Drugs in pregnancy - Knowledge (XXG)

888:, an active ingredient in cannabis, can both cross the placenta and accumulates in high concentrations in breast milk. Cannabis consumption in pregnancy might be associated with restrictions in growth of the fetus, miscarriage, and cognitive deficits. Infants exposed to prenatal cannabis may show signs of increased tremors and altered sleep patterns. Cannabis is the most frequently used illicit drug amongst pregnant women. There are significant limitations to the current research available. One limitation is because most studies done are dated in the 1980s. Additionally, many studies done on cannabis that evaluate its safety often fail to account for confounding factors, a variable that could also be having an effect on an outcome that is not the test variable. For example, tobacco use and sociodemographic differences are often not adjusted for accordingly in many studies. 33:

lead to severe health problems and/or birth defects. Even small amounts of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana have not been proven to be safe when taken while pregnant. In some cases, for example, if the mother has epilepsy or diabetes, the risk of stopping a medication may be worse than risks associated with taking the medication while pregnant. The mother's healthcare professional will help make these decisions about the safest way to protect the health of both the mother and unborn child. In addition to medications and substances, some dietary supplements are important for a healthy pregnancy, however, others may cause harm to the unborn child.

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However, not all of them are safe to use during pregnancy. One of the components of bismuth subsalicylate is salicylate, which is a component that crosses the placenta. Due to this, there is an increased risk for intrauterine growth retardation, fetal hemorrhage, and maternal hemorrhage within organogenesis and in the second/third trimester. Loperamide has limited data on the impact it has on pregnancy, but there is an association with cardiovascular malformation in the first trimester. Atropine/diphenoxylate currently has insufficient evidence of teratogenicity in humans, but trials with animals showed evidence of teratogenic effects.

870:, an acceptable intake of caffeine for pregnant women is less than or equal to 200 mg per day. Consumption of caffeine is not associated with adverse reproductive and developmental effects. The half-life of caffeine is longer in pregnancy by 8 to 16 more hours, which means that caffeine stays in the person longer, increases fetal exposure to caffeine, and is eliminated slower in the body. Other comprehensive reviews reported that caffeine intake of more than 300 mg per day have been associated with spontaneous abortions and low birth weight, but further research is needed to establish this causal relationship. 606:

pseudoephedrine's involvement, due to the variety of combination products that contain pseudoephedrine in conjunction with other medications. Since pseudoephedrine activates alpha adrenergic receptors, it has the ability to elevate blood pressure and cause vasoconstriction within the uterine arteries. This can negatively affect blood flow to the fetus. Due to the lack of studies, decongestants in combination drugs or isolated forms are suggested to be used sparingly during pregnancy. Saline nasal sprays, among other non-pharmacological treatments, are considered to be safe alternatives for decongestants.

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found a 12% increase in the risk of major malformations that did not reach statistical significance. Other studies have found an increased risk of cardiovascular birth defects among depressed mothers not undergoing SSRI treatment, suggesting the possibility of ascertainment bias, e.g. that worried mothers may pursue more aggressive testing of their infants. Another study found no increase in cardiovascular birth defects and a 27% increased risk of major malformations in SSRI exposed pregnancies. The FDA advises for the risk of birth defects with the use of paroxetine and the MAOI should be avoided.

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pregnancies in groups receiving folic acid when compared to groups receiving placebo. In the study, there were four intervention groups, Group A received 4 mg of folic acid; Group B received a multivitamin that contained folic acid; Group C placebo and Group D received a multivitamin without folic acid. In the groups that received folic acid, 6 out of 593 (1%) infants and fetuses had NTD reoccurrence compared to the groups that received no folic acid, which had 21 infants and fetuses with NTD out of 602 (3.5%). There were no significant benefit found in the vitamin intervention groups.

776:(FAS). This used to be the only diagnosis for fetal disorders due to alcohol consumption, but the term was broadened to a "spectrum" due to the variety of abnormalities observed in newborns. This was most likely because of the different amounts of alcohol ingested during pregnancy indicating that there is not a clear, specific dose that determines if a fetus will be affected by alcohol or not. FAS is characterized by slower physical growth, distinct facial abnormalities including smooth philtrum, thin vermilion, and short palpebral fissures, 760:

liver, the concentration of alcohol in its bloodstream lasts longer, increasing the chances of detrimental side effects. The severity of effects alcohol may have on a developing fetus depends upon the amount and frequency of alcohol consumed as well as the stage of pregnancy. Rates of alcohol consumption can generally be categorized in one of three ways: heavy drinking (more than 48-60 grams of ethanol/day), moderately high drinking (24-48 grams of ethanol/day), and binge drinking (4-5 drinks/90 grams of ethanol at a time).

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the following Pregnancy Categories: A, B, C, D, or X depending on how they have been studied and what kind of results were found from the studies. In 2014, however, the FDA has developed a "Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR)" which requires product labels to include specific information related to the safety and effectiveness of medications to pregnant and lactating women. This ruling has removed the requirement of stating pregnancy categories in prescription drug labels.

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pressure. While the drug classes of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB), and angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI) have been shown to be potent anti-hypertensive agents, their use is advised against during pregnancy. ACEi and ARB have known fetotoxicities when used during the second or third trimester or both. Signs and symptoms of ACEi and ARB use during pregnancy include kidney damage or failure,

402:(brand name Coumadin) is a commonly prescribed blood thinner both in the inpatient and outpatient hospital settings. In pregnant women, warfarin is contraindicated and should be avoided as it crosses the placental barrier. Additionally, warfarin is listed as Pregnancy Category D, which means it has a risk of harming the fetus. However, it has been shown that daily warfarin doses up to 5 mg may be beneficial for pregnant women who are at higher risk of 418:(brand name Lovenox). Enoxaparin is listed as Pregnancy Category B, meaning animal studies have failed to show harmful effects to the fetus and therefore are safe to use in pregnant women. However, pregnant women taking LMWH may not experience the full anticoagulant effect due to the nature of the medication compared to other anticoagulants (i.e. warfarin) and may be less favorable for users as it is an injectable medication. 135:

pregnancy. When ibuprofen and naproxen are used within the third trimester, there is a significant increase in the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus with primary pulmonary hypertension in the newborn. Between the lack of studies of the effect of ibuprofen and naproxen on pregnancy, it is recommended that pregnant women avoid these medications or use them sparingly per physician recommendations.

