2040:
324:
2265:
191:
673:
570:. In hospital pharmacies, pharmacy technicians may be managed by other senior pharmacy technicians. In the UK the role of a PhT in hospital pharmacy has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialized areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialize in their expert field as medication consultants spending more time working with patients and in research. Pharmacy technicians are registered with the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC). The GPhC is the regulator of pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy premises.
2031:
discharge of antibiotics into environmental systems and "economic losses" from wasted healthcare resources. Potentially harmful concentrations of pharmaceutical waste has been detected in more than a quarter of water samples taken from 258 rivers around the world. OECD recommend that medicines should be collected separately from household waste and that "marketplaces and redistribution platforms for unused close-to-expiry-date medicines" should be set up. Such extended producer responsibility schemes are already running in France, Spain and
Portugal.
1531:
filled, specialty pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed. In addition to supplying these drugs, specialty pharmacies also provide lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs. In the US, it is currently the fastest-growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs.
2293:
2328:
1488:
2312:
2352:
2380:
2245:
2396:
2340:
2230:
2368:
950:
1434:
1311:
1247:, these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority. In 2011 the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties approved ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification. The official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials BCACP.
157:
6699:
5460:
4671:
1065:
46:
5490:
5500:
1556:
615:
962:
1227:
appropriateness of drug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy) and its efficacy. Research shows that pharmacist led strategies reduce errors related to medication use. The pharmacist must also consider potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and patient drug allergies while they design and initiate a drug therapy plan.
5480:
179:
5470:
544:
2079:. In Scotland, the pharmacist can write prescriptions for Scottish registered patients of their regular medications, for the majority of drugs, except for controlled drugs, when the patient is unable to see their doctor, as could happen if they are away from home or the doctor is unavailable. In the United States, pharmaceutical care or
236:. The professional practice is becoming more clinically oriented as most of the drugs are now manufactured by pharmaceutical industries. Based on the setting, pharmacy practice is either classified as community or institutional pharmacy. Providing direct patient care in the community of institutional pharmacies is considered
1380:. This trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients, primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services.
771:(1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists—and even pharmacist assistants—were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.
1530:
Specialty pharmacies supply high-cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and
1168:
Hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine.
573:
In the US, pharmacy technicians perform their duties under the supervision of pharmacists. Although they may perform, under supervision, most dispensing, compounding and other tasks, they are not generally allowed to perform the role of counseling patients on the proper use of their medications. Some
1495:
Military pharmacy is a different working environment to civilian practise because military pharmacy technicians perform duties such as evaluating medication orders, preparing medication orders, and dispensing medications. This would be illegal in civilian pharmacies because these duties are required
1261:
Compounding involves preparing drugs in forms that are different from the generic prescription standard. This may include altering the strength, ingredients, or dosage form. Compounding is a way to create custom drugs for patients who may not be able to take the medication in its standard form, such
1153:
issues (in the hospital and at home), many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency, sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists and
2098:
In addition to patient care, pharmacies will be a focal point for medical adherence initiatives. There is enough evidence to show that integrated pharmacy based initiatives significantly impact adherence for chronic patients. For example, a study published in NIH shows "pharmacy based interventions
2030:
proposed that pharmaceutical companies should be required to collect and destroy unused or expired medicines that they have put on the market in order to reduce public health risks around the misuse of medicines obtained from waste bins, the development of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from the
2070:
for conducting comprehensive Home
Medicines Reviews. In Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as in Alberta and British Columbia) or are remunerated by their provincial government for expanded services such as medications reviews (Medschecks in Ontario). In the
1184:
high-risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding. The high cost of medications and drug-related technology and the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety require hospital pharmacies to
380:
The boundaries between these disciplines and with other sciences, such as biochemistry, are not always clear-cut. Often, collaborative teams from various disciplines (pharmacists and other scientists) work together toward the introduction of new therapeutics and methods for patient care. However,
1235:
Since the emergence of modern clinical pharmacy, ambulatory care pharmacy practice has emerged as a unique pharmacy practice setting. Ambulatory care pharmacy is based primarily on pharmacotherapy services that a pharmacist provides in a clinic. Pharmacists in this setting often do not dispense
387:
is sometimes considered the fourth discipline of pharmacy. Although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Both disciplines are distinct. Those who wish to practice both pharmacy (patient-oriented) and pharmacology (a biomedical science requiring the
1534:
Due to the demand for clinicians who can properly manage these specific patient populations, the
Specialty Pharmacy Certification Board has developed a new certification exam to certify specialty pharmacists. Along with the 100 questions computerized multiple-choice exam, pharmacists must also
1226:
The clinical pharmacist's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy, and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient. The review process often involves an evaluation of the
1419:
Nuclear pharmacy focuses on preparing radioactive materials for diagnostic tests and for treating certain diseases. Nuclear pharmacists undergo additional training specific to handling radioactive materials, and unlike in community and hospital pharmacies, nuclear pharmacists typically do not
562:
Pharmacy technicians support the work of pharmacists and other health professionals by performing a variety of pharmacy-related functions, including dispensing prescription drugs and other medical devices to patients and instructing on their use. They may also perform administrative duties in
1222:
and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care. Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care. They often participate in patient care rounds for drug product selection. In the UK clinical pharmacists can also prescribe some
1515:
vendor companies. As a practice area and specialist domain, pharmacy informatics is growing quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals. Pharmacists in this area are trained to participate in medication
1035:
Pharmacists practice in a variety of areas including community pharmacies, infusion pharmacies, hospitals, clinics, insurance companies, medical communication companies, research facilities, pharmaceutical companies, extended care facilities, psychiatric hospitals, and regulatory agencies.
586:
Dispensing assistants are commonly referred to as "dispensers" and in community pharmacies perform largely the same tasks as a pharmacy technician. They work under the supervision of pharmacists and are involved in preparing (dispensing and labelling) medicines for provision to patients.
445:
proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists know about the mode of action of a particular drug, and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optimization of drug treatment for an individual.
2009:
In contemporary time researchers and health policy analysts have more deeply considered these traditions and their effects. Advocates for separation and advocates for combining make similar claims for each of their conflicting perspectives, saying that separating or combining reduces
1401:, may fall in the category of hospital pharmacy, retail pharmacy or mail-order pharmacy. Veterinary pharmacies stock different varieties and different strengths of medications to fulfill the pharmaceutical needs of animals. Because the needs of animals, as well as the regulations on
774:
There is a stone sign for a pharmacy shop with a tripod, a mortar, and a pestle opposite one for a doctor in the
Arcadian Way in Ephesus near Kusadasi in Turkey. The current Ephesus dates back to 400 BC and was the site of the Temple of Artemis, one of the seven wonders of the world.
1496:
to be performed by a licensed registered pharmacist. In the US military, state laws that prevent technicians from counseling patients or doing the final medication check prior to dispensing to patients (rather than a pharmacist solely responsible for these duties) do not apply.
1874:
advances, boundaries between these specialty areas of pharmaceutical sciences are beginning to blur. Many fundamental concepts are common to all pharmaceutical sciences. These shared fundamental concepts further the understanding of their applicability to all aspects of
1889:(also known as pharma-cybernetics, cybernetic pharmacy, and cyber pharmacy) is an emerging field that describes the science of supporting drugs and medications use through the application and evaluation of informatics and internet technologies, so as to improve the
4182:
Brennan, Troyen A.; Dollear, Timothy J.; Hu, Min; Matlin, Olga S.; Shrank, William H.; Choudhry, Niteesh K.; Grambley, William (1 January 2012). "An integrated pharmacy-based program improved medication prescription and adherence rates in diabetes patients".
1368:, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings. Traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners, though in the United States many now work for a large pharmacy management company such as
1145:
differ considerably from community pharmacies. Some pharmacists in hospital pharmacies may have more complex clinical medication management issues, and pharmacists in community pharmacies often have more complex business and customer relations issues.
1510:
Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for
2059:, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual. The result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system.
3932:
Yap KY, Chuang X, Lee AJ, Lee RZ, Lim L, Lim JJ, Nimesha R (2009). "Pharmaco-cybernetics as an interactive component of pharma-culture: empowering drug knowledge through user-, experience- and activity-centered designs".
2264:
2589:
1118:
Community pharmacies usually consist of a retail storefront with a dispensary, where medications are stored and dispensed. According to Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal, the opening of the first drugstores are recorded by
595:
In the UK, this group of staff can sell certain medicines (including pharmacy only and general sales list medicines) over the counter. They cannot prepare prescription-only medicines for supply to patients.
3677:
1115:, historically) is where most pharmacists practice the profession of pharmacy. It is the community pharmacy in which the dichotomy of the profession exists; health professionals who are also retailers.
