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585:, which softens the shell of the chrysalis. Additionally, it uses two sharp claws located on the thick joints at the base of the forewings to help make its way out. Having emerged from the chrysalis, the butterfly will usually sit on the empty shell in order to expand and harden its wings. However, if the chrysalis was near the ground (such as if it fell off from its silk pad), the butterfly would find another vertical surface to rest upon and harden its wings (such as a wall or fence).
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Pupa, chrysalis, and cocoon are frequently confused, but are quite distinct from each other. The pupa is the stage between the larva and adult stages. The chrysalis generally refers to a butterfly pupa although the term may be misleading as there are some moths whose pupae resembles a chrysalis,
244:
Insects emerge (eclose) from pupae by splitting the pupal case. Most butterflies emerge in the morning. In mosquitoes, the emergence is in the evening or night. In fleas, the process is triggered by vibrations that indicate the possible presence of a suitable host. Prior to emergence, the adult
723:, that soften the cocoon. Some cocoons are constructed with built-in lines of weakness along which they will tear easily from inside, or with exit holes that only allow a one-way passage out; such features facilitate the escape of the adult insect after it emerges from the pupal skin.
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223:
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then the cocoon is also irritating to the touch. Some larvae attach small twigs, fecal pellets or pieces of vegetation to the outside of their cocoon in an attempt to disguise it from predators. Others spin their cocoon in a concealed location—on the underside of a
299:, pupal mating is an extreme form of reproductive strategy in which the adult male mates with a female pupa about to emerge, or with the newly moulted female; this is accompanied by other actions such as capping of the reproductive system of the female with the
315:
are protected in their pupal stage by ants. Another means of defense by pupae of other species is the capability of making sounds or vibrations to scare potential predators. A few species use chemical defenses including toxic secretions. The pupae of social
927:
525:
When the caterpillar is fully grown, it makes a button of silk which it uses to fasten its body to a leaf or a twig. Then the caterpillar's skin comes off for the final time. Under this old skin is a hard skin called a chrysalis.
565:
Like other types of pupae, the chrysalis stage in most butterflies is one in which there is little movement. However, some butterfly pupae are capable of moving the abdominal segments to produce sounds or to scare away potential
667:
Cocoons may be tough or soft, opaque or translucent, solid or meshlike, of various colors, or composed of multiple layers, depending on the type of insect larva producing it. Many moth caterpillars shed the larval hairs
263:(ants, bees and wasps) the exuvia is so thin and membranous that it becomes "crumpled" as it is shed. Measuring the timing of this emergence is of interest to chronobiologists because the process is regulated by
711:
can be unraveled to harvest silk fibre which makes this moth the most economically important of all lepidopterans. The silk moth is the only completely domesticated lepidopteran; it does not exist in the wild.
224:
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stage, or highly active as in mosquitoes. It is during the pupal stage that the adult structures of the insect are formed while the larval structures are broken down. The adult structures grow from
1008:
311:
Pupae are usually immobile and are largely defenseless. To overcome this, pupae often are covered with a cocoon, conceal themselves in the environment, or form underground. Some species of
1182:
226:
428:– enclosed in a hardened cuticle of the penultimate larval instar called a puparium. However, the pupa itself is of the exarate adecticous pupal form. (Cyclorrhapha of Dipterans).
603:
develops sharp ridges around the outside called adminicula that allow the pupa to move from its place of concealment inside a tree trunk when it is time for the adult to emerge.
392:– appendages are free and are not usually encapsulated within a cocoon. Decticous pupae are always exarate; some adecticous pupae are as well. (Neuroptera, Trichoptera,
1538:
181:
The pupal stage may last weeks, months, or even years, depending on temperature and the species of insect. For example, the pupal stage lasts eight to fifteen days in
529:
Because chrysalises are often showy and are formed in the open, they are the most familiar examples of pupae. Most chrysalides are attached to a surface by a
1315:
225:
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402:– appendages are attached closely to the body and are commonly encapsulated within a cocoon. Some adecticous pupa are obtect forms. (Most Lepidoptera,
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570:. Within the chrysalis, growth and differentiation occur. The adult butterfly emerges (ecloses) from this and expands its wings by pumping
591:
pupae are usually dark in color and either formed in underground cells, loose in the soil, or their pupa is contained in a protective
510:. The term is derived from the metallic–gold coloration found in the pupae of many butterflies, referred to by the Ancient Greek term
1579:
1521:
1086:
1167:
Elliott, J. M. "Temperature‐related fluctuations in the timing of emergence and pupation of
Windermere alder‐flies over 30 years."