631: 4329: 48:. Of those who bear children, recreational drug use can have serious consequences to the health of not only the mother, but also the fetus as many medications can cross the placenta and reach the fetus. Some of the consequences on the babies include physical and mental abnormalities, higher risk of stillbirth, 390:

in women due to elevated levels of certain clotting factors and compounds in the body, and the risk increases even more immediately after birth and remains elevated up to 3 months after delivery. Anticoagulants must be prescribed with caution as these medications can have negative health consequences

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Women should speak to their doctor or healthcare professional before starting or stopping any medications while pregnant. Non-essential drugs and medications should be avoided while pregnant. Tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drug use while pregnant may be dangerous for the unborn baby and may

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required that certain drugs and biological products be labelled specifically with respect to their effects on pregnant populations, including a definition of a "pregnancy category". These rules were enforced by the FDA, and medications that have been studied for their effects in pregnancy fell under

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should not be taken while pregnant. Opioid use during pregnancy may cause adverse outcomes for the women and unborn child. Women who use opioids during pregnancy in a non-medical fashion are at a higher risk for premature birth, lower birth weight, still birth, specific birth defects, and withdrawal

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Dietary sources of iron include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, vegetables, fruits, grains, nuts and iron-fortified grain products. Eating at least one source of vitamin C with each meal is also recommended, as it can help increase iron absorption. Examples of vitamin C sources include broccoli,

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Antihistamines during pregnancy have not been linked to birth defects; however, further research is necessary for some antihistamine medications to determine safety during pregnancy. It is suggested that women speak to their healthcare professionals before taking any over-the-counter or prescription

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as non-drug treatments to consider. Personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle also help, however dietary restriction and abrasive agents found in facial cleaning products are not beneficial. As there are limited options to safely treat acne in pregnancy, shared decision-making between the health care

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medications are associated with an increased risk of birth defects such as neural tube defects, however, most women with epilepsy deliver healthy babies and have a healthy pregnancy. Women who have epilepsy often still require treatment to control or prevent seizures and therefore require very early

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suggests 27 mg of iron a day which would account for normal iron losses, iron used by the fetus and related tissues during gestation and increased maternal hemoglobin mass changes. WHO recommends taking supplements of 30–60 mg of elemental iron a day throughout pregnancy for all pregnant

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Ginger and acupressure are common non-pharmacological options used to treat nausea and vomiting as alternatives to antacids, histamine H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors. Lifestyle modifications are often recommended as well. Recommended modifications can include avoiding fatty food, reducing

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as directed is one of the only medications recommended for treating pain and fever in women who are pregnant. There is no established association with teratogenicity or elevated occurrence of birth defects and the usage of acetaminophen at any point during a pregnancy. There is potential for fetal

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Alcohol should not be consumed while pregnant. Even a small amount of alcohol is not known to be safe for the unborn baby. Alcohol passes easily from the mother's bloodstream through the placenta and into the bloodstream of the fetus. Since the fetus is smaller and does not have a fully developed

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recommends that all women of child-barring age receive 400 μg of folic acid supplement (even if they are not planning on getting pregnant). Women who have already had an NTD-affected pregnancy and are planning to become pregnant again should receive 4000 μg each day for a month before and for the

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are blood pressure medications used to treat high blood pressure in pregnant women. This class of medication is commonly used to treat problems such as heart failure, heart attack, and kidney failure. Caution must be exercised with the use of various hypertensive agents for the treatment of blood

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effects while effectively treating allergic reactions and nausea and vomiting related to pregnancy. On the other hand, second generation antihistamines do not cross the blood-brain barrier, thus eliminating sedating effects. Currently, there is a lack of association between prenatal antihistamine

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Diarrhea is not a common symptom of pregnancy; however, it can occur as a result of reduced gastric acidity and slowed intestinal motility. Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), loperamide (Imodium), and atropine/diphenoxylate (Lomotil) are antidiarrheal agents that can be used to treat diarrhea.

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A 2013 systematic review and meta-analysis found that antidepressant use during pregnancy was statistically significantly associated with some pregnancy outcomes, such as gestational age and preterm birth, but not with other outcomes. The same review cautioned that because differences between the

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A systematic review of the risk of major birth defects in antidepressant-exposed pregnancies found a small increase (3% to 24%) in the risk of major malformations and a risk of cardiovascular birth defects that did not differ from non-exposed pregnancies. A study of fluoxetine-exposed pregnancies

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are newer types of anticoagulants that are available as oral medications and are widely used in non-pregnant populations. As many studies looking at DOACs exclude pregnant women, there is not enough evidence to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of DOACs in pregnant women. Currently, rivaroxaban

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is common in pregnancy, with the highest occurrence rate during the third trimester as iron demand increases to support the placenta, fetal development and the iron stores for the first six months after birth. Low iron levels can cause fatigue, reduced work capacity, cardiovascular stress, lower

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SSRI use in pregnancy has been associated with a variety of risks with varying degrees of proof of causation. As depression is independently associated with negative pregnancy outcomes, determining the extent to which observed associations between antidepressant use and specific adverse outcomes

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is another type of anticoagulant that has been widely used. UFH is classified as Pregnancy Category C, which means animal studies have shown potential for adverse effects to the fetus; however, there needs to be more studies done to confirm the presence of a risk to the fetus. UFH can be used in

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stage of pregnancy. Methamphetamine use in pregnancy may lead to babies born with an earlier gestational age at delivery (pre-term), lower birth weight, and smaller head circumference. Methamphetamine use during pregnancy also negatively impacts brain development and behavioral functioning and

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Opioids can cross the placenta and the blood brain barrier to the fetus. Opioid use is the main cause of neonatal abstinence syndrome, which is where the baby experiences withdrawals from the opioid they were exposed to during the pregnancy. Typical symptoms may include tremors, convulsions,

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Ibuprofen and naproxen have not frequently been studied during pregnancy, but recent studies do not show increased risk of spontaneous abortion within the first six weeks of pregnancy. However, all NSAIDs showed association with structural cardiac defects with usage during the early weeks of

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effects or congenital malformations. Aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate, when consumed, do not cross the placenta and are regarded as safe pharmacological options to treat heartburn, since there are no significant association with maldevelopment or injury to fetus.