381:
pharmacy is not a basic or biomedical science in its typical form. Medicinal chemistry is also a distinct branch of synthetic chemistry combining pharmacology, organic chemistry, and chemical biology.
3088:
3563:
1491:
Airman 1st Class
Breanna DeMasters and Staff Sgt. Giovanni Fiorito, 332nd Expeditionary Medical Group pharmacy technicians, fill prescription medication for patients, Oct. 7, Joint Base Balad Iraq.
1239:
In the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health
Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority. In some states, such
2499:
3869:
2039:
3136:
1000:(Croatia), a pharmacy that first opened in 1317 is located inside the Franciscan monastery: it is the 2nd oldest pharmacy in Europe that is still operating. In the Town Hall Square of
2087:(Pharm. D.) degree is now required before entering practice and some pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation. In addition,
3655:
1265:
One area of compounding is preparing drugs in new dosage forms. For example, if a drug manufacturer only provides a drug as a tablet, a compounding pharmacist might make a medicated
2027:
1364:
Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in
4323:
Federation representing national associations of pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. Information and resources relating to pharmacy education, practice, science and policy
2292:
563:
pharmaceutical practice, such as reviewing prescription requests with medic's offices and insurance companies to ensure correct medications are provided and payment is received.
3287:
Coutsouvelis, John; Siderov, Jim; Tey, Amanda Y.; Bortz, Hadley D.; O'Connor, Shaun R.; Rowan, Gail D.; Vasileff, Hayley M.; Page, Amy T.; Percival, Mia A. (22 December 2020).
2514:
2489:
5536:
4286:– A landmark study in hospital pharmacy performance based on an extensive literature review and the collective experience of the Health Systems Pharmacy Executive Alliance.
1535:
complete 3,000 hours of specialty pharmacy practice within the past three years as well as 30 hours of specialty pharmacist continuing education within the past two years.
524:
3468:
1444:
1321:
2438:
755:(710–794), the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected. The place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the
4091:
2462:
2379:
2011:
1149:
Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e., drug interactions) and
3672:
6658:
5739:
2519:
1291:
Compounding pharmacies specialize in compounding, although many also dispense the same non-compounded drugs that patients can obtain from community pharmacies.
853:, too, described no less than 700 preparations, their properties, modes of action, and their indications. He devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in
3737:
1272:
Another form of compounding is by mixing different strengths (g, mg, mcg) of capsules or tablets to yield the desired amount of medication indicated by the
3368:
3555:
2229:
4989:
4159:
3062:
2847:
2351:
2006:
there are centuries of tradition for separating pharmacists from physicians. In Asian countries, it is traditional for physicians to also provide drugs.
1262:
as due to an allergy or difficulty swallowing. Compounding is necessary for these patients to still be able to properly get the prescriptions they need.
4043:
2099:
improved patients' medication adherence rates by 2.1 percent and increased physicians' initiation rates by 38 percent, compared to the control group".
6205:
5330:
255:, therefore, are experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize the use of medication for the benefit of the patients.
4296:
3213:
2878:
Medicine and
Pharmacy in Byzantine Hospitals: A study of the extant formularies (Medicine in the Medieval Mediterranean) 1st Edition by David Bennett
4654:
4411:
2339:
2108:
2055:(MTM) includes the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients. Such services include a thorough analysis of all medication (
1974:
2327:
5529:
4929:
2484:
2311:
2051:. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills. In particular,
1405:, are often very different from those related to people, in some jurisdictions veterinary pharmacy may be kept separate from regular pharmacies.
694:(4th century BC) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants. He wrote several treatises on the topic. The Greek physician
575:
450:
6298:
3861:
740:. Earlier literature included lists of prescriptions for specific ailments, exemplified by a manuscript "Recipes for 52 Ailments", found in the
566:
Legislation requires the supervision of certain pharmacy technician's activities by a pharmacist. The majority of pharmacy technicians work in
3132:
6583:
6524:
6238:
6200:
3895:
3769:
2715:
3650:
6004:
5229:
528:
3110:
3043:
2018:, and lowers costs, while the opposite causes those things. Research in various places reports mixed outcomes in different circumstances.
4028:
1223:
medications for patients on the NHS or privately, after completing a non-medical prescribers course to become an
Independent Prescriber.
470:
323:
2684:
1788:: the study of the factors that control the concentration of drug at various sites in the body. Simply "What the body does to the drug"
6486:
5522:
5365:
4707:
4351:
2875:
2494:
2367:
2251:
2244:
1870:
As new discoveries advance and extend the pharmaceutical sciences, subspecialties continue to be added to this list. Importantly, as
397:
Pharmacogenomics is the study of genetic-linked variants that effect patient clinical responses, allergies, and metabolism of drugs.
251:
including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information with patient counselling.
5732:
2678:
2413:
1639:
1544:
1474:
1351:
5483:
3694:
Shane, RR (15 August 2012). "Translating health care imperatives and evidence into practice: the "Institute of
Pharmacy" report".
2737:
849:), in which he detailed the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist.
6743:
6665:
4629:
4069:
943:
810:
486:
482:
474:
1202:
provide direct patient care services that optimize the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention.
6685:
6653:
4649:
701:
672:
190:
3435:"BPS Approves Ambulatory Care Designation; Explores New Specialties in Pain and Palliative Care, Critical Care and Pediatrics"
1269:
that contains the drug. Patients who have difficulty swallowing the tablet may prefer to suck the medicated lollipop instead.
1173:(TPN), and other medications are given intravenously. That is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel,
6394:
5355:
4789:
3911:
3460:
2860:
1577:
985:
833:
the complex drugs then generally used. Sabur Ibn Sahl (d 869), was, however, the first physician to record his findings in a
698:
is famous for writing a five-volume book in his native Greek Περί ύλης ιατρικής in the 1st century AD. The Latin translation
5706:
3906:
Rhodes, edited by
Gilbert S. Banker, Christopher T. (2002). Modern Pharmaceutics, 1 (5th ed.). Hoboken: Informa Healthcare.
829:
is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the "simples" from which were
6631:
6616:
6354:
3981:
2509:
2052:
504:
478:
424:
6733:
6606:
5725:
5335:
1661:
466:
4979:
4144:
3998:
3289:"The impact of pharmacist-led strategies implemented to reduce errors related to cancer therapies: a systematic review"
1620:
1157:
For example, there are pharmacists who specialize in hematology/oncology, HIV/AIDS, infectious disease, critical care,
6636:
6481:
4624:
3960:
3434:
2760:
2395:
2071:
United Kingdom, pharmacists who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights and this is because of
1285:
490:
4116:
3485:
2909:
1592:
5596:
4959:
3993:
3744:
1170:
802:
3009:
1566:
6680:
6626:
6409:
6349:
6231:
5545:
5388:
4311:
Library of botanical, medical, pharmaceutical, and scientific books and periodicals, and works of allied sciences
4166:
1573:
496:
In some cases, the representative body is also the registering body, which is responsible for the regulation and
458:
406:
32:
3800:
3329:
1599:
394:
is considered another new discipline, for systematic drug discovery and development with efficiency and safety.
6675:
6539:
6278:
5180:
5102:
5097:
5017:
4777:
4619:
4460:
2524:
1814:
3066:
710:) was used as a basis for many medieval texts and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists during the
6574:
5160:
5134:
4601:
4278:
4268:
4051:
2547:
2067:
2056:
2015:
1876:
1777:
818:
814:
1288:. This form of compounding is found at community or hospital pharmacies or in-home administration therapy.
6611:
5814:
4752:
4700:
4344:
4283:
2742:– Table 6: Health workforce, infrastructure, and essential medicines. Geneva, 2011. Accessed 21 July 2011.
1805:
1606:
1487:
229:
3172:
6600:
6501:
5899:
5874:
5854:
5631:
5556:
5403:
5289:
5262:
5235:
5187:
5141:
4836:
4576:
4561:
4274:
2450:
2095:, are now expanding into direct consultation with patients, under the banner of "senior care pharmacy".
2088:
1855:
1300:
855:
623:
430:
409:
estimates that there are at least 2.6 million pharmacists and other pharmaceutical personnel worldwide.
1169:
Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including
2934:
Hadzovic, S (1997). "Pharmacy and the great contribution of Arab-Islamic science to its development".
