Akinori; Brown, Matthew W.; Kamikawa, Ryoma (10 April 2022).
1118:) grow stalks or colonial tubes capable of reaching higher into the water column to acquire more nutrients. Brown algae (Phaeophyceae), although highly diversified, contain only seven
673:
As stramenopiles (=heterokonts), their swimming cells frequently display two markedly unequal flagella: an anterior flagellum ("tinsel") with straw-like hollow tripartite hairs called
792:
differentiate into the "girdle lamella", which runs around the periphery of the plastid, beneath the innermost membrane. The remaining thylakoids are arranged in stacks of three. In
772:
of the secondary endosymbiont; however, no nucleomorphs are known within the ochrophytes. Instead, other structures have been observed within the PC, similarly to those seen in
2985:
Bringloe TT, Starko S, Wade RM, Vieira C, Kawai H, De Clerck O, Cock JM, Coelho SM, Destombe C, Valero M, Neiva J, Pearson GA, Faugeron S, Serrão EA, Verbruggen H (2020).
2322:. Several phycologists currently advocate the use of Heterokontophyta as the phylum name for heterokont algae. However, the original use by Hoek in 1978 did not provide a
6336:
6182:
4442:"Aurearenophyceae classis nova, a New Class of Heterokontophyta Based on a New Marine Unicellular Alga Aurearena cruciata gen. et sp. nov. Inhabiting Sandy Beaches"
749:(ER), together composing the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum (CER), also known as the periplastidial endoplasmic reticulum (PER), which is often connected to the
3979:"Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences"
2861:
T. Cavalier-Smith; E. E. Chao (November 1996). "18S rRNA sequence of
Heterosigma carterae (Raphidophyceae), and the phylogeny of heterokont algae (Ochrophyta)".
6208:
1983:
Evolutionary relationships between all ochrophyte classes based on the latest phylogenetic analyses, and the approximate number of species in each class.
1078:
and is common in cold, clear, fast-flowing mountain streams, where it attaches to a firm substrate. Xanthophycean genera commonly found in rivers include
2820:"A Vaucheriacean Alga from the Middle Neoproterozoic of Spitsbergen: Implications for the Evolution of Proterozoic Eukaryotes and the Cambrian Explosion"
1065:
habitats (rivers, streams), golden algae (Chrysophyceae) and yellow-green algae (Xanthophyceae) are common and occasionally abundant. The golden algal
4046:"A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages"
2768:
led to the description of many new groups and several classes well into the 21st century. The sequencing of the first ochrophyte genome, belonging to
6323:
6156:
3910:"Updating algal evolutionary relationships through plastid genome sequencing: did alveolate plastids emerge through endosymbiosis of an ochrophyte?"
6195:
4628:
3406:
3248:
3116:
2194:
suffix in botanical nomenclature, which corresponds to subdivisions. The phylum to which ochrophytes belong in his classification system is
800:, a consortium of several plastids, each surrounded by two or three inner membranes respectively, is enveloped by a shared outer membrane.
4112:
Graf L, Yang EC, Han KY, Küpper FC, Benes KM, Oyadomari JK, Herbert RJH, Verbruggen H, Wetherbee R, Andersen RA, Yoon HS (December 2020).
1989:
Relationships among many classes of ochrophytes remain unresolved, but three main clades (called SI, SII and SIII) are supported in most
2915:
Dovilė Barcytė; Wenche Eikrem; Anette
Engesmo; Sergio Seoane; Jens Wohlmann; Aleš Horák; Tatiana Yurchenko; Marek Eliáš (2 March 2021).
1154:
at high concentrations are responsible for fish mortality, although the nature and action of their toxins is not resolved. Freshwater
1097:
4423:
3792:
6359:
6267:
4669:
3239:
Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW, Cook ME (2022). "Photosynthetic
Stramenopiles I: Introduction to Photosynthetic Stramenopiles".
2761:
2186:(ICN). It remained a phylum-level taxon until 2017, when the same author lowered it to subphylum level and modified the name to
4664:
4575:
3581:
Flori S, Jouneau PH, Finazzi G, Maréchal E, Falconet D (2016). "Ultrastructure of the
Periplastidial Compartment of the Diatom
923:
753:. The tripartite flagellar hairs, characteristic of stramenopiles, are produced within either the PER or the nuclear envelope.
3724:
Ana Luiza
Burliga; J. Patrick Kociolek (2016). "Chapter 5. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) in Rivers". In Orlando Necchi Jr. (ed.).
3701:
Orlando Necchi Jr. (2016). "Chapter 7. Heterokonts (Xanthophyceae and
Chrysophyceae) in Rivers". In Orlando Necchi Jr. (ed.).
701:, chloroplasts that have lost photosynthetic capacity and pigments but presumably continue to play a role in the synthesis of
4338:
1265:, suggest that ochrophytes had appeared by 1000 Ma. Other early putative representatives of photosynthetic stramenopiles are
756:
The periplastid compartment (PC), between the second and third layers, is a separate region that in other algal groups (i.e.
6200:
3037:(21 January 2024). "How many species of algae are there? A reprise. Four kingdoms, 14 phyla, 63 classes and still growing".
4748:
4738:
4721:
4576:"Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the algal classes Eustigmatophyceae and Tribophyceae (synonym Xanthophyceae)"
2986:
2126:
of this actinophryid, implying that its common ancestor with ochrophytes may have already begun domesticating plastids.
1290:
scales, and valves resembling the modern centric diatom valves, have been found in 800–700 million-years-old sediments.
955:
117:
3266:
745:), whose chloroplasts have only two membranes. The two outer layers of ochrophyte plastids are continguous with the
6213:
3264:
John A Raven (15 December 2020). "Determinants, and implications, of the shape and size of thylakoids and cristae".
4621:
3859:
Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, et al. (2019).
4395:
About Chlorosaccus a new genus of freshwater algae together with some comments on the systematics of related algae
3771:
3155:
810:
717:
in comparison to other algal groups. Their chloroplasts originate from an event of secondary endosymbiosis from a
482:. Ochrophytes are one of the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes, containing ecologically important algae such as
80:
4391:Über Chlorosaccus eine neue Gattung der Süsswasseralgen nebst einiger Bemerkungen zur Systematik verwandter Algen
2836:
2244:
2770:
1007:
1006:) and golden algae; and an array of microscopic single-celled lineages that are also abundant, as evidenced by
4336:& Ema E.-Y. Chao (2006). "Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista)".
2742:
1100:, varied carbohydrate structures formed from the cell membrane. In faster-flowing waters, some diatoms (e.g.,
725:: two inner membranes, corresponding to the primary plastid membranes; a third membrane, corresponding to the
4527:"Schizocladia ischiensis: A New Filamentous Marine Chromophyte Belonging to a New Class, Schizocladiophyceae"
3095:
2249:
4753:
3620:
Stadnichuk, I.N.; Kusnetsov, V.V. (2021). "Endosymbiotic Origin of Chloroplasts in Plant Cells' Evolution".
1242:
963:
678:
5509:
2426:
2018:
1405:
272:
6073:
5961:
5956:
5924:
5919:
5545:
5481:
2649:
2591:
2583:
2160:
1998:
839:
471:
5951:
5718:
5657:
2641:
2633:
2498:
2006:
1460:
1160:
species are capable of mucilage secretion at high amounts detrimental to fish gills. Within the diatoms (
1039:
287:
6244:
5936:
5866:
5691:
4716:
4614:
4333:
3974:
3183:
2721:, and for medicinal purposes. The first formal description of a stramenopile alga was that of the genus
2713:) and Japanese (ca. 500 AD) writings. Knowledge of them likely predates recorded history, being used as
2609:
2471:
2175:
2014:
1990:
1429:
1214:
746:
656:
384:
277:
193:
6314:
5984:
5971:
5581:
5517:
5347:
4930:
4113:
2673:
2657:
894:
is dominant instead. These pigment combinations extend their photosynthetic ability beyond chlorophyll
5941:
5763:
5448:
5342:
5309:
5181:
4526:
4441:
2617:
2417:
2022:
1518:
891:
257:
101:
6392:
6364:
6351:
6272:
6223:
6130:
5946:
5929:
5861:
5726:
5667:
5370:
5125:
5120:
4977:
4961:
4831:
4813:
4347:
4057:
3921:
3747:
John D. Wehr (2016). "Chapter 6. Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae) in Rivers". In Orlando Necchi Jr. (ed.).