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Vitamin Study Group from July 1983 to April 1991 involving 33 centers (17 of which in the UK and the remaining 16 in 6 different countries) that compared pregnancy outcomes of folic acid and other vitamins interventions with placebo. That study found a risk reduction of 71% of NTD-affected

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such as folic acid and iron are important for a healthy pregnancy. Some dietary supplements can cause side effects and harm to the mother or unborn child. Pregnant women should discuss all dietary supplements with their health care professional to determine the appropriate dosage and which

257:(GERD), where the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes due to elevated progesterone levels causing increased frequency and severity of gastric reflux or heartburn. If heartburn appears after 20 weeks of gestational age or is severe and persistent, this can indicate other conditions including 605:

effect to reduce airflow resistance in the nasal cavity and allow easier breathing by relieving a stuffy or congested nose. When taken in early trimesters, there has been limited evidence to associate pseudoephedrine with birth defects. However, studies often found it difficult to isolate

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cantaloupe, citrus fruits and their juices, kiwis, mangos, potatoes, strawberries, sweet peppers, tomatoes, and tomato sauce. On the contrary, caffeine, calcium supplements and antacids should be separated from meals and iron supplements by 1–2 hours as they can decrease iron absorption.

1101:, the effects around birth or when the mother gives birth, and problems that will arise later in the child's life due to the drug taken. The system places them into a category based on the severity of the consequences that the drug can have on the infant when it crosses the placenta. 268:

Common antacids include aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide (Maalox) and calcium carbonate (Tums). Histamine H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors, such as famotidine (Pepcid) and omeprazole (Prilosec), respectively, can also be used to help relieve heartburn, with no known

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Ross LE, Grigoriadis S, Mamisashvili L, Vonderporten EH, Roerecke M, Rehm J, Dennis CL, Koren G, Steiner M, Mousmanis P, Cheung A (April 2013). "Selected pregnancy and delivery outcomes after exposure to antidepressant medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Moreover, SSRIs inhibit nitric oxide synthesis, which plays an important role in setting the vascular tone. Several studies have pointed to an increased risk of prematurity associated with SSRI use, and this association may be due to an increased risk of

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twitching, excessive crying, poor feeding or sucking, slow weight gain, breathing problems, fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. There is no consensus on the effects on cognitive abilities. Further research is required to determine the long-term effects of

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are medications that prevent the blood from forming clots and are also known as blood thinners. These medications are commonly used for both prevention and treatment in people who are at risk for or have experienced a heart attack, stroke, or

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is a form of diabetes that is first diagnosed during pregnancy and can accordingly cause high blood sugar that affects the woman and the baby. In 10 - 20% of women whose diet and exercise are not adequate enough to control blood sugar,

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Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Health and Medicine Division; National Academies of Sciences Engineering (12 January 2017).

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Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the unborn baby and may cause pre-term birth, birth defects such as cleft lip or cleft palate, or miscarriage. Tobacco is the most commonly used substance among pregnant women, at 25%.

2792: 713:, which includes alcohol and illegal drugs. When pregnant women use psychotropic substances, whether they are prescribed or not, it can have adverse effects on the developing fetus. These effects may include causing 224:

is associated with an increased risk of lower scores on neurodevelopmental tests. Valproic acid use during pregnancy increases the risk of neural tube defects by approximately 20-fold. Evidence is conflicting for

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for pain relief during pregnancy is not recommended. Aspirin use during pregnancy has not demonstrated an increased risk of spontaneous abortion within the early weeks of pregnancy. However, its usage during

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while pregnant may cause serious harm to the mother or unborn child. For some people, the risk of stopping a medication such as prescription opioids may be more serious than the risk of taking a medication.

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Caution should be taken before consuming dietary supplements while pregnant as dietary supplements are considered "foods" rather than medications and are not regulated for safety and efficacy by the FDA.

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resistance to infection and iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy can lead to an increased risk of premature delivery, low birth weight and increased risk of perinatal mortality.

1383: 1161: 40:(FDA) in the United States reports that there are six million pregnancies with at least 50% of the women taking at least one medication. In addition a reported 5–10% of women of childbearing age use 253:

Heartburn is a common symptom of late term pregnancy during which up to 80% of pregnant women have experienced it by the end of their third trimester. Heartburn often indicates the development of

3133:"Increasing the risk of spontaneous abortion and major malformations in newborns following use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy: A systematic review and updated meta-analysis" 4021: 884:

Cannabis use during pregnancy should be avoided. There is no known safe dose of cannabis while pregnant and use of cannabis may lead to birth defects, pre-term birth, or low birth weight.

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Lameijer H, Aalberts JJ, van Veldhuisen DJ, Meijer K, Pieper PG (September 2018). "Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants during pregnancy; a systematic literature review".

290:) can occur in pregnancy possibly due to the hormonal changes influencing sebum production. There are limited antiacne medications that are safe in pregnancy. External applications of 1059:, which has the potential to prevent the fetus from receiving sufficient oxygen. Other health concerns tobacco poses are premature birth, low birth weight, and an increased risk of 1191: 2454:

Costa, Caroline S; Bagatin, Ediléia; Martimbianco, Ana Luiza C; da Silva, Edina MK; Lúcio, Marília M; Magin, Parker; Riera, Rachel (24 November 2018). Cochrane Skin Group (ed.).

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Di Girolamo, Raffaella; Alameddine, Sara; Khalil, Asma; Santilli, Francesca; Rizzo, Giuseppe; Maruotti, Giuseppe Maria; Liberati, Marco; D'Antonio, Francesco (31 December 2022).

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from abrupt discontinuation of the antidepressant at birth. Antidepressants can be present in varying amounts in breast milk, but their effects on infants are currently unknown.