2782:
6702:
6670:
6594:
6288:
6273:
6224:
6119:
5929:
5879:
5646:
5626:
5423:
5383:
5250:
5064:
5059:
5039:
4974:
4826:
4644:
4581:
4475:
4384:
2425:
2128:
1988:
1752:
1745:
1697:
1588:
1505:
1037:
899:. Al-Muwaffaq's contributions in the field are also pioneering. Living in the 10th century, he wrote
767:
Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the
695:
119:
993:
6578:
6034:
5904:
5696:
5661:
5581:
5503:
5445:
5428:
5087:
4804:
4591:
4523:
4506:
4485:
4406:
4379:
2577:
2473:
2076:
1890:
1886:
1831:
1737:
1685:
1402:
1392:
1277:
1203:
1059:
916:
860:
691:
665:
643:
in the 6th century BC. However, the earliest text as preserved dates to the 3rd or 4th century AD.
609:
605:
557:
391:
356:
136:
5489:
3773:
2979:"The valuable contributions of Al-Razi (Rhazes) in the history of pharmacy during the Middle Ages"
2707:
6564:
6339:
6303:
6195:
6149:
6129:
6114:
5939:
5934:
5748:
5393:
5350:
5340:
5129:
5082:
5049:
5044:
4794:
4772:
4586:
4549:
4518:
4024:
3719:
3632:
3360:
3310:
3205:
2583:
2504:
2467:
2433:
2429:
2084:
2072:
2048:
1956:
1851:
1823:
1689:
1525:
1512:
1373:
1281:
1158:
1150:
1055:
787:
715:
711:
508:
329:
148:
115:
111:
3102:
3047:
6728:
6511:
6496:
6491:
6398:
6268:
6263:
6134:
6014:
5869:
5686:
5611:
5576:
5566:
5463:
5345:
5315:
5294:
5257:
5240:
5155:
5119:
5109:
5004:
4924:
4868:
4831:
4816:
4757:
4724:
4693:
4674:
4639:
4566:
4544:
4480:
4396:
4337:
4239:
4208:
4200:
4016:
3907:
3891:
3843:
3711:
3624:
3616:
3586:
3537:
3510:
3416:
3352:
3269:
3197:
3001:
2993:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2871:
2856:
2825:
2817:
2674:
2478:
2444:
2124:
2080:
1996:
1979:
Separation of prescribing and dispensing, also called dispensing separation, is a practice in
1721:
1653:
1194:
1174:
1136:
783:
768:
721:
462:
312:
237:
94:
3501:
Strand LM (1990). "Pharmaceutical care and patient outcomes: notes on what it is we manage".
2844:
6738:
6588:
6529:
6435:
6258:
5859:
5671:
5586:
5165:
5150:
5027:
4902:
4858:
4634:
4609:
4571:
4448:
4436:
4432:
4192:
3835:
3703:
3606:
3598:
3406:
3344:
3300:
3259:
3251:
3187:
2809:
2668:
2553:
2529:
2235:
2208:
1843:
1800:
1784:
1772:
1665:
1414:
1120:
912:
647:
631:
351:
347:
195:
2800:
John K. Borchardt (2002). "The Beginnings of Drug Therapy: Ancient Mesopotamian Medicine".
813:(Rhazes) (865–915), for instance, acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds.
6450:
6445:
6404:
6370:
6144:
6109:
5621:
5561:
5493:
5438:
5299:
5284:
5267:
5207:
5202:
5146:
5124:
4821:
4767:
4747:
4554:
4528:
4441:
4170:
4148:
4120:
4003:
3681:
3659:
3528:
Hepler CD, Strand LM (1990). "Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care".
3489:
2851:
2626:
2535:
2271:
2200:
2176:
2168:
1917:"substance, such as a food or in the form of a medicine which has a laxative effect" from
1049:
1005:
974:
949:
946:
issued a decree by which the physician's and the apothecary's professions were separated.
932:
904:
567:
285:
233:
161:
90:
28:
895:(1250–1316) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-Maridini under the title
760:
4230:
Watkins, Elizabeth Siegel (2009). "From History of Pharmacy to Pharmaceutical History".
2550: – Industry involved with discovery, development, production and marketing of drugs
216:
and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring
6534:
6519:
6390:
5999:
5809:
5325:
5279:
5092:
5022:
4841:
4614:
4513:
4263:
3264:
3239:
2571:
2456:
2204:
2144:
1932:
1918:
1827:
1240:
1161:, toxicology, nuclear pharmacy, pain management, psychiatry, anti-coagulation clinics,
892:
687:
678:
442:
225:
17:
4065:
1613:
996:
is in operation since 1241, the oldest pharmacy in Europe in continuous operation. In
657:
Ancient Egyptian pharmacological knowledge was recorded in various papyri such as the
388:
scientific method) receive separate training and degrees unique to either discipline.
6722:
6308:
6293:
6283:
6079:
5974:
5864:
5839:
5834:
5681:
5636:
5616:
5408:
5197:
5192:
5054:
4994:
4897:
4470:
4465:
4092:"Manufacturers should pay for collection and disposal of unused medicines, says OECD"
3989:
3839:
3314:
2559:
2541:
2003:
1925:
1862:
1847:
1838:
1669:
1456:
1383:
The main principle of consultant pharmacy is developed by Hepler and Strand in 1990.
1333:
1104:
1096:
834:
756:
659:
360:
341:
277:
3636:
3364:
3209:
2175:
but may be seen combined with other symbols elsewhere. Other common symbols include
980:
There are pharmacies in Europe that have been in operation since medieval times. In
433:
with specialized education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal
156:
6621:
6554:
6549:
6455:
6430:
6385:
6124:
6104:
6069:
6064:
6054:
6049:
6029:
6009:
5919:
5889:
5849:
5829:
5819:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5691:
5666:
5641:
5601:
5473:
5413:
5398:
5224:
4949:
4799:
4784:
4730:
4427:
2604:
2565:
2092:
2047:
In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the
1880:
1765:
1760:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1693:
1365:
1064:
908:
868:
822:
806:
764:
748:
384:
365:
308:
140:
74:
4317:
American Institute of the History of Pharmacy—resources in the history of pharmacy
3824:"Principles of pharmacodynamics and their applications in veterinary pharmacology"
3723:
1236:
drugs, but rather see patients in-office visits to manage chronic disease states.
1020:
841:(973–1050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology, entitled
3823:
2813:
2062:
This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in
258:
An establishment in which pharmacy (in the first sense) is practiced is called a
6247:
6174:
6169:
6139:
6094:
6039:
5979:
5964:
5959:
5924:
5884:
5774:
5764:
5759:
5701:
5272:
5217:
5114:
4969:
4944:
4762:
4374:
2172:
2132:
1819:
1657:
1555:
1256:
1207:
1199:
1092:
1023:, is a museum: the building dates back to the 15th century and the museum keeps
942:, pharmacy-like shops began to appear during the 12th century. In 1240, emperor
830:
752:
733:
651:
614:
248:
247:
and dispensing of medications. It also includes more modern services related to
244:
86:
45:
5360:
3953:"pharmacy | Origin and meaning of pharmacy by Online Etymology Dictionary"
6465:
6425:
6159:
6154:
6099:
6084:
6024:
5989:
5984:
5954:
5914:
5894:
5824:
5804:
5676:
5245:
5212:
4984:
4934:
4919:
4914:
4907:
4892:
4882:
4501:
4453:
4391:
4196:
3482:
2419:
2358:
2216:
2212:
1992:
1911:
1792:
1729:
1709:
1673:
1377:
1244:
1112:
888:
532:
520:
438:
418:
304:
252:
221:
217:
183:
4204:
3620:
3602:
2997:
2947:
2821:
2646:
Un 1314 tablet; this tablet is also found listed as PY Vn 1314 or PY Sb 1314.
503:
In the United States, specializations in pharmacy practice recognized by the
6460:
6344:
6074:
6059:
6044:
5994:
5969:
5656:
5651:
5591:
5571:
5514:
5433:
5175:
5170:
5034:
5012:
4887:
4851:
4141:
3411:
3394:
3005:
2955:
2752:
2598:
2303:
2255:
2140:
2063:
2043:
Pharmacists now go on rounds with doctors and have more patient interaction.
1984:
1961:
1871:
1681:
1273:
1219:
1181:
1165:, neurology/epilepsy management, pediatrics, neonatal pharmacists and more.
1162:
1142:
1088:
1069:
1027:
from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs.