3479:
3039:
3001:
2928:
2760:
During the 20th century, evolutionary and phylogenetic discussions began including heterokont algae.
2625:
2599:
2255:
2114:
1261:
951:
590:
97:
5768:
5758:
5699:
5627:
5523:
5205:
5163:
5135:
5115:
5110:
5105:
4888:
2791:
2382:
1273:
797:
6387:
5652:
5468:
5276:
5066:
4943:
4824:
4398:
2765:
2480:
2453:
2395:
2299:
2275:
2082:
2026:
1642:
1533:
1054:
974:
297:
262:
5979:
5773:
5732:
2665:
2400:
2326:
description, which was a requirement for valid publication under the ICN until 2011. Phycologists
2159:...) are utilized, the heterokont algae are commonly regarded as an entire phylum (or division in
393:
5843:
5388:
5153:
4956:
4733:
4711:
4699:
4674:
4371:
4286:"An Enigmatic Stramenopile Sheds Light on Early Evolution in Ochrophyta Plastid Organellogenesis"
4146:
3637:
3513:
2840:
2259:
1267:
1042:. The brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are almost exclusively marine, with very few freshwater genera.
761:
367:
112:
6249:
4860:
2331:
1092:
689:
The ochrophytes are mostly photosynthetic. As such, they may possess one or more photosynthetic
6187:
5457:
4803:
4166:"A Phylogenomic Framework to Study the Diversity and Evolution of Stramenopiles (=Heterokonts)"
1252:
of ochrophytes is estimated to have evolved between 874 and 543 million years ago (Ma) through
1138:
Two main lineages of photosynthetic stramenopiles include many toxic species. Within the class
6231:
5989:
5604:
5553:
5491:
5296:
4818:
4743:
4706:
4694:
4684:
4555:
4547:
4506:
4470:
4462:
4419:
4363:
4315:
4266:
4197:
4138:
4085:
4018:
4000:
3949:
3890:
3830:
3813:
3788:
3683:
3602:
3550:
3505:
3402:
3358:
3340:
3291:
3283:
3244:
3204:
3112:
3064:
3056:
2956:
2878:
2733:
2681:
2444:
2291:
2144:
2042:
1750:
1164:), harmful effects can be due to physical damage or to toxin production. Centric diatoms like
883:
855:
624:
535:
267:
242:
6259:
6236:
5097:
1245:
where a red alga was transformed into the chloroplast of the common ancestor of ochrophytes.
5820:
4971:
4658:
4588:
4539:
4498:
4454:
4355:
4305:
4297:
4258:
4187:
4177:
4128:
4075:
4065:
4026:
4008:
3992:
3939:
3929:
3880:
3872:
3822:
3780:
3752:
3729:
3706:
3675:
3629:
3594:
3558:
3542:
3531:
Marek Eliáš (7 June 2021). "Protist diversity: Novel groups enrich the algal tree of life".
3495:
3487:
3444:
3394:
3366:
3348:
3332:
3299:
3275:
3104:
3072:
3048:
3034:
3009:
2946:
2936:
2886:
2870:
2832:
2534:
2074:
2070:
1831:
1721:
750:
555:
309:
6111:
2270:. This name referenced, among other traits, the two unequal flagella characteristic of all
6341:
5828:
5563:
5499:
5476:
5074:
3770:
Medlin LK, Cembella AD (2013). "Biodiversity of Harmful Marine Algae". In Levin SA (ed.).
3533:
3190:. In: Round, F.E. and Chapman, D.J. (eds.). Progress in Phycological Research. 4: 309–347.
2156:
2152:
1253:
1173:
1161:
911:
726:
628:
594:
619:
Diagram of a simplified ochrophyte cell showing the different compartments. af, anterior
4351:
4216:
4061:
3925:
3483:
3005:
2932:
2122:
to ochrophytes. Although it lacks chloroplasts, plastidial genes have been found in the
1026:
Several classes of heterokont algae are exclusively known from marine habitats, such as
5677:
5632:
5599:
5409:
5380:
5186:
5143:
4966:
4689:
4641:
4592:
4524:
Kawai, Hiroshi; Maeba, Shunsuke; Sasaki, Hideaki; Okuda, Kazuo; Henry, Eric C. (2003).
4413:
4310:
4285:
4192:
4165:
4080:
4045:
4013:
3978:
3944:
3909:
3885:
3860:
3784:
3353:
3318:
2552:
2489:
2359:
2267:
2226:
2172:
2140:
2123:
2101:
2046:
2030:
1765:
1573:
1139:
1075:
1035:
879:
793:
785:
714:
648:
582:
523:
421:
335:
252:
155:
142:
105:
4502:
4241:
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2012). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta:
2370:
is fully accepted by the scientific community and backed up by phylogenetic analyses.
2210:
compose the two main branches of stramenopiles, which are regarded as the superphylum
6381:
5893:
5853:
5745:
5327:
5319:
5304:
5285:
4150:
3641:
3108:
2561:
2543:
2507:
2435:
2355:
2327:
2315:
2287:
2283:
2271:
2263:
2093:
2078:
2066:
2038:
2034:
2010:
2009:
is the sister lineage to brown algae, followed by a clade of closely related classes
1942:
1877:
1846:
1696:
1679:
1595:
1390:
1230:
1226:
1122:
present in rivers. These lack any complex multicellular thalli, and instead exist as
1058:
1050:
1031:
1027:
966:
931:
887:
859:
833:
827:
734:
722:
566:
563:
543:
531:
475:
452:
424:
344:
319:
314:
292:
237:
4375:
3517:
3435:
Dorrell RG, Bowler C (2017). "Chapter Three - Secondary Plastids of Stramenopiles".
3317:
Denis Tikhonenkov; Mahwash Jamy; Anastasia S Borodina; et al. (16 March 2022).
6055:
5838:
5833:
5705:
5672:
5647:
5637:
5622:
5614:
5536:
5422:
5417:
5365:
5332:
5176:
5017:
4951:
4898:
4870:
4645:
3323:
2710:
2706:
2462:
2350:
2346:
2295:
2239:
2219:
2203:
2119:
2109:
2097:
1994:
1476:
1282:
1210:
1203:
1015:
970:
915:
899:
871:
824:
769:
677:, and an immature posterior smooth flagellum ("whiplash") lacking these hairs. The
636:
632:
602:
547:
432:
353:
282:
168:
3666:
Andersen RA (2004). "Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae".
3014:
2874:
1256:
inference. However, the earliest fossil remains, assigned to the billion-year-old
6299:
4458:
4133:
4070:
3826:
3598:
3187:
6308:
6169:
6105:
6042:
5753:
5594:
5589:
5171:
5055:
5030:
4865:
4795:
4606:
3983:
3756:
3733:
3710:
3279:
2738:
2311:
2307:
2234:
2211:
2199:
2168:
1966:
1287:
1257:
1249:
1186:
1166:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1127:
1106:) grow directly attached to the substrate through adhesive films. Others (e.g.,
1011:
939:
875:
867:
843:
816:
765:
757:
742:
738:
694:
674:
483:
479:
460:
440:
89:
52:
45:
6096:
4543:
4262:
3448:
2745:. During this first era of scientific discovery, brown algae were described as
2033:
are the most basal within the SI. The SII lineage contains the golden algae or
5809:
5662:
5571:
5357:
5337:
4842:
4359:
3996:
3633:
3546:
2526:
2367:
2303:
2182:, later renamed to Ochrophyta in 1996 in accordance to recommendations of the
2058:
2050:
1807:
1725:
1278:
1238:
1182:
773:
702:
698:
655:
in dark green); pc, periplastidial compartment (in pink); per, periplastidial
539:
519:
428:
304:
247:
202:
93:
4551:
4466:
4301:
4004:
3554:
3344:
3287:
3060:
2882:
2795:, which contains chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes as opposed to four.