3896:"Effect of Women's Nutrition before and during Early Pregnancy on Maternal and Infant Outcomes: A Systematic Review: Periconceptual nutrition and maternal and infant outcomes" 5454: 5424: 867: 689:

individuals. Iron demand depends on individual specific factors and risk of deficiency; for specific dose recommendations, individuals should discuss with their doctors.

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reflect a causative relationship has been difficult in some cases. In other cases, the attribution of adverse outcomes to antidepressant exposure seems fairly clear.

5484: 3677: 358:, should be avoided. If planning to conceive while using contraindicated medications, a washout and waiting period before conception is advised. A herbal product, 443:(Xarelto), dabigatran (Pradaxa), and edoxaban (Savaysa) are DOACs listed under Pregnancy Category C, and apixaban (Eliquis) is listed under Pregnancy Category B. 464:

SSRI use in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion of about 1.7-fold, and is associated with preterm birth and low birth weight.

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O'Leary CM, Jacoby PJ, Bartu A, D'Antoine H, Bower C (March 2013). "Maternal alcohol use and sudden infant death syndrome and infant mortality excluding SIDS".

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injections may be required to lower blood sugar levels. Medications that can be used in diabetes during pregnancy include insulin, glyburide and metformin.

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crosses the placenta and accumulates within fetal tissues. Children born to women who smoked heavily were more susceptible to behavioral problems such as

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Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M (2006). "Pregnancy outcomes following exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a meta-analysis of clinical trials".

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Decongestants are often used in conjunction with cold medications or to combat pregnancy rhinitis in pregnant women. Common decongestants include

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outcomes: preterm delivery, low birth weight (less than 2500 grams) or reduced birth rate, small size and earlier gestational age at delivery.

6382: 6312: 5610: 5589: 5541: 5522: 5126: 4057: 4015: 1554: 3967:"Effectiveness in Disease and Injury Prevention Use of Folic Acid for Prevention of Spina Bifida and Other Neural Tube Defects -- 1983-1991" 2586: 2535: 1795: 6599: 5887: 3458: 1130: 4639:"Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children" 1183: 6609: 6486: 5654: 598: 573:, anuria, joint contractures, and hypoplasia of the skull. Common, alternative agents for high blood pressure in pregnant women include 196:

advice (ideally before conceiving the child) from their doctor to determine the safest way to protect both the mother and unborn child.

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Hypertensive issues are the most common cardiovascular disorders during pregnancy, occurring within 5 to 10% of all pregnant females.

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Some medications can cause harm to the unborn baby, but in some instances the benefits may outweigh the risks to the baby or mother.

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Ghazanfarpour M, Najafi MN, Roozbeh N, Mashhadi ME, Keramat-Roudi A, Mégarbane B, Tsatsakis A, Moghaddam MM, Rezaee R (June 2019).

6491: 6191: 5716: 1063:(SIDS) of up to three times compared to infants not exposed to tobacco. Smoking and pregnancy, combined, cause twice the risk of 754: 3704:

Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Cífková R, De Bonis M, et al. (September 2018).

3184:"A meta-analysis of the relationship between antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight" 6543: 6257: 5359: 1592: 1215:"Prenatal exposure to antibiotics and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 769: 718: 387: 310:

is the antibiotic of choice for severe acne, barring the use of its estolate salt which risks maternal hepatotoxicity. Topical

254: 164: 153: 851:(SISD). One study found a positive correlation between the two during New Years celebrations and weekends. Another found that 6307: 4314: 4176: 1064: 5616: 2828: 808:. Those affected are more likely to have trouble in school, legal problems, participate in high-risk behaviors, and develop 167:(FGR) in patients with previous risk factors (e.g. previous preeclampsia, multiple pregnancies, hypertension and diabetes). 4827: 2875:"Anticoagulation Regimens During Pregnancy in Patients With Mechanical Heart Valves: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 2686: 1523: 832:

Babies exposed to alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and some antidepressants (SSRIs) during pregnancy may experience

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may be prescribed in early pregnancy for the treatment of nausea and vomiting along with symptoms of asthma and allergies.

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Van Nguyen JM, Abenhaim HA (October 2013). "Sudden infant death syndrome: review for the obstetric care provider".

3619:"1-antihistamines and should be the first-line antihistamines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria" 2912:

Deruelle P, Coulon C (December 2007). "The use of low-molecular-weight heparins in pregnancy--how safe are they?".

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are a class of drugs that provide stimulant-like effects, including euphoria and alertness. The drug crosses the

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While aspirin should be avoided for use pain relief, low dose aspirin is used for prevention of preeclampsia and

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Koren G, Nordeng HM (February 2013). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and malformations: case closed?".

2399:"Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne" 183:

Any medications containing opioids may be dangerous for the unborn baby and should not be taken while pregnant.

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Ramakrishnan, Usha; Grant, Frederick; Goldenberg, Tamar; Zongrone, Amanda; Martorell, Reynaldo (28 June 2012).

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The onset of clinical presentation typically appears within 48 to 72 hours of birth but may take up to 8 days.

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as there have been reports of birth defects. As safety data is lacking, the use of topical retinoids, such as

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liver toxicity in cases of maternal overdose, where the mother consumes more than the recommended daily dose.

5204:"Cognitive function of youths born to mothers with opioid and poly-substance abuse problems during pregnancy" 3810: 6357: 6222: 5960: 5721: 5688: 5647: 4348:"Therapeutic approaches for neonatal abstinence syndrome: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials" 4719:"The Endocannabinoid System in the Postimplantation Period: A Role during Decidualization and Placentation" 3050:

Malm H (December 2012). "Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and infant outcome".

6476: 6292: 5857: 5736: 4230:"Alcohol abuse in pregnant women: effects on the fetus and newborn, mode of action and maternal treatment" 3233:"Do findings differ across research design? The case of antidepressant use in pregnancy and malformations" 2762: 809: 773: 672: 93:

The most common over-the-counter pain-relieving medications include aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol), and

45: 6471: 6327: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6096: 6049: 6044: 6012: 5832: 4198: 3486: 1855:"Sodium valproate in pregnancy: what are the risks and should we use a shared decision-making approach?" 1033: 990: 911: 879: 866:

is a widespread drug consumed by adults due to its behavioral and stimulating effects. According to the

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in the womb do not seem to differ in their skills compared to those who were exposed to carbamazepine.