1024:
1013:
997:
966:
961:
838:
798:
741:
714:, themselves deriving their knowledge from earlier Greek Byzantine medicine
516:
293:
281:
272:
132:
4243:
4212:
3952:
3847:
3715:
3628:
3514:
3438:
3420:
3395:"ASHP survey of ambulatory care pharmacy practice in health systems – 2004"
3356:
3273:
3201:
2829:
1776:: the study of the cellular and molecular interactions of drugs with their
1009:
4114:
Evidence of the Economic Benefit of Clinical Pharmacy Services: 1996–2000
4113:
3541:
3348:
3240:"An expanded prescribing role for pharmacists - an Australian perspective"
3192:
2963:
2901:
178:
6380:
6324:
6164:
6089:
6019:
5949:
5944:
5769:
4939:
4716:
3255:
2639:
2180:
2083:
has had an evolving influence on the practice of pharmacy. Moreover, the
1980:
1751:
The pharmaceutical sciences are further subdivided into several specific
1369:
1266:
1211:
981:
850:
782:
the first pharmacies, or drug stores, were established in 754, under the
737:
640:
636:
512:
337:
The field of pharmacy can generally be divided into various disciplines:
303:
In its investigation of herbal and chemical ingredients, the work of the
297:
3890:
Ermak, Gennady (2015). Emerging Medical Technologies. World Scientific.
3159:
Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine
2986:
Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine
1004:(Estonia), there is a pharmacy dating from at least 1422. The medieval
543:
61:
Pharmacist, Chemist, Doctor of Pharmacy, Druggist, Apothecary or simply
6544:
6440:
6329:
6179:
5909:
5779:
5606:
5418:
4878:
4846:
4739:
3707:
2978:
2283:
2279:
2192:
2188:
2152:
2148:
1741:
1705:
1701:
1580: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1124:
1073:
1016:
1001:
970:
924:
779:
547:
A pharmacy worker distributing drugs to an old woman at a local clinic.
307:
may be regarded as a precursor of the modern sciences of chemistry and
243:
The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as
213:
144:
5717:
4163:
3611:
3305:
3288:
1808:
of characteristic patterns of interaction between drugs and organisms.
6375:
5844:
3796:
2590:
Professional Further Education in Clinical Pharmacy and Public Health
2275:
2136:
2131:) character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text; the green
2120:
1952:
1764:: the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on
1215:
939:
920:
794:
497:
434:
166:
4279:...Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)
1210:
settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside
4299:
Collection of internet resources related to the history of pharmacy
3033:
Levey M. (1973), " Early Arabic Pharmacology", E. J. Brill; Leiden.
2643:
2220:
2184:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2038:
1677:
1486:
1063:
989:
954:
948:
880:
872:
864:
671:
613:
437:
outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines.
322:
189:
177:
170:
155:
4302:
3587:"Enablers and barriers for hospital pharmacy information systems"
2532: – Branch of pharmacy focused on radioactive pharmaceuticals
837:, describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments.
817:(Abulcasis) (936–1013) pioneered the preparation of medicines by
732:), dating back to the 1st century AD. It was compiled during the
531:
certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied
27:
This article is about the profession. For retail pharmacies, see
928:
276:
commonly sell medicines, as well as miscellaneous items such as
6220:
5721:
5518:
4689:
4333:
4308:
1543:"Pharmaceutical research" redirects here. For the journal, see
629:
The earliest known compilation of medicinal substances was the
6216:
1549:
1427:
1304:
454:
289:
220:, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of
3982:
1946:
1936:
1516:
management system development, deployment, and optimization.
790:. By the 9th century, these pharmacies were state-regulated.
3044:"History of Pharmacy Web Pages – Sweden's oldest pharmacies"
186:
is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
4685:
4329:
2345:
The mortar and pestle, used in the United States and Canada
1154:
they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy.
973:, operating continuously from at least 1422, showing the
527:
certifies pharmacists in geriatric pharmacy practice. The
4305:– Information about the history of the American Drugstore
2500:
List of pharmaceutical laboratories by year of foundation
2385:
The symbol used on medical prescriptions, from the Latin
724:
dates at least to the earliest known Chinese manual, the
3738:"Health Care Cost Drivers: Spotlight on Specialty Drugs"
2556: – Study of the role of the genome in drug response
650:(4th millennium BC – early 2nd millennium BC) cuneiform
4068:. Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages.
1822:
to optimize pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and
1452:
1329:
4314:
4275:
Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland
3862:"Overview of Pharmacokinetics - Clinical Pharmacology"
2028:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1866:: the study of medicines derived from natural sources.
1796:: the study of the harmful or toxic effects of drugs.
4320:
3328:
Burke JM, Miller WA, Spencer AP, et al. (2008).
2629:
2219:
was used in the US until the early 20th century; the
2075:. They are also being paid for by the government for
461:(WHO). They are represented at the national level by
2594:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2515:
List of pharmacy organizations in the United Kingdom
988:
says that the pharmacy there dates back to 1221. In
6647:
6563:
6510:
6474:
6418:
6363:
6317:
6188:
5376:
5314:
5075:
5003:
4958:
4867:
4738:
4723:
4600:
4537:
4494:
4420:
4367:
3795:American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists.
2238:, the internationally recognised symbol of medicine
984:, Italy, the director of the museum in the former
449:Pharmacists are represented internationally by the
262:(this term is more common in the United States) or
126:
105:
100:
80:
68:
57:
52:
2670:Clinical Pharmacy Education, Practice and Research
901:The foundations of the true properties of Remedies
591:Healthcare assistants/medicines counter assistants
525:Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy
160:The Green Pharmacy Cross (sometimes overlaid with
2625:Its earliest attested form in Greek could be the
2490:International Pharmaceutical Students' Federation
2459: – Packaging for pharmaceutical preparations
3935:International Journal of Computer Science Issues
3461:"Compounding and the FDA: Questions and Answers"
3238:Hoti K, Hughes J, Sunderland B (30 April 2011).
2601: – One of Europe's longest-lived pharmacies
2538: – Pharmacy that operates over the Internet
2453: – Provider of expert pharmaceutical advice
2439:Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals
919:, and drew attention to the poisonous nature of
270:is also used). In the United States and Canada,
3674:Carving a Specialty Niche Within the ACO Model.
3585:Carroll, Noel; Richardson, Ita (7 March 2019).
2470: – Computational approaches to health care
2463:Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries
2447: – Branch of pharmacy for direct provision
2123:most commonly associated with pharmacy are the
2012:conflict of interest in the healthcare industry
1036:Pharmacists themselves may have expertise in a
300:, and occasionally refreshments and groceries.
266:(which is more common in Great Britain, though
3171:American College of Clinical Pharmacy (2008).
2544: – Science of the properties of medicines
1218:. Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with
6232:
5733:
5530:
4701:
4345:
4321:International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)
4315:American Institute of the History of Pharmacy
2520:List of pharmacy schools in the United States
1441:The examples and perspective in this section
1318:The examples and perspective in this section
8:
3481:American Society of Consultant Pharmacists,
2562: – Study of plants as a source of drugs
2441: – Taxonomy of cases requiring referral
1180:Several hospital pharmacies have decided to
957:, operating continuously from at least 1241
877:De Medicinis universalibus et particularibus
618:Physician and Pharmacist, illustration from
224:. It is a miscellaneous science as it links
38:
2929:
2927:
2842:Edward Kremers, Glenn Sonnedecker (1986). "
2373:The Gaper, formerly used in the Netherlands
1652:The pharmaceutical sciences are a group of
871:(1008–1074), both of which were printed in
699:
6239:
6225:
6217:
5740:
5726:
5718:
5537:
5523:
5515:
4990:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
4735:
4708:
4694:
4686:
4352:
4338:
4330:
4160:American Society of Consultant Pharmacists
3696:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
3399:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
3393:Knapp, KK; Okamoto, MP; Black, BL (2005).
2855:". Amer. Inst. History of Pharmacy. p.17.
2607: – Pharmacy care by telecommunication
2580: – Mechanical handling of medications
2568: – Branch of biology concerning drugs
2091:, who traditionally operated primarily in
1941:) "a medicine", which itself derives from
1459:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1336:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
6206:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
5331:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
4131:American Pharmacy Student Alliance (APSA)
3822:Lees P, Cunningham FM, Elliott J (2004).
3610:
3410:
3304:
3293:Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research
3263:
3191:
2298:Simple green Greek cross, widely used in
2223:in the Netherlands is increasingly rare.
1780:. Simply "What the drug does to the body"
1640:Learn how and when to remove this message
1475:Learn how and when to remove this message
1352:Learn how and when to remove this message
859:. Of great impact were also the works by
4412:Separation of prescribing and dispensing
4048:Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B
3797:"Introduction to Pharmaceutical Science"
3770:"Specialty Pharmacy Certification Board"
3662:December 2013. Accessed 27 October 2014.
3133:"Dubrovačka ljekarna Male braće (1357.)"