444:
912:
1607:
841:
715:
Insects that pupate in a cocoon must escape from it, and they do this either by the pupa cutting its way out, or by secreting
106:. The act of becoming a pupa is called pupation, and the act of emerging from the pupal case is called eclosion or emergence.
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385:
Based on whether the pupal appendages are free or attached to the body, the pupae can be classified as one of three types:
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94:. The processes of entering and completing the pupal stage are controlled by the insect's hormones, especially
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moths. A cocoon is a silk case that the larvae of moths, and sometimes other insects, spin around the pupa.
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that are employed in emerging from a cocoon or pupal case, the pupae can be classified in to two types:
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undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are
31:
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1393:
Lowe, Tristan; Garwood, Russell P.; Simonsen, Thomas; Bradley, Robert S.; Withers, Philip J. (2013).
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578:, metamorphosis is really the whole series of changes that an insect undergoes from egg to adult.
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into the wing veins. Although this sudden and rapid change from pupa to imago is often called
214:
253:. Once the pharate adult has eclosed from the pupa, the empty pupal exoskeleton is called an
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673:
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86:: they go through four distinct stages in their life cycle, the stages thereof being egg,
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and this last larval "shell" is called a puparium (plural, puparia). Flies of the group
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Tumbler (pupa) of a mosquito. Unlike most pupae, tumblers can swim around actively.
693:. Contrary to popular belief, larvae do not completely liquify inside the cocoon.
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of
Dipterans, Siphonaptera, most Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and few Lepidoptera).
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303:, denying access to other males, or by exuding an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone.
295:
202:
1395:"Metamorphosis revealed: three dimensional imaging inside a living chrysalis"
1301:
165:) in insects with complete metamorphosis. The pupa is a non-feeding, usually
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37:
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Newland, D.E. "Eclosion mechanics, mating and ovipositing behaviour of
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374:
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152:
17:
339:– a pupa with articulated mandibles. Examples are pupae of the orders
109:
The pupae of different groups of insects have different names such as
745:
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517:
497:
491:
465:
255:
79:
361:– a pupa without articulated mandibles. Examples include the orders
1598:
1150:
Nielsen, Erik Tetens, and J. St Haeger. "Pupation and emergence in
1254:(Illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 739.
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730:
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661:
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221:
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family. Pupae may further be enclosed in other structures such as
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36:
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Borror, D. J.; DeLong, Dwight M.; Triplehorn, Charles A. (2004).
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climates pupae usually stay dormant during winter, while in the
132:
1539:"Mutant butterflies reveal the genetic roots of colorful wings"
193:
until the appropriate season to emerge as an adult insect. In
744:
Some pupae remain inside the exoskeleton of the final larval
581:
When emerging, the butterfly uses a liquid, sometimes called
511:
459:
553:
by which the caterpillar fixes itself to the pad of silk. (
545:
hook or hooks protruding from the rear of the chrysalis or
1081:(Sixth ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
1248:
Boggs, Carol L.; Watt, Ward B.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2003).
541:, usually cemented to the underside of a perch, and the
672:) and incorporate them into the cocoon; if these are
27:
Life stage of some insects undergoing transformation
1509:
1342:
1209:
1208:Preston–Mafham, Rod; Preston–Mafham, Ken (1993).
1251:Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight
1181:University of Minnesota Extension, Monarch Lab.