5289:"Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities in Children Associated with Maternal Use of Psychoactive Medication" 2397:

Liu, Haibo; Yu, Haiyan; Xia, Jun; Liu, Ling; Liu, Guan J.; Sang, Hong; Peinemann, Frank (1 May 2020).

1820: 780:, or smaller head circumference. Other problems associated with FASD include delayed or uncoordinated 6578: 6517: 6377: 6234: 6158: 6066: 6056: 5852: 5753: 5731: 2874: 1677: 1280: 885: 852: 777: 157: 77: 41: 5581:

Drugs during pregnancy and lactation: handbook of prescription drugs and comparative risk assessment

6604: 6481: 6392: 6347: 6247: 6106: 6024: 6007: 5972: 5827: 5748: 5708: 1098: 1075:. In addition to the fetus, women in general who smoke heavily are less likely to become pregnant. 1068: 1052: 927: 833: 797: 793: 738: 734: 480: 472:

exposed and unexposed groups were small, it was doubtful whether they were clinically significant.

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El Marroun H, Brown QL, Lund IO, Coleman-Cowger VH, Loree AM, Chawla D, Washio Y (November 2018).

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Ko JY, Wolicki S, Barfield WD, Patrick SW, Broussard CS, Yonkers KA, Naimon R, Iskander J (2017).

2158:"Treatment of acne vulgaris in pregnant patients: Treatment of acne vulgaris in pregnant patients" 6227: 6086: 5935: 5847: 5812: 5693: 5640: 4563: 4469: 4117: 3478: 3390: 3075: 2983: 2937: 2645: 2558: 2507: 2376: 2304: 2249: 2187: 2131: 1787: 1759: 1084: 643: 614: 359: 327: 315: 215: 17: 3494: 1122: 654:

first three months of pregnancy. The recommendation came from a study conducted by the British

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may still need intensive therapy with insulin to prevent complications to the mother and baby.