2845:Kremers and Urdang's History of pharmacy
2574: – Danish qualification like BPharm
2109:List of pharmaceutical sciences journals
1975:Separation of prescribing and dispensing
1969:Separation of prescribing and dispensing
1397:Veterinary pharmacies, sometimes called
1251:Compounding pharmacy/industrial pharmacy
960:
793:The advances made in the Middle East in
542:
4284:Pharmacy Consulting Services | McKesson
4140:American College of Clinical Pharmacy,
4112:American College of Clinical Pharmacy,
3649:NBCH Action Brief: Specialty Pharmacy.
2659:
2618:
2485:International Pharmaceutical Federation
2225:
1185:perform at the highest level possible.
576:pharmacist-to-pharmacy technician ratio
451:International Pharmaceutical Federation
3671:Wild, D. Specialty Pharmacy Continuum
3471:from the original on 17 December 2019.
3015:from the original on 21 September 2017
2977:al-Ghazal, Sharif Kaf (October 2003).
2912:from the original on 13 September 2009
1959:" (which is etymologically related to
1177:of products, and adequate facilities.
37:
6584:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
6201:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
4271:; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon.
4094:. Pharmaceutical Journal. 10 May 2022
3963:from the original on 6 September 2019
3684:Volume 1 (Summer Issue). August 2012.
3374:from the original on 4 September 2012
3173:"The definition of clinical pharmacy"
3113:from the original on 12 November 2017
2759:. Open Publishing. 9 September 2019.
2718:from the original on 19 December 2016
2333:Similar red "A" sign, used in Austria
730:The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic
7:
5469:
5230:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
4021:DĀMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo
3872:from the original on 31 October 2019
3566:from the original on 31 October 2019
2687:from the original on 24 January 2020
2481: – Dispensary within a hospital
2422: – Former name for a pharmacist
2361:, formerly used in the United States
1578:adding citations to reliable sources
911:. He made clear distinction between
875:more than fifty times, appearing as
763:(718). Ranked positions in the pre-
529:American Board of Applied Toxicology
5479:
3089:"Die erste Apotheke in Deutschland"
2763:from the original on 1 January 2021
2187:. A red stylized letter A in used
736:and was attributed to the mythical
654:record prescriptions for medicine.
471:Pharmaceutical Society of Australia
6659:reform debate in the United States
5366:Medical Scientist Training Program
4072:from the original on 16 March 2014
4031:from the original on 16 March 2014
3866:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
3330:"Clinical pharmacist competencies"
3219:from the original on 28 April 2021
2495:List of drugs by year of discovery
1656:areas of study concerned with the
311:, prior to the formulation of the
25:
6686:(Category Health care by country)
4164:What is a Senior Care Pharmacist?
3922:American Society of Pharmacognosy
3139:from the original on 21 July 2017
2642:syllabic script and found on the
2416: – Professional organization
2414:American Society for Pharmacy Law
2203:word for pharmacy, from the same
1545:Pharmaceutical Research (journal)
1513:healthcare information technology
1420:interact directly with patients.
931:compounds. He also describes the
194:The Apothecary or The Chemist by
6698:
6697:
5498:
5488:
5478:
5468:
5459:
5458:
4670:
4669:
4630:List of pharmaceutical companies
4050:. Deaditerranean. Archived from
3840:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00620.x
3803:from the original on 16 May 2016
3743:. September 2014. Archived from
3244:The Australasian Medical Journal
3103:"700 godina ljekarne Male braće"
2586: – Post-graduate internship
2394:
2378:
2366:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2310:
2291:
2263:
2243:
2228:
1554:
1432:
1309:
1286:clinical pharmacist practitioner
491:Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society
487:American Pharmacists Association
483:Pakistan Pharmacists Association
475:Canadian Pharmacists Association
44:
5499:
4650:Pharmacies in the United States
2889:Annales des empereurs du Japon,
1565:needs additional citations for
574:states have a legally mandated
344:and Computational Pharmaceutics
6395:Academic health science centre
5356:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
4790:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2066:receive remuneration from the
1:
6632:Health information management
6617:health information technology
6355:Health information management
4297:Navigator History of Pharmacy
3063:"The World's Oldest Pharmacy"
2787:Board of Pharmacy Specialties
2510:List of pharmacy associations
2053:Medication Therapy Management
923:compounds, especially copper
708:Concerning medical substances
505:Board of Pharmacy Specialties
479:Indian Pharmacist Association
425:List of pharmacy associations
199:
6607:Translational bioinformatics
5336:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
5103:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
4066:"The Linear B word pa-ma-ko"
2814:10.1358/dnp.2002.15.3.840015
2802:Drug News & Perspectives
2739:World Health Statistics 2011
1680:. They apply knowledge from
1111:in industry terminology; or
986:Santa Maria Novella pharmacy
907:, and being acquainted with
903:, amongst others describing
747:In Japan, at the end of the
515:, pharmacotherapy, nuclear,
467:Royal Pharmaceutical Society
147:, pharmacy assistant, other
6637:Consumer health informatics
4625:Pharmacy benefit management
3556:"Pharmacy Specialist (68Q)"
2736:World Health Organization.
2708:"What is pharmacogenomics?"
2127:(North America) and the ℞ (
1755:, with four main branches:
1455:, discuss the issue on the
1332:, discuss the issue on the
759:(701) and re-stated in the
333:casanatensis (14th century)
6760:
5597:Emergency medical services
3983:
3591:Health Informatics Journal
3483:Frequently Asked Questions
3065:. CBS News. Archived from
2706:Reference, Genetics Home.
2667:Thomas D (November 2018).
2630:
2592: – academic publisher
1983:and pharmacy in which the
1972:
1947:
1937:
1842:: the study and design of
1542:
1523:
1503:
1412:
1390:
1298:
1254:
1192:
1171:total parenteral nutrition
1134:
1053:
1047:
811:Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi
803:medicine in medieval Islam
603:
555:
463:professional organisations
422:
416:
26:
6693:
6627:Public health informatics
6540:Electronic health records
6410:Supervised injection site
6350:Allied health professions
6254:
5755:
5552:
5546:Allied health professions
5454:
4665:
4303:Soderlund Pharmacy Museum
4197:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0931
4142:Clinical Pharmacy Defined
4017:"PY 1314 Vn + frr. (Cii)"
2171:(only) often used in the
1793:Pharmaceutical toxicology
1206:care for patients in all
933:distillation of sea-water
805:substantially to develop
682:, Byzantium, 15th century
507:include: cardiovascular,
459:World Health Organization
407:World Health Organization
43:
33:Pharmacy (disambiguation)
5637:Music and arts therapist
5290:Transplantation medicine
5181:Clinical neurophysiology
5098:Obstetric anesthesiology
5018:Interventional radiology
4778:Digestive system surgery
4620:Investigational New Drug
4461:Pharmaceutical chemistry
4407:Pharmacological activity
3603:10.1177/1460458219832056
3107:Hrvatska radiotelevizija
3061:CBS News (19 May 2019).
2887:Titsingh, Isaac. (1834)
2525:List of pharmacy schools
2321:) sign, used in Germany
1991:is independent from the
1854:, pharmacokinetics, and
1815:Pharmaceutical chemistry
1231:Ambulatory care pharmacy
885:Medicamentis simplicibus
751:(538–710) and the early
669:of the 16th century BC.
431:healthcare professionals
6744:Greek words and phrases
6716:Clinical health science
6575:Medical image computing
6525:Artificial intelligence
5602:Hemodialysis technician
5161:Intensive care medicine
5135:Mass gathering medicine
4980:Maternal–fetal medicine
4602:Pharmaceutical industry
4421:Pharmaceutical sciences
4169:23 October 2006 at the
3999:A Greek–English Lexicon
3828:J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther
2712:Genetics Home Reference
2548:Pharmaceutical industry
2278:(with the exception of
2016:unnecessary health care
1877:pharmaceutical research
1539:Pharmaceutical sciences
883:' the younger, and the
815:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
230:pharmaceutical sciences
18:Pharmaceutical sciences
6612:Translational medicine
5815:Biological engineering
5647:Occupational therapist
4753:Cardiothoracic surgery
3658:28 August 2014 at the
3157:Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal,
2850:19 August 2020 at the
2753:"Member organizations"
2089:consultant pharmacists
2044:
2035:The future of pharmacy
1492:
1076:
977:
958:
861:al-Maridini of Baghdad
700:
683:
626:
548:
539:Pharmacy support staff
334:
206:
187:
175:
31:. For other uses, see
6601:Computational biology
6502:Universal precautions
5900:Developmental biology
5875:Computational biology
5855:Cellular microbiology
5697:Respiratory therapist
5632:Medical transcription
5582:Clinical psychologist
5557:Anesthesia technician
5404:Personalized medicine
5263:Reproductive medicine
5188:Occupational medicine
5142:Evolutionary medicine
4577:Pharmacist prescriber
4562:Consultant pharmacist
4119:18 April 2003 at the
3990:Liddell, Henry George
3680:10 April 2021 at the
3503:Top Hosp Pharm Manage
3412:10.1093/ajhp/62.3.274
3349:10.1592/phco.28.6.806
3193:10.1592/phco.28.6.816
3161:, 2004 (3), pp. 3–9 .