6143:
5911:
5427:
5258:
5148:
5025:
4916:
4880:
4637:
4249:(Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes".
4182:
3861:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
3562:
3370:
3303:
3076:
2754:
2570:
2409:
2387:
2363:
2338:
2334:
and Robert Andersen validly published Heterokontophyta as a phylum in 2023.
2218:. However, this classification system is in disuse due to the kingdom's non-
2215:
2054:
2002:
1892:
1332:
1222:
1114:
1102:
1086:
1080:
986:
959:
927:
789:
777:
730:
652:
640:
620:
578:
574:
527:
507:
456:
444:
324:
232:
129:
4559:
4510:
4474:
4367:
4319:
4270:
4201:
4142:
4089:
4022:
3953:
3894:
3834:
3687:
3679:
3606:
3509:
3362:
3295:
3068:
2960:
2709:, were described in early Chinese (around 3000 BC), Greek (300 BC, such as
4030:
3398:
2890:
6293:
6122:
6090:
5901:
5882:
5212:
5084:
5036:
4893:
4851:
4808:
4786:
4728:
3319:"On the origin of TSAR: morphology, diversity and phylogeny of Telonemia"
3154:
Michael D. Guiry; Øjvind Moestrup; Robert A. Andersen (11 October 2023).
2728:
2105:
2089:
1234:
1218:
1070:
718:
598:
570:
436:
216:
3500:
3336:
3093:
H.S. Yoon; R.A. Andersen; S.M. Boo; D. Bhattacharya (17 February 2009).
2198:, a clade that also contains some heterotrophic heterokonts, namely the
17:
6328:
5642:
5006:
4924:
2951:
2844:
2750:
2702:
2195:
2062:
2053:(also known as Synchromophyceae). Both clades, SI and SII, compose the
1123:
1119:
1108:
982:
978:
919:
690:
660:
644:
606:
503:
448:
178:
59:
3934:
3876:
3491:
3052:
2941:
2916:
2819:
6174:
4775:
2746:
2342:
2278:
discoveries, Christiaan van den Hoek introduced in 1978 the division
2207:
2148:
2057:
lineage. The remaining classes are grouped within the sister lineage
990:
935:
863:
706:
559:
551:
487:
66:
6067:
3751:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–158.
3728:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–158.
3705:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–158.
6148:
2096:, is included in some classifications as the sister lineage to the
6161:
2723:
2394:
2381:
2323:
2085:, was described in 2021 and recovered as part of the SII lineage.
1206:
1066:
1062:
586:
417:
210:
4164:
Derelle R, López-García P, Timpano H, Moreira D (November 2016).
1993:. The SI lineage, containing the diverse and multicellular class
2714:
1003:
710:
6071:
4610:
2302:. Several other names were used to group heterokont algae with
2184:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
2718:
2669:
Jouse & Proshkina-Lavrenko in Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004
729:
of the red alga; and an outermost layer, corresponding to the
6135:
2029:, which are sometimes treated as one class Aurophyceae. The
1241:. This lineage of stramenopiles originated from an event of
2837:
10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0231:AVAFTM>2.0.CO;2
2021:. This is in turn the sister lineage to a clade containing
443:. In particular, they are characterized by photosynthetic
4217:"Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. III. Actinophryids"
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
526:
that are either naked or covered by scales, lorica or a
1126:
filamentous forms that have evolved independently from
733:
membrane. This characteristic differentiates them from
589:, distinguished from other groups of algae by specific
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
562:. This is a common trait shared with their relatives,
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
3779:(Second ed.). Academic Press. pp. 470–484.
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2856:
2854:
1217:
that also includes several heterotrophic lineages of
973:
or zoosporogenesis. In addition, they are capable of
681:
of the flagellum generally has a transitional helix.
3908:Ševčíková T, Horák A, Klimeš V, et al. (2015).
2917:"Olisthodiscus represents a new class of Ochrophyta"
2661:
Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004, emend. Adl et al. 2019
2629:
Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004, emend. Adl et al. 2019
930:, outside plastids, unlike other algae. Cytoplasmic
854:
pigment is present in the stroma. The most frequent
6283:
6080:
6034:
5970:
5910:
5892:
5879:
5852:
5819:
5806:
5744:
5717:
5690:
5613:
5580:
5562:
5544:
5535:
5508:
5490:
5467:
5447:
5440:
5408:
5401:
5379:
5356:
5318:
5295:
5275:
5268:
5255:
5238:
5195:
5162:
5134:
5096:
5083:
5065:
5052:
5016:
5003:
4942:
4915:
4879:
4850:
4841:
4794:
4785:
4772:
3234:
2337:As opposed to the hierarchical classification, the
4574:
4525:
4440:
4215:Mikrjukov, Kirill A.; Patterson, David J. (2001).
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3094:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2318:, which is not a validly published name under the
2225:While Ochrophyta is the preferred name by general
569:, as well as other closely related groups such as
4412:C. van den Hoek; D. G. Mann; H. M. Jahns (1995).
3806:
3804:
922:molecules, as a storage product. It is stored in
878:fucoxanthin. In the yellow-green or yellow-brown
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3243:(4th ed.). LJLM Press. pp. 12-2–12-4.
2061:, equivalent to the SIII lineage; these are the
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2530:Derelle et al. 2016, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2017
1010:. Regarding nutrition, various ochrophytes are
435:, characterized by the presence of two unequal
4439:Kai A, Yoshii Y, Nakayama T, Inouye I (2008).
898:alone. Additionally, xanthophylls protect the
4622:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3188:The kingdom Chromista, origin and systematics
1189:, the cause of amnesiac shellfish poisoning.
697:) per cell. Some groups contain species with
8:
4245:, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to
3393:(5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3101:Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Third Edition)
3029:
3027:
3025:
2987:"Phylogeny and Evolution of the Brown Algae"
862:. The golden-brown or brown pigmentation in
713:groups. Ochrophytes have a distinct plastid
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3088:
3086:
2484:Andersen & Bailey in Bailey et al. 1998
2274:, also known as heterokonts. After several
2100:, and both groups are treated as one class
1074:, in particular, can be widespread in some
918:consisting of short chains of β-1,3-linked
439:, one of which has tripartite hairs called
6068:
5967:
5889:
5876:
5816:
5803:
5541:
5444:
5437:
5405:
5272:
5265:
5252:
5248:
5235:
5093:
5062:
5049:
5013:
5000:
4939:
4847:
4791:
4782:
4769:
4629:
4615:
4607:
2749:, while microscopic algae were treated as
2005:(around 310 million years ago). The class
809:
613:
455:, with membrane-bound compartments called
79:
31:
4309:
4191:
4181:
4132:
4079:
4069:
4012:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3943:
3933:
3884:
3499:
3352:
3198:
3196:
3013:
2950:
2940:
2362:. The subdivision of ochrophytes between
2108:phylogenetic analyses. However, a recent
1061:are predominantly freshwater classes. In
938:, which is the common storage product in
558:. All ochrophytes uniformly have tubular
4581:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2475:R.A.Andersen, L.Graf & H.S.Yoon 2020
3208:. Editora Artmed, Porto Alegre, p. 157.