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Elsevier. 5330:"Smoking During Pregnancy" 5258:"Smoking During Pregnancy" 4364:10.1007/s40199-019-00266-3 4169:"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy" 4106:10.1016/j.ogrm.2017.07.003 3534:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.08.017 3317:10.1016/j.siny.2012.10.004 2891:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.11.005 2727:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.06.076 2524:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.010 2042:Vazquez JC (August 2010). 1232:10.3389/fneur.2022.1045865 1082: 1031: 988: 895: 886:Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 877: 748: 666: 454:Antidepressant § Pregnancy 451: 440:Direct oral anticoagulants 386:. Pregnancy increases the 214:(birth defects) including 187:Anticonvulsant medications 6423:Chorionic villus sampling 5775:Obstetric ultrasonography 5699:Pre-conception counseling 4904:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4656:10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.002 3778:10.3238/arztebl.2019.0783 3636:10.1186/s13223-019-0375-9 2679:"Anticoagulant medicines" 2575:10.1016/j.det.2006.01.001 2230:10.1007/s40257-013-0041-9 2112:10.1007/s40265-013-0060-0 1964:American Family Physician 1872:10.1186/s12884-018-1842-x 1721:American Family Physician 1639:American Family Physician 1508:American Family Physician 948:(PCE) is associated with 946:Prenatal cocaine exposure 898:Prenatal cocaine exposure 703:World Health Organization 191:Many commonly prescribed 6313:Intrahepatic cholestasis 5578:Schaefer C, ed. (2001). 4605:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080 3723:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy340 3475:10.1177/0976500X20120302 3305:Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 3019:10.1177/1753495X15621814 2761:CDC (12 February 2020). 1821:"Epilepsy and pregnancy" 1682:Seminars in Perinatology 1312:"Medicine and Pregnancy" 725:, including spontaneous 644:neural tube defect (NTD) 597:. Pseudoephedrine is an 302:(alone or combined with 212:congenital malformations 165:fetal growth restriction 97:(NSAIDs), which include 6383:Motor vehicle emissions 6244:Concomitant conditions 6218:environmental toxicants 5961:Auxiliary nurse midwife 5722:artificial insemination 5689:Natural family planning 5417:FDA (3 December 2014), 4592:Frontiers in Psychiatry 3150:10.1186/2008-2231-20-75 3095:Reproductive Toxicology 2885:(10): 1248.e1–1248.e9. 2001:Festin M (March 2014). 1545:Kim J, Segal N (2015). 810:substance use disorders 723:pregnancy complications 711:psychoactive substances 6477:Postpartum confinement 5737:in vitro fertilisation 5306:10.55940/medphar202210 5160:10.1542/peds.2016-4131 5071:10.1542/peds.2009-0637 4552:10.1542/peds.2012-1907 4458:10.1055/s-0032-1331035 4413:10.15585/mmwr.mm6609a2 4001:Health Canada (2009). 3710:European Heart Journal 1456:10.1038/nrendo.2012.96 1219:Frontiers in Neurology 930:, and maternal death. 774:fetal alcohol syndrome 673:Iron-deficiency anemia 635: 388:risk of clot formation 384:venous thromboembolism 346:, is not recommended. 326:are classified as FDA 6472:Postpartum depression 6353:Pruritic folliculitis 6097:Unassisted childbirth 5481:Australian Government 5208:Child Neuropsychology 4247:10.3390/ijerph7020364 3518:"Traveler's Diarrhea" 3457:Sivagnanam G (2012). 3268:J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2518:(3): 401.e1–401.e14. 2048:BMJ Clinical Evidence 2007:BMJ Clinical Evidence 1583:CDC (30 April 2020). 1089:Until 2014, the U.S. 1034:Smoking and pregnancy 991:Opioids and pregnancy 912:myocardial infarction 880:Cannabis in pregnancy 794:learning disabilities 778:neurological deficits 751:Alcohol and pregnancy 633: 6579:Gravidity and parity 6559:Congenital disorders 6518:Lactation consultant 6388:Pre-existing disease 6067:Childbirth positions 6057:Rupture of membranes 5754:Unintended pregnancy 5732:fertility medication 5389:FDA (1 April 2015), 3935:CDC (28 June 2022). 3668:CDC (4 April 2018). 2563:Dermatologic Clinics 2162:Dermatologic Therapy 1827:. 21 December 2017. 1121:CDC (31 July 2020). 1079:Pregnancy categories 1053:aggressive behaviors 853:alcohol use disorder 800:, and inappropriate 78:Gestational diabetes 46:addictive substances 6615:Drugs and pregnancy 6482:Sex after pregnancy 6289:Endocrine diseases 6235:Prenatal depression 6107:Placental expulsion 6025:Uterine contraction 6008:cervical effacement 5749:Fertility awareness 4774:Preventive Medicine 4736:10.1155/2013/510540 4683:CDC (3 June 2020). 4167:CDC (1 July 2020). 4144:. 7 December 2019. 2960:Thrombosis Research 2685:. 6 February 2018. 1069:placental abruption 1055:. Tobacco contains 928:cerebral infarction 834:neonatal withdrawal 828:Neonatal withdrawal 739:placental abruption 735:postpartum bleeding 615:Dietary supplements 610:Dietary supplements 545:blood-brain barrier 523:(Diabetic Tussin), 481:withdrawal syndrome 356:cyproterone acetate 216:neural tube defects 158:maternal hemorrhage 6258:Hypercoagulability 6087:Natural childbirth 5936:Postterm pregnancy 5694:Male contraceptive 3859:10.3390/nu10010041 3345:on 3 December 2013 3007:Obstetric Medicine 2846:10.2176/nmc.53.526 1413:www.mayoclinic.org 1152:NIH (April 2020). 1085:Pregnancy category 636: 566:Anti-hypertensives 560:Anti-hypertensives 360:vitex agnus-castus 328:pregnancy category 316:pregnancy category 178:Recreational drugs 121:Short-term use of 6587: 6586: 6572:Obstetric history 6567: 6566: 6528:Confinement nanny 6441: 6440: 6308:Acute fatty liver 6115: 6114: 6003:cervical dilation 5612:978-0-08-054977-4 5591:978-0-444-50763-1 5543:978-1-315-34863-6 5524:978-1-4963-5037-4 5370:on 27 August 2021 5364:chemm.nlm.nih.gov 5128:978-90-481-2447-3 4649:(Pt 1): 585–648. 4287:(1771): 25–8, 3. 4205:. 27 April 2012. 4136:"Substance Abuse" 4059:978-92-4-150199-6 4017:978-1-100-12207-6 4010:. Health Canada. 3716:(34): 3165–3241. 3459:"Antidepressants" 2827:Toyoda K (2013). 2720:(16): 1804–1813. 2175:10.1111/dth.12077 1556:978-3-319-14318-7 924:cerebral ischemia 922:, liver rupture, 798:behavior problems 701:According to the 490:during pregnancy. 350:drugs, including 318:ratings. Topical 208:divalproex sodium 74:diabetes mellitus 16:(Redirected from 6622: 6452: 6418:Cardiotocography 6124: 6030:Vaginal delivery 5903:Nesting instinct 5878: 5863:Rudimentary horn 5792:Prenatal testing 5657: 5650: 5643: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5595: 5574: 5547: 5528: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5366:. Archived from 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5233: 5223: 5199: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5171: 5154:(6): e20164131. 5139: 5133: 5132: 5106: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5033: 5001: 4990: 4989: 4979: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4927: 4910:(5): 1198–1210. 4895: 4889: 4888: 4878: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4799: 4789: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4748: 4738: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4680: 4669: 4668: 4658: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4617: 4607: 4583: 4572: 4571: 4546:(3): e770–e778. 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4424: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4375: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4281:The Practitioner 4276: 4270: 4269: 4259: 4249: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4089: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4026: 4009: 3998: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3915: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3871: 3861: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3757: 3746: 3745: 3735: 3725: 3701: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3648: 3638: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3545: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3493:. Archived from 3454: 3448: 3447: 3437: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3283: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3211: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3162: 3152: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3030: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2870: 2859: 2858: 2848: 2824: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2797:www.uptodate.com 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2729: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2483: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2434: 2394: 2385: 2384: 2358: 2334: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2209: 2196: 2195: 2177: 2153: 2140: 2139: 2091: 2074: 2073: 2063: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2022: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1938: 1921:(10): CD010236. 