2451:Consultant pharmacist
2068:Australian Government
2042:
2022:Environmental impacts
1490:
1301:Consultant pharmacist
1067:
964:
952:
856:The Canon of Medicine
675:
624:Hieronymus Brunschwig
617:
582:Dispensing assistants
546:
326:
193:
181:
164:), is widely used in
159:
122:, Diploma in Pharmacy
6595:Behavior informatics
6120:Reproductive biology
6005:Mathematical biology
5930:Evolutionary biology
5880:Conservation biology
5627:Medical technologist
5577:Cardiac physiologist
5424:Traditional medicine
5384:Alternative medicine
5251:Addiction psychiatry
5065:Transfusion medicine
5060:Medical microbiology
4975:Gynecologic oncology
4827:Reproductive surgery
4645:Pharmacies of Norway
4582:Pharmacy informatics
4476:Pharmacoepidemiology
4385:Prehistoric medicine
4269:Nipon o daï itsi ran
3488:19 June 2006 at the
3256:10.4066/AMJ.2011.694
2426:Bachelor of Pharmacy
2129:medical prescription
2077:medicine use reviews
1989:medical prescription
1746:chemical engineering
1574:improve this article
1506:Pharmacy informatics
1500:Pharmacy informatics
1453:improve this section
1443:may not represent a
1330:improve this section
1320:may not represent a
1204:Clinical pharmacists
744:, sealed in 168 BC.
726:Shennong Bencao Jing
696:Pedanius Dioscorides
663:of 1550 BC, and the
568:community pharmacies
552:Pharmacy technicians
120:Bachelor of Pharmacy
6734:Medicinal chemistry
6579:imaging informatics
6487:Cultural competence
5905:Ecological genetics
5749:Branches of biology
5687:Radiation therapist
5662:Pharmacy technician
5446:History of medicine
5429:Veterinary medicine
5236:Preventive medicine
5088:Adolescent medicine
4930:Infectious diseases
4592:Veterinary pharmacy
4524:Pharmacy technician
4486:Pharmacocybernetics
4380:History of pharmacy
4257:. Tokyo: Kōdan-Sha.
4232:Pharmacy in History
4147:4 July 2007 at the
3441:on 24 February 2012
2578:Pharmacy automation
2474:History of pharmacy
2401:the Bowl of Hygieia
1897:Society and culture
1891:pharmaceutical care
1887:Pharmacocybernetics
1832:Medicinal Chemistry
1804:: the study of the
1403:veterinary medicine
1393:Veterinary pharmacy
1387:Veterinary pharmacy
1295:Consultant pharmacy
1278:physician assistant
1060:Pharmacy automation
917:potassium carbonate
692:Diocles of Carystus
666:Edwin Smith Papyrus
610:List of pharmacists
606:History of pharmacy
558:Pharmacy technician
500:of the profession.
392:Pharmacoinformatics
373:Pharmacoinformatics
357:Medicinal Chemistry
149:medical specialists
137:pharmacy technician
40:
6565:Health informatics
6340:Healthcare science
6196:History of biology
6130:Structural biology
6115:Relational biology
5940:Generative biology
5935:Freshwater biology
5394:Molecular oncology
5351:Doctor of Medicine
5341:Master of Medicine
5258:Radiation oncology
5130:Emergency medicine
5083:Addiction medicine
5050:Clinical chemistry
5045:Clinical pathology
4837:Transplant surgery
4795:Orthopedic surgery
4773:Colorectal surgery
4587:Specialty pharmacy
4550:Community pharmacy
4519:Pharmacy residency
4054:on 12 October 2013
4025:University of Oslo
3957:www.etymonline.com
3776:on 3 November 2014
3750:on 3 November 2014
3708:10.2146/ajhp120292
3652:Specialty Pharmacy
2584:Pharmacy residency
2505:List of pharmacies
2468:Health informatics
2434:Doctor of Pharmacy
2430:Master of Pharmacy
2302:often an animated
2179:, and (in the US)
2085:Doctor of Pharmacy
2073:pharmacy education
2049:health care system
2045:
1951:), meaning "drug,
1856:patient acceptance
1526:Specialty pharmacy
1520:Specialty pharmacy
1493:
1374:Kindred Healthcare
1282:nurse practitioner
1159:emergency medicine
1151:patient compliance
1141:Pharmacies within
1077:
1056:Community pharmacy
1044:Community pharmacy
978:
967:Town Hall Pharmacy
959:
953:Löwen-Apotheke in
788:Islamic Golden Age
716:Byzantine Medicine
712:Islamic Golden Age
684:
637:Ayurvedic treatise
627:
549:
509:infectious disease
335:
330:Tacuinum sanitatis
207:
188:
176:
174:on pharmacy signs.
116:Master of Pharmacy
112:Doctor of Pharmacy
107:Education required
6711:
6710:
6475:Skills / training
6399:Teaching hospital
6214:
6213:
6135:Synthetic biology
6015:Molecular biology
5870:Cognitive biology
5715:
5714:
5622:Medical physicist
5612:Medical assistant
5607:Massage therapist
5562:Aquatic therapist
5512:
5511:
5346:Master of Surgery
5310:
5309:
5295:Tropical medicine
5241:Prison healthcare
5156:Hospital medicine
5120:Disaster medicine
5110:Aviation medicine
4925:Hospital medicine
4832:Surgical oncology
4817:Pediatric surgery
4811:
4758:Endocrine surgery
4683:
4682:
4640:Pharmacy in China
4567:Hospital pharmacy
4545:Clinical pharmacy
4481:Pharmacovigilance
4397:Prescription drug
4309:The Lloyd Library
4253:Asai, T. (1985).
3896:978-981-4675-80-2
3702:(16): 1373–1383.
3306:10.1002/jppr.1699
2783:"BPS Specialties"
2638:, written in the
2479:Hospital pharmacy
2445:Clinical pharmacy
2300:Europe and India,
2125:mortar and pestle
2103:Pharmacy journals
2081:clinical pharmacy
1997:prescription drug
1995:who provides the
1722:molecular biology
1654:interdisciplinary
1650:
1649:
1642:
1624:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1424:Military pharmacy
1399:animal pharmacies
1362:
1361:
1354:
1195:Clinical pharmacy
1189:Clinical pharmacy
1175:quality assurance
1137:Hospital pharmacy
1131:Hospital pharmacy
1083:(also known as a
1038:medical specialty
847:The Book of Drugs
843:Kitab al-Saydalah
784:Abbasid Caliphate
769:Meiji Restoration
722:Pharmacy in China
702:De Materia Medica
679:De Materia Medica
370:Pharmacy Practice
313:scientific method
238:clinical pharmacy
154:
153:
95:chemical sciences
16:(Redirected from
6751:
6701:
6700:
6589:Neuroinformatics
6530:Connected health
6241:
6234:
6227:
6218:
5860:Chemical biology
5742:
5735:
5728:
5719:
5707:Speech therapist
5587:Dental hygienist
5567:Athletic trainer
5539:
5532:
5525:
5516:
5502:
5501:
5492:
5482:
5481:
5472:
5471:
5462:
5461:
5166:Medical genetics
5151:General practice
5028:Nuclear medicine
4903:Gastroenterology
4859:Vascular surgery
4809:
4736:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4687:
4673:
4672:
4635:Medication costs
4610:Drug development
4572:Nuclear pharmacy
4449:Pharmacogenomics
4437:Pharmacodynamics
4433:Pharmacokinetics
4354:
4347:
4340:
4331:
4266:, ed. (1834). ,
4262:
4252:
4247:
4217:
4216:
4179:
4173:
4157:
4151:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4123:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4013:
4007:
3986:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3914:
3904:
3898:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3772:. Archived from
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3742:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3691:
3685:
3669:
3663:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3614:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3498:
3492:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3467:. 21 June 2018.
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3437:. Archived from
3431:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3334:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3267:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3195:
3177:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3135:. 17 July 2019.
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3050:on 23 June 2011.