2806:
2782:
2237:. The origin of this name is the class
2139:In hierarchical classifications, where
1286:(600–550 Ma). Scales similar to modern
659:(in blue); pf, posterior flagellum; v,
490:. They are classified either as phylum
378:Guiry, R.A.Andersen & Moestrup 2023
2345:as valid groups, rejecting the use of
7:
6352:2dfc2322-42f4-418c-babb-50ef339aaa70
6224:5b401e1a-5717-47d7-9133-c67b6328f2a4
2685:Haeckel 1878, emend. Adl et al. 2019
2457:Barcytė, Eikrem & M. Eliáš, 2021
2171:. The phylum was first described by
1202:The ochrophytes constitute a highly
4415:Algae: an introduction to phycology
3622:Russian Journal of Plant Physiology
1870:
1824:
1817:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1635:
1566:
1511:
1453:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1341:
1325:
1309:
1302:
38:Temporal range: Middle Proterozoic
4593:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1981.tb00954.x
3865:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
3785:10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00404-4
2994:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
2243:, introduced by Finnish biologist
2233:is considered more familiar among
1098:extracellular polymeric substances
474:, and additional pigments such as
25:
2493:Cahdefaud 1950, emend. Silva 1980
1997:, or brown algae, experienced an
721:, which lead to four surrounding
4251:European Journal of Protistology
3109:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00253-4
2762:Transmission electron microscopy
2511:Allorge 1930 emend. Fritsch 1935
823:Ochrophyte chloroplasts contain
585:eukaryotes, they are considered
116:
4418:. Cambridge: University Press.
4290:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3156:"Validation of the phylum name
2766:molecular phylogenetic analysis
2341:classification only recognizes
2112:study places one actinophryid,
1177:. More than a dozen species of
874:and others is conferred by the
850:binds to thylakoids, while the
550:develop as large multicellular
4397:] (in German). Stockholm:
4339:Journal of Molecular Evolution
4044:Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010).
3437:Advances in Botanical Research
3205:Biologia e Filogenia das Algas
2254:in 1899 to include the orders
2229:and protozoologists, the name
362:>100,000 estimated species
1:
4503:10.1016/S1434-4610(98)70032-X
4389:Luther, Alexander F. (1899).
3015:10.1080/07352689.2020.1787679
2875:10.2216/I0031-8884-35-6-500.1
2737:. Shortly after, unicellular
2167:, within the Stramenopila or
2037:, as well as smaller classes
858:in ochrophytes is the yellow
784:Commonly, within the plastid
627:; fs, flagellar swelling; g,
459:organized in piles of three,
4573:Hibberd DJ (February 1981).
4459:10.1016/j.protis.2007.12.003
4134:10.1016/j.protis.2020.125781
4071:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759
3827:10.1016/j.protis.2008.11.004
3773:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
3599:10.1016/j.protis.2016.04.001
2789:The only known exception is
2677:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2653:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2645:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2637:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2621:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2613:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2603:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2595:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2587:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2547:Andersen & Saunders 1993
981:, by three different modes:
910:Ochrophyte algae accumulate
3757:10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1_6
3734:10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1_5
3711:10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1_7
3280:10.1016/J.JPLPH.2020.153342
3267:Journal of Plant Physiology
2088:One group of heterotrophic
1181:are capable of producing a
1002:such as brown algae (e.g.,
950:Ochrophytes are capable of
934:are also common. They lack
902:from high intensity light.
6409:
4544:10.1078/143446103322166518
4263:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002
3668:American Journal of Botany
3449:10.1016/bs.abr.2017.06.003
2521:; Tribophyceae) – 616 spp.
2245:Alexander Ferdinand Luther
6050:
5875:
5802:
5436:
5251:
5234:
5048:
4999:
4768:
4652:
4360:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8
3997:10.1007/S00709-017-1147-3
3634:10.1134/S1021443721010179
3583:Phaeodactylum tricornutum
3547:10.1016/J.CUB.2021.04.025
1964:
1940:
1890:
1875:
1868:
1844:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1763:
1748:
1718:
1694:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1640:
1633:
1593:
1571:
1564:
1531:
1516:
1509:
1473:
1458:
1451:
1427:
1403:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1339:
1323:
1307:
631:; gl, girdle lamella; m,
373:
366:
359:
352:
229:
224:
208:
201:
113:Scientific classification
111:
87:
78:
34:
3202:Reviers, B. de. (2006).
2771:Thalassiosira pseudonana
2282:for five algal classes:
2081:. A new class of algae,
1008:environmental sequencing
506:. Their plastids are of
360:23,314 described species
2817:Butterfield NJ (2004).
2262:, later separated into
1243:secondary endosymbiosis
840:photosynthetic pigments
679:ciliary transition zone
472:photosynthetic pigments
5546:Discosporangiophycidae
4302:10.1093/molbev/msac065
3680:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1508
2405:
2392:
2161:botanical nomenclature
2065:or Bacillariophyceae,
1999:evolutionary radiation
815:Chemical structure of
643:in darker purple); p,
597:traits, such as their
556:differentiated tissues
522:organisms composed of
6245:Paleobiology Database
5510:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
4334:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
4183:10.1093/molbev/msw168
3975:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
3399:10.1017/9781316407219
2743:Otto Friedrich Müller
2430:Wetherbee et al. 2019
2427:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
2398:
2385:
2176:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
2019:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
1991:phylogenetic analyses
1406:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
1277:(750–700 Ma) and the
1215:eukaryotic supergroup
747:endoplasmic reticulum
657:endoplasmic reticulum
560:mitochondrial cristae
273:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
5962:Arachnoidiscophytina
5957:Rhizosloleniophytina
5925:Leptocylindrophyceae
5920:Leptocylindrophytina
5482:Pleurochloridellales
4814:Pseudodendromonadida
3977:(5 September 2017).
3040:Journal of Phycology
2921:Journal of Phycology
2697:History of knowledge
2650:Arachnoidiscophytina
2592:Leptocylindrophyceae
2584:Leptocylindrophytina
952:asexual reproduction
5952:Coscinodiscophytina
5719:Schizocladiophyceae
5658:Phaeosiphoniellales
5469:Phaeothamniophyceae
5277:Olisthodiscophyceae
5067:Hyphochytriomycetes
4944:Labyrinthulomycetes
4352:2006JMolE..62..388C
4224:Acta Protozoologica
4062:2010PLoSO...512759B
3926:2015NatSR...510134S
3484:2019JPcgy..55..257W
3337:10.1098/RSOB.210325
3006:2020CRvPS..39..281B
2933:2021JPcgy..57.1094B
2642:Rhizosoleniophytina
2634:Coscinodiscophytina
2565:Guillou et al. 1999
2556:Kawachi et al. 2003
2499:Schizocladiophyceae
2481:Phaeothamniophyceae
2454:Olisthodiscophyceae
2413:Cavalier-Smith 1986
2306:organisms, such as
2300:Chloromonadophyceae
2276:electron microscopy
2214:within the kingdom
2083:Olisthodiscophyceae
2027:Phaeothamniophyceae
2007:Schizocladiophyceae
1643:Olisthodiscophyceae
1534:Phaeothamniophyceae
1461:Schizocladiophyceae
1055:Phaeothamniophyceae
1040:Schizocladiophyceae
975:sexual reproduction
926:located within the
762:chlorarachniophytes
431:, organisms with a
298:Olisthodiscophyceae
288:Schizocladiophyceae
263:Phaeothamniophyceae
5937:Ellerbeckiophytina
5885:
5881:
5867:Sarcinochrysidales
5844:Rhizochromulinales
5812:
5808:
5692:Phaeosacciophyceae
5389:Pinguiochrysidales
5261:
5257:
5244:
5240:
5085:Peronosporomycetes
5058:
5054:
5009:
5005:
4778:
4774:
4243:Incisomonas marina
3184:Cavalier-Smith, T.