1906: 1895: 1894: 1884: 1874: 1850: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1817: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1630: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1580: 1561: 1560: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1499: 1478: 1477: 1467: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1405: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1354: 1347: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1276: 1263: 1262: 1252: 1234: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1118: 995:Opioids such as 970:Methamphetamines 603:vasoconstrictive 521:chlorpheniramine 300:benzoyl peroxide 204:sodium valproate 89:Pain Medications 21: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6563: 6532: 6496: 6467:Postpartum care 6437: 6401: 6304:Liver diseases 6298:Thyroid disease 6196: 6182:Gestational age 6153: 6111: 6077:Labor induction 5982: 5973:Perinatal nurse 5946:Birth attendant 5907: 5867: 5801: 5797:Medical imaging 5758: 5727:fertility fraud 5703: 5670: 5661: 5631: 5622: 5620: 5613: 5598: 5592: 5577: 5571: 5550: 5544: 5531: 5525: 5510: 5506: 5504:Further reading 5501: 5500: 5490: 5488: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5430: 5428: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5402: 5400: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5255: 5254: 5247: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5185: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5129: 5108: 5107: 5096: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5003: 5002: 4993: 4949: 4948: 4941: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4716: 4715: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4682: 4681: 4672: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4585: 4584: 4575: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4328: 4320: 4318: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4091: 4090: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4060: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4007: 4000: 3999: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3772:(46): 783–790. 3759: 3758: 3749: 3703: 3702: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3580:(12): 1667–98. 3567: 3566: 3559: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3367:JAMA Psychiatry 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3130: 3129: 3122: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3052:Ther Drug Monit 3049: 3048: 3044: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2957: 2956: 2949: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2872: 2871: 2862: 2826: 2825: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2677: 2676: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2505: 2504: 2497: 2466:(2): CD009435. 2453: 2452: 2448: 2409:(5): CD011368. 2396: 2395: 2388: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2211: 2210: 2199: 2155: 2154: 2143: 2093: 2092: 2077: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1908: 1907: 1898: 1852: 1851: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1632: 1631: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1582: 1581: 1564: 1557: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1514:(12): 2517–24. 1501: 1500: 1481: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1389: 1387: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1325: 1323: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1278: 1277: 1266: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1197: 1195: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1167: 1165: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1136: 1134: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1107: 1087: 1081: 1073:placenta previa 1057:carbon monoxide 1049:impulse control 1036: 1030: 993: 987: 966: 964:Methamphetamine 950:premature birth 900: 894: 882: 876: 861: 845: 830: 818: 790:vision problems 766: 757: 749:Main articles: 747: 707:substance abuse 699: 678:Iron deficiency 675: 669:Iron deficiency 667:Main articles: 665: 628: 612: 591:pseudoephedrine 587: 575:anti-adrenergic 571:oligohydramnios 562: 549:anticholinergic 517:diphenhydramine 506: 497: 492: 491: 457: 449: 447:Antidepressants 437: 426:Unfractionated 424: 412: 404:thromboembolism 397: 376: 286:Acne vulgaris ( 284: 251: 189: 173: 141: 132: 119: 91: 72:Women who have 70: 62: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6628: 6626: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6592: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6513:Health visitor 6510: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6428:Nonstress test 6425: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6344:Skin diseases 6342: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6212: 6206: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6134:Amniotic fluid 6130: 6128: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6082:Multiple birth 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5888:Bradley method 5884: 5882: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5780:Pregnancy test 5777: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5713: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5630: 5629: 5611: 5596: 5590: 5575: 5569: 5548: 5542: 5529: 5523: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5468: 5437: 5409: 5381: 5351: 5320: 5279: 5245: 5214:(2): 159–187. 5194: 5183: 5134: 5127: 5094: 5045: 4991: 4962:(1): 168–184. 4939: 4890: 4841: 4811: 4760: 4706: 4670: 4629: 4573: 4530: 4499:(3): 516–525. 4479: 4452:(9): 703–714. 4436: 4407:(9): 242–245. 4387: 4358:(1): 423–431. 4338: 4298: 4271: 4220: 4190: 4159: 4127: 4077: 4058: 4038: 4016: 3988: 3958: 3927: 3883: 3832: 3801: 3747: 3691: 3660: 3609: 3557: 3508: 3497:on 1 July 2018 3469:(3): 287–288. 3449: 3400: 3373:(4): 436–443. 3356: 3330: 3295: 3254: 3243:(2): e334–48. 3223: 3174: 3120: 3101:(4): 571–575. 3085: 3042: 2993: 2947: 2904: 2860: 2814: 2784: 2753: 2700: 2667: 2620:(4): 319–332. 2600: 2569:(2): 167–197. 2549: 2495: 2446: 2386: 2349:(2): 254–262. 2326: 2279:(4): 293–300. 2259: 2224:(5): 351–358. 2197: 2168:(4): 302–311. 2141: 2106:(8): 779–787. 2075: 2034: 1993: 1970:(9): 595–602. 1950: 1896: 1842: 1809: 1750: 1707: 1668: 1606: 1562: 1555: 1537: 1479: 1450:(11): 639–49. 1430: 1397: 1366: 1333: 1302: 1264: 1205: 1175: 1144: 1109: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1083:Main article: 1080: 1077: 1032:Main article: 1029: 1026: 989:Main article: 986: 983: 965: 962: 920:kidney failure 896:Main article: 893: 890: 878:Main article: 875: 872: 860: 857: 844: 841: 829: 826: 817: 814: 806:same-age peers 765: 762: 746: 743: 698: 695: 664: 661: 627: 624: 611: 608: 601:that enacts a 586: 583: 561: 558: 539:(Zyrtec), and 527:(Atarax), and 509:Antihistamines 505: 504:Antihistamines 502: 496: 493: 458: 450: 448: 445: 436: 433: 423: 420: 411: 408: 396: 393: 379:Anticoagulants 375: 374:Anticoagulants 372: 352:spironolactone 348:Antiandrogenic 320:salicylic acid 283: 280: 259:HELLP syndrome 250: 247: 193:anticonvulsant 188: 185: 172: 169: 140: 137: 131: 128: 118: 115: 90: 87: 69: 66: 61: 58: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6627: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6523:Monthly nurse 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6413:Amniocentesis 6411: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6373:Vaginal flora 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6263:Substance use 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6177:Fundal height 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5929:Preterm birth 5927: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5893:Hypnobirthing 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5770:3D ultrasound 5768: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5684:Birth control 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5576: 5572: 5570:9780781734745 5566: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5553:"Chapter 53. 