3046:. Archived from
3040:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3014:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2936:Medicinski Arhiv
2931:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2869:
2863:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2749:
2743:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2664:
2647:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2595:
2554:Pharmacogenomics
2530:Nuclear pharmacy
2398:
2382:
2370:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2314:
2301:
2295:
2270:Green cross and
2267:
2247:
2236:Rod of Asclepius
2232:
2177:conical measures
1950:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1910:is derived from
1844:drug formulation
1801:Pharmacogenomics
1785:Pharmacokinetics
1773:Pharmacodynamics
1645:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1582:
1558:
1550:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1415:Nuclear pharmacy
1409:Nuclear pharmacy
1357:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1313:
1312:
1305:
913:sodium carbonate
827:Liber servitoris
705:
632:Sushruta Samhita
489:(APhA), and the
429:Pharmacists are
376:Pharmacogenomics
352:Pharmacodynamics
348:Pharmacokinetics
234:natural sciences
204:
201:
173:
82:Activity sectors
48:
41:
21:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6689:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6559:
6506:
6470:
6446:Overutilization
6414:
6405:Pharmacy school
6371:Assisted living
6359:
6313:
6250:
6245:
6215:
6210:
6184:
6145:Systems biology
6110:Quantum biology
5751:
5746:
5716:
5711:
5672:Physiotherapist
5548:
5543:
5513:
5508:
5450:
5439:Chief physician
5372:
5317:
5306:
5300:Travel medicine
5285:Sports medicine
5268:Sexual medicine
5208:Palliative care
5203:Pain management
5147:Family medicine
5125:Diving medicine
5071:
4999:
4961:
4954:
4870:
4863:
4822:Plastic surgery
4768:General surgery
4748:Cardiac surgery
4729:
4727:
4719:
4714:
4684:
4679:
4661:
4596:
4533:
4529:Pharmacy school
4490:
4442:Pharmacometrics
4416:
4363:
4358:
4327:
4293:
4264:Titsingh, Isaac
4260:
4250:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4171:Wayback Machine
4158:
4154:
4149:Wayback Machine
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4121:Wayback Machine
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4064:
4057:
4055:
4042:Raymoure, K.A.
4041:
4034:
4032:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4004:Perseus Project
3980:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3905:
3901:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3682:Wayback Machine
3670:
3666:
3660:Wayback Machine
3648:
3644:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3530:Am J Hosp Pharm
3527:
3526:
3522:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3490:Wayback Machine
3480:
3476:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3337:Pharmacotherapy
3332:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3180:Pharmacotherapy
3175:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3012:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2938:(in Croatian).
2933:
2932:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2870:
2866:
2852:Wayback Machine
2841:
2837:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2593:
2536:Online pharmacy
2409:
2402:
2399:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2371:
2362:
2355:
2346:
2343:
2334:
2331:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2287:
2272:Bowl of Hygieia
2268:
2259:
2248:
2239:
2233:
2169:Bowl of Hygieia
2117:
2105:
2037:
2024:
1987:who provides a
1977:
1971:
1904:
1899:
1818:: the study of
1646:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1583:
1581:
1571:
1559:
1548:
1541:
1528:
1522:
1508:
1502:
1481:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1450:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1395:
1389:
1358:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1327:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1259:
1253:
1233:
1197:
1191:
1163:herbal medicine
1139:
1133:
1123:pharmacists in
1109:retail pharmacy
1062:
1052:
1050:Pharmacy (shop)
1046:
1033:
1006:Esteve Pharmacy
992:(Germany), the
975:Bowl of Hygieia
905:arsenious oxide
612:
604:Main articles:
602:
593:
584:
560:
554:
541:
427:
421:
415:
403:
321:
286:office supplies
226:health sciences
202:
165:
162:Bowl of Hygieia
129:
108:
91:health sciences
83:
71:
70:Occupation type
36:
29:Pharmacy (shop)
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6757:
6755:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6666:United Kingdom
6663:
6662:
6661:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6598:
6592:
6586:
6581:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6535:Digital health
6532:
6527:
6522:
6520:3D bioprinting
6516:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6482:Bedside manner
6478:
6476:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6391:Medical school
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6221:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
6000:Marine biology
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5810:Bioinformatics
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5722:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5519:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5496:
5486:
5476:
5466:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5380:
5378:
5377:Related topics
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5326:Medical school
5322:
5320:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5280:Sleep medicine
5277:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5093:Anesthesiology
5090:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5023:Neuroradiology
5020:
5009:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4960:Obstetrics and
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4844:
4842:Trauma surgery
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4805:Otolaryngology
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4733:
4731:subspecialties
4721:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4615:Drug discovery
4612:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4538:Practice areas
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4514:Pharmaconomist
4511:
4510:
4509:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4334:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4292:
4291:External links
4289:
4288:
4287:
4281:
4258:
4248:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4191:(1): 120–129.
4185:Health Affairs
4174:
4152:
4133:
4124:
4105:
4083:
4008:
3974:
3944:
3924:
3915:
3899:
3883:
3853:
3834:(6): 397–414.
3814:
3787:
3761:
3729:
3686:
3664:
3642:
3597:(1): 406–419.
3577:
3547:
3536:(3): 533–543.
3520:
3493:
3474:
3452:
3426:
3405:(3): 274–284.
3385:
3343:(6): 806–815.
3320:
3299:(6): 466–480.
3279:
3250:(4): 236–242.
3230:
3186:(6): 816–817.
3163:
3150:
3124:
3094:
3091:. 23 May 2016.
3080:
3069:on 31 May 2019
3053:
3035:
3026:
2969:
2942:(1–2): 47–50.
2923:
2893:
2880:
2876:978-1409441656
2864:
2835:
2808:(3): 187–192.
2792:
2774:
2744:
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2698:
2679:
2658:
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2617:
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2609:
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2587:
2581:
2575:
2572:Pharmaconomist
2569:
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2539:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
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2457:Drug packaging
2454:
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2417:
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2145:United Kingdom
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2036:
2033:
2023:
2020:
1973:Main article:
1970:
1967:
1919:Medieval Latin
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1835:
1828:drug molecules
1811:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1674:classification
1648:
1647:
1562:
1560:
1553:
1540:
1537:
1524:Main article:
1521:
1518:
1504:Main article:
1501:
1498:
1483:
1482:
1447:of the subject
1445:worldwide view
1440:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1413:Main article:
1410:
1407:
1391:Main article:
1388:
1385:
1360:
1359:
1324:of the subject
1322:worldwide view
1317:
1315:
1308:
1299:Main article:
1296:
1293:
1255:Main article:
1252:
1249:
1241:North Carolina
1232:
1229:
1193:Main article:
1190:
1187:
1135:Main article:
1132:
1129:
1068:A pharmacy in
1048:Main article:
1045:
1042:
1032:
1031:Practice areas
1029:
994:Löwen-Apotheke
935:for drinking.
893:Peter of Abano
688:Ancient Greece
639:attributed to
601:
598:
592:
589:
583:
580:
556:Main article:
553:
550:
540:
537:
443:small business
417:Main article:
414:
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378:
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84:
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55:
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24:
14:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
6756:
6745:
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6664:
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6657:
6656:
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6654:United States
6652:
6650:
6646:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:in healthcare
6602:
6599:
6597:in healthcare
6596:
6593:
6591:in healthcare
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6573:
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6568:
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6553:
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6408:
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6400:
6396:
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6230:
6228:
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6219:
6207:
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6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6080:Phylogenetics
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
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6038:
6036:
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6028:
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6023:
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6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5975:Human biology
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5865:Chronobiology
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5840:Biotechnology
5838:
5836:
5835:Biostatistics
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5738:
5736:
5731:
5729:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5702:Social worker
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5682:Public health
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5617:Medical coder
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5528:
5526:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5505:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5477:
5475:
5467:
5465:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5409:Public health
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:Allied health
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5313:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5198:Oral medicine
5196:
5194:
5193:Ophthalmology
5191:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5055:Cytopathology
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4995:Urogynecology
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:Endocrinology
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Pharmacognosy
4469:
4467:
4466:Pharmaceutics
4464:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4350:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4251:(in Japanese)
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4071:
4067:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3994:Scott, Robert
3991:
3987:
3978:
3975:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3940:
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3928:
3925:
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3709:
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3600:
3596:
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3561:
3557:
3551:
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2250:green cross (
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2096:
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2093:nursing homes
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2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
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2000:
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1892:
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1863:Pharmacognosy
1860:
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1839:Pharmaceutics
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1659:
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1630:February 2017
1622:
1619:
1615:
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1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591: –
1590:
1586:
1585:Find sources:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1563:This section
1561:
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1552:
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835:pharmacopoeia
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361:Pharmacognosy
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340:
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295:
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278:confectionery
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196:Gabriël Metsu
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30:
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6713:
6622:Telemedicine
6555:Telemedicine
6550:Nanomedicine
6386:Nursing home
6334:
6125:Sociobiology
6105:Protistology
6070:Photobiology
6065:Pharmacology
6055:Parasitology
6050:Paleontology
6030:Neuroscience
6010:Microbiology
5920:Epidemiology
5890:Cytogenetics
5850:Cell biology
5830:Biosemiotics
5820:Biomechanics
5800:Biogeography
5795:Biochemistry
5790:Bacteriology
5785:Astrobiology
5692:Radiographer
5667:Phlebotomist
5642:Nutritionist
5414:Rural health
5399:Nanomedicine
4950:Rheumatology
4881: /
4800:Hand surgery
4785:Neurosurgery
4428:Pharmacology
4401:
4360:
4326:
4267:
4255:Nyokan Tūkai
4254:
4235:
4231:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4155:
4136:
4127:
4108:
4096:. Retrieved
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4056:. Retrieved
4052:the original
4047:
4033:. Retrieved
4020:
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3965:. Retrieved
3956:
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3865:
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3790:
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3774:the original
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3745:the original
3732:
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3667:
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3580:
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3559:
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3509:(2): 77–84.