2753:under the name of
2741:were described by
2610:Ellerbeckiophytina
2576:(=Bacillariophyta
2472:Phaeosacciophyceae
2406:
2393:
2358:group, within the
2118:, as the probable
2015:Phaeosacciophyceae
1430:Phaeosacciophyceae
1014:, usually through
884:eustigmatophyceans
498:, or as subphylum
278:Phaeosacciophyceae
6375:
6374:
6232:Open Tree of Life
6074:Taxon identifiers
6065:
6064:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5990:Bacillariophyceae
5985:Biddulphiophyceae
5972:Bacillariophytina
5798:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5686:
5685:
5605:Syringodermatales
5582:Dictyochophycidae
5554:Discosporangiales
5518:Chrysoparadoxales
5492:Chrysomerophyceae
5397:
5396:
5348:Thallochrysidales
5297:Eustigmatophyceae
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5221:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4931:Pseudophyllomitus
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4176:(11): 2890–2898.
3935:10.1038/srep10134
3877:10.1111/jeu.12691
3674:(10): 1508–1522.
3492:10.1111/jpy.12822
3408:978-1-107-55565-5
3250:978-0-9863935-4-9
3118:978-0-12-373944-5
3053:10.1111/JPY.13431
2942:10.1111/jpy.13155
2774:, began in 2002.
2734:Species Plantarum
2731:in his 1753 work
2682:Bacillariophyceae
2674:Biddulphiophyceae
2658:Bacillariophytina
2502:Kawai et al. 2003
2445:Eustigmatophyceae
2292:Bacillariophyceae
2163:) by the name of
2135:Taxonomic history
2075:silicoflagellates
2043:Eustigmatophyceae
1987:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1953:
1952:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1857:
1856:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1751:Eustigmatophyceae
1737:
1736:
1707:
1706:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1440:
1439:
1416:
1415:
856:accessory pigment
842:, in addition to
451:enclosed by four
416:, are a group of
410:heterokontophytes
403:
402:
397:
376:Heterokontophyta
268:Chrysomerophyceae
243:Eustigmatophyceae
197:
16:(Redirected from
6400:
6368:
6367:
6355:
6354:
6345:
6344:
6332:
6331:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6315:Heterokontophyta
6304:
6303:
6302:
6285:Heterokontophyta
6276:
6275:
6263:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6240:
6239:
6227:
6226:
6217:
6216:
6204:
6203:
6191:
6190:
6178:
6177:
6165:
6164:
6152:
6151:
6139:
6138:
6126:
6125:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6069:
5968:
5942:Probosciophytina
5890:
5886:
5877:
5821:Dictyochophyceae
5817:
5813:
5804:
5764:Rhizochloridales
5542:
5449:Aurearenophyceae
5445:
5438:
5406:
5343:Rhizochrysidales
5310:Goniochloridales
5273:
5266:
5262:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5236:
5182:Salilagenidiales
5094:
5090:
5063:
5059:
5050:
5014:
5010:
5001:
4972:Thraustochytrida
4940:
4848:
4792:
4783:
4779:
4770:
4681:
4661:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4608:
4597:
4596:
4578:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4529:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4444:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4401:. pp. 1–22.
4386:
4380:
4379:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4221:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4195:
4185:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4136:
4118:
4109:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4073:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4016:
3971:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3937:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3856:
3839:
3838:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3778:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3663:
3646:
3645:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3578:
3567:
3566:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3503:
3466:
3453:
3452:
3432:
3413:
3412:
3386:
3375:
3374:
3356:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3236:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3158:Heterokontophyta
3151:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3098:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3035:Michael D. Guiry
3031:
3020:
3019:
3017:
2991:
2982:
2965:
2964:
2954:
2944:
2927:(4): 1094–1118.
2912:
2895:
2894:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2822:
2814:
2796:
2787:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2618:Probosciophytina
2614:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:) – 14,684 spp.
2579:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2535:Dictyochophyceae
2531:
2520:
2517:; Heteromonadea
2516:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2418:Aurearenophyceae
2414:
2280:Heterokontophyta
2253:
2231:Heterokontophyta
2104:on the basis of
2071:Dictyochophyceae
2023:Aurearenophyceae
2001:during the late
1936:
1871:
1832:Dictyochophyceae
1825:
1818:
1811:
1728:
1722:Synchromophyceae
1683:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1636:
1629:
1589:
1567:
1519:Aurearenophyceae
1512:
1480:
1454:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1326:
1319:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1297:
906:Storage products
892:vaucheriaxanthin
813:
788:, three stacked
768:, the vestigial
751:nuclear envelope
741:, red algae and
651:in light green,
635:(in orange); n,
617:
518:Ochrophytes are
496:Heterokontophyta
408:, also known as
392:
391:Stramenochromes
388:
379:
340:
310:Dictyochophyceae
258:Aurearenophyceae
196:1986 emend. 1996
192:
121:
120:
83:
73:
69:
62:
55:
48:
42:
32:
21:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6363:
6358:
6350:
6348:
6340:
6335:
6327:
6322:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6279:
6271:
6266:
6258:
6256:
6248:
6243:
6235:
6230:
6222:
6220:
6212:
6207:
6199:
6194:
6186:
6181:
6173:
6168:
6160:
6155:
6147:
6142:
6134:
6129:
6121:
6119:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6076:
6066:
6061:
6046:
5994:
5966:
5947:Melosirophytina
5930:Corethrophyceae
5906:
5880:
5871:
5862:Pelagomonadales
5848:
5829:Florenciellales
5807:
5778:
5740:
5727:Schizocladiales
5713:
5682:
5668:Scytothamniales
5609:
5576:
5564:Ishigeophycidae
5558:
5531:
5504:
5500:Chrysomeridales
5486:
5477:Phaeothamniales
5463:
5432:
5393:
5375:
5371:Chlamydomyxales
5352:
5314:
5291:
5256:
5239:
5218:
5191:
5158:
5130:
5126:Rozellopsidales
5121:Olpidiopsidales
5088:
5087:
5079:
5075:Hyphochytriales
5053:
5044:
5004:
4983:
4978:Stellarchytrium
4962:Oblongichytrida
4938:
4903:
4875:
4837:
4773:
4764:
4763:
4679:
4657:
4648:
4635:
4605:
4600:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4097:
4043:
4042:
4038:
3973:
3972:
3961:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3858:
3857:
3842:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3776:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3665:
3664:
3649:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3580:
3579:
3570:
3534:Current Biology
3530:
3529:
3525:
3468:
3467:
3456:
3434:
3433:
3416:
3409:
3389:Lee RE (2018).