437:"Chrysalis" redirects here. For other uses, see
328:Based on the presence or absence of articulated
1212:The Encyclopedia of Land Invertebrate Behaviour
1512:The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity
293:In a few taxa of the Lepidoptera, especially
8:
1282:Chapman, R. F. (Reginald Frederick) (2013).
689:, suspended from a twig or concealed in the
320:are protected by adult members of the hive.
1286:. Cambridge University Press. p. 419.
1216:(Illustrated ed.). MIT Press. p.
607:e.g.: the plume winged moths of the family
1418:
1369:"Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias"
1284:The insects : structure and function
1127:
1102:Aldaz, Silvia; Escudero, Luis M. (2010).
752:have puparia, as do members of the order
267:in many species, necessitating different
1570:Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2000).
1551:from the original on September 19, 2017
1069:
771:
664:as a protective covering for the pupa.
599:. The pupa of some species such as the
1399:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1572:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
1497:. Chicago: Benefic Press. p. 41.
554:
7:
1079:Introduction to the Study of Insects
859:Luna moth emerging from pupa within
1574:(2nd ed.). London: Blackwell.
1537:Guarino, Ben (September 19, 2017).
1516:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1019:common Mormon pupa on curry leaves.
71:
1156:Bulletin of Entomological Research
874:Luna moth pupa removed from cocoon
506:) or nympha is the pupal stage of
289:of male with newly emerged female.
25:
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990:
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809:
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774:
41:Pupa of the rose chafer beetle,
1375:from the original on 2013-05-25
847:Assortment of luna moth cocoons
820:caterpillar spinning its cocoon
201:pupae usually do so during the
707:The silk in the cocoon of the
110:
1:
1601:plus species descriptions at
700:The tough brown cocoon of an
644:A cocoon is a casing spun of
454:) chrysalis illustrating the
1629:Insect developmental biology
558:
518:
498:
492:
466:
271:to measure eclosion timing.
147:The pupal stage follows the
78:) is the life stage of some
1608:Silk worm life cycle photos
1508:Scoble, Malcolm J. (1992).
1318:. Agri Info. Archived from
128:
1645:
1610:(archived 8 November 2012)
685:, down near the base of a
634:Dwarf birch spinner moth (
622:
512:
487:
460:
439:Chrysalis (disambiguation)
436:
151:stage, or in some cases a
100:prothoracicotropic hormone
29:
1447:December 7, 2006, at the
1129:10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.010
783:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
997:Pupa of baron butterfly
933:Specimen of an eclosing
549:at the tip of the pupal
801:Drosophila melanogaster
625:Cocoon (disambiguation)
533:-like arrangement of a
448:Common crow butterfly (
1480:Entomologist's Gazette
1451:Accessed December 2006
1411:10.1098/rsif.2013.0304
968:Centrosema virginianum
741:
704:
641:
479:
471:
290:
236:
219:
143:Position in life cycle
55:
47:
1171:21.3 (1996): 241–247.
1169:Ecological Entomology
1158:45.4 (1954): 757–768.
954:Japanagromyza inferna
734:
699:
656:, and numerous other
637:Eriogaster arbusculae
633:
447:
282:
229:
211:
185:. The pupa may enter
53:
40:
32:Pupa (disambiguation)
1493:Darby, Gene (1958).
1341:Darby, Gene (1958).
1183:"Monarch Life Cycle"
1152:Aedes taeniorhynchus
623:For other uses, see
458:origin of the term:
313:Lycaenid butterflies
218:emerging from cocoon
155:stage, and precedes
30:For other uses, see
1544:The Washington Post
1495:What is a Butterfly
1345:What is a Butterfly
1120:2010CBio...20.R429A
738:Eupeodes americanus
719:, sometimes called
502:, also known as an
418:Coleopterans, many
286:Catopsilia pyranthe
183:monarch butterflies
1322:on 4 February 2017
742:
705:
642:
472:
291:
237:
220:
56:
48:
1624:Insect physiology
1293:978-0-521-11389-2
1261:978-0-226-06318-8
1227:978-0-262-16137-4
1114:(10): R429–R431.