5549: 5545: 5539: 5536:. Routledge. 5535: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5438: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5413: 5410: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5385: 5382: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5280: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5187: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5065:(3): 554–65. 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4842: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4815: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4764: 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3993: 3989: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3833: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3733:10044/1/72032 3729: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3528:(2): 317–30. 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3509: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3420:(3): 483–97. 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3357: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3058:(6): 607–14. 3057: 3053: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2839:(8): 526–30. 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2701: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 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1035: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 992: 984: 982: 979: 975: 971: 963: 961: 959: 955: 954:birth defects 951: 947: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 899: 891: 889: 887: 881: 873: 871: 869: 865: 858: 856: 854: 850: 842: 840: 837: 835: 827: 825: 823: 815: 813: 811: 807: 803: 802:social skills 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 763: 761: 756: 752: 744: 742: 740: 736: 732: 731:preterm birth 728: 724: 720: 716: 715:birth defects 712: 708: 704: 696: 694: 690: 687: 682: 679: 674: 670: 662: 660: 657: 652: 647: 645: 641: 632: 625: 623: 619: 616: 609: 607: 604: 600: 596: 595:phenylephrine 592: 585:Decongestants 584: 582: 580: 579:beta-blocking 576: 572: 567: 559: 557: 553: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 503: 501: 495:Antidiarrheal 494: 489: 488:pre-eclampsia 484: 482: 478: 473: 469: 465: 462: 455: 446: 444: 441: 434: 432: 429: 421: 419: 417: 409: 407: 405: 401: 394: 392: 389: 385: 380: 373: 371: 368: 367:light therapy 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296:glycolic acid 293: 289: 281: 279: 275: 272: 266: 264: 260: 256: 248: 246: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 227:carbamazepine 223: 222: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 200:Valproic acid 197: 194: 186: 184: 181: 180: 179: 170: 168: 166: 161: 159: 155: 151: 150:organogenesis 146: 138: 136: 129: 127: 124: 123:acetaminophen 117:Acetaminophen 116: 114: 111: 106: 104: 100: 96: 88: 86: 84: 79: 75: 67: 65: 59: 57: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 6367: 6262: 6253:Hypertension 6240:Immunization 6223:in pregnancy 6139:Amniotic sac 6092:Silent birth 6035:Presentation 5998:Bishop score 5968:Obstetrician 5858:Interstitial 5785:home testing 5621:. Retrieved 5601: 5584:. Elsevier. 5580: 5560: 5554: 5533: 5513: 5489:. Retrieved 5480: 5471: 5459:. Retrieved 5450: 5440: 5429:, retrieved 5419: 5412: 5401:, retrieved 5391: 5384: 5372:. Retrieved 5368:the original 5363: 5354: 5342:. Retrieved 5333: 5323: 5299:(2): 24–33. 5296: 5292: 5282: 5270:. Retrieved 5261: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5186: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5110: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5016:(2): 121–5. 5013: 5009: 4959: 4955: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4832:. Retrieved 4822: 4814: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4726: 4722: 4697:. Retrieved 4688: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4595: 4591: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4521:. Retrieved 4496: 4492: 4482: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4319:. Retrieved 4310: 4301: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4211:. Retrieved 4202: 4193: 4181:. Retrieved 4172: 4162: 4152:18 September 4150:. Retrieved 4139: 4130: 4097: 4093: 4068:. Retrieved 4048: 4046:WHO (2012). 4041: 4029:. Retrieved 4003: 3979:. Retrieved 3970: 3961: 3949:. 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Retrieved 1126: 1096: 1088: 1037: 1021: 1018: 994: 967: 944: 936:progesterone 908:hypertension 901: 883: 862: 846: 838: 831: 819: 812:themselves. 804:compared to 782:motor skills 767: 758: 700: 691: 683: 676: 648: 637: 620: 613: 588: 563: 554: 541:fexofenadine 535:(Claritin), 519:(Benadryl), 507: 498: 474: 470: 466: 463: 459: 438: 425: 413: 398: 377: 364: 334:and topical 332:isotretinoin 322:and topical 312:nicotinamide 308:Erythromycin 292:azelaic acid 285: 276: 267: 263:preeclampsia 252: 219: 198: 190: 182: 175: 174: 162: 142: 133: 120: 107: 92: 71: 63: 35: 31: 29: 6549:Apgar score 6333:Hepatitis C 6319:Infections 6159:Development 6144:Endometrium 6102:Water birth 6020:Bloody show 5951:Men's roles 5881:Preparation 5833:Heterotopic 5431:16 December 5231:10852/55276 4861:: 133–151. 4797:1765/110103 4523:6 September 4311:MedlinePlus 3971:www.cdc.gov 3906:: 285–301. 3349:29 November 3194:(1): 13–8. 3013:(1): 40–2. 2966:: 123–127. 2614:Drug Safety 1225:: 1045865. 978:gestational 822:miscarriage 816:Miscarriage 727:miscarriage 525:hydroxyzine 304:clindamycin 271:teratogenic 239:lamotrigine 60:Medications 6605:Obstetrics 6594:Categories 6554:Child care 6447:Postpartum 6406:Procedures 6358:Dermatoses 6214:Nutrition 6072:Home birth 5994:Pelvimetry 5873:Childbirth 5853:Unintended 5709:Conception 5668:childbirth 5148:Pediatrics 5059:Pediatrics 4729:: 510540. 4725:(Review). 4540:Pediatrics 3491:1033762996 2793:"UpToDate" 1865:(1): 200. 1105:References 640:folic acid 626:Folic Acid 533:loratadine 416:enoxaparin 336:tazarotene 6062:Caesarean 5828:Abdominal 5664:Pregnancy 5315:2957-6067 4493:Addiction 4114:1751-7214 3852:(1): 41. 3846:Nutrients 3483:248110770 3143:(1): 75. 2634:0114-5916 2423:1469-493X 2365:1557-2625 2293:1610-0379 2238:1175-0561 2120:0012-6667 1835:13 August 1792:255366409 1770:: 64–71. 1241:1664-2295 1198:13 August 1168:13 August 1009:methadone 1005:oxycodone 940:perinatal 537:cetrizine 344:tretinoin 340:adapalene 243:phenytoin 143:Usage of 103:ibuprofen 101:(Aleve), 44:or other 6455:Maternal 6433:Abortion 6378:Bleeding 6328:COVID-19 6293:Diabetes 6278:Cannabis 6228:prenatal 6149:Placenta 6120:Prenatal 6050:shoulder 6045:cephalic 6013:position 5987:Delivery 5848:Postterm 5813:Cervical 5676:Planning 5623:4 August 5617:Archived 5485:Archived 5483:. 2014. 5461:6 August 5455:Archived 5425:archived 5397:archived 5374:6 August 5344:4 August 5338:Archived 5272:21 March 5266:Archived 5240:26471942 5178:28562278 5089:20142293 5040:19532034 4986:30601144 4934:30234728 4885:28847562 4834:22 March 4828:Archived 4806:30171964 4755:24228028 4699:4 August 4693:Archived 4665:28438661 4624:28603504 4560:23439895 4517:Archived 4513:21059188 4474:25034518 4466:23292938 4431:28278146 4382:31093953 4315:Archived 4293:25055407 4266:20616979 4213:21 March 4207:Archived 4183:4 August 4177:Archived 4146:Archived 4122:10587751 4064:Archived 4022:Archived 3975:Archived 3945:Archived 3922:22742616 3878:29300341 3825:4 August 3819:Archived 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