3388:
3387:
3378:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3238:
3237:
3212:
3201:
3194:
3182:
3178:
3167:Notulae Algarum
3162:
3153:
3152:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3096:"Stramenopiles"
3092:
3091:
3084:
3033:
3032:
3023:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2968:
2914:
2913:
2898:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2705:, in the class
2699:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2626:Melosirophytina
2620:
2612:
2602:
2600:Corethrophyceae
2594:
2586:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2529:
2518:
2514:
2513:(=Heterokontae
2510:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2421:Kai et al. 2008
2420:
2412:
2391:(Chrysophyceae)
2376:
2332:Øjvind Moestrup
2256:Chloromonadales
2247:
2227:protistologists
2141:taxonomic ranks
2137:
2132:
2115:Actinophrys sol
2073:(including the
1978:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1858:
1813:
1806:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1738:
1720:
1708:
1678:
1631:
1627:
1616:
1607:
1591:
1587:
1554:
1545:
1499:
1490:
1475:
1441:
1417:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1331:
1321:
1315:
1296:
1262:Palaeovaucheria
1254:molecular clock
1231:labyrinthuleans
1200:
1195:
1179:Pseudonitzschia
1174:Pseudonitzschia
1162:Bacillariophyta
1136:
1076:drainage basins
1048:
1024:
999:
948:
912:chrysolaminarin
908:
880:raphidophyceans
821:
820:
819:
806:
798:aurearenophytes
794:synchromophytes
727:plasma membrane
687:
671:
666:
665:
664:
629:Golgi apparatus
595:ultrastructural
581:. As primarily
516:
420:. They are the
414:stramenochromes
383:
377:
361:
333:
331:
220:
214:
191:
115:
98:Partridge Point
74:
72:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:Phylum of algae
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6406:
6404:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6380:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6356:
6346:
6333:
6320:
6305:
6289:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6264:
6254:
6241:
6228:
6218:
6205:
6192:
6179:
6166:
6153:
6140:
6127:
6117:
6102:
6086:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6040:
6038:
6036:Incertae sedis
6032:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5976:
5974:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5916:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5898:
5896:
5887:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5825:
5823:
5814:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5769:Tribonematales
5766:
5761:
5759:Mischococcales
5756:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5723:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5700:Phaeosacciales
5696:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5678:Tilopteridales
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5633:Desmarestiales
5630:
5628:Asterocladales
5625:
5619:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5600:Sphacelariales
5597:
5592:
5586:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5524:Chrysoparadoxa
5514:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5453:
5451:
5442:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5418:Chattonellales
5414:
5412:
5410:Raphidomonadea
5403:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5381:Pinguiophyceae
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5362:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5324:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5281:
5279:
5270:
5263:
5246:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5209:
5206:Diatomophthora
5201:
5199:
5197:incertae sedis
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5187:Saprolegniales
5184:
5179:
5174:
5168:
5166:
5164:Saprolegniidae
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5144:Peronosporales
5140:
5138:
5136:Peronosporidae
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5116:Lagenismatales
5113:
5111:Haptoglossales
5108:
5106:Anisolpidiales
5102:
5100:
5091:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5060:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5011:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4974:
4969:
4967:Labyrinthulida
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4921:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4889:Proteromonadea
4885:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:Mesomycetozoea
4751:
4746:
4736:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4690:Diaphoretickes
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4611:
4604:
4603:External links
4601:
4599:
4598:
4565:
4538:(2): 211–228.
4516:
4480:
4453:(3): 435–457.
4431:
4424:
4404:
4381:
4346:(4): 388–420.
4325:
4276:
4257:(3): 328–353.
4233:
4207:
4156:
4095:
4036:
3991:(1): 297–357.
3959:
3900:
3840:
3821:(2): 191–204.
3800:
3793:
3762:
3739:
3716:
3693:
3647:
3612:
3593:(1): 254–267.
3568:
3523:
3478:(2): 257–278.
3454:
3414:
3407:
3376:
3309:
3256:
3249:
3210:
3192:
3176:
3131:
3117:
3082:
3021:
3000:(4): 281–321.
2966:
2896:
2869:(6): 500–510.
2850:
2831:(2): 231–252.
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:Chrysoparadoxa
2781:
2779:
2776:
2701:Multicellular
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2574:Dumortier 1821
2568:
2559:
2553:Pinguiophyceae
2550:
2541:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2505:
2496:
2490:Raphidophyceae
2487:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2404:(Phaeophyceae)
2375:
2374:Classification
2372:
2360:SAR supergroup
2268:Raphidophyceae
2206:. Gyrista and
2173:protozoologist
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:nuclear genome
2102:Raphidomonadea
2047:Pinguiophyceae
2031:Raphidophyceae
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:Pinguiophyceae
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:(golden algae)
1675:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:Raphidophyceae
1570:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1274:Germinosphaera
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1140:Raphidophyceae
1135:
1132:
1047:
1044:
1036:Pinguiophyceae
1023:
1020:
998:
995:
947:
944:
932:lipid droplets
907:
904:
888:xanthophyceans
846:. Chlorophyll
814:
808:
807:
805:
802:
715:ultrastructure
686:
683:
670:
667:
618:
612:
611:
583:photosynthetic
530:. They can be
515:
512:
502:within phylum
422:photosynthetic
401:
400:
399:
398:
389:
385:Cavalier-Smith
380:
371:
370:
364:
363:
357:
356:
350:
349:
348:
347:
336:Incertae sedis
330:
329:
328:
327:
322:
317:
312:
302:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
253:Raphidophyceae
250:
245:
240:
227:
226:
222:
221:
215:
206:
205:
199:
198:
194:Cavalier-Smith
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
159:
158:
153:
146:
145:
143:Diaphoretickes
140:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
109:
108:
106:Cape Peninsula
85:
84:
76:
75:
65:
58:
51:
44:
43:
41:1000–0 Ma
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6405:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6366:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6347:
6343:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6321:
6316:
6310:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6274:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6215:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6070:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6037:
6033:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5894:Bolidophyceae
5891:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5854:Pelagophyceae
5851:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5801:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5746:Xanthophyceae
5743:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5653:Neodermatales
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:Actinophryida
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5328:Chromulinales
5326:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5320:Chrysophyceae
5317:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:Eustigmatales
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5286:Olisthodiscus
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5233:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5047:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4998:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4767:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:Stramenopiles
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4680:(major groups
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4646:Stramenopiles
4643:
4639:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4587:(2): 93–119.
4586:
4582:
4577:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4520:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4497:(3): 245–63.
4496:
4492:
4484:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4425:0-521-30419-9
4421:
4417:
4416:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4170:Mol Biol Evol
4167:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4127:(6): 125781.
4126:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4056:(9): e12759.
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3794:9780123847201
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3774:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3541:: R733–R735.
3540:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3331:(3): 210325.
3330:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2562:Bolidophyceae
2560:
2554:
2551:
2545:
2544:Pelagophyceae
2542:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2509:
2508:Xanthophyceae
2506:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2466:Hansgirg 1886
2464:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2436:Chrysophyceae
2434:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:Stramenopiles
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:Michael Guiry
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:Stramenopiles
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2288:Xanthophyceae
2285:
2284:Chrysophyceae
2281:
2277:
2273:
2272:Stramenopiles
2269:
2265:
2264:Xanthophyceae
2261:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:to match the
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:raphidophytes
2095:
2094:Actinophryida
2091:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:Pelagophyceae
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:Bolidophyceae
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:Synurophyceae
2036:
2035:Chrysophyceae
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:Xanthophyceae
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:Actinophryida
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:Bolidophyceae
1873:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:Pelagophyceae
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:Synurophyceae
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:Chrysophyceae
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:Actinophryida
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1479:(brown algae)
1478:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:Xanthophyceae
1386:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:hyphochytrids
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1142:, strains of
1141:
1134:Harmful algae
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:Xanthophyceae
1056:
1052:
1051:Chrysophyceae
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Pelagophyceae
1029:
1028:Bolidophyceae
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
996:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:cell division
965:
961:
957:
956:fragmentation
953:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
905:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:
831:
830:
826:
818:
812:
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:) contains a
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:archaeplastid
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
684:
682:
680:
676:
668:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
616:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:morphological
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:stramenopiles
565:
564:heterotrophic
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:multicellular
541:
537:
533:
532:single-celled
529:
525:
521:
513:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:, a group of
426:
425:stramenopiles
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
395:
390:
386:
381:
375:
374:
372:
369:
365:
358:
355:
351:
346:
345:Actinophryida
343:
342:
341:
339:
337:
326:
323:
321:
320:Bolidophyceae
318:
316:
315:Pelagophyceae
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:
299:
296:
294:
293:Xanthophyceae
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
238:Chrysophyceae
236:
235:
234:
231:
230:
228:
223:
218:
213:
212:
207:
204:
200:
195:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:Stramenopiles
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
119:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
77:
70:
63:
56:
49:
33:
30:
19:
6284:
6081:
6056:paraphyletic
6041:
6035:
5980:Mediophyceae
5839:Pedinellales
5834:Dictyochales
5774:Vaucheriales
5733:Schizocladia
5731:
5706:Phaeosaccion
5704:
5673:Sporochnales
5648:Laminariales
5638:Ectocarpales
5623:Ascoseirales
5615:Fucophycidae
5537:Phaeophyceae
5522:
5456:
5366:Synchromales
5333:Hibberdiales
5284:
5241:
5211:
5204:
5196:
5177:Leptomitales
5035:
5018:Bigyromonada
4976:
4952:Amphitremida
4929:
4899:Blastocystea
4871:Opalomonadea
4830:
4823:
4739:Opisthokonta
4584:
4580:
4568:
4535:
4531:
4519:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4450:
4446:
4434:
4414:
4407:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4343:
4337:
4328:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4227:
4223:
4210:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4124:
4120:
4053:
4049:
4039:
3988:
3982:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3871:(1): 4–119.