1000:Euthalia aconthea
919:Monarch butterfly
283:Mating in pierid
245:inside the pupal
227:
215:Hercus fontinalis
123:for those of the
115:for the pupae of
16:(Redirected from
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1462:The Entomologist
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1405:(84). 20130304.
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1185:. Archived from
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1104:"Imaginal discs"
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818:emperor gum moth
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702:emperor gum moth
674:urticating hairs
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537:pad spun by the
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265:circadian clocks
233:Papilio dardanus
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96:juvenile hormone
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1449:Wayback Machine
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1316:"Types of Pupa"
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359:Adecticous pupa
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1593:External links
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1320:the original
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1193:20 September
1191:. Retrieved
1187:the original
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451:Euploea core
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420:Chalcidoidea
399:
394:Cyclorrhapha
390:Exarate pupa
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379:Siphonaptera
363:Strepsiptera
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1603:Insecta.pro
1599:Pupa photos
1349:. Chicago:
1267:16 November
1233:16 November
936:Dryas iulia
861:silk cocoon
798:Fruit fly (
762:Aleyrodidae
750:Muscomorpha
691:leaf litter
601:hornet moth
539:caterpillar
508:butterflies
499:chrysalides
400:Obtect pupa
371:Hymenoptera
353:Lepidoptera
349:Trichoptera
247:exoskeleton
117:butterflies
1618:Categories
1379:2013-01-20
1353:. p.
1154:(Wied.)."
1064:References
758:Hemipteran
756:, and the
687:tree trunk
572:haemolymph
543:cremastral
496:, plural:
493:chrysallís
480:chrysallis
470:) for gold
408:Brachycera
404:Nematocera
367:Coleoptera
341:Neuroptera
296:Heliconius
259:; in most
249:is termed
203:dry season
62:(from
1302:794624696
1048:Bee brood
951:Pupae of
939:butterfly
921:chrysalis
904:Aglais io
833:Luna moth
721:cocoonase
709:silk moth
613:geometrid
611:and some
583:cocoonase
568:predators
559:kremastos
547:cremaster
488:χρυσαλλίς
433:Chrysalis
355:families.
345:Mecoptera
330:mandibles
240:Emergence
195:temperate
157:adulthood
112:chrysalis
1549:Archived
1445:Archived
1429:23676900
1373:Archived
1326:28 April
1138:20504747
1042:See also
1036:emerging
982:Pupa of
959:gall fly
727:Puparium
648:by many
640:) cocoon
351:and few
301:sphragis
191:diapause
187:dormancy
177:Duration
153:prepupal
125:mosquito
104:ecdysone
1555:July 6,
1420:3673169
1116:Bibcode
768:Gallery
760:family
717:enzymes
683:crevice
681:, in a
660:insect
551:abdomen
519:chrysós
504:aurelia
482:, from
467:chrysós
375:Diptera
307:Defense
251:pharate
199:tropics
167:sessile
129:cocoons
121:tumbler
80:insects
18:Pharate
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804:) pupa
746:instar
662:larvae
619:Cocoon
597:cocoon
535:silken
531:Velcro
513:χρυσός
461:χρυσός
269:assays
256:exuvia
212:Adult
149:larval
137:shells
102:, and
1053:Larva
961:, in
670:setae
650:moths
476:Latin
324:Types
162:imago
135:, or
133:nests
92:imago
88:larva
76:pupae
66:
64:Latin
1576:ISBN
1557:2024
1518:ISBN
1442:AMNH
1425:PMID
1328:2016
1298:OCLC
1288:ISBN
1269:2010
1256:ISBN
1235:2010
1222:ISBN
1195:2017
1134:PMID
1083:ISBN
1058:Silk
963:gall
957:, a
786:pupa
679:leaf
652:and
646:silk
593:silk
589:Moth
414:and
406:and
377:and
119:and
68:pupa
60:pupa
1478:".
1415:PMC
1407:doi
1218:113
1124:doi
965:of
816:An
555:Gr.
189:or
72:pl.
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