3506:
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3439:the original
3429:
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3340:
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3183:
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3141:. Retrieved
3127:
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3106:
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3067:the original
3056:
3048:the original
3038:
3029:
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2989:
2985:
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2935:
2914:. Retrieved
2905:
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2838:
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2786:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2756:
2747:
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2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2711:
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2673:. Elsevier.
2669:
2662:
2635:
2621:
2605:Telepharmacy
2566:Pharmacology
2389:(take thou).
2386:
2318:
2207:root as the
2196:
2118:
2097:
2061:
2057:prescription
2046:
2026:In 2022 the
2025:
2008:
2001:
1978:
1960:
1942:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1885:
1881:drug therapy
1869:
1861:
1846:for optimum
1837:
1813:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1771:
1766:human beings
1761:Pharmacology
1759:
1750:
1734:chemometrics
1726:epidemiology
1718:cell biology
1714:biochemistry
1651:
1636:
1627:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1584:
1572:Please help
1567:verification
1564:
1533:
1529:
1509:
1494:
1471:
1462:
1442:
1418:
1398:
1396:
1382:
1363:
1348:
1339:
1319:
1290:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1198:
1179:
1167:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1117:
1108:
1100:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1034:
979:
965:Sign of the
937:
909:silicic acid
900:
896:
884:
876:
869:Ibn al-Wafid
854:
846:
842:
826:
823:distillation
807:pharmacology
792:
777:
773:
749:Asuka period
746:
729:
725:
720:
707:
685:
677:
664:
658:
656:
652:clay tablets
645:
635:, an Indian
630:
628:
620:Medicinarius
619:
594:
585:
572:
565:
561:
502:
495:
465:such as the
457:linked with
448:
441:may also be
428:
404:
396:
390:
385:Pharmacology
383:
379:
366:Pharmacology
336:
328:
309:pharmacology
302:
271:
267:
263:
259:
257:
242:
209:
208:
141:toxicologist
128:Related jobs
75:Professional
62:
6681:New Zealand
6436:End-of-life
6318:Professions
6248:Health care
6175:Xenobiology
6170:Virophysics
6140:Systematics
6095:Primatology
6040:Ornithology
5980:Ichthyology
5965:Herpetology
5960:Gerontology
5925:Epigenetics
5885:Cryobiology
5775:Agrostology
5765:Aerobiology
5760:Abiogenesis
5677:Prosthetist
5652:Optometrist
5572:Audiologist
5484:Wikiproject
5273:Venereology
5218:Neonatology
5115:Dermatology
4970:Gynaecology
4962:gynaecology
4945:Pulmonology
4763:Eye surgery
4725:Specialties
4495:Professions
4375:Compounding
4261:(in French)
4238:(1): 3–13.
3967:6 September
3445:24 February
2992:(4): 9–11.
2916:6 September
2902:"PBase.com"
2767:17 November
2722:20 November
2691:6 September
2286:) and India
2254:symbol for
2183:, in their
2173:Netherlands
2133:Greek cross
1820:drug design
1806:inheritance
1753:specialties
1738:mathematics
1694:biochemical
1257:Compounding
1208:health care
1200:Pharmacists
1127:in 754 AD.
1093:New Zealand
944:Frederic II
927:, and also
819:sublimation
786:during the
753:Nara period
734:Han dynasty
469:in the UK,
439:Pharmacists
413:Pharmacists
319:Disciplines
253:Pharmacists
249:health care
245:compounding
218:medications
203: 1651
101:Description
87:Health care
6723:Categories
6648:By country
6512:Technology
6451:Palliative
6279:Philosophy
6269:Guidelines
6160:Toxicology
6155:Teratology
6100:Proteomics
6085:Physiology
6025:Neontology
5990:Lipidology
5985:Immunology
5955:Geobiology
5915:Embryology
5895:Dendrology
5825:Biophysics
5805:Biogeology
5246:Psychiatry
5232:(PM&R)
5225:Phlebology
5213:Pediatrics
5040:Anatomical
5005:Diagnostic
4985:Obstetrics
4935:Nephrology
4920:Hematology
4915:Geriatrics
4908:Hepatology
4893:Cardiology
4883:Immunology
4502:Pharmacist
4454:Toxicology
4392:Medication
3912:0824744691
3876:31 October
3780:2 November
3754:27 October
3612:10344/8873
3570:31 October
3560:goarmy.com
3019:24 October
2861:0931292174
2654:References
2420:Apothecary
2359:Show globe
2357:A hanging
2217:show globe
2213:apothecary
2181:caduceuses
1993:pharmacist
1929:pharmakeia
1912:Old French
1730:statistics
1710:physiology
1698:analytical
1600:newspapers
1589:"Pharmacy"
1378:PharMerica
1245:New Mexico
1220:physicians
1113:apothecary
1054:See also:
1025:albarellos
897:De Veneris
889:Abenguefit
831:compounded
757:Taihō Code
622:(1505) by
533:toxicology
521:psychiatry
453:(FIP), an
423:See also:
419:Pharmacist
327:Pharmacy,
305:apothecary
273:drugstores
184:medication
53:Occupation
6676:Australia
6497:Education
6492:Diagnosis
6345:Dentistry
6289:Providers
6264:Equipment
6259:Economics
6075:Phycology
6060:Pathology
6045:Osteology
6035:Nutrition
5995:Mammalogy
5970:Histology
5657:Orthotist
5592:Dietitian
5434:Physician
5318:education
5176:Neurology
5171:Narcology
5035:Pathology
5013:Radiology
4888:Angiology
4852:Andrology
4205:1544-5208
3621:1460-4582
3315:229332634
2998:1303-667X
2948:0025-8083
2822:0214-0934
2627:Mycenaean
2599:Raeapteek
2317:Red "A" (
2304:neon sign
2256:First Aid
2141:Argentina
2064:Australia
1985:physician
1962:pharmakos
1943:pharmakon
1938:φαρμακεία
1922:pharmacia
1906:The word
1902:Etymology
1872:knowledge
1852:stability
1824:synthesis
1778:receptors
1686:inorganic
1682:chemistry
1457:talk page
1334:talk page
1274:physician
1212:hospitals
1182:outsource
1143:hospitals
1101:drugstore
1089:Australia
1070:Klaukkala
1021:Puigcerdà
1019:close to
998:Dubrovnik
839:Al-Biruni
799:chemistry
761:Yōrō Code
742:Mawangdui
517:nutrition
298:magazines
294:hair care
282:cosmetics
222:medicines
133:Physician
6729:Pharmacy
6703:Category
6381:Hospital
6364:Settings
6335:Pharmacy
6325:Medicine
6274:Industry
6189:See also
6165:Virology
6150:Taxonomy
6090:Pomology
6020:Mycology
5950:Genomics
5945:Genetics
5770:Agronomy
5464:Category
4940:Oncology
4871:medicine
4869:Internal
4717:Medicine
4675:Category
4402:Pharmacy
4361:Pharmacy
4244:20027914
4213:22232102
4167:Archived
4145:Archived
4117:Archived
4076:16 March
4070:Archived
4058:16 March
4035:16 March
4029:Archived
3984:φάρμακον
3961:Archived
3870:Archived
3848:15601436
3801:Archived
3716:22855102
3678:Archived
3656:Archived
3637:73515983
3629:30841781
3564:Archived
3515:10128568
3486:Archived
3469:Archived
3421:15719585
3369:Archived
3365:31254371
3357:18503407
3274:23393515
3214:Archived
3210:45522678
3202:18503408
3137:Archived
3111:Archived
3010:Archived
3006:54045642
2956:32564530
2910:Archived
2848:Archived
2830:12677263
2761:Archived
2716:Archived
2685:Archived
2640:Linear B
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