3868:
3864:
3818:
3812:
3772:
3765:
3748:
3742:
3725:
3719:
3702:
3696:
3671:
3667:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3501:11343/233613
3475:
3471:
3440:
3436:
3390:
3328:
3324:Open Biology
3322:
3312:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3240:
3203:
3179:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3122:. Retrieved
3100:
3044:
3038:
2997:
2993:
2924:
2920:
2866:
2862:
2828:
2825:Paleobiology
2824:
2790:
2785:
2769:
2759:
2739:chrysophytes
2732:
2722:
2711:Theophrastus
2707:Phaeophyceae
2700:
2666:Mediophyceae
2578:Haeckel 1878
2519:Leedale 1983
2468:– 2,124 spp.
2463:Phaeophyceae
2448:Hibberd 1981
2441:– 1,274 spp.
2439:Pascher 1914
2401:Pelvetiopsis
2399:
2386:
2377:
2351:polyphyletic
2347:paraphyletic
2336:
2296:Phaeophyceae
2279:
2238:
2235:phycologists
2230:
2224:
2220:monophyletic
2204:Bigyromonada
2191:
2188:Ochrophytina
2187:
2179:
2178:in 1986, as
2164:
2138:
2120:sister group
2113:
2110:phylogenomic
2087:
1995:Phaeophyceae
1988:
1965:
1941:
1891:
1876:
1845:
1830:
1764:
1749:
1719:
1695:
1677:
1641:
1594:
1572:
1532:
1517:
1477:Phaeophyceae
1474:
1459:
1428:
1404:
1389:
1316:
1283:Miaohephyton
1281:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1247:
1211:Stramenopila
1201:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1069:
1049:
1025:
1016:phagocytosis
1000:
971:sporogenesis
949:
946:Reproduction
942:and plants.
916:carbohydrate
909:
900:photosystems
895:
872:golden algae
851:
847:
834:
828:
825:chlorophylls
822:
804:Pigmentation
783:
758:cryptomonads
755:
739:glaucophytes
695:chloroplasts
688:
685:Chloroplasts
675:mastigonemes
672:
639:(in purple,
633:mitochondria
603:chloroplasts
548:Phaeophyceae
517:
500:Ochrophytina
499:
495:
491:
480:xanthophylls
467:
463:
441:mastigonemes
433:cell nucleus
413:
409:
405:
404:
334:
332:
283:Phaeophyceae
209:
189:Ochrophytina
188:
162:
149:
136:
102:Dave's Caves
29:
6393:Heterokonts
6309:Wikispecies
6170:iNaturalist
6106:Wikispecies
6043:Platysulcus
5754:Botrydiales
5595:Onslowiales
5590:Dictyotales
5172:Albuginales
5154:Rhipidiales
5089:(Oomycetes)
5056:Pseudofungi
5031:Pirsoniales
4957:Amphifilida
4866:Nanomonadea
4796:Bicosoecida
3984:Protoplasma
3749:River Algae
3726:River Algae
3703:River Algae
3628:(1): 1–16.
3103:: 721–731.
2952:10852/86515
2515:Luther 1899
2314:and lastly
2312:Heterokonta
2308:Chromophyta
2260:Confervales
2248: [
2240:Heterokontæ
2212:Heterokonta
2200:Pseudofungi
2169:Heterokonta
2130:Systematics
1967:Pseudofungi
1288:chrysophyte
1268:Jacutianema
1258:xanthophyte
1250:total group
1239:bicosoecids
1187:domoic acid
1167:Chaetoceros
1157:Gonyostomum
1151:Chattonella
1145:Heterosigma
1130:ancestors.
1012:mixotrophic
940:green algae
876:xanthophyll
868:brown algae
844:fucoxanthin
817:fucoxanthin
774:haptophytes
766:nucleomorph
743:green algae
699:leucoplasts
514:Description
484:brown algae
461:chlorophyll
406:Ochrophytes
396:et al. 1994
185:Subphylum:
90:kelp forest
54:Proterozoic
35:Ochrophytes
6388:Ochrophyta
6382:Categories
6112:Ochrophyta
6082:Ochrophyta
5810:Diatomista
5663:Ralfsiales
5572:Ishigeales
5428:Commatiida
5358:Picophagea
5338:Hydrurales
5242:Ochrophyta
4861:Placididea
4843:Placidozoa
4247:Solenicola
3563:Q124822461
3443:: 57–103.
3371:Q112636995
3304:Q104691547
3274:: 153342.
3077:Q124684077
2863:Phycologia
2802:References
2540:– 217 spp.
2538:Silva 1980
2527:Diatomista
2450:– 218 spp.
2368:Diatomista
2304:ambiregnal
2165:Ochrophyta
2092:protists,
2059:Diatomista
2051:Picophagea
1895:(diatoms)
1808:Diatomista
1726:Picophagea
1317:Ochrophyta
1279:brown alga
1271:(750 Ma),
1183:neurotoxin
1093:Bumilleria
1046:Freshwater
964:vegetative
960:propagules
860:β-carotene
790:thylakoids
703:aminoacids
653:thylakoids
540:coenocytic
520:eukaryotic
492:Ochrophyta
476:β-carotene
457:thylakoids
445:organelles
429:eukaryotes
305:Diatomista
248:Picophagea
203:Type genus
94:understory
6300:Q21286613
5912:Diatomeae
5458:Aurearena
5259:Chrysista
5149:Pythiales
5026:Developea
4917:Sagenista
4881:Opalinata
4804:Bicoecida
4734:Amoebozoa
4712:Alveolata
4700:Cryptista
4675:Eukaryota
4638:Eukaryota
4552:1434-4610
4467:1434-4610
4151:227315556
4031:Q47194626
4005:0033-183X
3920:: 10134.
3642:255012748
3555:0960-9822
3391:Phycology
3345:2046-2441
3288:0176-1617
3061:0022-3646
2891:Q54493514
2883:0031-8884
2755:infusoria
2571:Diatomeae
2567:– 18 spp.
2495:– 58 spp.
2486:– 31 spp.
2410:Chrysista
2388:Dinobryon
2364:Chrysista
2339:cladistic
2216:Chromista
2090:heliozoan
2055:Chrysista
2003:Paleozoic
1893:Diatomeae
1333:Chrysista
1223:oomycetes
1193:Evolution
1115:Nitzschia
1103:Cocconeis
1087:Tribonema
1081:Vaucheria
987:anisogamy
928:cytoplasm
778:chromerid
731:phagosome
723:membranes
641:nucleolus
621:flagellum
579:Alveolata
575:Telonemia
528:cell wall
508:red algal
470:as their
453:membranes
382:Ochrista
354:Diversity
325:Diatomeae
233:Chrysista
130:Eukaryota
6294:Wikidata
6188:11904997
6120:BioLib:
6097:Q1048772
6091:Wikidata
5902:Parmales
5883:Khakista
5213:Miracula
5037:Pirsonia
4894:Opalinea
4852:Wobblata
4819:Borokida
4809:Anoecida
4787:Opalozoa
4729:Amorphea
4707:Rhizaria
4695:Hacrobia
4685:Excavata
4670:Bacteria
4560:13677449
4511:23194637
4475:18358776
4399:Norstedt
4376:29567514
4368:16557340
4320:35348760
4271:23219323
4202:27512113
4143:33278705
4090:20862282
4050:PLOS ONE
4027:Wikidata
4023:28875267
3954:26017773
3895:30257078
3835:19213601
3688:21652306
3607:27179349
3559:Wikidata
3518:54477112
3510:30536815
3472:J Phycol
3367:Wikidata
3363:35291881
3300:Wikidata
3296:33385618
3186:(1986).
3073:Wikidata
3069:38245909
3047:: 1–15.
2961:33655496
2887:Wikidata
2729:Linnaeus
2703:seaweeds
2558:– 5 spp.
2549:–31 spp.
2477:– 8 spp.
2459:– 2 spp.
2222:nature.
2202:and the
2192:-phytina
2180:Ochrista
2106:18S rDNA
1294:Internal
1235:opalines
1221:such as
1219:protists
1198:External
1071:Hydrurus
977:through
924:vesicles
719:red alga
691:plastids
669:Flagella
607:pigments
599:flagella
571:Rhizaria
536:colonial
510:origin.
449:plastids
437:flagella
368:Synonyms
225:Classes
217:Linnaeus
175:Phylum:
126:Domain:
18:Phaeista
6329:8147789
6260:4934253
6237:8031327
6214:2696291
5643:Fucales
5098:Eogamia
5007:Gyrista
4925:Eogyrea
4832:Cantina
4744:Animals
4665:Archaea
4532:Protist
4491:Protist
4447:Protist
4348:Bibcode
4311:9004409
4230:: 3–25.
4193:5482393
4121:Protist
4081:2940848
4058:Bibcode
4014:5756292
3945:4603697
3922:Bibcode
3914:Sci Rep
3886:6492006
3814:Protist
3587:Protist
3480:Bibcode
3354:8924772
3124:2 March
3002:Bibcode
2929:Bibcode
2845:4096845
2751:animals
2504:– 1 sp.
2432:– 1 sp.
2423:– 1 sp.
2196:Gyrista
2145:kingdom
2063:diatoms
1209:within
1204:diverse
1124:benthic
1120:species
1109:Eunotia
997:Ecology
983:isogamy
979:gametes
920:glucose
864:diatoms
770:nucleus
737:algae (
661:vacuole
645:plastid
637:nucleus
625:eyespot
546:. Some
504:Gyrista
488:diatoms
179:Gyrista
61:Archean
6365:370437
6349:NZOR:
6273:345465
6257:uBio:
6250:150275
6221:NZOR:
6201:969917
6149:1HETKP
6058:groups
4825:Rictus
4776:Bigyra
4722:Plants
4659:Domain
4558:
4550:
4509:
4473:
4465:
4422:
4374:
4366:
4318:
4308:
4269:
4200:
4190:
4149:
4141:
4088:
4078:
4029:
4021:
4011:
4003:
3952:
3942:
3893:
3883:
3833:
3791:
3686:
3640:
3605:
3561:
3553:
3516:
3508:
3405:
3369:
3361:
3351:
3343:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3247:
3173:(297).
3115:
3075:
3067:
3059:
2959:
2889:
2881:
2843:
2747:plants
2343:clades
2298:, and
2208:Bigyra
2149:phylum
2077:) and
1937:
1933:
1812:
1805:
1630:
1626:
1590:
1586:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1330:
1320:
1314:
1128:marine
1022:Marine
991:oogamy
936:starch
786:stroma
707:lipids
649:stroma
623:; es,
552:thalli
219:, 1753
88:Dense
6360:WoRMS
6337:IRMNG
6268:WoRMS
6183:IRMNG
6175:48221
6123:14853
4749:Fungi
4393:[
4372:S2CID
4296:(4).
4220:(PDF)
4147:S2CID
4117:(PDF)
3777:(PDF)
3638:S2CID
3514:S2CID
3241:Algae
3163:(PDF)
2990:(PDF)
2841:JSTOR
2778:Notes
2727:, by
2724:Fucus
2324:Latin
2252:]
2157:order
2153:class
1810:/SIII
1207:clade
1067:genus
1063:lotic
587:algae
554:with
524:cells
418:algae
394:Leipe
211:Fucus
163:Clade
150:Clade
137:Clade
100:near
92:with
6324:GBIF
6209:NCBI
6196:ITIS
6157:GBIF
6144:EPPO
6136:3402
4556:PMID
4548:ISSN
4507:PMID
4471:PMID
4463:ISSN
4420:ISBN
4364:PMID
4316:PMID
4267:PMID
4198:PMID
4139:PMID
4086:PMID
4019:PMID
4001:ISSN
3950:PMID
3891:PMID
3831:PMID
3789:ISBN
3684:PMID
3603:PMID
3551:ISSN
3506:PMID
3403:ISBN
3359:PMID
3341:ISSN
3292:PMID
3284:ISSN
3245:ISBN
3171:2023
3126:2024
3113:ISBN
3065:PMID
3057:ISSN
2957:PMID
2879:ISSN
2764:and
2719:dyes
2715:food
2366:and
2266:and
2258:and
2049:and
2025:and
2017:and
1248:The
1237:and
1213:, a
1148:and
1090:and
1057:and
1038:and
1004:kelp
914:, a
886:and
832:and
796:and
776:and
760:and
711:heme
709:and
605:and
593:and
577:and
486:and
478:and
466:and
387:1986
68:Had.
47:Pha.
6342:118
6131:EoL
5269:SII
4642:SAR
4589:doi
4540:doi
4536:154
4499:doi
4495:149
4455:doi
4451:159
4356:doi
4306:PMC
4298:doi
4259:doi
4188:PMC
4178:doi
4129:doi
4125:171
4076:PMC
4066:doi
4009:PMC
3993:doi
3989:255
3940:PMC
3930:doi
3881:PMC
3873:doi
3823:doi
3819:160
3781:doi
3753:doi
3730:doi
3707:doi
3676:doi
3630:doi
3595:doi
3591:167
3585:".
3543:doi
3496:hdl
3488:doi
3445:doi
3395:doi
3349:PMC
3333:doi
3276:doi
3272:257
3105:doi
3049:doi
3010:doi
2947:hdl
2937:doi
2871:doi
2833:doi
2349:or
2320:ICN
1628:SII
989:or
954:by
838:as
542:or
494:or
447:or
412:or
156:SAR
96:at
6384::
6362::
6339::
6326::
6311::
6296::
6270::
6247::
6234::
6211::
6198::
6185::
6172::
6162:98
6159::
6146::
6133::
6108::
6093::
5441:PX
5402:SI
4644::
4640::
4585:82
4583:.
4579:.
4554:.
4546:.
4534:.
4530:.
4505:.
4493:.
4469:.
4461:.
4449:.
4445:.
4370:.
4362:.
4354:.
4344:62
4342:.
4314:.
4304:.
4294:39
4292:.
4288:.
4265:.
4255:49
4253:.
4228:40
4226:.
4222:.
4196:.
4186:.
4174:33
4172:.
4168:.
4145:.
4137:.
4123:.
4119:.
4098:^
4084:.
4074:.
4064:.
4052:.
4048:.
4025:.
4017:.
4007:.
3999:.
3987:.
3981:.
3962:^
3948:.
3938:.
3928:.
3916:.
3912:.
3889:.
3879:.
3869:66
3867:.
3863:.
3843:^
3829:.
3817:.
3803:^
3787:.
3682:.
3672:91
3670:.
3650:^
3636:.
3626:68
3624:.
3601:.
3589:.
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3557:.
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3539:31
3537:.
3512:.
3504:.
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3441:84
3439:.
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3379:^
3365:.
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3298:.
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3063:.
3055:.
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3008:.
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2992:.
2969:^
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2899:^
2885:.
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2867:35
2865:.
2853:^
2839:.
2829:30
2827:.
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2809:^
2757:.
2717:,
2330:,
2310:,
2294:,
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2250:fi
2155:,
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2147:,
2069:,
2045:,
2041:,
2013:,
1348:SI
1233:,
1229:,
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993:.
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165::
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